EP0784838B1 - Erfassung einer geschwindigkeitsübertretung eines fahrzeugs und identifizierung - Google Patents

Erfassung einer geschwindigkeitsübertretung eines fahrzeugs und identifizierung Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0784838B1
EP0784838B1 EP94931799A EP94931799A EP0784838B1 EP 0784838 B1 EP0784838 B1 EP 0784838B1 EP 94931799 A EP94931799 A EP 94931799A EP 94931799 A EP94931799 A EP 94931799A EP 0784838 B1 EP0784838 B1 EP 0784838B1
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vehicles
speeding
vehicle
licence plate
database
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French (fr)
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EP0784838A4 (de
EP0784838A1 (de
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Eliot S. Gerber
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Priority claimed from PCT/US1994/011286 external-priority patent/WO1996011458A1/en
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G08—SIGNALLING
    • G08G—TRAFFIC CONTROL SYSTEMS
    • G08G1/00—Traffic control systems for road vehicles
    • G08G1/01—Detecting movement of traffic to be counted or controlled

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to vehicle traffic control and traffic surveillance and more specifically to the detection and identification of vehicles whose speed exceeds the legal limit.
  • the enforcement of vehicle speed limits is based primarily on the intervention of police officers.
  • a police officer in a car will observe the speed of a suspected speeding car by following the speeding car and monitoring the officer's speedometer.
  • a police officer on the side of the road, or in his car will detect and record the speed of a moving vehicle using radar, such as Doppler radar, or a laser beam, or sensing coils on the roadway, as in U.S. Patent 4,234,923.
  • an automatic toll collecting system obtains vehicle identification from a vehicle number plate and calculates the toll based on the number plate.
  • the system consists of four basic elements, namely, an automatic vehicle speed detector, a license plate number reader which produces a digital signal indicating the license plate number, a computer databank and access system which compares the license number of the speeding vehicle with the databank of registered vehicles and produces its identification including the registered owner of the speeding vehicle in less than one second and a large alpha-numeric variable message sign proximate the roadway to display the warning.
  • the warning will specifically identify the vehicle, for example, a warning may be "Mr. Jones, VH124, you are speeding 86 MPH".
  • That warning along with additional information retrieved from the databank, such as the vehicle model and year, will be recorded and will also be broadcast, by voice or print-out or both, to police officers ahead of the vehicle who may issue a traffic violation summons to the vehicle driver based on their own observation, using radar or other speed measurements, of the speeding vehicle.
  • a camera may record the speeding vehicle and its driver, so that the warning may be proven in court or so that a warning letter may be sent to the vehicle owner.
  • the system may be used to detect "wanted cars", namely,stolen cars or cars having an excessive number of traffic violations ("scofflaws") or cars likely to be illegally driven by drivers with suspended licenses or cars which do not have the legally required insurance coverage.
  • scofflaws traffic violations
  • all cars, whether or not speeding, passing the license plate reader will have their plate numbers read and rapidly compared to a database list of stolen, uninsured and scofflaw cars. If a car is on that list, the warning sign is not operated and a police officer ahead of the car is notified as to the car's identity (model, year, etc.) and the reason it is on the "wanted" list.
  • the "wanted car” database and/or the entire license plate database is located at a traffic management center or at police headquarters.
  • traffic control and management Intelligent Vehicle - Highway Systems - IVHS.
  • These advances have focused on incorporating transmitters and sensors proximate the highways and having information transmitted to traffic management centers or to police headquarters. At these locations the information is deciphered and monitored for speeding, recently stolen cars, "scofflaw" cars and cars likely to be illegally driven by drivers with suspended licenses.
  • the transmitters are electrically connected to the output of the camera systems, but the memory storage devices which store the "wanted cars” database would be located at the traffic management centers or at police headquarters.
  • the storage devices could preferably be incorporated into a mainframe computer.
  • This method of practicing the invention i.e., each individual system is connected via wireless communications means or by phone lines to a main database, is in conformance with the advanced traffic management systems (ATMS).
  • ATMS advanced traffic management systems
  • the system of the present invention includes an optoelectric camera 10 to read the alpha-numerics on vehicle license plates.
  • the camera 10 is mounted on a support structure 11 above the roadway 12, although alternatively it may be mounted on a post on the side of the roadway 12.
