Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C69/00—Esters of carboxylic acids; Esters of carbonic or haloformic acids
  • C07C69/76—Esters of carboxylic acids having a carboxyl group bound to a carbon atom of a six-membered aromatic ring
  • C07C69/84—Esters of carboxylic acids having a carboxyl group bound to a carbon atom of a six-membered aromatic ring of monocyclic hydroxy carboxylic acids, the hydroxy groups and the carboxyl groups of which are bound to carbon atoms of a six-membered aromatic ring
  • C07C69/88—Esters of carboxylic acids having a carboxyl group bound to a carbon atom of a six-membered aromatic ring of monocyclic hydroxy carboxylic acids, the hydroxy groups and the carboxyl groups of which are bound to carbon atoms of a six-membered aromatic ring with esterified carboxyl groups
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
  • C09D175/00—Coating compositions based on polyureas or polyurethanes; Coating compositions based on derivatives of such polymers
  • C09D175/04—Polyurethanes
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C271/00—Derivatives of carbamic acids, i.e. compounds containing any of the groups, the nitrogen atom not being part of nitro or nitroso groups
  • C07C271/06—Esters of carbamic acids
  • C07C271/08—Esters of carbamic acids having oxygen atoms of carbamate groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms
  • C07C271/10—Esters of carbamic acids having oxygen atoms of carbamate groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms with the nitrogen atoms of the carbamate groups bound to hydrogen atoms or to acyclic carbon atoms
  • C07C271/12—Esters of carbamic acids having oxygen atoms of carbamate groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms with the nitrogen atoms of the carbamate groups bound to hydrogen atoms or to acyclic carbon atoms to hydrogen atoms or to carbon atoms of unsubstituted hydrocarbon radicals
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C271/00—Derivatives of carbamic acids, i.e. compounds containing any of the groups, the nitrogen atom not being part of nitro or nitroso groups
  • C07C271/06—Esters of carbamic acids
  • C07C271/08—Esters of carbamic acids having oxygen atoms of carbamate groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms
  • C07C271/10—Esters of carbamic acids having oxygen atoms of carbamate groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms with the nitrogen atoms of the carbamate groups bound to hydrogen atoms or to acyclic carbon atoms
  • C07C271/20—Esters of carbamic acids having oxygen atoms of carbamate groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms with the nitrogen atoms of the carbamate groups bound to hydrogen atoms or to acyclic carbon atoms to carbon atoms of hydrocarbon radicals substituted by nitrogen atoms not being part of nitro or nitroso groups
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C271/00—Derivatives of carbamic acids, i.e. compounds containing any of the groups, the nitrogen atom not being part of nitro or nitroso groups
  • C07C271/06—Esters of carbamic acids
  • C07C271/08—Esters of carbamic acids having oxygen atoms of carbamate groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms
  • C07C271/26—Esters of carbamic acids having oxygen atoms of carbamate groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms with the nitrogen atom of at least one of the carbamate groups bound to a carbon atom of a six-membered aromatic ring
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D251/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3,5-triazine rings
  • C07D251/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3,5-triazine rings not condensed with other rings
  • C07D251/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3,5-triazine rings not condensed with other rings having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
  • C07D251/26—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3,5-triazine rings not condensed with other rings having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with only hetero atoms directly attached to ring carbon atoms
  • C07D251/30—Only oxygen atoms
  • C07D251/34—Cyanuric or isocyanuric esters
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
  • C08G18/00—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates
  • C08G18/06—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen
  • C08G18/28—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen characterised by the compounds used containing active hydrogen
  • C08G18/30—Low-molecular-weight compounds
  • C08G18/32—Polyhydroxy compounds; Polyamines; Hydroxyamines
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
  • C08G18/00—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates
  • C08G18/06—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen
  • C08G18/28—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen characterised by the compounds used containing active hydrogen
  • C08G18/30—Low-molecular-weight compounds
  • C08G18/32—Polyhydroxy compounds; Polyamines; Hydroxyamines
  • C08G18/3203—Polyhydroxy compounds
  • C08G18/3221—Polyhydroxy compounds hydroxylated esters of carboxylic acids other than higher fatty acids
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
  • C08G18/00—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates
  • C08G18/06—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen
  • C08G18/28—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen characterised by the compounds used containing active hydrogen
  • C08G18/30—Low-molecular-weight compounds
  • C08G18/38—Low-molecular-weight compounds having heteroatoms other than oxygen
  • C08G18/3819—Low-molecular-weight compounds having heteroatoms other than oxygen having nitrogen
  • C08G18/3823—Low-molecular-weight compounds having heteroatoms other than oxygen having nitrogen containing -N-C=O groups
  • C08G18/3831—Low-molecular-weight compounds having heteroatoms other than oxygen having nitrogen containing -N-C=O groups containing urethane groups
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
  • C08G18/00—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates
  • C08G18/06—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen
  • C08G18/70—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen characterised by the isocyanates or isothiocyanates used
  • C08G18/72—Polyisocyanates or polyisothiocyanates
  • C08G18/80—Masked polyisocyanates
  • C08G18/8061—Masked polyisocyanates masked with compounds having only one group containing active hydrogen
  • C08G18/8064—Masked polyisocyanates masked with compounds having only one group containing active hydrogen with monohydroxy compounds
  • C08G18/8067—Masked polyisocyanates masked with compounds having only one group containing active hydrogen with monohydroxy compounds phenolic compounds
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
  • C09D201/00—Coating compositions based on unspecified macromolecular compounds
  • C09D201/02—Coating compositions based on unspecified macromolecular compounds characterised by the presence of specified groups, e.g. terminal or pendant functional groups
  • C09D201/06—Coating compositions based on unspecified macromolecular compounds characterised by the presence of specified groups, e.g. terminal or pendant functional groups containing oxygen atoms

Definitions

• the present invention relates to polymeric vehicles for coating films or binders where the polymeric vehicles are thermosetting and include a phenolic urethane reactive diluent. More particularly this invention is directed to polymeric vehicles which include at least one polyol, the reactive diluent and a polyisocyanate and/or amino resin crosslinking agent.
