EP0786552B1 - Recording medium for the ink-jet recording method - Google Patents
Recording medium for the ink-jet recording method Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP0786552B1 EP0786552B1 EP97100087A EP97100087A EP0786552B1 EP 0786552 B1 EP0786552 B1 EP 0786552B1 EP 97100087 A EP97100087 A EP 97100087A EP 97100087 A EP97100087 A EP 97100087A EP 0786552 B1 EP0786552 B1 EP 0786552B1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- recording material
- ink
- polyvinyl alcohol
- material according
- paper
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Revoked
Links
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 16
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 27
- 239000004372 Polyvinyl alcohol Substances 0.000 claims description 17
- 229920002451 polyvinyl alcohol Polymers 0.000 claims description 17
- 125000002091 cationic group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000000049 pigment Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sulfate Chemical compound [O-]S([O-])(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000011122 softwood Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 125000005372 silanol group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- KGBXLFKZBHKPEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N boric acid Chemical compound OB(O)O KGBXLFKZBHKPEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000004327 boric acid Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000007641 inkjet printing Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920000058 polyacrylate Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-M Acrylate Chemical compound [O-]C(=O)C=C NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000001913 cellulose Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920002678 cellulose Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910021653 sulphate ion Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 239000000123 paper Substances 0.000 description 33
- 239000000976 ink Substances 0.000 description 23
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 14
- VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L Calcium carbonate Chemical compound [Ca+2].[O-]C([O-])=O VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 8
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 7
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 7
- 238000004513 sizing Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 5
- 244000166124 Eucalyptus globulus Species 0.000 description 4
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titan oxide Chemical compound O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910000019 calcium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000012876 carrier material Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000003086 colorant Substances 0.000 description 4
- 240000006927 Foeniculum vulgare Species 0.000 description 3
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000005452 bending Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000008199 coating composition Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 3
- 235000009899 Agrostemma githago Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 235000004204 Foeniculum vulgare Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 244000178320 Vaccaria pyramidata Species 0.000 description 2
- -1 alkyl ketene dimer Chemical compound 0.000 description 2
- 229910021486 amorphous silicon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229920001577 copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000000975 dye Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000945 filler Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000004408 titanium dioxide Substances 0.000 description 2
- AZUYLZMQTIKGSC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-[6-[4-(5-chloro-6-methyl-1H-indazol-4-yl)-5-methyl-3-(1-methylindazol-5-yl)pyrazol-1-yl]-2-azaspiro[3.3]heptan-2-yl]prop-2-en-1-one Chemical compound ClC=1C(=C2C=NNC2=CC=1C)C=1C(=NN(C=1C)C1CC2(CN(C2)C(C=C)=O)C1)C=1C=C2C=NN(C2=CC=1)C AZUYLZMQTIKGSC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000008331 Pinus X rigitaeda Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000011613 Pinus brutia Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 241000018646 Pinus brutia Species 0.000 description 1
- 229920002472 Starch Polymers 0.000 description 1
- XTXRWKRVRITETP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Vinyl acetate Chemical compound CC(=O)OC=C XTXRWKRVRITETP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000002378 acidificating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000005396 acrylic acid ester group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001298 alcohols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000740 bleeding effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- CQEYYJKEWSMYFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N butyl acrylate Chemical compound CCCCOC(=O)C=C CQEYYJKEWSMYFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920006317 cationic polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004927 clay Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052570 clay Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004590 computer program Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000006866 deterioration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011888 foil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011121 hardwood Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000001023 inorganic pigment Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002655 kraft paper Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- ZLNQQNXFFQJAID-UHFFFAOYSA-L magnesium carbonate Chemical compound [Mg+2].[O-]C([O-])=O ZLNQQNXFFQJAID-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 239000001095 magnesium carbonate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000021 magnesium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007935 neutral effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Al]O[Al]=O TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000007639 printing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910002027 silica gel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000741 silica gel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000004760 silicates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000012430 stability testing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000008107 starch Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019698 starch Nutrition 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
- D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D21H11/00—Pulp or paper, comprising cellulose or lignocellulose fibres of natural origin only
- D21H11/02—Chemical or chemomechanical or chemothermomechanical pulp
- D21H11/04—Kraft or sulfate pulp
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B41—PRINTING; LINING MACHINES; TYPEWRITERS; STAMPS
- B41M—PRINTING, DUPLICATING, MARKING, OR COPYING PROCESSES; COLOUR PRINTING
- B41M5/00—Duplicating or marking methods; Sheet materials for use therein
