EP0765955B1 - Mechanische Schwingvorrichtung, insbesondere Textilmaschinenhackerkamm dessen Schwingungen mittels eines monofasen Induktionsmotors instandgesetzt sind - Google Patents

Mechanische Schwingvorrichtung, insbesondere Textilmaschinenhackerkamm dessen Schwingungen mittels eines monofasen Induktionsmotors instandgesetzt sind Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0765955B1
EP0765955B1 EP96490036A EP96490036A EP0765955B1 EP 0765955 B1 EP0765955 B1 EP 0765955B1 EP 96490036 A EP96490036 A EP 96490036A EP 96490036 A EP96490036 A EP 96490036A EP 0765955 B1 EP0765955 B1 EP 0765955B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
frequency
stator
induction motor
phase induction
oscillation
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Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
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EP96490036A
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English (en)
French (fr)
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EP0765955A1 (de
Inventor
Marc Brabant
Xavier Catry
Didier Deldique
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Thibeau SA
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Thibeau SA
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    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D01—NATURAL OR MAN-MADE THREADS OR FIBRES; SPINNING
    • D01G—PRELIMINARY TREATMENT OF FIBRES, e.g. FOR SPINNING
    • D01G15/00—Carding machines or accessories; Card clothing; Burr-crushing or removing arrangements associated with carding or other preliminary-treatment machines
    • D01G15/02—Carding machines
    • D01G15/12—Details
    • D01G15/46—Doffing or like arrangements for removing fibres from carding elements; Web-dividing apparatus; Condensers
    • D01G15/48—Stripping-combs