  • six cameras 10A, 10B, 10C, 10D, 10E and 10F are shown, which would be used on six lanes of a highway.
  • three cameras would preferably be used, with each camera directed to monitor vehicle traffic in each lane. Accordingly, two cameras would be used on a two-lane bi-directional highway.
  • the camera converts the license plate numbers into a conventional ASCII digital code.
  • a suitable camera is available from Vision Applications Inc. (Allston, Massachusetts). That camera is utilized in U.S. Patents 5,175,617 and 5,204,573. It produces a logmap image from a space-variant sensor, as shown in Figures 3A and 3B, preferably a CCD image sensor (Charge Coupled Device) having 192 x 165 pixels (31,680 total) with a lens assembly of under 14.2g (0.5 ounce), the image sensor being mounted on a spherical pointer motor.
  • CCD image sensor Charge Coupled Device
  • the camera operates to read the license plates of all the vehicles passing within its range and not only "speeding vehicles” i.e., those vehicles whose speed exceeds a predetermined limit, for example, 65 miles per hour (MPH) in a 55 MPH legal speed zone.
  • the camera is electrically connected to a specialized computer board 9 which converts the alpha-numeric information of the license plates of vehicles to a digital ASCII code which is transmitted as data stream 16 to computer system 15. That conversion may use algorithms and other techniques used in character recognition systems.
  • the license plate characters, in one state, would be of only a few fonts, making their conversion to digital signals relatively simple.
  • the computer system 15 is physically mounted on the same support structure 11 as the camera 10.
  • the computer system 15, with a suitable time-sharing buffer memory may be used for a plurality of pairs of cameras and speed detectors.
  • TM license plate number reader
  • the system includes a camera, lighting, plate recognition unit (PRU) and keyboard and would cost about 20 thousand dollars. It displays, among other things, a copy of the video image and a rolling log of license plates, the log output being via a standard RS 232 interface.
  • the data stream 16, of all license plate numbers, is transmitted to the "wanted car” database and compared to the license numbers in that database.
  • the "wanted car” database consists of a list of recently stolen cars, "scofflaw” cars (cars having numerous unsatisfied traffic violations), cars likely to be illegally driven by drivers with suspended licenses, and cars which do not have the legally required minimum insurance.
  • the "wanted car” database is preferably a look-up table 18 of license plate numbers executed in electrically changeable solid-state memory, for example, a EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory). That look-up table 18 is changed often, for example, hourly, as cars are reported as stolen. Its list of wanted car license plate numbers is changed, preferably over a telephone line from police headquarters, having a front-end computer which broadcasts revised lists to all the "wanted car” databanks in the system.
  • EEPROM Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory
  • the data in look-up table 18 is compared to the license plate numbers of data stream 16 with its list of wanted cars to determine if there is a match, preferably as explained below.
  • the data from the EEPROM look-up table 18 is downloaded into the RAM of the cpu 31 and stored in an 18 x 48 bit array.
  • the license plate identifying system 40 produces a track and sector pointer to the hard disk memory 19.
  • a "hashing algorithm” is employed to generate the pointer which maps the license plate number to a track and sector.
  • a hashing algorithm is a method of quickly retrieving data by assigning each data item a "key" which maps to a physical file location. The key is generated by a modulo division of the license plate number using a prime divisor approximately equal to the total number of storage locations. The modulo quotient (remainder) is the key (see following example).
  • the license plate data on hard disk memory 19 is stored in "b-tree format".
  • a b-tree format consists of several levels of linked pointers which enable the software to locate a data item based upon a small number of lookups. For example, if data for license number 100 is at track 1 sector 2, the lookup would first determine where licenses less than 999 were stored, then where licenses less than 499 were stored, and then where licenses less than 124 were stored. Then the licenses less than 124 would be searched sequentially.
  • Figure 7 is an illustration of the b-tree format concept.
  • the license plate numbers are stored according to an indexing scheme which maps particular ranges of license plate numbers to a given track and sector.
  • the hard disk computer memory 19 contains "associated information" (information associated with the license number) for each car such as registered owner, model, make, year, color, and the reason it is on the "wanted” list.
  • the license plate number and associated information is broadcast by local radio transmitter 21, mounted on support structure 11, to police cars in the area.