- B41M5/50—Recording sheets characterised by the coating used to improve ink, dye or pigment receptivity, e.g. for ink-jet or thermal dye transfer recording
- B41M5/502—Recording sheets characterised by the coating used to improve ink, dye or pigment receptivity, e.g. for ink-jet or thermal dye transfer recording characterised by structural details, e.g. multilayer materials
- B41M5/508—Supports
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B41—PRINTING; LINING MACHINES; TYPEWRITERS; STAMPS
- B41M—PRINTING, DUPLICATING, MARKING, OR COPYING PROCESSES; COLOUR PRINTING
- B41M5/00—Duplicating or marking methods; Sheet materials for use therein
- B41M5/50—Recording sheets characterised by the coating used to improve ink, dye or pigment receptivity, e.g. for ink-jet or thermal dye transfer recording
- B41M5/52—Macromolecular coatings
- B41M5/5245—Macromolecular coatings characterised by the use of polymers containing cationic or anionic groups, e.g. mordants
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B41—PRINTING; LINING MACHINES; TYPEWRITERS; STAMPS
- B41M—PRINTING, DUPLICATING, MARKING, OR COPYING PROCESSES; COLOUR PRINTING
- B41M5/00—Duplicating or marking methods; Sheet materials for use therein
- B41M5/50—Recording sheets characterised by the coating used to improve ink, dye or pigment receptivity, e.g. for ink-jet or thermal dye transfer recording
- B41M5/52—Macromolecular coatings
- B41M5/5254—Macromolecular coatings characterised by the use of polymers obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds, e.g. vinyl polymers
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B41—PRINTING; LINING MACHINES; TYPEWRITERS; STAMPS
- B41M—PRINTING, DUPLICATING, MARKING, OR COPYING PROCESSES; COLOUR PRINTING
- B41M5/00—Duplicating or marking methods; Sheet materials for use therein
- B41M5/50—Recording sheets characterised by the coating used to improve ink, dye or pigment receptivity, e.g. for ink-jet or thermal dye transfer recording
- B41M5/52—Macromolecular coatings
- B41M5/529—Macromolecular coatings characterised by the use of fluorine- or silicon-containing organic compounds
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B41—PRINTING; LINING MACHINES; TYPEWRITERS; STAMPS
- B41M—PRINTING, DUPLICATING, MARKING, OR COPYING PROCESSES; COLOUR PRINTING
- B41M5/00—Duplicating or marking methods; Sheet materials for use therein
- B41M5/50—Recording sheets characterised by the coating used to improve ink, dye or pigment receptivity, e.g. for ink-jet or thermal dye transfer recording
- B41M5/52—Macromolecular coatings
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B41—PRINTING; LINING MACHINES; TYPEWRITERS; STAMPS
- B41M—PRINTING, DUPLICATING, MARKING, OR COPYING PROCESSES; COLOUR PRINTING
- B41M5/00—Duplicating or marking methods; Sheet materials for use therein
- B41M5/50—Recording sheets characterised by the coating used to improve ink, dye or pigment receptivity, e.g. for ink-jet or thermal dye transfer recording
- B41M5/52—Macromolecular coatings
- B41M5/5218—Macromolecular coatings characterised by inorganic additives, e.g. pigments, clays
Definitions
- the invention relates to a recording material for the Ink jet printing process (ink jet process).
- the ink jet process is one of the electronic ones Printing process. Here it is possible to add pictures, texts and Compose graphics on the computer and as Print out the screen hardcopy directly.
- droplets become one Recording liquid on the surface of the Carrier material using different techniques applied.
- the continuous drop generation is under High pressure a permanent stream of droplets from the nozzle driven.
- the ones not needed for the image construction Different principles make drops again Ink reservoir supplied.
- the DropOn-Demand method only applies to the an ink droplet on demand generated.
- digital electronic control such as with the Hertz process, it is possible to take pictures with very high resolution directly from electronic data produce.
- the receiving material consists of a carrier material, an ink-receiving layer and, if appropriate, others Auxiliary layers. Both carrier material as well Ink receiving layer layer need to solve this Problems should be coordinated.
- Ink-jet printer for the production of photo-like prints use inks with a high proportion of water as Solvent.
- the ink application is also this Printer larger than conventional ink-jet printers.
- Reception materials were initially used because foils these are characterized by high dimensional stability when wetted mark with water.
- the head contact to one Damage to the receiving material.
- GB 2 210 812 A1 describes a receiving material consisting of a paper base and an ink absorption layer.
- the paper contains calcium carbonate as Pigment; high demands are placed on paper sizing posed.
- a Fourdrinier paper machine proposed.
- the Ink absorption layer consists of calcium carbonate and a cationic vinyl acetate copolymer binder and a polyvinyl alcohol with silanol groups.
- the Receiving material is characterized by good Waterproofness and sharpness.
- JP 06-262845 A describes a receiving material, consisting of a paper support and a Ink receiving layer.
- the paper backing contains hardwood pulp and a sizing of starch and alkyl ketene dimer.
- the occurrence of a is also disadvantageous here Waviness of the carrier material by the sole Use of short fiber pulp.
- EP 0 423 829 A relates to a recording sheet for the ink jet process for taking up aqueous inks and also deals with the problem of the cockle with these Recording materials.
- the backing paper As for, this publication suggests a certain Degree of sizing as well as a certain stretch.
- the US 5th 320 897 discloses a recording sheet for the ink jet process for receiving aqueous inks and discloses one Cellulose blend of 5 parts of softwood sulfate pulp and 95 parts of eucalyptus pulp to make the Paper carrier.
- This task is done by a recording material solved that from a paper support and a pigment and binder-containing layer, the paper being made of a mixture of softwood sulfate and Eucalyptus pulp is a wet stretch in Fennel cross direction ⁇ 2.0, a tear length ratio longitudinal / transverse (DIN 53112) ⁇ 2, a bending stiffness ratio lengthways / crossways ⁇ 2 (DIN 53121) and a density ⁇ 0.8.
- the paper support according to the invention can in the Paper industry usual machines, especially on a Yankee paper machine.
- a preferred form is the Softwood sulfate pulp around pine sulfate pulp.
- the proportion of softwood sulfate pulp is 10% to 40% of the total pulp.
- This composition has changed as beneficial for achieving a high Dimensional stability proven.
- the orientation of the fibers in longitudinal and Transverse direction must be chosen so that the Tear length and bending stiffness a relationship longitudinal / transverse ⁇ 2.0 results.
- As a sizing and wet strength agent can do all the usual connections in the paper industry be used.
- the paper can be both acidic and be neutral glued.
- the density of the paper must be ⁇ 0.8, in a preferred embodiment ⁇ 0.7.