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to an oscillating mechanical device, the Oscillations are maintained by means of a single-phase induction motor. She particularly finds its application in the textile field to the realization of improved swing combs, which are self-starting and whose amplitude of oscillations can be easily adjusted to large values, without risk overheating of the single-phase induction motor.
  • This natural frequency depends so known only from the torsional characteristics of the return means elastic and moment of inertia of the rotated masses, that is to say in particular of the inertia of the shaft, of the member carried by the shaft, and of the rotor. Once the device oscillates at its natural frequency, the single-phase induction motor is used only to provide sufficient energy to compensate for the depreciation of the friction, so as to maintain the oscillations.
  • Such an oscillating device is more particularly used in the field textile, to easily make swing combs used to detach the sails coming out of card and to date having a maximum rate lower than 4000 strokes / minute, which corresponds to a natural frequency of oscillations of on the order of 66.7 Hz.
  • the frequency of the alternating signal supplying the stator of the motor to single-phase induction is set between 53 Hz and 63 Hz. Indeed, it is known that in this frequency range, the amplitude of the oscillations of the comb is stable and reaches a maximum for a frequency of 54 Hz.
  • the oscillation frequency of the comb is fixed and equal to the frequency clean of the comb.
  • the oscillations of the comb are therefore completely asynchronous by relative to the stator supply frequency of the single-phase induction motor.
  • a single phase induction motor is a motor which is of design simple and reliable. Its use for making swing combs therefore advantageously reduces maintenance costs, compared to the use of more sophisticated engines, such as for example brushless motors.
  • the first drawback is related to the fact that the induction motor single phase consumes a large current, because its rotor undergoes inversions frequent in its direction of rotation, under the effect of the elastic return of the shaft to which is coupled this rotor.
  • This drawback leads to the use of an induction motor which is oversized in power, compared to the mechanical energy it is necessary to provide the comb to maintain the oscillations.
  • the second drawback is linked to the start of the beating comb using a single-phase induction motor.
  • the motor When starting, when the motor rotor single-phase induction is static, and when its stator is energized, the motor develops a motor torque which is zero, and it is necessary to communicate to the rotor a preferential direction of rotation to start it.
  • the engine When the engine is stopped single-phase induction behaves like a single-phase transformer, the primary and secondary are crossed by very intense currents. The rotor and by the same the torsion bar then begin to vibrate under the effect of currents of intense eddy which are induced in the magnetic masses of the engine.
  • the aim of the present invention is to propose a mechanical device oscillating whose oscillations are maintained by means of an induction motor single-phase, but which overcomes the two aforementioned drawbacks, which were until day related to the use of this particular type of asynchronous motor.
  • the stator of the single-phase induction motor is supplied by an alternating signal whose frequency is adjusted in the vicinity of the frequency clean oscillation of the mechanical device.
  • the frequency of the signal power supply will be set to the natural oscillation frequency of the mechanical device, with a tolerance of plus or minus one tenth of a hertz.
  • the natural frequency of oscillation of the oscillating mechanical device depends of the inertia of the rotated masses and the torsional characteristics of the elastic return means. This natural oscillation frequency varies from device to another. To implement the invention, it is therefore necessary to qualify each device by precisely determining its own frequency oscillation.
  • the device of the invention will preferably be equipped with an electronic system for control of the single-phase induction motor, which provides output for the stator from the single-phase induction motor an alternating supply signal whose frequency is adjustable to a determined value;
  • the electrical control system manages a sensor at the input effective intensity of the induction motor stator supply current single-phase and is designed for, before starting the device, perform a frequency sweep over a predetermined frequency range which is chosen wide enough to contain the natural frequency of the device oscillating mechanics, acquire and memorize the value of the effective intensity of the current consumed by the stator of the single-phase induction motor as a function of the supply frequency of this stator, and at the end of the frequency sweep, set the frequency of the stator supply signal to the frequency corresponding to the minimum effective intensity measured during scanning in frequencies.
  • the electronic system manages a sensor measuring the input the amplitude of the oscillations of the device shaft, and at the end of the scanning in frequency, sets the frequency of the stator power signal to the frequency corresponding to the maximum oscillation amplitude measured during scanning in frequency.
  • the swinging comb represented in FIG. 1 comprises a comb 1 proper, which is mounted on a tubular shaft 2 and secured by one of its ends of the rotor of a single-phase induction motor 3.
  • the shaft 2 contains a coaxial torsion bar allowing elastic return of said shaft and of comb 1 in a median angular position of equilibrium.
  • the stator of the induction motor single-phase 3 is supplied by an alternating signal 7, delivered by a system control electronics 4.
  • the electronic control system 4 delivers a signal AC 7 whose frequency is adjustable, and is set in the vicinity of the natural frequency of oscillation of the comb.