• Film former that provides a film for the protective function of a substrate coated with paint.
• Film forming components of liquid paints include resins which have required organic solvents to provide the resins with suitable viscosities such that the paint can be applied by existing commercial application equipment.
• Use of solvents raises at least two problems. First, in the past and potentially in the future, petrochemical shortages mitigate against the use of organic solvent in great volumes. Second, environmental concern mitigates against the use of organic solvents and requires such use be minimized.
• Thermosetting coating compositions, particularly coating compositions which include polyester, alkyd, acrylic and epoxy polymers are often materials of choice for making film formers for various substrates to which the coating composition is applied.
• Coating compositions provide a protective function for the substrate.
• coating compositions are generally formulated to provide a balance of properties which will maximize hardness, flexibility, solvent resistance, corrosion resistance, weatherability, acid resistance, hydrolytic stability and gloss with an emphasis on certain properties depending upon the purpose for which the coating is intended.
• United States Patent No. 4,331,782 to Linden, United States Patent Nos. 3,836,491 and 3,789,044 to Taft et al. and U.S. Patent No. 3,409,579 to Robbins describe phenol capped polymers which are crosslinked with polyisocyanates. They do not involve the use of a phenolic urethane reactive diluent which is cross linked or the use of such a diluent in a system which includes a polyol, diluent and crosslinking agent.
• the present invention is directed to a polymeric vehicle, a formulated coating composition, a coating binder made from the polymeric vehicle and a method for making the polymeric vehicle where the polymeric vehicle includes a phenolic urethane reactive diluent.
• the latter reactive diluent improves film properties such as hardness.
• the reactive diluent hardens the coating binder often without increasing the viscosity of the polymeric vehicle and coating composition.
• the invention provides a high solids or solventless polymeric vehicle and/or formulated coating composition where the viscosity of the blend which constitutes the polymeric vehicle (which includes the phenolic reactive diluent) , will be in the range of from about 0.1 to about 20 Pa.s at about 20 to about 60°C at a shear rate of at least about 1,000 and preferably in the range of about 1,000 to about 1 X IO 6 sec. "1 in the absence of organic solvent and/or water.
• the coating composition is crosslinked with a crosslinker selected from the group consisting of a compound with isocyanate functionality and an amino resin having an average crosslinking functionality of from about 3 to about 30 crosslinking groups per molecule.
• This amino crosslinking functionality is reactive with the hydroxyls of the phenolic urethane reactive diluent and the isocyanate crosslinker compound which has an average isocyanate functionality of from about 1.9 to about 20 isocyanate groups per molecule.
• the isocyanate functionality is reactive with the hydroxyls of the phenolic urethane reactive diluent and the amino crosslinker.
• the phenolic urethane reactive diluent may be represented by the following general formula where R j through R 12 is set forth below.
• the reactive diluent has a molecular weight of not more than about 50,000, and in an important aspect, not more than about 2,000.
• the phenolic reactive diluent has the formula
• the phenolic urethane reactive diluent is the reaction product of a phenolic ester alcohol having at least one aliphatic hydroxyl group and a compound having an average isocyanate functionality of from about 1.9 to 20 isocyanate groups per molecule.
• the phenolic ester alcohol is the reaction product of a phenol carboxylic acid and a compound having an epoxy functionality.
• the phenolic ester alcohol has at least two ester linkages, at least one phenolic hydroxyl group and at least one aliphatic hydroxyl group, and in a very important aspect, about one aliphatic hydroxyl group which aliphatic hydroxyl is primary or secondary. Included in this aspect, the phenolic ester alcohol has the general formula
• R 4 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, hydroxyl, C, to C 8 alkyl and C, to C g alkoxy
• R 5 is a direct bond or a C ⁇ to C 20 organic radical which may incorporate another phenol or aliphatic hydroxyl, ester, ether and/or carbonate group in its structure
• R 6 is hydrogen or a C t to C 20 organic radical which may include one or more ester linkages or a direct bond which may form with R 7 part of a 5 or 6 carbon atom cyclic ring structure
• R 7 is CH 2 R 8 wherein R 8 is selected from the group consisting of hydroxy, 0R 9 , OOCR 10 and R ⁇ wherein R 9 is a primary or secondary aliphatic group containing 3 to 20 carbon atoms which may include one or more ester linkages or an aromatic group containing 6 to 20 carbon atoms
• R 10 is a primary, secondary or tertiary aliphatic group containing 4 to 20 carbon
• the -OH expressly shown as bonded to the -CH- group in formula A is illustrative of an aliphatic hydroxyl group.
• the phenolic ester alcohol is the reaction product of hydroxybenzoic acid, such as para hydroxybenzoic acid, and a monoglycidyl compound having a molecular weight in the range of from about 110 to 1000 such as the monoglycidyl compound with the formula ("B") 0 0
• R represents a mixture of aliphatic groups, most preferably the three R groups in the glycidyl compound having a total of 8 carbon atoms and which the glycidyl compound is commercially available from Exxon Chemical Company under the trademark Glydexx ® .