- the basis weight of the paper according to the invention is 60 g / m 2 to 220 g / m 2 . In a preferred embodiment, the weight per unit area is 80 g / m 2 to 160 g / m 2 .
- the receiving layer of the invention Receiving material contains silica or as pigment a mixture of silica with other pigments like Aluminum oxide, calcium carbonate, magnesium carbonate, Titanium dioxide and silica gel.
- This mixture of binders achieves a high level Waterproof, high color density and good Light stability. Leakage of colors is avoided at the edges of colored areas with mixed colors with a Magenta share.
- dye-fixing agents such as poly-dadmac, dyes, optical brighteners and alcohols.
- the proportion of the cationic polyvinyl alcohol in the ink-receiving layer can be 5% by weight to 20% by weight, in particular 10% by weight to 15% by weight, based on the dried layer.
- the proportion of the polyvinyl alcohol with silanol groups in the ink-receiving layer can be 5% by weight to 20% by weight, in particular 10% by weight to 15% by weight, based on the dried layer.
- the proportion of polyvinyl alcohol with boric acid in the ink-receiving layer can be 5% by weight to 20% by weight, in particular 10% by weight to 15% by weight, based on the dried layer.
- the proportion of the cationic polyacrylate in the ink-receiving layer can be 2% by weight to 20% by weight, in particular 5% by weight to 10% by weight, based on the dried layer.
- the proportion of the pigment or pigment mixture in the ink-receiving layer can be 30% by weight to 70% by weight, in particular 50% by weight to 60% by weight, based on the dried layer.
- the coating weight of the ink receiving layer is between 2 g / m 2 and 16g / m 2, in particular between 4 g / m 2 and 12g / m 2.
- the paper carrier according to the invention was produced as follows: Softwood kraft pulp 250.0 kg Eucalyptus pulp 1250.0 kg water 14 m 3 filler 408.6 kg cationic strength 12 kg
- Sizing and wet strength agents were continuously added to the thin material by means of metering pumps: sizing agents 300.0 ml / min. Wet strength agent 4.0% 1600.0 ml / min.
- Type of test 1 2 wet expansion 1.87 1.95 tensile strenght 1.82 1.80 Biegesteifigkei 1.88 1.77 smoothness 126 110 density 0.75 0.65
- composition a b c d amorphous silicon dioxide 18%, commercially available 20.00 25,00 28,00 35,00 amorphous silicon dioxide 18%, commercially available 20.00 25,00 28,00 35,00 Polydadmac 40%, 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 cationic acrylate 20%, commercially available 7.00 14.00 8.00 7.00 cationic acrylic acid ester 20%, commercially available 15.00 10.00 10.00 8.00 Polyvinyl alcohol with boric acid 10%, commercially available 15.00 15.00 cationic polyvinyl alcohol 20%, commercially available 19,00 7.00 8.00 5.00 Polyvinyl alcohol with 8% silanol groups, commercially available 14.00 6.00 Order g / m2 7.20 9.40 8.80 10.30
- the paper 1 produced according to the invention was with the Coating compositions a to d produced according to the invention coated, (Example 1a, 1b, 1c, 1d).
- the paper 2 produced according to the invention was with the Coating composition produced according to the invention d coated, (Example 2d).
- Comparative example V1 was a paper support with a basis weight of 100 g / m 2 , with a proportion of softwood sulfate pulp of 31% and a eucalyptus pulp proportion of 69%. The filler content was 25% by weight. The paper was glued neutrally, the following test values were determined: density 0.95 wet expansion 3.9% Stiffness l / q 2.4 Tensile strength l / q 2.3 Smoothness (Bekk) 90 seconds
- This paper support was made with an ink receiving layer provided as a binder a mixture of a Vinyl acetate, butyl acrylate, versatic acid copolymer and contained a polyvinyl alcohol.
- a binder a mixture of a Vinyl acetate, butyl acrylate, versatic acid copolymer and contained a polyvinyl alcohol.
- Other additives were defoamers, Dyes and ink fixing aids.
- Comparative Example V2 was a commercially available one Paper from Hoffmann and Engelmann, type HRC 600/1.
- a paper base and an ink-receiving layer were made according to example 6 of laid-open specification GB 2 210 812 manufactured.
- the color density was determined using a Gretag densitometer 186D on the colors cyan, magenta, yellow and black measured.
- the means of a computer program are the Colors cyan, magenta, yellow and black in one calculated target density printed.
- the actual Density was measured using a Gretag type 186D densitometer measured.
- the printed papers are warm at 25 ° C for 1 minute Put water and dried.
- the color density is before and measured after watering. The is stated remaining color density in percent.
- the field distance is the distance between two colored areas and should be 1mm.
- the actual distance is included determined a microscope with measuring device.
- the Field distance is a measure of the image sharpness or Dot pitch.
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Ink Jet Recording Methods And Recording Media Thereof (AREA)
- Paper (AREA)
- Application Of Or Painting With Fluid Materials (AREA)
Description
Die Erfindung betrifft ein Aufzeichnungsmaterial für das Tintenstrahl-Druckverfahren (Ink-Jet-Verfahren).The invention relates to a recording material for the Ink jet printing process (ink jet process).
Das Ink-Jet-Verfahren gehört zu den elektronischen Druckverfahren. Hierbei ist es möglich, Bilder, Texte und Graphiken am Rechner zusammenzusetzen und als Bildschirmhardcopy direkt auszudrucken.The ink jet process is one of the electronic ones Printing process. Here it is possible to add pictures, texts and Compose graphics on the computer and as Print out the screen hardcopy directly.