  • the motivation for this particular choice of frequency will be better understood by reading the experimental curves of the figures 2 to 4 which will now be detailed and which have been obtained with a comb 1 designed to oscillate at around 3890 strokes / minute.
  • the curve of Figure 2 represents the amplitude of the oscillations of this comb, as a function of the frequency of the power supply signal 7 of the motor 3, and this for a given value of the RMS voltage of this signal. This curve allows to highlight that for frequencies higher than 70Hz, the amplitude of oscillations of comb 1 is almost constant, and is of the order of 30mm.
  • the stator of the single-phase induction motor of such a comb clapper has always been supplied in the aforementioned frequency range, since it is known that in this particular range on the one hand the amplitude of the oscillations is stable and varies very little as a function of the stator supply frequency, and on the other hand that the comb oscillates at a fixed frequency, which is independent of the stator supply frequency and which is equal to what is called the natural frequency of the comb.
  • FIG. 3 represents the effective intensity of the current consumed by the motor 3 as a function of the frequency of the power signal 7. This curve shows that in the vicinity of the particular frequency of 64.7 Hz, this intensity suddenly drops to around 4.4 A, while it was close 8A in the frequency range usually recommended, that is to say for frequency above 70Hz.
  • FIG. 4 represents the frequency of oscillation of the shaft 2 of the comb as a function of the frequency of the supply signal 7. This curve shows that for frequencies above 65.9Hz, the comb oscillates with a frequency clean of 64.7Hz, which corresponds to a comb oscillating very exactly at 3882 strokes / minute.
  • the particular frequency of the power signal 7 for which the effective intensity of the current consumed by the single-phase induction motor is minimum ( Figure 3) and the amplitude of oscillations is maximum ( Figure 2) therefore corresponds to the natural frequency of oscillation of the beating comb.
  • FIG. 4 also makes it possible to highlight that in a way unexpected, for frequencies between 62.6Hz and 64.9Hz, the oscillation of the comb is not asynchronous as one might have thought, but is on the contrary synchronous with the frequency of the power signal 7 of the stator of the motor at single-phase induction.
  • the comb is systematically self-starting. For supply signal frequencies 7 between 64.9Hz and 65.9Hz, it is not possible to oscillate the comb. For frequencies above 65.9Hz, it is necessary to force the comb to start, for example by manually communicating a torque to the shaft of the comb.
  • the comb has the advantage of being a self-starter, and of consuming a more intense current low.
  • the concept of natural frequency neighborhood will be defined by the frequency range of the signal power supply 7 of the stator of the single-phase induction motor in which the effective intensity of the current consumed by the motor is less than the intensity effective current consumption in the frequency range so far recommended.
  • the vicinity of the natural frequency of the comb (64.7 Hz) will be constituted by the frequency range from 63.9 Hz to 64.8 Hz, i.e. in the range frequencies [f-O, 8Hz; f + O, 1Hz], where f represents the natural frequency of oscillation of the comb.
  • This frequency range is not, however, limiting of the invention. It is in fact for the skilled person to determine for a comb given the exact frequency range around the natural oscillation frequency of the comb in which the intensity of the current consumed by the induction motor single phase fall.
  • the frequency of the power signal will be more particularly adjusted to the natural frequency of the comb with a tolerance of +/- 0.1Hz.
  • the amplitude of the oscillations is greater than that of the oscillations of the comb in its operating range usual asynchronous (frequencies above 70Hz) and the current consumed is weaker. It is therefore possible to obtain more amplitude oscillations important with a single-phase electric power induction motor lesser.
  • Adjusting this amplitude allows advantageously to adapt the beating comb to any type of existing fibrous web, from the card on which the comb is mounted. Being a fibrous veil exhibiting a significant resistive torque, the amplitude of the oscillations of so as to obtain sufficient engine torque, to minimize the number of comb stuffing, during operation.
  • the drop in intensity of the current consumed by the induction motor single phase in the narrow frequency range of the invention allows to consider the realization of swinging combs having natural frequencies of oscillation more and thereby increase the rate of work of the cards they equip.
  • the intensity of the current consumed by the motor increases with the natural frequency of oscillation of the comb, regardless of the frequency stator supply.
  • the stator supply frequency range according to the invention it becomes possible to construct combs oscillating at frequencies over 4000 strokes / minute, without risk of engine overheating single-phase induction.
  • the electronic control system 4 comprises an electronic circuit 8, a microprocessor 9 and a speed controller 10 which delivers the power signal 7 from the stator of the single-phase induction motor.
  • the microprocessor 9 manages in known manner a ROM 12 of EPROM type in which the program operating the microprocessor is stored, a random access memory 11, a keyboard 13 and a display 14.
  • the frequency of the AC power signal 7 delivered by the variator 10 is fixed by the microprocessor 9 via the control signal 9 a .
  • the swinging comb is further equipped with a sensor 5,6 which measures the amplitude of the oscillation of the shaft 2, and delivers to the electronic circuit 8 a variable voltage U whose instantaneous value is a function of the shaft rotation angle 2.