• the polymeric vehicle comprises the phenolic urethane reactive diluent; at least one polyol having an average hydroxyl functionality of from about 1.9 to about 20 hydroxyls per molecule and a molecular weight of at least 200; and at least one crosslinker selected from the group consisting of a compound having an isocyanate functionality of from about 1.9 to about 20 isocyanate groups per molecule, an amino resin having a crosslinking functionality of from about 3 to about 30 crosslinking groups per molecule and mixtures of the isocyanate compound and amino resin.
• the polymeric vehicle includes the polyol which is a polyester, alkyd or acrylic polyol, the reactive diluent made with the phenolic ester alcohol having one aliphatic hydroxyl group, where the isocyanate compound used to make the reactive diluent has an average isocyanate functionality of about 3 and an amino resin crosslinker.
• the polyol which includes polyol, phenolic urethane reactive diluent and crosslinker, each is in relative amounts effective for providing an acceptable coating binder which generally will have a pencil hardness of at least about HB, an impact resistance of at least about 20-inch pounds direct and at least about 20-inch pounds reverse at a film thickness of about 0.5 mil dry.
• the coating binder will have a hardness of about F at a thickness of about 0.5 mil dry and an impact resistance of about 30-inch pounds direct and 30-inch pounds reverse at such thickness.
• the polymeric vehicle may have from about 0 to about 80 weight percent polyol, from about 10 to about 80 weight percent reactive diluent and from about 8 to about 50 weight percent crosslinker where the crosslinker is an amino resin and from about 8 to about 50 weight percent crosslinker where the crosslinker has an isocyanate functionality.
• the polymeric vehicle generally will comprise at least about 15 weight percent polyol and preferably will have from about 15 to about 60 weight percent polyol.
• Bouret means an isocyanate reacted with water in a ratio of three equivalents of isocyanate to one mole of water, such as the biuret of HDI shown below.
• isocyanurate is a six-membered ring having nitrogens at the 1, 3 and 5 positions and keto groups at the 2, 4 and 6 positions, the nitrogens being substituted with an isocyanate group, such as shown below in the isocyanurate of HDI.
• Crosslinking agent means a compound having di- or polyfunctional isocyanate groups or a polyfunctional amino resin.
• the isocyanate compound or amino resin contains isocyanate or other crosslinking functional groups that are capable of forming covalent bonds with hydroxyl groups that are present on the polyol in the polymeric vehicle.
• the crosslinking agent may be a blend; hence, there may be more than one substance which forms a blend of substances which form covalent bonds with the hydroxyl groups of the polyol. Amino reins and polyisocyanates are such crosslinking agents.
• Polymeric vehicle means polymeric and resinous components in the formulated coating, i.e., before film formation, including but not limited to the polyol and phenolic urethane reactive diluent.
• Coating binder means the polymeric part of the film of the coating after solvent has evaporated and after crosslinking.
• Formated coating composition means the polymeric vehicle and optional solvents, as well as pigments, catalysts and additives which may optionally be added to impart desirable application characteristics to the formulated coating and desirable properties such as opacity and color to the film.
• VOC means volatile organic compounds.
• Diol is a compound, oligomer or polymer with two hydroxyl groups.
• Polyol is a compound, oligomer or polymer with two or more hydroxyl groups.
• solvent means an organic solvent.
• Organic solvent means a liquid which includes but is not limited to carbon and hydrogen and has a boiling point in the range of from about 30°C to about 300°C at about one atmosphere pressure.
• Volatile organic compounds are defined by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency at 40 C.F.R.
• a "film” is formed by application of the formulated coating composition to a base or substrate, evaporation of solvent, if present, and crosslinking.
• the invention is directed to a polymeric vehicle which comprises a phenolic reactive diluent as herein described.
• the polymeric vehicle also comprises a polyol and/or a crosslinker selected from the group consisting of a polyfunctional amino resin, an isocyanate compound having polyfunctional isocyanate functionality and mixtures of the polyfunctional amino resin and polyfunctional isocyanate compound.
• the polymeric vehicle and formulated coating compositions which include the polymeric vehicle of the invention may include organic solvents or may not require organic solvents or water to provide a formulated coating composition with a viscosity such that the formulated coating composition may be applied by existing application equipment.
• the polymeric vehicle and/or formulated coating composition of the invention permit the use of water for obtaining such a viscosity while reducing or mitigating VOCs.
• the phenolic urethane reactive diluent is compatible with and permits the use of other diphenolic hardeners to improve coating properties, but yet also permits the use of the additional hardeners in a formulated coating composition which may include solvents.
• a diphenolic polyol ester reaction product of hydroquinone and parahydroxy benzoic acid has low solvent dispersibility or solubility, requires high- cure temperatures and often makes coatings intractable.
• the use of the phenolic urethane reactive diluent of the invention permits the use of such other diphenolic hardeners to improve hardness yet reduces the other problems attendant with the use of such hardeners.
• one aspect of the invention contemplates the crosslinker, reactive diluent and polyol, if any, being in amounts effective for maintaining VOCs in the formulated coating composition (which includes the polymeric vehicle) to less than about 3.5 pounds of VOC per gallon of formulated coating composition while at least maintaining the pencil hardness of the coating binder, to at least about HB and maintaining an impact resistance of the coating binder to at least about 20-inch pounds direct and at least about 20-inch pounds indirect.
• the invention is effective for providing formulated coating compositions having less than 2.5 pounds of VOC per gallon of formulated coating composition and in some cases less than 2.0 pounds of VOC per gallon of formulated coating composition.
• the invention is effective for providing solventless liquid formulated coating compositions (not more than about 3 weight percent organic solvent) where the polymeric vehicle in the formulated coating composition comprises the phenolic urethane reactive diluent at low molecular weight, a polyol having a molecular weight of at least 200, an average hydroxyl functionality of from about 1.9 to about 20 hydroxyls per molecule and a crosslinker selected from the group consisting of the polyfunctional amino resin, the compound with polyfunctional isocyanate functionality and mixtures of the polyfunctional amino resin and polyfunctional isocyanate.