Bei dem Ink-Jet-Verfahren werden Tröpfchen einer Aufzeichnungsflüssigkeit auf die Oberfläche des Trägermaterials mittels unterschiedlicher Techniken aufgetragen. Bei der Tropfenerzeugung gibt es grundsätzlich zwei Verfahrensvarianten. Bei der Methode der kontinuierlichen Tropfenerzeugung wird unter Hochdruck ein permanenter Tröpfchenstrom aus der Düse getrieben. Die nicht für den Bildaufbau benötigten Tropfen werden durch verschiedene Prinzipien wieder dem Tintenvorratsbehälter zugeführt.In the ink jet process, droplets become one Recording liquid on the surface of the Carrier material using different techniques applied. When it comes to generating drops, there is basically two process variants. With the method the continuous drop generation is under High pressure a permanent stream of droplets from the nozzle driven. The ones not needed for the image construction Different principles make drops again Ink reservoir supplied.
Bei der DropOn-Demand Methode wird nur an den zu bebildernden Stellen auf Abruf ein Tintentröpfchen erzeugt. Durch eine digitale elektronische Steuerung, wie bei dem Hertz Verfahren, ist es möglich, Bilder mit sehr hoher Auflösung direkt aus elektronischen Daten zu erzeugen.The DropOn-Demand method only applies to the an ink droplet on demand generated. Through digital electronic control, such as with the Hertz process, it is possible to take pictures with very high resolution directly from electronic data produce.
Das Ink-Jet-Aufzeichnungsverfahren wird zur Herstellung
von Farbgraphiken, Vollfarbkopien und auch für Textdrucke
eingesetzt, es umfaßt also ein sehr breites
Anwendungsfeld. An das Aufzeichnungsmaterial werden
unterschiedliche Anforderungen gestellt wie
Das Empfangsmaterial besteht aus einem Trägermaterial, einer Tintenempfangsschicht und gegebenenfalls weiteren Hilfsschichten. Sowohl Trägermaterial als auch Tintenaufnahmeschichtschicht müssen zur Lösung dieser Probleme aufeinander abgestimmt sein.The receiving material consists of a carrier material, an ink-receiving layer and, if appropriate, others Auxiliary layers. Both carrier material as well Ink receiving layer layer need to solve this Problems should be coordinated.
Ink-Jet-Drucker zur Herstellung fotoähnlicher Drucke benutzen Tinten mit einem hohen Anteil Wasser als Lösungsmittel. Außerdem ist der Tintenauftrag dieser Drucker gößer als bei herkömmlichen Ink-Jet-Druckern. Als Empfangsmaterialien wurden anfangs Folien eingesetzt, da diese sich durch hohe Dimensionsstabilität bei Benetzung mit Wasser auszeichnen. Bei Benutzung herkömmlicher Ink-Jet-Papiere tritt durch den hohen Wassergehalt, der durch die Tintenaufnahmeschicht in die Papierunterlage eindringt, eine Welligkeit in Querrichtung (print cockle) auf. Diese Welligkeit führt zu einem Kontakt mit dem Druckkopf und hat eine Verschlechterung des Druckbilds zur Folge. Außerdem kann der Kopfkontakt zu einer Beschädigung des Empfangsmaterials führen.Ink-jet printer for the production of photo-like prints use inks with a high proportion of water as Solvent. The ink application is also this Printer larger than conventional ink-jet printers. As Reception materials were initially used because foils these are characterized by high dimensional stability when wetted mark with water. When using conventional ink jet papers occurs due to the high water content that passes through the ink receiving layer in the paper base penetrates, a ripple in the transverse direction (print cockle) on. This ripple leads to contact with the Printhead and has a deterioration in the printed image result. In addition, the head contact to one Damage to the receiving material.
Es ist daher notwendig, für die Herstellung fotoähnlicher Ink-Jet-Drucke ein Empfangsmaterial einzusetzen, bei dem der Papierkern eine hohe Dimensionsstabilität aufweist und somit in der Lage ist, eine große Wassermenge aufzunehmen und die Empfangsschicht die angeführten Anforderungen an die Bild- und Textqualität erfüllt. It is therefore necessary to make photo-like Ink-jet prints use a receiving material in which the paper core has a high dimensional stability and thus is able to use a large amount of water record and the receiving layer the listed Image and text quality requirements met.
Die GB 2 210 812 A1 beschreibt ein Empfangsmaterial, bestehend aus einer Papierunterlage und einer Tintenaufnahmeschicht. Das Papier enthält Calciumcarbonat als Pigment; an die Papierleimung werden hohe Anforderungen gestellt. Zur Herstellung der Unterlage wird eine Fourdrinier Papiermaschine vorgeschlagen. Die Tintenaufnahmeschicht besteht aus Calciumcarbonat und einem Bindemittel aus kationischem Vinylacetat-Copolymer und einem Polyvinylalkohol mit Silanolgruppen. Das Empfangsmaterial zeichnet sich durch gute Wasserfestigkeit und Bildschärfe aus.GB 2 210 812 A1 describes a receiving material consisting of a paper base and an ink absorption layer. The paper contains calcium carbonate as Pigment; high demands are placed on paper sizing posed. A Fourdrinier paper machine proposed. The Ink absorption layer consists of calcium carbonate and a cationic vinyl acetate copolymer binder and a polyvinyl alcohol with silanol groups. The Receiving material is characterized by good Waterproofness and sharpness.