  • this sensor was a hall effect magnetic sensor. It could also be a strain gauge mounted directly on the surface of the shaft 2, or any other sensor known to those skilled in the art and fulfilling the same function.
  • the function of the electronic circuit 8 is to transform the variable voltage U delivered by the amplitude sensor 5,6 into a first analog signal 8 a characterizing the oscillation frequency of the shaft 2 and into a second digital signal 8 b of which the value is a function of the amplitude of the oscillations of the shaft 2.
  • the electronic circuit 8 comprises at input a voltage / current converter constituted by the resistor R , and a first RC filter formed by the resistor R1 and the capacitor C1.
  • a first operational amplifier A1 mounted as a comparator receives as input a reference voltage Vref and the output signal of the above-mentioned first filter RC, and delivers for the microprocessor 9 the analog signal 8 a .
  • the signal 8 a When the swinging comb oscillates, the signal 8 a consists of a train of pulses whose frequency is directly a function of the actual oscillation frequency of the shaft 2.
  • the output signal of the first RC filter is also amplified by means of a second operational amplifier A2 is filtered by a second RC filter constituted by the resistor R2 and the capacitor C2.
  • the voltage across C2 corresponds to the average value of the variable voltage U delivered by the sensor 5,6, and is therefore proportional to the amplitude of the oscillations of the shaft 2.
  • This voltage is converted by means of a converter analog / digital converter 15 which delivers the digital signal 8b aforementioned to the microprocessor 9.
  • the microprocessor 9 is able, from the two signals 8 a and 8 b, to acquire at a given instant the value of the frequency and the amplitude of the oscillations of the shaft 2 of the beating comb.
  • the operation of the microprocessor will now be detailed from the flow diagram of FIG. 6.
  • the microprocessor 9 performs a scan loop of its keyboard 13 while waiting for input (step 16) by an operator with a minimum frequency (Fmin) and a maximum frequency (Fmax ). These two frequencies correspond to the lower and upper limits of a frequency range which is chosen to be wide enough to contain with certainty the natural frequency of oscillation of the comb. With regard to the comb, the operating curves of which have been given in FIGS. 2 to 4, for example, Fmin at 60 Hz and Fmax at 70 Hz will be fixed.
  • the microprocessor 9 iteratively controls the variator 10 by the intermediary of the control signal 9 a such that this variator 10 delivers a supply signal 7 whose frequency will vary discontinuously, according to a predetermined frequency increment (dF) over the entire frequency range (Fmin, Fmax).
  • This frequency increment (dF) can be set once and for all, or can possibly be entered at the same time as the limits of the frequency range (Fmin, Fmax).
  • the microprocessor acquires and stores in random access memory 11 the frequency and the amplitude of the oscillations of the comb by means of signals 8 a and 8 b respectively . This operation of the microprocessor is illustrated by steps 17 to 22 of the flow diagram of FIG. 6.
  • the RAM 11 contains a table of all the pairs of values (amplitude, frequency) acquired. From this table, the microprocessor determines the frequency F 0 corresponding to the maximum amplitude acquired (step 23), controls the variator 10 so that the latter delivers a supply signal 7 whose frequency is F 0 ( step 24), and displays this frequency on the display 14 for the operator (step 25).
  • the frequency value F 0 which is calculated by the microprocessor corresponds to the natural frequency of the comb, with a tolerance which depends on the value of the frequency increment dF. More precisely, in the worst case, the value F 0 found will differ as much as possible from the real natural frequency of the comb by a value equal to 50% of dF. Consequently, to obtain a frequency F 0 which is equal to the natural frequency of the comb with a tolerance of +/- 0.1 Hz, the frequency increment dF will have to be at most 0.2 Hz.
  • this is designed to automatically determine the natural oscillation frequency of the beating comb, no longer from a measurement of the oscillation amplitude of the comb, but from a measurement of the effective intensity of the current consumed by the single-phase induction motor 3.
  • This variant embodiment will not be described in detail because it is easily deduced for those skilled in the art from the variant which has been described with reference to FIGS. 5 and 6. It suffices to replace the sensor 5,6 which measures the amplitude of the oscillations with a sensor measuring the effective intensity of the supply signal 7, and to modify step 23 of l 'flow diagram of Figure 6, calculating the frequency F 0 corresponding to the minimum intensity acquired, and no longer to the maximum oscillation amplitude.
  • step 21 systematic storage of pairs of values acquired by the microprocessor at step 20, i.e. a frequency associated either with an amplitude or with a intensity according to the variant of the electronic control system.
  • this step 21 will be replaced by a step of storing the amplitude (respectively of the intensity) acquired at a given instant, provided that this amplitude (respectively intensity) is greater (respectively lower) than a previously acquired amplitude (respectively intensity) and memorized.
  • the invention is also not limited to the production of swing combs for textile machines, but can be more generally applied to any device oscillating mechanics whose oscillations are maintained by means of a motor single-phase induction.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Textile Engineering (AREA)
  • Preliminary Treatment Of Fibers (AREA)
  • Apparatuses For Generation Of Mechanical Vibrations (AREA)
  • Treatment Of Fiber Materials (AREA)
  • Control Of Ac Motors In General (AREA)
  • Yarns And Mechanical Finishing Of Yarns Or Ropes (AREA)
  • Control Of Multiple Motors (AREA)