• the phenolic urethane reactive diluent may be described as the reaction product of a phenolic ester alcohol having at least one aliphatic hydroxyl group and a compound having an average isocyanate functionality of at least 1.9.
• the ratio of an isocyanate to phenolic ester alcohol in the reaction mixture is in the range of from about 1 equivalent isocyanate group per equivalent of aliphatic hydroxyl phenolic ester alcohol.
• the isocyanate reacts with the aliphatic hydroxyl, which reaction is catalyzed by soluble tin salts such as dibutyl tin dilaurate and dibutyl tin diacetate and divalent zinc salts such as zince diacetate.
• the phenolic reactive diluent has the following general formula where R j through R n are defined above in connection with formula A and R 12 is defined as set forth below.
• N l to 4, where R 12 is an alkyl, alkenyl, aromatic or alkyl, alkenyl and aromatic difunctional radical, where the radical can include or be
• n more than 1 and preferrably 6.
• the R 12 radical is
• R 12 is a difunctional radical as described above.
• the phenolic ester alcohol is the reaction product of a phenol carboxylic acid and an epoxy compound.
• the phenolic ester alcohol is represented by the general formula "A"
• a phenol carboxylic acid reactant to make the phenolic ester alcohol may be used to prepare the phenolic ester reaction product of formula A.
• the phenol carboxylic acid has the general formula:
• R 4 and R 5 are as described above.
• suitable phenol carboxylic acids include hydroxybenzoic acids, acids where R 5 is alkylene such as phenyl acetic acid, hydroxy phenyl propionic acid, hydroxyphenyl stearic acid, and acids where in R 5 encompasses additional phenol functionality such as 4,4-bis hydroxyphenyl pentanoic acid and the like.
• R 4 in formula A is hydrogen
• R 5 is a direct bond
• R 6 is hydrogen
• R 7 is CH 2 0H, a hydrocarbon moiety or an organic moiety containing ester or ether groups and containing from 1 to about 20 carbon atoms, more preferably from about 3 to 20 carbon atoms.
• the phenolic ester alcohol used to make the phenolic urethane reactive diluent is the ester reaction product of a hydroxybenzoic acid and an epoxy compound.
• Suitable hydroxybenzoic acids include ortho- hydroxybenzoic acid (salicylic acid) , meta- hydroxybenzoic acid and para-hydroxybenzoic acid (PHBA) , with para-hydroxybenzoic acid being most preferred.
• the epoxy compound may be selected from the group consisting of glycidyl esters, glycidyl alcohols, glycidyl ethers, linear epoxies and aromatic epoxies.
• R 12 is an organic radical having 1-12 carbon atoms which can include ether, ester, hydroxyl or epoxy groups, as well as other cycloaliphatic compounds having the structures:
• epoxy materials include epoxidized alpha- olefins and bis aromatic epoxies such as the reaction product of bisphenol A or F with epichlorohydrin.
• Suitable epoxy compounds particularly include monoepoxides containing a terminal glycidyl group or polyepoxides containing internal oxirane or glycidyl groups or terminal glycidyl groups.
• Suitable epoxy compounds include glycidyl acrylate or methacrylate monomers, alkyl glycidyl ether monomers, and low molecular weight copolymers of one or more of these monomers with one or more ethylenically unsaturated monomers such as acrylates, methacrylates, vinyl aromatic monomers and the like.
• Suitable epoxy compounds include the ester reaction products of epichlorohydrin with mono- or dibasic aliphatic or aromatic carboxylic acids or anhydrides containing from about 1 to 20 carbon atoms.
• Inclusive of such acids are aliphatic acids such as acetic, butyric, isobutyric, lauric, stearic, maleic and myristic acids and aromatic acids such as benzoic, phthalic, isophthalic and terephthalic acids as well as the corresponding anhydrides of such acids.
• Preferred such acids are primary, secondary or tertiary aliphatic carboxylic acids containing from 5 to 13 carbon atoms.
• an epoxy compound of this type is the glycidyl ester of a mixed aliphatic, mostly tertiary, mono carboxylic acid with an average of 9 to 11 carbon atoms such as available from Exxon Chemical Co., under the trade name GLYDEXX ® or from Shell Chemical Co., under the trade name CARDURA ® E ester. These may be represented by the general formula "B". (Glydexx ® general formula).
• Still other epoxy compounds include glycidyl ether reaction products of epihalohydrin with aliphatic or aromatic alcohols or polyols containing from about 1 to 20 carbon atoms.
• Suitable alcohols include aromatic alcohols such as bisphenol, bisphenol A, bisphenol F, phenoiphthalein and novolac resins; aliphatic alcohols such as ethanol, isopropanol, isobutyl alcohol, hexanol, stearyl alcohol and the like; and aliphatic polyols such as ethylene glycol, propylene glycol and butylene glycol.
• epoxy compounds which may be used include the mono-epoxides of C 8 to C 20 alpha mono-olefins.
• the epoxy compound may also comprise epoxidized fatty compounds.
• epoxidized fatty compounds include epoxidized fatty oils, epoxidized fatty acid esters of monohydric alcohols, epoxidized fatty acid esters of polyhydric alcohols, epoxidized fatty nitriles, epoxidized fatty amides, epoxidized fatty amines and epoxidized fatty alcohols.
• Suitable alicyclic epoxide and polyepoxide materials include dicyclopentadiene diepoxide, limonene diepoxide, and the like.