Nachteilig ist allerdings das Auftreten einer Welligkeit bei hoher Wasseraufnahme und eine Abnahme der Farbdichte bei höheren AuftragsgewichtenHowever, the occurrence of a ripple is disadvantageous with high water absorption and a decrease in color density with higher application weights
Die JP 06-262845 A beschreibt ein Empfangsmaterial, bestehend aus einem Papierträger und einer Tintenaufnahmeschicht. Der Papierträger enthält Laubholz-Zellstoff und eine Leimung aus Stärke und Alkylketen-Dimer. Nachteilig ist auch hier das Auftreten einer Welligkeit des Trägermaterials durch den alleinigen Einsatz von Kurzfaserzellstoff.JP 06-262845 A describes a receiving material, consisting of a paper support and a Ink receiving layer. The paper backing contains hardwood pulp and a sizing of starch and alkyl ketene dimer. The occurrence of a is also disadvantageous here Waviness of the carrier material by the sole Use of short fiber pulp.
Die EP 0 423 829 A betrifft ein Aufzeichnungsblatt für das Ink-Jet-Verfahren zur Aufnahme wäßriger Tinten und befaßt sich auch mit dem Problem des Cockle bei diesen Aufzeichnungsmaterialien. Was das Trägerpapier anbetrifft, schlägt diese Druckschrift einen gewissen Leimungsgrad sowie eine bestimmte Dehnung vor. Die US 5 320 897 offenbart ein Aufzeichnungsblatt für das Ink-Jet-Verfahren zur Aufnahme wäßriger Tinten und offenbart eine Zellstoffmischung aus 5 Teilen Nadelholzsulfatzellstoff und 95 Teilen Eukalyptuszellstoff zur Herstellung des Papierträgers. EP 0 423 829 A relates to a recording sheet for the ink jet process for taking up aqueous inks and also deals with the problem of the cockle with these Recording materials. As for the backing paper As for, this publication suggests a certain Degree of sizing as well as a certain stretch. The US 5th 320 897 discloses a recording sheet for the ink jet process for receiving aqueous inks and discloses one Cellulose blend of 5 parts of softwood sulfate pulp and 95 parts of eucalyptus pulp to make the Paper carrier.
Aufgabe der Erfindung ist es, ein Aufzeichnungsmaterial
für das Ink-Jet-Druckverfahren zur Verfügung zu stellen,
das sich auszeichnet durch:
Diese Aufgabe wird durch ein Aufzeichnungsmaterial gelöst, das aus einem Papierträger und einer pigment- und bindemittelhaltigen Schicht besteht, wobei das Papier aus einer Mischung von Nadelholzsulfat- und Eukalyptuszellstoff besteht, eine Feuchtdehnung in Querrichtung nach Fenchel < 2,0, ein Reißlängenverhältnis längs/quer (DIN 53112) < 2, ein Biegesteifigkeitsverhältnis längs/quer < 2 (DIN 53121) und eine Dichte < 0,8 aufweist.This task is done by a recording material solved that from a paper support and a pigment and binder-containing layer, the paper being made of a mixture of softwood sulfate and Eucalyptus pulp is a wet stretch in Fennel cross direction <2.0, a tear length ratio longitudinal / transverse (DIN 53112) <2, a bending stiffness ratio lengthways / crossways <2 (DIN 53121) and a density <0.8.
Der erfindungsgemäße Papierträger kann auf den in der Papierindustrie üblichen Maschinen, insbesondere auf einer Yankee Papiermaschine, hergestellt werden. In einer bevorzugten Form handelt es sich bei dem Nadelholzsulfatzellstoff um Kiefernsulfatzellstoff.The paper support according to the invention can in the Paper industry usual machines, especially on a Yankee paper machine. In a preferred form is the Softwood sulfate pulp around pine sulfate pulp.
Der Anteil des Nadelholzsulfatzellstoffs beträgt 10% bis 40% vom Gesamtzellstoff. Diese Zusammensetzung hat sich als Vorteilhaft zur Erreichung einer hohen Dimensionsstabilität erwiesen. Zur Erhöhung der Weiße und Opazität können anorganische Pigmente wie Calciumcarbonat, Clay, Titandioxid und Silikate zugegeben werden. Die Ausrichtung der Fasern in Längs- und Querrichtung muß so gewählt werden, daß sich bei der Reißlänge und der Biegesteifigkeit ein Verhältnis längs/quer < 2,0 ergibt. Als Leimungs- und Naßfestmittel können alle in der Papierindustrie üblichen Verbindungen eingesetzt werden. Das Papier kann sowohl sauer als auch neutral geleimt sein.The proportion of softwood sulfate pulp is 10% to 40% of the total pulp. This composition has changed as beneficial for achieving a high Dimensional stability proven. To increase the whiteness and Inorganic pigments such as opacity Calcium carbonate, clay, titanium dioxide and silicates added become. The orientation of the fibers in longitudinal and Transverse direction must be chosen so that the Tear length and bending stiffness a relationship longitudinal / transverse <2.0 results. As a sizing and wet strength agent can do all the usual connections in the paper industry be used. The paper can be both acidic and be neutral glued.
Die Dichte des Papiers muß < 0,8, in einer bevorzugten Ausführung < 0,7 betragen. Das Flächengewicht des erfindungsgemäßen Papiers beträgt 60g/m2 bis 220g/m2. In einer bevorzugten Ausführung beträgt das Flächengewicht 80g/m2 bis 160g/m2.The density of the paper must be <0.8, in a preferred embodiment <0.7. The basis weight of the paper according to the invention is 60 g / m 2 to 220 g / m 2 . In a preferred embodiment, the weight per unit area is 80 g / m 2 to 160 g / m 2 .