  • a suitable broadcast system would entail a two-way digital communication system using microwaves in the 2.5 gigahertz band.
  • the system should be two-way, because the database which stores the "wanted cars" is updated periodically and the system transmits associated information to police cars in the area.
  • the radio system is also able to relay information to the driver of those cars which have an in-vehicle navigation and communication system. The driver's in-vehicle system can "tell" the driver that he is speeding or that the police have been summoned.
  • the information may be transmitted by means of a radio paging network.
  • the police cars would have receivers mounted on their dashboards which would pick up the transmitted information and either display it on a CRT, synthesize the data into voice, or print the data.
  • the information about the "wanted cars" or/and speeding cars may also be displayed on a cathode-ray-tube (CRT) situated on the dashboards of police cars.
  • CRT cathode-ray-tube
  • the digital data format information is converted to voice information by a conventional data-to-voice synthesizer 20.
  • voice information may be broadcast as a data stream and converted to a print-out by a data to alpha-numeric printer in the police cars.
  • the "wanted car” database is optional and the speeding car warning system may be implemented without it. However, it takes advantage of the camera 10 and radio broadcast transmitter 21 of the speed warning system.
  • a vehicle automatic speed detection system 30 is connected to the computer system CPU 31 (Central Processing Unit) which times and controls the entire system.
  • the CPU 31 is preferably a microprocessor such as an Intel 486 DX2/50HZ.
  • the speed detection system 30 may be of various conventional types, including Doppler radar (see U.S. Patent 4,866,438), laser beam, RF (Radio Frequency) beams which are detected by coils on the roadway, as in U.S. Patent 4,234,923, and a system using parallel and reflected infrared beams, as in U.S. Patent 5,066,950 and inductive loops of cable installed into sawcuts in the roadway (available from International Road Dynamics, Inc., Saskatoon, SK, Canada).
  • Doppler radar gun devices 31A, 31B, 31C, 31D and 31E are illustrated in Figure 2, pointed, like cameras 10A, 10B, 10C, 10E and 10F at two lanes of a six-lane roadway.
  • the cameras 10A', 10B', 10C' may be used to detect speeding vehicles. For example, the location of the vehicle's license plate movement is compared over 2-10 frames. The distance of the license plate movement, from frame to frame, is an indication of the speed of the vehicle.
  • a photograph may be made of the speeding vehicles and their drivers.
  • a photograph system is described in U.S. Patent 5,066,950. Since the system of the invention includes an automatic speed detection system 30, the addition of the photograph capability does not add greatly to cost or complexity.
  • One photographic system would include a video camera using a high density pixel CCD (Charge Coupled Device) image converter, a flash unit, a frame "grabber" which is activated when the speeding vehicle reaches the exact position for the car and driver to be photographed, and a video recorder or frame memory which may be solid-state RAM (Random Access Memory) capable of recording an entire frame, for example, of 300,000 pixels. The date, time of day, license plate number and associated information are added to the recorded frame. The entire frame is then transmitted, over a telephone line, to police headquarters where it is recorded and printed out, for later use.
  • CCD Charge Coupled Device
  • the photograph of the speeding car may be used, in some states, to issue a warning or traffic violation ticket and may be used, at trial, if the speeder challenges a ticket issued by a police officer.
  • the inventor has conducted experiments using a Nikon F still camera and 1600 ASA color film and a HOYA 300 mm lens and also a SONY TR5 camcorder (NTSC-video 8) with SONY tape MP120 showing occupants in moving and non-moving vehicles. If the scene is correctly lighted, it is generally possible to recognize at least the gender, race and size of drivers.
  • the photograph of the speed limit violator may be matched, by human eye comparison, with the file photograph of the registered owner. If they match, a moving violation, a traffic ticket or warning may be issued.
  • the digital data stream from camera 10 is also transmitted to a license plate computer identifying system 40 which matches the license plate numbers of speeding vehicles with a list of registered vehicles. When a match is obtained, associated information, such as the make, model, year and registered owner of the vehicle is accessed.
  • the license number is matched with a list of license numbers, for example, all the license numbers of a state, in a large rapid access solid-state look-up table.
  • the license data is stored and accessed according to the same techniques employed in the wanted car identification process described herein.