• Additional useful epoxides include for example, vinyl cyclohexane dioxide, bis (3,4- epoxycyclohexyl) adipate, 3,4-epoxycyclohexylmethyl- 3,4-epoxy-cyclohexane carboxylate and 2- (3,4- epoxycyclohexyl-5,5-spiro-3,4-epoxy) cyclohexane- metadioxane.
• the hydroxybenzoic acid/epoxy reaction product of this invention may be formed by reacting the hydroxybenzoic acid and the epoxy compound to provide a phenolic ester alcohol with one aliphatic hydroxyl group, optionally in a solvent therefor, at a temperature ranging from about 90° to about 120°C to initiate such reaction. Once the reaction is initiated, such reaction is exothermic, and the reaction temperature can rise to a temperature of about 150° to 175°C usually without application of external heat. The reaction temperature then is maintained at about 150°C to 170°C (and preferably less than about 200°C) until the reaction has been determined to be substantially complete.
• Reaction products of reduced discoloration can be produced by control of the maximum temperature of the exothermic reaction. This can be achieved by a staged and/or incremental addition of one of the reactants, e.g. the epoxy reactant, so that the reaction temperature is maintained at a temperature of about 150°C or below. The remainder of that reactant may then be added in stages or continuously while maintaining the reaction temperature below about 150°C. This process modification gives rise to reaction products having lower Color Index values. Approximately stoichiometric quantities of the epoxy compound and the phenol carboxylic acid are used in the reaction, although a slight molar excess of epoxy may be necessary to drive the reaction to completion.
• the phenolic urethane reactive diluent is the reaction product of the phenolic ester alcohol, such as the one shown in formula A, and a composition having a polyisocyanate functionality, such as a polyisocyanate, biuret or isocyanurate.
• a polyisocyanate functionality such as a polyisocyanate, biuret or isocyanurate.
• One equivalent isocyanate is reacted for every equivalent of aliphatic hydroxyl group in the phenolic ester alcohol.
• the reaction is catalyzed by an organo metallic catalyst such as dibutyl tin dilaurate and zinc acetate.
• the reaction proceeds at room temperature, and if not, the reaction mixture may be heated as is known to drive the reaction such that the aliphatic hydroxyl groups are reacted to provide the phenolic urethane reactive diluent which has free hydroxyl groups extending from the aromatic ends of the molecule.
• the phenolic urethane reactive diluent may be made with low molecular weight diisocyanates such as hexamethlenediisocyanate (HDI) as well as polyisocyanates which have molecular weights up to about 20,000.
• HDI hexamethlenediisocyanate
• This diluent serves as a hardener to harden the coating binder without increasing the viscosities of the formulated coating composition and polymeric vehicle.
• the phenolic urethane reactive diluent keeps the viscosity of the polymeric vehicle low to aid in the reduction of VOCs.
• Diisocyanates which may be used in the invention additional to HDI include isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI) , tetramethylxylene diisocyanate (TMXDI) , and other aliphatic diisocyanates such as trimethylene diisocyanate, tetra ethylene diisocyanate, pentamethylene diisocyanate, 1,2-propylene diisocyanate, 2,3-butylene diisocyanate, 1,3-butylene diisocyanate, 2,4,4- or 2,2,4-trimethylhexamethylene diisocyanate; cycloalkylene diisocyanates such as 1,3- cyclopentane-diisocyanate, 1,4-cyclohexane-diisocyanate and 1,3-cyclohexane-diisocyanate; and aromatic diisocyanates such as m-phenylene diisocyanate, p- phenylene diisocyanate, 4,4'
• the polyisocyanates may be dimerized or trimerized diisocyanates such as trimerized HDI or IPDI and triisocyanates such as triphenylmethane-4,4' ,4"- triisocyanate, 1,3,5-triisocyanatobenzene, 1,3,5- triisocyanatocyclohexane, 2,4,6-triisocyanatotoluene and ⁇ -isocyanatoethyl-2,6-diisocyanatocaproate; and tetraisocyanates, such as 4,4' -diphenyldimethylmethane- 2,2' ,5,5' -tetraisocyanate.
• trimerized or trimerized diisocyanates such as trimerized HDI or IPDI
• triisocyanates such as triphenylmethane-4,4' ,4"- triisocyanate, 1,3,5-triisocyanatobenzene, 1,3,5- tri
• They also may be polymers or copolymers with vinyl monomers of isocyanate functional monomers such as
• unblocked or blocked biurets such as the biuret of hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) which biuret has the structure
• Agents which block the isocyanate groups and "deblock" at elevated temperature are known and are used in the invention. These include oximes, lactams, imines, carbamates such as acetone oxime, methyl ethyl ketoxime, e-caprolactam and ethyleneimine.
• Effective amounts of crosslinker for permitting the polymeric vehicle to crosslink into a coating binder with the hardness and impact resistance as described above are used.
• the polymeric vehicle When the polymeric vehicle includes a polyol and reactive diluent, the polymeric vehicle generally comprises at least about 15 weight percent polyol and generally from about 15 to about 60 weight percent polyol, from about 10 to about 80 weight percent reactive diluent and from about 8 to about 50 weight percent crosslinker where the crosslinker is an amino resin and from about 8 to about 50 weight percent crosslinker where the crosslinker has an isocyanate functionality.
• polyisocyanates, biurets and isocyanurates may be used as crosslinkers that are used to make the phenolic urethane reactive diluent. If, however, a compound which is high in isocyanate functionality (numerous isocyanate groups) is used to make the reactive diluent, then a compound which is lower in isocyanate functionality should be used as a crosslinker.
• Methylol (alkoxymethyl) amino crosslinking agents are suitable for use in the present invention and are well known commercial products, and are generally made by the reaction of di (poly) amide (amine) compounds with formaldehyde and, optionally, a lower alcohol.