Die Empfangsschicht des erfindungsgemäßen Empfangsmaterials enthält als Pigment Kieselsäure oder eine Mischung von Kieselsäure mit anderen Pigmenten wie Aluminiumoxid, Calciumcarbonat, Magnesiumcarbonat, Titandioxid und Kieselgel.The receiving layer of the invention Receiving material contains silica or as pigment a mixture of silica with other pigments like Aluminum oxide, calcium carbonate, magnesium carbonate, Titanium dioxide and silica gel.
Als Bindemittel wird ein Gemisch aus einem Polyvinylalkohol mit Silanolgruppen, einem kationischem Polyvinylalkohol, einem kationischen Polyacrylat, einem mit Borsäure versetzten Polyvinylalkohol und einem kationischen Polymer auf Basis eines Acrylsäureesters verwendet.A mixture of a Polyvinyl alcohol with silanol groups, a cationic Polyvinyl alcohol, a cationic polyacrylate, a polyvinyl alcohol and a cationic polymer based on an acrylic acid ester used.
Durch diese Bindemittelmischung erreicht man eine hohe Wasserfestigkeit, hohe Farbdichten und eine gute Lichtstabilität. Vermieden wird ein Auslaufen der Farben an den Rändern von Farbflächen bei Mischfarben mit einem Magentaanteil.This mixture of binders achieves a high level Waterproof, high color density and good Light stability. Leakage of colors is avoided at the edges of colored areas with mixed colors with a Magenta share.
Weitere Bestandteile der Tintenaufnahmeschicht können farbstoffixierende Mittel wie Poly-Dadmac, Farbstoffe, optische Aufheller und Alkohole sein.Other components of the ink receiving layer can dye-fixing agents such as poly-dadmac, dyes, optical brighteners and alcohols.
Der Anteil des kationischen Polyvinylalkohols in der Tintenaufnahmeschicht kann 5 Gew.% bis 20 Gew.%, insbesondere 10 Gew.% bis 15 Gew.%, bezogen auf die getrocknete Schicht, betragen. Der Anteil des Polyvinylalkohols mit Silanolgruppen in der Tintenaufnahmeschicht kann 5 Gew.% bis 20 Gew.%, insbesondere 10 Gew.% bis 15 Gew.%, bezogen auf die getrocknete Schicht, betragen. Der Anteil des Polyvinylalkohols mit Borsäure in der Tintenaufnahmeschicht kann 5 Gew.% bis 20 Gew.%, insbesondere 10 Gew.% bis 15 Gew.%, bezogen auf die getrocknete Schicht, betragen. Der Anteil des kationischen Polyacrylats in der Tintenaufnahmeschicht kann 2 Gew.% bis 20 Gew.%, insbesondere 5 Gew.% bis 10 Gew.%, bezogen auf die getrocknete Schicht, betragen. Der Anteil des Pigments oder des Pigmentgemisches in der Tintenaufnahmeschicht kann 30 Gew.% bis 70 Gew.%, insbesondere 50 Gew.% bis 60 Gew.%, bezogen auf die getrocknete Schicht, betragen. Das Auftragsgewicht der Tintenaufnahmeschicht liegt zwischen 2g/m2 und 16g/m2, insbesondere zwischen 4g/m2 und 12g/m2.The proportion of the cationic polyvinyl alcohol in the ink-receiving layer can be 5% by weight to 20% by weight, in particular 10% by weight to 15% by weight, based on the dried layer. The proportion of the polyvinyl alcohol with silanol groups in the ink-receiving layer can be 5% by weight to 20% by weight, in particular 10% by weight to 15% by weight, based on the dried layer. The proportion of polyvinyl alcohol with boric acid in the ink-receiving layer can be 5% by weight to 20% by weight, in particular 10% by weight to 15% by weight, based on the dried layer. The proportion of the cationic polyacrylate in the ink-receiving layer can be 2% by weight to 20% by weight, in particular 5% by weight to 10% by weight, based on the dried layer. The proportion of the pigment or pigment mixture in the ink-receiving layer can be 30% by weight to 70% by weight, in particular 50% by weight to 60% by weight, based on the dried layer. The coating weight of the ink receiving layer is between 2 g / m 2 and 16g / m 2, in particular between 4 g / m 2 and 12g / m 2.
Die nachfolgenden Beispiele sollen die Erfindung näher erläutern.The following examples are intended to illustrate the invention explain.
Der erfindungsgemäße Papierträger wurde wie folgt
hergestellt:
Mittels Dosierpumpen wurden Leimungs- und Naßfestmittel
kontinuierlich zum Dünnstoff zugegeben:
Mit dieser Rezeptur wurden Papiere mit unterschiedlichen
Flächengewichten gefertigt:
An diesen Papieren wurden folgende Prüfungen
durchgeführt:
Herstellung der erfindungsgemäßen Beschichtungsmasse.
Als Lösungsmittel diente in allen Fällen Wasser.Water was used as the solvent in all cases.
Alle Angaben in Gew.%, bezogen auf die getrocknete Schicht.All data in% by weight, based on the dried Layer.
Das erfindungsgemäß hergestellte Papier 1 wurde mit den erfindungsgemäß hergestellten Beschichtungsmassen a bis d beschichtet, (Beispiel 1a, 1b, 1c, 1d). The paper 1 produced according to the invention was with the Coating compositions a to d produced according to the invention coated, (Example 1a, 1b, 1c, 1d).
Das erfindungsgemäß hergestellte Papier 2 wurde mit der erfindungsgemäß hergestellten Beschichtungsmasse d beschichtet, (Beispiel 2d).The paper 2 produced according to the invention was with the Coating composition produced according to the invention d coated, (Example 2d).