  • the look-up table is in hard disk (Winchester drive) whose access time is about 20 milliseconds.
  • the look-up table in main memory may be in a solid-state disk emulating data storage device such as Quantum "Hard Card” EZIDE memory having a capability of 240MB and access time of under 70 nanoseconds.
  • An alternative memory may be a series of 16 MB executed in MOSFET DRAM (Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor-Dynamic Random Access Memory) or flash memory such as ACE Technologies "Double Flash 40 MB", i.e., non-volatile solid-state without a battery.
  • the look-up table, with headers, of about 60 bits per entry would have about 3.4 million entries for each 244 MB memory in solid-state integrated circuit.
  • large-scale solid-state memory is presently rather expensive.
  • a 224MB "Dram Disk" from Curtis, St. Paul, Minnesota is about 12 thousand dollars and has an access time of 0.1 ms, a block size of 512 bytes, and a battery back-up.
  • a suitable hard disk is the Seagate 1050 MB Model ST 41200N which operates at 15 milliseconds ("ms.") access time or the Micropolis 1354 MB Model HS-MC1528 which operates at 14 ms. access time. They may be updated electronically over a telephone line.
  • An alternative auxiliary memory device would be a CD ROM (Compact Disk Read Only Memory), such as the Toshiba 600 MB, with 500 ms access time, which CD ROM may be physically changed on a regular basis, for example, monthly. Still another alternative would be a Bernoulli box or SONY magneto-optical disk. Standard data compression techniques could be used to increase the amount of license data stored.
  • a conventional hard disk of 200 MB may have 1000 tracks. If the associated information is coded as to license number (six bytes); color, make, model and year (three bytes); and owner's last name (11 bytes), then the single 200 MB disk would have 10 million license plate number associated information and a 1000 MB hard disk stack would have over 100 million of such information.
  • the license plate number identifying system 40 may be at a central location to serve a number of camera systems at remote locations.
  • the license plate numbers in a digital stream, are transmitted over a land line such as a dedicated telephone line (twisted wire pair, coaxial or fiber optic cable) to a central license plate number identifying computer, for example, at police headquarters or at a traffic management center.
  • a central license plate number identifying computer for example, at police headquarters or at a traffic management center.
  • the variable message warning sign (described below) may be operated by the central computer.
  • Such a network presents a cost advantage since its central computer is used for a number of alpha-numeric warning signs.
  • the variable message signs may be jointly or separately controlled and used to warn drivers of road conditions.
  • the database of "wanted cars" and/or the database of license plate numbers and associated information may be stored in a mainframe computer.
  • the mainframe computer will be located at police headquarters or at a Traffic Management Center (TMC).
  • TMC Traffic Management Center
  • the disclosed system can tap into the database via a telephone line or through wireless communications means.
  • the latter may include the use of a communications satellite in inner orbit.
  • the satellite would pick up the electromagnetic waves from the transmitters, which are located at various points on the roadways, and re-direct the waves to the location of the database.
  • the database would then be searched to determine if there are any license plate matches. If any matches are discovered, a transmitter would be used to contact a police car near the area where the wanted car was "picked up".
  • This satellite communication system although not currently available, may be available in the future and may be useful in rural areas.
  • the camera and data transmission system may also be utilized as part of a traffic surveillance system, since it may provide real time information on the speed and number of cars passing the camera. Such information may be communicated to the Traffic Management Center (TMC).
  • TMC Traffic Management Center
  • the computer identifying system 40 transmits via the CPU 31 selected associated information, in the form of digital data, to an alpha-numeric sign 50, preferably located above the roadway or on the side of the roadway.
  • alpha-numeric sign 50 preferably located above the roadway or on the side of the roadway.
  • Such signs sometimes called “variable message signs” or “writable highway signs", are presently used to warn of accidents and bad road conditions. They generally consist of an array of "pixel” elements such as a bank of incandescent bulbs or LEDs (Light Emitting Diodes) in rows and columns, for example, a large sign may have 2100 bulbs. The bulbs are lit, or not lit, to form numbers and alphabetical characters and are sometimes used as sports scoreboards and for advertising.