• suitable amino-crosslinking resins include one or a mixture of the following materials: Melamine based resins
• R is the following:
• the preferred melamine is hexamethoxymethyl melamine.
• R CH 3 , H (BeetleTM 60, BeetleTM 65); or
• R C 4 H 9 (BeetleTM 80) .
• the polyols which are used in the invention are selected from the group consisting of polyesters, alkyd polymers, acrylic polymers and epoxy polymers.
• the polyols have an number average molecular weight (M of at least about 200, and may generally range from about 200 up to about 20,000, more preferably from about 280 up to about 10,000, and most preferably from about 300 up to about 3,000 to 6,000.
• Glass transition temperatures (Tg) of these materials may generally range from as low as -90°C up to +100°C or higher.
• the diesters and polyesters may be prepared by well known condensation processes using a molar excess of diol.
• the molar ratio of diol to dicarboxylic acid is p + l:p wherein p represents the number of moles of dicarboxylic acid.
• the reaction may be conducted in the absence of or presence of a suitable polycondensation catalyst as is known in the art.
• Polyesters also can be made from carboxylic acids and oxiranes, such as RCOOH O
• R H, alkyl , aryl
• diols used to make the polyester polyols are one or more of the following: neopentyl glycol; ethylene glycol; hexamethylenediol; 1,2-cyclohexanedimethanol; 1,3-cyclohexanedimethanol; 1,4-cyclohexanedimethanol; diethylene glycol; triethylene glycol; tetraethylene glycol; dipropylene glycol; polypropylene glycol; hexylene glycol; 2-methyl-2-ethyl-l,3-propanediol; 2- ethyl-1, 3-hexandediol; 1, 5-pentanediol; thiodiglycol; 1, 3-propanediol; 1,2-propanediol; 1,2-butanediol; 1,3- butanediol; 2 , 3 -butanediol; 1, 4-butanediol; 2,2,4-
• polyols examples include triols such as glycerine, timethylol ethane, trimethylol propane, pentaerythritol and the like.
• the diols are reacted with carboxyl groups to make the polyesters.
• the carboxyl groups may be present in the form of anhydride groups, lactone groups, or equivalent ester forming derivatives such as the acid halide or methyl ester.
• the dicarboxylic acids or derivatives are preferably one or more of the following: phthalic anhydride, terephthalic acid, isophthalic acid, naphthalene dicarboxylic acids, adipic acid, succinic acid, glutaric acid, fumaric acid, maleic acid, cyclohexane dicarboxylic acid, azeleic acid, sebasic acid, dimer acid, caprolactone, propiolactone, pyromellitic dianhydride, substituted maleic and fumaric acids such as citraconic, chloromaleic, mesaconic, and substituted succinic acids such as aconitic and itaconic, and mixtures thereof.
• polyesters are produced using a combination of aromatic and aliphatic dicarboxylic acids or a combination of cycloaliphatic and aliphatic dicarboxylic acids or combinations of all three types.
• the most preferred acids used for the purposes of this invention are linear saturated or unsaturated aliphatic dicarboxylic acids having from 2 to 10 carbon atoms such as succinic, glutaric, adipic, and similar materials.
• the acrylic polymers which may be used as the polyol component in the present invention are acrylic copolymer resins.
• the acrylic copolymer resin is prepared from at least one hydroxy-substituted alkyl (meth) acrylate and at least one non-hydroxy- substituted alkyl (meth) acrylate.
• the hydroxy- substituted alkyl (meth) acrylates which can be employed as monomers comprise members selected from the group consisting of the following esters of acrylic or methacrylic acid and aliphatic glycols: 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate, 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl acrylate; 1-hydroxy- 2-acryloxy propane; 2-hydroxypropyl acrylate; 3- hydroxy- propylacrylate; 2,3-dihydroxypropylacrylate; 3-hydroxybuty1 acrylate; 2-hydroxybutyl acrylate; 4- hydroxybutyl acrylate; diethyleneglycol acrylate; 5- hydroxypentyl acrylate; 6-hydroxyhexyl acrylate; triethyleneglycol acrylate; 7-hydroxyheptyl acrylate; 1-hydroxy-2-methacryloxy propane; 2-hydroxypropyl methacrylate; 2,2-dihydroxypropyl methacrylate; 2- hydroxybutyl methacrylate; 3-hydroxybutyl methacrylate; 2-hydroxyethyl
• the preferred hydroxy functional monomers for use in preparing the acrylic resins are hydroxy-substituted alkyl (meth) acrylates having a total of 5 to 7 carbon atoms, i.e., esters of C 2 to C 3 dihydric alcohols and acrylic or methacrylic acids.
• hydroxy-substituted alkyl (meth) acrylate monomers are 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, 2- hydroxyethyl acrylate, 2-hydroxybutyl acrylate, 2- hydroxypropyl methacrylate, and 2-hydroxypropyl acrylate.
• non-hydroxy-substituted alkyl (meth) acrylate monomers which may be employed are alkyl (meth) acrylates.
• Preferred nonhydroxy unsaturated monomers are esters of C, to C 12 monohydric alcohols and acrylic or methacrylic acids, e.g., methyl methacrylate, hexyl acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, lauryl methacrylate, glycidyl methacrylate, etc.
• acrylic copolymer polyol resins used in the present invention may include in their composition other monomers such as acrylic acid and methacrylic acid, monovinyl aromatic hydrocarbons containing from 8 to 12 carbon atoms (including styrene, alpha-methyl styrene, vinyl toluene, t-butyl styrene, chlorostyrene and the like) , vinyl chloride, vinylidene chloride, acrylonitrile, epoxy-modified acrylics and methacrylonitrile.