Vergleichsbeispiel V1 war ein Papierträger mit einem
Flächengewicht von 100g/m2, mit einem Anteil an
Nadelholzsulfatzellstoff von 31% und einem
Eukalyptuszellstoffanteil von 69%. Der Füllstoffanteil
lag bei 25 Gew.%. Das Papier war neutral geleimt, es
wurden folgende Prüfwerte ermittelt:
Dieser Papierträger wurde mit einer Tintenaufnahmeschicht versehen, die als Bindemittel ein Gemisch aus einem Vinylacetat, Butylacrylat, Versatic-Säure Copolymer und einem Polyvinylalkohol enthielt. Als Pigment diente eine Kieselsäure. Weitere Zusätze waren Entschäumer, Farbstoffe und Tintenfixierhilfsmittel.This paper support was made with an ink receiving layer provided as a binder a mixture of a Vinyl acetate, butyl acrylate, versatic acid copolymer and contained a polyvinyl alcohol. One served as pigment Silica. Other additives were defoamers, Dyes and ink fixing aids.
Vergleichsbeispiel V2 war ein im Handel erhältliches Papier der Firma Hoffmann und Engelmann Typ HRC 600/1. Comparative Example V2 was a commercially available one Paper from Hoffmann and Engelmann, type HRC 600/1.
Ein Papierträger und eine Tintenaufnahmeschicht wurden nach Beispiel 6 der Offenlegungsschrift GB 2 210 812 hergestellt.A paper base and an ink-receiving layer were made according to example 6 of laid-open specification GB 2 210 812 manufactured.
Prüfung des gemäß Beispiel B 3.1 bis B 3.6 und der Vergleichsbeispiele V1 und V2.Testing the according to example B 3.1 to B 3.6 and the Comparative examples V1 and V2.
Die Farbdensität wurde mit einem Gretag Densitometer Typ 186D an den Farben Cyan, Magenta, Gelb und Schwarz gemessen. Mittel eines Computerprogramms werden die Farben Cyan, Magenta, Gelb und Schwarz in einer berechneten Solldensität aufgedruckt. Die tatsächliche Densität wurde mit einem Gretag Densitometer Typ 186D gemessen.The color density was determined using a Gretag densitometer 186D on the colors cyan, magenta, yellow and black measured. The means of a computer program are the Colors cyan, magenta, yellow and black in one calculated target density printed. The actual Density was measured using a Gretag type 186D densitometer measured.
Die bedruckten Papiere werden für 1 Minute in 25°C warmes Wasser gelegt und getrocknet. Die Farbdichte wird vor und nach der Wässerung gemessen. Andegeben wird die verbliebene Farbdichte in Prozent.The printed papers are warm at 25 ° C for 1 minute Put water and dried. The color density is before and measured after watering. The is stated remaining color density in percent.
Das Ineinanderlaufen der Tinten an den Rändern von zusammenliegenden Farbflächen wurde visuell mit den Noten 1 bis 6 (sehr gut bis sehr schlecht) beurteilt. The blending of the inks along the edges of color areas lying together was visually matched with the notes 1 to 6 (very good to very bad).
Der Feldabstand ist der Abstand zwischen zwei Farbflächen und soll 1mm betragen. Der tatsächliche Abstand wir mit einem Mikroskop mit Meßeinrichtung bestimmt. Der Feldabstand ist ein Maß für die Bildschärfe bzw. Punktabstand.The field distance is the distance between two colored areas and should be 1mm. The actual distance is included determined a microscope with measuring device. The Field distance is a measure of the image sharpness or Dot pitch.
Zur Bestimmung der Dimensionsstabilität legt man das zu prüfende Papier auf ein ebene Unterlage. Die Planlage des Papiers wird mit den Noten 1 bis 12 (sehr gut bis sehr schlecht) beurteilt.This is added to determine the dimensional stability testing paper on a flat surface. The flatness of the Paper is rated 1 to 12 (very good to very good bad) judged.
Die Beispiele zeigen, daß bei hohen Farbdichten, guten Wasserfestigkeits- und Verlaufungungseigenschaften eine sehr gute Dimensionsstabilität des Empfangsmaterials erreicht werden konnte.The examples show that at high color densities, good Water resistance and leveling properties very good dimensional stability of the receiving material could be achieved.
Claims (8)
- A recording material for the ink jet printing process, consisting of a paper support and an ink absorbing layer containing a pigment and a binding agent characterised in that the paper contains a mixture of eucalypus cellulose and 10 to 40% softwood sulphate, and has a wet stretch in the transverse direction < 2.0%, a tearing length ratio longitudinal/transverse < 2 (DIN 53112), a stiffness ratio longitudinal/transverse < 2 (DIN 53121), and a density < 0.8 g/cm3.
- A recording material according to claim 1, characterised in that the ink absorbing layer contains a polyvinyl alcohol with silanol groups and/or a polyvinyl alcohol with boric acid.
- A recording material according to claim 1 or 2, characterised in that the ink absorbing layer contains a cationic polyacrylate.
- A recording material according to claims 1 to 3, characterised in that the ink absorbing layer contains a cationic polyvinyl alcohol.
- A recording material according to claims 1 to 4, characterised in that the proportion of polyvinyl alcohol with silanol groups is between 5% by wt and 20% by wt and in a particular embodiment between 10% wt and 15% by wt, with respect to the dried layer.
- A recording material according to claims 1 to 5, characterised in that the proportion of polyvinyl alcohol with boric acid is between 5% by wt and 20% by wt and in a particular embodiment between 10% wt and 15% by wt, with respect to the dried layer.
- A recording material according to claims 1 to 6, characterised in that the proportion of the cationic polyvinyl alcohol is between 5% by wt and 20% by wt and in a particular embodiment between 10% wt and 15% by wt, with respect to the dried layer.