  • VMS variable alphanumeric message sign systems
  • Fiberoptic Display Systems Smithfield, RI 02917 (optical fibers forming light guides and rotational shutters); Skyline Products, Inc., Colorado Springs, Colorado 80910; AGS, South Hadley, Massachusetts 01075; and Daktronics, Inc., Brookings, South Dakota (glow tubes).
  • other types of alpha-numerical signs may be used, such as those described in U.S. Patents 4,724,629; 4,833,806; 5,050,325 and 5,184,116.
  • the sign 50 acts as a warning device and preferably displays the speeding vehicle's license number, owner and its speed.
  • the sign may say "LNV 195 - Jones - 88 MPH" along with a message such as "please slow down” or "this is a warning”.
  • the sign may say "LNV 195 - Jones - 88 MPH" along with a message such as "please slow down” or "this is a warning”.
  • the registered owner's last name is displayed, but alternatively the registered owner's first and last names may be displayed.
  • a less expensive sign is shown in Figure 6, in which the only variable characters are those displaying speed and the vehicle owner's name.
  • the other warnings (messages) are fixed and are simply flashed on when the sign is operated. Such a sign, it is estimated, may cost in the 10-20 thousand dollar range.
  • Those drivers who see the warning sign are likely to slow down. They would know, after time, that their vehicle speed and identification is being recorded and the police notified. Preferably the system would be advertised and explained to the public. The public would recognize that if their name is on the display sign it means (i) they are speeding; (ii) their name, speed, license plate, date and time are being recorded; and (iii) a description of their speeding car (license plate number, car type and year) is being broadcast to police officers waiting further along the highway.

Claims (10)

  1. Verkehrsüberwachungsverfahren zur Erfassung und Identifizierung von sich bewegenden Fahrzeugen auf einer Fahrbahn (12), deren Fahrzeuggeschwindigkeit eine vorbestimmte Geschwindigkeitsbegrenzung überschreitet, wobei das Verfahren
    (a) Messen der Geschwindigkeit von sich bewegenden Fahrzeugen und Ermitteln, ob es sich bei irgendwelchen der Fahrzeuge um die Geschwindigkeitsbegrenzung überschreitende Fahrzeuge handelt, weil ihre Geschwindigkeit die vorbestimmte Geschwindigkeitsbegrenzung überschreitet, umfaßt;
    dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß es weiterhin folgendes umfaßt:
    (b) automatisches Lesen der Nummernschildkennzeichen der die Geschwindigkeitsbegrenzung überschreitenden Fahrzeuge unter Verwendung eines opto-elektrischen Lesegeräts (9, 10), das auf dem Nummernschild befindliche alphanumerische Informationen in digitale Signale umwandelt;
    (c) in einem Rechnersystem (40) automatisches Vergleichen der digitalen Signale des Nummernschilds mit einer Datenbank von Kraftfahrzeugkennzeichen und Ableiten zugehöriger Informationen davon, die den zusammenpassenden digitalen Signalen des Nummernschilds zugeordnet sind, einschließlich des Namens des Besitzers des oder jedes die Geschwindigkeitsbegrenzung überschreitenden Fahrzeugs, auf den das Fahrzeug zugelassen ist; und
    (d) Anzeigen des Namens des Besitzers des oder jedes die Geschwindigkeitsbegrenzung überschreitenden Fahrzeugs, auf den das Fahrzeug zugelassen ist, für das betreffende die Geschwindigkeitsbegrenzung überschreitende Fahrzeug.
  2. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1, das weiterhin das Anzeigen der Geschwindigkeit des oder jedes die Geschwindigkeitsbegrenzung überschreitenden Fahrzeugs umfaßt.
  3. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1 oder 2, bei dem die den die Geschwindigkeitsbegrenzung überschreitenden Fahrzeugen angezeigten zugehörigen Informationen den Vor- und Zunamen des Besitzers des oder jedes betreffenden die Geschwindigkeitsbegrenzung überschreitenden Fahrzeugs, auf den das Fahrzeug zugelassen ist, enthalten.
  4. Verfahren nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, bei dem die angezeigten Informationen auf einem variablen, alphanumerischen Meldungsschild (50) nahe der Fahrbahn angezeigt werden.
  5. Verfahren nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, das weiterhin Senden des Nummernschildkennzeichens und mindestens einiger der zugehörigen Informationen über die die Geschwindigkeitsbegrenzung überschreitenden Fahrzeuge zu einem Polizeibeamten umfaßt.