Claims (7)

  1. Mechanische Schwingvorrichtung, insbesondere Abschlagkamm für Textilwirkmaschinen, der Art mit einer Welle (2), an die eine Schwingvorrichtung (1) montiert ist, die elastisch in Richtung auf eine mittlere Gleichgewichtswinkelposition gezogen wird, und einem Einphasenlnduktionsmotor (3), dessen Rotor an die Welle (2) gekoppelt ist, um ein Unterhalten der Schwingungen der Welle (2) zuzulassen, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Stator des Einphasen-lnduktionsmotors (3) mit einem Wechselsignal (7) gespeist wird, dessen Frequenz auf einen Wert eingestellt ist, der nahe dem der Eigenschwingfrequenz der mechanischen Vorrichtung liegt.
  2. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Frequenz des Speisesignals (7) des Stators auf einen Wert im Bereich der Frequenzen [f-0,8 Hz; f+0,1 Hz] eingestellt ist, wobei f die Eigenschwingfrequenz der mechanischen Vorrichtung ist.
  3. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Frequenz des Speisesignals (7) des Stators auf die Eigenschwingfrequenz der mechanischen Vorrichtung eingestellt ist, mit einer Toleranz von ungefähr einem Zehntelhertz.
  4. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß sie mit einem elektronischen Steuersystem (4) für den Einphasen-lnduktionsmotor (3) ausgestattet ist, das am Eingang einen Meßwertgeber steuert, der die wirksame Stärke des Versorgungsstroms des Stators des Einphasen-lnduktionsmotors mißt und am Ausgang für den Stator des Einphasen-lnduktionsmotors ein Speise-Wechselsignal (7) ausgibt, dessen Frequenz auf einen bestimmten Wert einstellbar ist, und daß das elektronische Steuersystem so vorgesehen ist, daß es vor der Inbetriebnahme der Vorrichtung eine Frequenzabfrage in einem vorbestimmten Frequenzbereich (Fmin, Fmax) durchführt, der ausreichend groß gewählt wird, um die Eigenschwingfrequenz der mechanischen Schwingvorrichtung zu enthalten, den Wert der wirksamen Stärke des Stroms erfaßt, der von dem Stator des Einphasen-lnduktionsmotors in Abhängigkeit von der Eingangsfrequenz (7) dieses Stators verbraucht wird, und nach der Frequenzabfrage die Frequenz des Speisesignals des Stators auf die Frequenz einzustellen, die der wirksamen Mindeststärke entspricht, die bei der Abfrage erfaßt wurde.
  5. Vorrichtung nach den Ansprüchen 3 und 4, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß das elektronische Steuersystem (4) so vorgesehen ist, daß es eine unterbrochene Frequenzabfrage mit einem Frequenzinkrement (dF) mit einem Höchstwert von 0,2 Hz durchführt.
  6. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß sie mit einem elektronischen Steuersystem (4) für den Einphasen-Induktionsmotor (3) ausgestattet ist, das am Eingang einen Meßwertgeber (5, 6) steuert, der die Amplitude der Schwingungen der Welle der Vorrichtung mißt und am Ausgang für den Stator des Einphasen-lnduktionsmotors (3) ein Speise-Wechselsignal (7) ausgibt, dessen Frequenz auf einen bestimmten Wert einstellbar ist, und daß das elektronische Steuersystem (4) so vorgesehen ist, daß es vor Inbetriebnahme der Vorrichtung eine Frequenzabfrage in einem vorbestimmten Frequenzbereich (Fmin, Fmax) durchführt, der ausreichend groß gewählt wird, um die Eigenschwingfrequenz der mechanischen Schwingvorrichtung zu enthalten, den Wert der Amplitude der Schwingungen abhängig von der Versorgungsfrequenz des Stators des Einphasen-lnduktionsmotors erfaßt und nach der Frequenzabfrage die Frequenz des Speisesignals (7) des Stators auf die Frequenz einstellt, die der bei der Abfrage erfaßten maximalen Schwingungsamplitude entspricht.
  7. Vorrichtung nach den Ansprüchen 3 und 6, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß das elektronische Steuersystem so vorgesehen ist, daß es eine unterbrochene Frequenzabfrage mit einem Frequenzinkrement (dF) mit einem Höchstwert von 0,2 Hz durchführt.
EP96490036A 1995-09-28 1996-09-25 Mechanische Schwingvorrichtung, insbesondere Textilmaschinenhackerkamm dessen Schwingungen mittels eines monofasen Induktionsmotors instandgesetzt sind Expired - Lifetime EP0765955B1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR9511629 1995-09-28
FR9511629A FR2739398B1 (fr) 1995-09-28 1995-09-28 Dispositif mecanique oscillant perfectionne, notamment peigne battant de machine textile, dont les oscillations sont entretenues au moyen d'un moteur a induction monophase