- A recording material according to claims 1 to 7, characterised in that the proportion of the cationic acrylate is between 2% by wt and 20% by wt and in a particular embodiment between 5% wt and 10% by wt, with respect to the dried layer.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE19602793A DE19602793C1 (en) | 1996-01-26 | 1996-01-26 | Recording material for the inkjet printing process |
| DE19602793 | 1996-01-26 |
Publications (3)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP0786552A2 EP0786552A2 (en) | 1997-07-30 |
| EP0786552A3 EP0786552A3 (en) | 1999-09-15 |
| EP0786552B1 true EP0786552B1 (en) | 2002-05-08 |
Family
ID=7783759
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP97100087A Revoked EP0786552B1 (en) | 1996-01-26 | 1997-01-04 | Recording medium for the ink-jet recording method |
Country Status (7)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US6068733A (en) |
| EP (1) | EP0786552B1 (en) |
| JP (1) | JPH09240141A (en) |
| DE (2) | DE19602793C1 (en) |
| DK (1) | DK0786552T3 (en) |
| ES (1) | ES2176529T3 (en) |
| PT (1) | PT786552E (en) |
Families Citing this family (10)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE19942989A1 (en) * | 1999-09-09 | 2001-03-15 | Heinr Aug Schoeller Soehne Gmb | Transparent paper useful for back-lit applications, has transparent layer of tightly packed, highly milled fibers containing filler reducing transparency |
| US6482883B1 (en) * | 2000-05-10 | 2002-11-19 | Kanzaki Specialty Papers, Inc. | Ink jet recording material demonstrating a balance of properties including improved imaging performance and good water resistance |
| CN100392182C (en) * | 2000-06-27 | 2008-06-04 | 日本制纸股份有限公司 | Coated paper for printing |
| JP2002240416A (en) * | 2001-02-16 | 2002-08-28 | Nisshinbo Ind Inc | Inkjet recording sheet |
| US6485609B1 (en) * | 2001-03-08 | 2002-11-26 | Celanese International Corporation | Ink jet printing paper incorporating amine functional poly(vinyl alcohol) |
| FI20030976L (en) * | 2003-06-30 | 2004-12-31 | M Real Oyj | Coated base paper and method for producing coated base paper |
| WO2006054725A1 (en) * | 2004-11-18 | 2006-05-26 | Yupo Corporation | Labeled molded object obtained by in-mold labeling and in-mold label |
| DE102006014183A1 (en) * | 2006-03-24 | 2007-09-27 | Felix Schoeller Jr. Foto- Und Spezialpapiere Gmbh & Co. Kg | Base material for recording media, e.g. for photographic applications or ink jet printing, comprises base paper made from hardwood pulp, e.g. eucalyptus, with a low content of very short fibres and a given filler content |
| WO2012148405A1 (en) * | 2011-04-28 | 2012-11-01 | Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. | Media used in digital high speed inkjet web press printing |
| EP4603639A1 (en) * | 2024-02-16 | 2025-08-20 | Smurfit Kappa Services Limited | Packaging material and method of wrapping articles |
Family Cites Families (8)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPH0720727B2 (en) | 1987-10-08 | 1995-03-08 | 新王子製紙株式会社 | Inkjet recording coating sheet |
| HU207491B (en) * | 1987-10-13 | 1993-04-28 | Tatabanyai Banyak Vallalat | Device for separating the components of fluid solutions and gas mixtures and method for forming the device |
| US5213873A (en) * | 1989-10-20 | 1993-05-25 | Oji Paper Co., Ltd. | Aqueous ink-jet recording sheet |
| JPH0737175B2 (en) * | 1990-12-26 | 1995-04-26 | 日本製紙株式会社 | Ink jet recording paper and label using the same |
| US5320897A (en) * | 1992-02-18 | 1994-06-14 | Kanzaki Paper Mfg. Co., Ltd. | Ink jet recording paper and method of producing it |
| JP3166392B2 (en) * | 1993-03-12 | 2001-05-14 | 王子製紙株式会社 | Inkjet recording paper |
| US5405678A (en) * | 1993-05-07 | 1995-04-11 | Otis Specialty Papers Inc. | Ink jet recording sheet |
| AU690018B2 (en) * | 1995-04-07 | 1998-04-09 | Nippon Paper Industries Co. Ltd. | Ink jet recording paper |
-
1996
- 1996-01-26 DE DE19602793A patent/DE19602793C1/en not_active Revoked
-
1997
- 1997-01-04 DE DE59707178T patent/DE59707178D1/en not_active Revoked
- 1997-01-04 PT PT97100087T patent/PT786552E/en unknown
- 1997-01-04 DK DK97100087T patent/DK0786552T3/en active
- 1997-01-04 ES ES97100087T patent/ES2176529T3/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1997-01-04 EP EP97100087A patent/EP0786552B1/en not_active Revoked
- 1997-01-27 JP JP9027261A patent/JPH09240141A/en active Pending
-
1998
- 1998-12-21 US US09/217,720 patent/US6068733A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| US6068733A (en) | 2000-05-30 |
| PT786552E (en) | 2002-09-30 |
| EP0786552A3 (en) | 1999-09-15 |
| EP0786552A2 (en) | 1997-07-30 |
| JPH09240141A (en) | 1997-09-16 |
| DE59707178D1 (en) | 2002-06-13 |
| DE19602793C1 (en) | 1997-09-25 |
| ES2176529T3 (en) | 2002-12-01 |
| DK0786552T3 (en) | 2002-08-26 |
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