• monomers such as acrylic acid and methacrylic acid, monovinyl aromatic hydrocarbons containing from 8 to 12 carbon atoms (including styrene, alpha-methyl styrene, vinyl toluene, t-butyl styrene, chlorostyrene and the like) , vinyl chloride, vinylidene chloride, acrylonitrile, epoxy-modified acrylics and methacrylonitrile.
• the acrylic copolymer polyol preferably has a number average molecular weight not greater than about 30,000, more preferably between about 280 and about 15,000, and most preferably between about 300 and about 5000.
• Alkyd polymers may be used as the polyol component of this invention.
• These alkyd resins have a number average molecular weight in the range of from about 500 to about 20,000, are oil modified polyester resins and are broadly the product of the reaction of a dihydric alcohol and a dicarboxylic acid or acid derivative and an oil, fat or carboxylic acid derived from such oil or fat which acts as a modifier.
• Such modifiers are drying oils, semi-drying oils or non- drying oils.
• the polyhydric alcohol employed is suitably an aliphatic alcohol, and mixtures of the alcohols also may be employed.
• the dicarboxylic acid may be selected from a variety of aliphatic carboxylic acids or mixtures of aliphatic and aromatic dicarboxylic acids.
• Suitable acids and acid anhydrides include, by way of example, succinic acid, adipic acid, phthalic anhydride, isophthalic acid, trimellitic acid (anhydride) and bis 3,3', 4,4' -benzophenone tetracar-boxylic anhydride. Mixtures of these acids and anhydrides may be employed to produce a balance of properties.
• drying oil or fatty acid there is suitably employed a saturated or unsaturated fatty acid of 12 to 22 carbon atoms or a corresponding triglyceride, that is, a corresponding fat or oil, such as those contained in animal or vegetable fats or oils.
• Suitable fats and oils include tall oil, castor oil, coconut oil, lard, linseed oil, palm oil, peanut oil, rapeseed oil, soybean oil and beef tallow.
• Such fats and oils comprise mixed triglycerides of such fatty acids as caprylic, capric, lauric, myristic, palmitic, and stearic and such unsaturated fatty acids as oleic, eracic, ricinoleic, linoleic and linolenic. Chemically, these fats and oils are usually mixtures of two or more members of the class. Alkyd resins made with saturated monocarboxylic acids and fats are preferable where improved weather resistance is of prime concern.
• Epoxy polymers having a number average molecular weight in the range of from about 500 to about 6,000 may be used as the polyol component of this invention.
• a well known epoxy resin which may be used in the invention is made by condensing epichlorohydrin with bisphenol A, diphenylol propane. An excess of epichlorohydrin is used, to leave epoxy groups on each end of the low-molecular weight polymer:
• the viscosity of the polymer is a function of molecular weight, the higher the molecular weight the more viscous the polymer.
• hydroxyl-containing compounds including resorcinol, hydroquinone, glycols, and glycerol may be used in lieu of bisphenol A.
• Suitable optional solvents which may be included in the curable compositions of the invention comprise toluene, xylene, ethylbenzene, tetralin, naphthalene, and solvents which are narrow cut aromatic solvents comprising C 8 to C 13 aromatics such as those marketed by Exxon Chemical Company under the name Aromatic 100, Aromatic 150, and Aromatic 200.
• Suitable solvents include acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone, methyl amyl ketone, methyl isoamyl ketone, methyl heptyl ketone, isophorone, isopropanol, n-butanol, sec-butanol, isobutanol, amyl alcohol, isoamyl alcohol, hexanols, and heptanols.
• Suitable oxygenerated solvents include propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate, propylene glycol propyl ether acetate, ethyl ethoxypropionate, dipropylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate, propylene glycol monomethyl ether, and like materials.
• Other such solvents include alkyl esters such as ethyl acetate, n-propyl acetate, butyl acetate, amyl acetate, mixtures of hexyl acetates such as sold by Exxon Chemical Company under the name EXXATE ® 600 and mixtures of heptyl acetates sold under the name EXXATE ® 700.
• the list should not be considered as limiting, but rather as examples of solvents which are useful in the present invention.
• the type and concentration of solvents are generally selected to obtain formulation viscosities and evaporation rates suitable for the application and baking of the coatings.
• Suitable pigments which may be included in the compositions of this invention are those opacifying pigments normally used in paint and coating formulations and include titanium dioxide, zirconium oxide, zircon, zinc oxide, iron oxides, antimony oxide, carbon black, as well as chrome yellows, greens, oranges, mixed metal oxides, ceramic pigments and the like.
• Preferred pigments include rutile Ti0 2 and particularly weather-resistant coated types of Ti0 2 .
• the pigments may also be blended with a suitable extender material which does not contribute significantly to hiding power.
• Suitable extenders include silica, barytes, calcium sulfate, magnesium silicate (talc) , aluminum oxide, aluminum hydroxide, aluminum silicate, calcium silicate, calcium carbonate (mica) , potassium aluminum silicate and other clays or clay-like materials.
• Satisfactory baking schedules for formulations of the present invention vary widely including, but not limited to, low temperature bakes of about 20 to 30 minutes at temperatures between 90°C and 105°C for large equipment applications and high temperature bakes of about 5 to 10 seconds in 300°C to 375°C air for coil coating applications.
• the substrate and coating should be baked at a sufficiently high temperature for a sufficiently long time so that essentially all solvents are evaporated from the film and chemical reactions between the polymer and the crosslinking agent proceed to the desired degree of completion.
• the desired degree of completion also varies widely and depends on the particular combination of cured film properties required for a given application.
• catalyzed crosslinking also may be effected at ambient temperatures using many isocyanate-type crosslinkers.