Publications (2)

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EP0765955A1 EP0765955A1 (de) 1997-04-02
EP0765955B1 true EP0765955B1 (de) 1998-09-02

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US (1) US5872440A (de)
EP (1) EP0765955B1 (de)
JP (1) JPH09170118A (de)
AT (1) ATE170573T1 (de)
DE (1) DE69600589T2 (de)
DK (1) DK0765955T3 (de)
FR (1) FR2739398B1 (de)

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FI112298B (fi) * 1996-12-19 2003-11-14 Kone Corp Menetelmä ja laitteisto moottorin värähtelyjen vaimentamiseksi
DE10149525A1 (de) * 2000-10-26 2002-05-02 Heidelberger Druckmasch Ag Verfahren zur Kompensation mechanischer Schwingungen in Maschinen
US9719888B2 (en) * 2012-10-09 2017-08-01 Quantitative Engineering Solutions, LLC Cotton acquisition and tracking system
CH719416A1 (de) * 2022-02-11 2023-08-31 Rieter Ag Maschf Karde mit einem Beschleunigungssensor zur Messung von Körperschall.
CH719417A1 (de) * 2022-02-11 2023-08-31 Rieter Ag Maschf Karde mit einem Beschleunigungssensor zur Messung von Körperschall.

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DE1685603A1 (de) * 1967-10-28 1971-08-19 Schubert & Salzer Maschinen Hackerantrieb
US3750235A (en) * 1971-08-04 1973-08-07 Fiber Controls Corp Textile processing equipment
CH601093A5 (de) * 1976-11-05 1978-06-30 Zellweger Uster Ag
US4181877A (en) * 1976-11-22 1980-01-01 Westinghouse Electric Corp. Inertia compensated static motor drive
JPS5396423A (en) * 1977-02-01 1978-08-23 Mitsubishi Electric Corp Control system for induction motor
FR2451658A1 (fr) * 1979-03-16 1980-10-10 Asa Sa Installation perfectionnee pour la commande des variations de vitesse des boites a cames de machines textiles
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US5111374A (en) * 1990-06-22 1992-05-05 The University Of Tennessee Research Corp. High frequency quasi-resonant DC voltage notching scheme of a PWM voltage fed inverter for AC motor drives
IT1248897B (it) * 1991-06-18 1995-02-02 Montenero O M T P Officina Mec Sistema di azionamento per pettini staccavelo in macchine per l'industria tessile
US5168202A (en) * 1991-08-30 1992-12-01 Platt Saco Lowell Corporation Microprocessor control of electric motors
KR100187211B1 (ko) * 1992-10-22 1999-05-15 윤종용 단상 유도전동기의 속도 조절장치
EP0612933B1 (de) * 1993-02-24 1998-05-06 Shinko Electric Co. Ltd. Schwingungskontrollanlage für rotierende Maschinen
US5345160A (en) * 1993-06-02 1994-09-06 Henri Corniere Variable frequency control system for single phase induction motors

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Publication number Publication date
ATE170573T1 (de) 1998-09-15
DE69600589T2 (de) 1999-01-28
DK0765955T3 (da) 1998-11-16
EP0765955A1 (de) 1997-04-02
US5872440A (en) 1999-02-16
DE69600589D1 (de) 1998-10-08
FR2739398A1 (fr) 1997-04-04
JPH09170118A (ja) 1997-06-30
FR2739398B1 (fr) 1997-12-19

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