  6. Verfahren nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, das weiterhin automatisches Lesen und Vergleichen der Nummernschildkennzeichen von Fahrzeugen mit einer Datenbank (18) von gesuchten Fahrzeugen, wobei die Datenbank von gesuchten Fahrzeugen eine Liste gestohlener Fahrzeuge und Informationen enthält, die die gesuchten Fahrzeuge identifizieren, und Senden des Nummernschildkennzeichens und der Identifikationsinformationen zu einem Polizeibeamten umfaßt.
  7. Verkehrsüberwachungssystem zur Erfassung und Identifizierung von sich bewegenden Fahrzeugen auf einer Fahrbahn (12), deren Geschwindigkeit eine vorbestimmte Geschwindigkeitsbegrenzung überschreitet, wobei das System
    (a) Mittel (30) zur Messung der Geschwindigkeit der Fahrzeuge und Ermittlung, ob es sich bei irgendwelchen der Fahrzeuge um die Geschwindigkeitsbegrenzung überschreitende Fahrzeuge handelt, weil ihre Geschwindigkeit die vorbestimmte Geschwindigkeitsbegrenzung überschreitet; umfaßt,
    dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß das System weiterhin folgendes umfaßt:
    (b) ein opto-elektrisches Lesegerätmittel (9, 10) zum automatischen Lesen des Nummernschildkennzeichens der die Geschwindigkeitsbegrenzung überschreitenden Fahrzeuge und Umwandeln der auf dem Nummernschild befindlichen alphanumerischen Informationen in digitale Signale;
    (c) eine Rechnerdatenbank (18) von Nummernschildkennzeichen und zugehörigen Informationen, die jedem Nummernschildkennzeichen zugeordnet sind, wobei die zugehörigen Informationen die Namen der Besitzer, auf die die Fahrzeuge zugelassen sind, enthalten;
    (d) ein Rechnermittel (40) zum Vergleichen der digitalen Signale des Nummernschilds mit der Rechnerdatenbank von Kfz-Nummernschildkennzeichen und Ableiten der zugehörigen Informationen davon; und
    (e) ein Anzeigemittel (50) zur Anzeige der Namen der Besitzer von die Geschwindigkeitsbegrenzung überschreitenden Fahrzeugen für die die Geschwindigkeitsbegrenzung überschreitenden Fahrzeuge.
  8. System nach Anspruch 7, bei dem das opto-elektrische Lesegerätmittel einen raumvarianten Sensor umfaßt, der eine Logmap erzeugt.
  9. System nach Anspruch 7 oder 8, bei dem das Anzeigemittel ein variables, alphanumerisches Meldungsschild nahe der Fahrbahn umfaßt.
  10. System nach einem der Ansprüche 7 bis 9, das weiterhin ein Sendemittel (21) zum Senden des Nummernschildkennzeichens und mindestens einiger der zugehörigen Informationen über die die Geschwindigkeitsbegrenzung überschreitenden Fahrzeuge an einen Polizeibeamten umfaßt.
EP94931799A 1994-10-06 1994-10-06 Erfassung einer geschwindigkeitsübertretung eines fahrzeugs und identifizierung Expired - Lifetime EP0784838B1 (de)

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PCT/US1994/011286 WO1996011458A1 (en) 1994-06-09 1994-10-06 Vehicle speeding detection and identification

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EP0784838A4 EP0784838A4 (de) 1997-12-29
EP0784838B1 true EP0784838B1 (de) 2000-06-14

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US7761560B2 (en) 2004-10-02 2010-07-20 Nokia Siemens Networks Gmbh & Co. Kg Method for processing a data flow according to the content thereof
US11941716B2 (en) 2020-12-15 2024-03-26 Selex Es Inc. Systems and methods for electronic signature tracking

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EP0784838A4 (de) 1997-12-29
DE69424954T2 (de) 2000-10-19
AU8074594A (en) 1996-05-02
GB2304445A (en) 1997-03-19
ATE193953T1 (de) 2000-06-15
GB9700783D0 (en) 1997-03-05
EP0784838A1 (de) 1997-07-23
DE69424954D1 (de) 2000-07-20
GB2304445B (en) 1998-01-28

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