• Acid catalysts may be used to cure systems containing hexamethoxymethyl melamine and other amino crosslinking agents, and a variety of suitable acid catalysts are known to one skilled in the art for this purpose. These include, for example, p-toluene sulfonic acid, methane sulfonic acid, nonylbenzene sulfonic acid, dinonylnapthalene disulfonic acid, dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid, phosphoric acid, phosphorous acid, phenyl acid phosphate, butyl phosphate, butyl maleate, and the like or a compatible mixture of them.
• acid catalysts may be used in their neat, unblocked form or combined with suitable blocking agents such as amines .
• suitable blocking agents such as amines .
• Typical examples of unblocked catalysts are the King Industries, Inc. , products with the tradename K-CURE ® .
• Examples of blocked catalysts are the King Industries, Inc., products with the tradename NACURE ® .
• Catalysts for isocyanates include soluble tin salts such as dibutyltin dilaurate and dibutyltin diacetate, divalent zinc salts such as zinc diacetate, and tertiary bases including tertiary amines, such as diazabicyclooctane.
• the amount of catalyst employed typically varies inversely with the severity of the baking schedule. In particular, smaller concentrations of catalysts are usually required for higher baking temperatures or longer baking times. Typical catalyst concentrations for moderate baking conditions (15 to 30 minutes at 150°C) would be about 0.2 to 0.5 wt% catalyst solids per polymer plus crosslinking agent solids. Higher concentrations of catalyst up to about 2 wt% may be employed for cures at lower temperature or shorter times. Formulations containing sufficient residual esterification catalyst, such as phosphorous acid, may not require the inclusion of any additional crosslinking catalyst to effect a proper cure at lower curing temperatures.
• Example I-a Into a 25 mL round-bottomed flask equipped with a magnetic stirrer was added the phenolic ester of Example I-a (1.90 g, 5.21 mmol, MW 365) dissolved in 5 mL acetonitrile. A solution of HDI (0.44 g, 2.62 mmol, MW 168) in 5 mL acetonitrile was also added followed by dibutyltin dilaurate (DBTDL, 0.06 g, 2.5 wt% total) as catalyst. The clear, transparent solution was stirred at room temperature for 24 hours. The reaction mixture remained clear and transparent. An infrared spectrum of the reaction mixture showed a weak to no v NCO band. Acetonitrile was removed from the reaction mixture using rotary evaporation under aspirator pressure to give a sticky, resinous material which was further dried at room temperature overnight in a stream of air. The reaction is shown below.
• the contents of the reaction vessel were heated to 140°C for 12 hours, 160°C for 8 hours, 200°C for 2 hours and 225°C for 1 hour.
• the color of the reaction mixture turned light yellow upon heating to 180°C.
• the remaining methanol is assumed to have escaped.
• the reaction temperature was raised to 240°C to distil the excess 1, 4-butanediol. Meanwhile, Brookfield viscosity of the aliquots of the reaction mixture were performed at regular intervals of 10 minutes at 25°C using spindle #31 at 6 rpm. In the meantime, nearly 20 mL of 1,4-butanediol was distilled out. Once the viscosity reached about 500-600 mPa.s, the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature.
• BYK ® 301 & 302 Flow control agent from Byk-Chemie.
• Desmodur N3300 From Miles Corporation is a cyclo- trimer of 1,6-hexamethylene diisocyanate (isocyanurate of 1,6- hexamethylene diisocyanate, HDI) . Its viscosity is 1.8 - 4 mPa.s at 25°C, and its equivalent weight is 194.
• DNNDSA Catalyst Dinonyl naphthalene disulfonic acid in isobutanol is obtained from King Industries ("Nacure-155" ) .
• GLYDEXX ® ND-101 Same as N-10, but less pure.
• SK 101 A diphenolic polyol ester which is the reaction product of hydroquinone and parahydroxy benzoic acid.
• Films were prepared by casting the blended solution on panel by a 26# wire-wound draw bar.
• Pencil hardness was measured according to ASTM D3364-74 standard test method for film hardness by pencil test.
• Impact resistance was measured according to the ASTM D2794-84 standard test method for resistance of organic coatings to the effects of rapid deformation (Impact) .
• Resistance to methyl-ethyl-ketone (MEK) was measured by double rubbing with MEK saturated nonwoven paper ("Kim- Wipe") . The nonwoven paper was kept saturated by MEK during the measurement. Dry film thickness was measured by an Elcometer Model 300 thickness gauge.
• Adhesion was measured according to ASTM standard (Designation: D3359-87, test method B-cross-cut tape test) .
• VOC and NVW were measured according to ASTM standard test method for volatile content of coatings (Designation D2369-87) .
• Viscosity was measured on a Brookfield viscometer at 6 rpm except as noted.
• Polymeric vehicles and coating binders were made with the phenolic urethane reactive diluent of Example I-d and the oligoester diol of Example II.
• Oligoesterdiol was synthesized from DBE-3, DBE-5 and 1,4-butanediol as per Example II. **In the instances where the hardness was only HB, it is believed an insufficient crosslinker was used.
• Oligoesterdiol was synthesized from DBE-3, DBE-5 and 1,4-butanediol as per Example II.
• Oligoesterdiol was synthesized from DBE-3, DBE-5 and 1,4-butanediol as per Example II.
• AY-3 5.25 g, 0.015 mol AY-3 : SKlOl 8 : 2 AY-3 4.2 g, 0.012 mol SKlOl 0.69 g, 0.0003 mol dibutyltin diacetate dibutyltin diacetate 0.5%, 0.03 g 0.5%, 0.004 g
• Hardener C-4 C-5 wt (g) /% of 10.0/100% 10.0/100% total diol
• Hardener C-4 wt(g)/% of 10.0/100% total diol
• Oligoester-diol B-440 wt(g)/meq. wt 1.0/4.58

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