EP0750784B1 - Verfahren und anlage zur abgasreinigung entstehend bei verbrennung von schwachradioaktiven abfällen - Google Patents

Verfahren und anlage zur abgasreinigung entstehend bei verbrennung von schwachradioaktiven abfällen Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0750784B1
EP0750784B1 EP95912311A EP95912311A EP0750784B1 EP 0750784 B1 EP0750784 B1 EP 0750784B1 EP 95912311 A EP95912311 A EP 95912311A EP 95912311 A EP95912311 A EP 95912311A EP 0750784 B1 EP0750784 B1 EP 0750784B1
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Prior art keywords
gases
aqueous solution
heavy metals
radioactive
column
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Expired - Lifetime
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EP95912311A
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English (en)
French (fr)
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EP0750784A1 (de
Inventor
Dehui Yu
Dominique Touchais
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SERVICE PROTECTION ENVIRONNEMENT INGENIERIE ET CONSTRUCTION "SPEIC"
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SERVICE PROTECTION ENVIRONNEMENT INGENIERIE ET CONSTRUCTION "SPEIC"
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
    • G21F—PROTECTION AGAINST X-RADIATION, GAMMA RADIATION, CORPUSCULAR RADIATION OR PARTICLE BOMBARDMENT; TREATING RADIOACTIVELY CONTAMINATED MATERIAL; DECONTAMINATION ARRANGEMENTS THEREFOR
    • G21F9/00—Treating radioactively contaminated material; Decontamination arrangements therefor
    • G21F9/02—Treating gases

Definitions

  • the invention relates to the purification of fumes from the incineration of low-level radioactive waste, in particular but not exclusively the treatment of smoke from a fusion incinerator and vitrification of waste, such as waste generated by industry nuclear, hospitals or universities.
  • the incineration of low-level radioactive waste produces fumes containing water vapor, acid pollutants such as hydrogen halides, solid particles some of which are soluble, and radioactive heavy metals, which should be extracted from fumes before release of the latter into the atmosphere.
  • a known treatment of fumes consists in cooling them by means a heat recovery unit at a temperature compatible with their passage through a filter capable of retaining the solid particles, and then treating the dust removed in a gas washing installation to extract acid pollutants and part of the gaseous heavy metals, before the discharge of smoke in the atmosphere.
  • the fumes from fusion incinerators and vitrification of waste has a high temperature, which can reach 1250 ° C, and the heat recovery unit must be specially designed and made of materials resistant to temperature and corrosion, therefore expensive. It has been proposed to overcome this drawback of cooling the fumes by dilution effect by injecting air into them, but this solution has the drawback of increasing the quantity of gases to be treated.
  • the publication FR-A-2 408 196 describes a waste treatment process which includes, among other steps, a cooling and condensing step of particles contained in this smoke, the wet particles being separated by passing through a sieve and the fumes being then reheated and filtered.
  • the solid particles carried by the fumes are thus recovered by the filter after the fumes have been cleared of radioactive heavy metals, so these solid particles, little or no radioactive, do not require special precautions for their handling and can be sent back to the incinerator to be melted and vitrified.
  • the crystallization of neutralized condensate salts and treated eliminates any liquid discharge by producing salts likely to be used industrially and water to be recycled in the smoke circuit. Ultimate waste resulting from smoke treatment are thus limited to the precipitate, and the handling and storage of this waste are thus facilitated compared to known installations which produce a greater volume of waste.
  • the number of equipment contaminated by smoke is less than that of known installations because radioactive heavy metals are eliminated in the cooler-condenser, i.e. the first link in processing.
  • the subject of the invention is therefore a process for purifying smoke from a low radioactive waste incinerator, this smoke containing water vapor, acid pollutants, solid particles and radioactive heavy metals, characterized in that it comprises the stages consisting in cooling the fumes in a cooler-condenser by below their dew point to capture radioactive heavy metals in condensates along with acidic pollutants and particles soluble solids contained in the fumes, to reheat the fumes from the cooler-condenser so as to avoid the rejection of liquid effluent by the installation, then sending the fumes into a filter capable of recovering the solid particles before discharging the purified fumes into the atmosphere, condensates being treated to precipitate radioactive heavy metals and recover an aqueous solution which is sent to a crystallization, in order to recover salts and water to recycle in the installation.
  • the cooling of the smoke is produced by contact with an aqueous solution dispersed in a cooling enclosure to a temperature close to their dew temperature, then by contact with a heat exchanger at condensation down to a temperature below their temperature of dew.
  • the cooling of the fumes is carried out by contact with an aqueous solution dispersed in a cooling enclosure down to a temperature close to their dew point then by direct contact of the fumes with an aqueous solution dispersed in a spraying column, this aqueous solution being maintained, thanks to a heat exchanger, at a temperature below said temperature dew of the fumes, so that heavy metals are extracted from the fumes by condensation by mixing at the same time as the capture of pollutants acids and soluble particles contained in the fumes.
  • the installation shown in Figure 1 is intended for treatment a stream 1 of smoke from a weakly incinerator 3 of waste radioactive, for example waste generated by the nuclear industry, hospitals or universities.
  • This incinerator 3 is preferably of the type comprising a pocket for melting waste under the action of a torch plasma or an electroburner, for their vitrification.
  • the fumes at treat convey solid particles and radioactive heavy metals. They contain water vapor formed during combustion of the waste and acidic pollutants such as hydrogen halides and pollutants organic. The temperature of the fumes is high, reaching 1250 ° C.
  • Flow 1 of smoke is sent to a cooler-condenser comprising a cooling enclosure 6 into which is sprayed an aqueous solution to rapidly cool the fumes to a temperature close to their dew temperature.
  • the fumes are sent to a condenser 100 where they are cooled to a temperature below their dew temperature, so that radioactive heavy metals are extracted fumes during the condensation of the water vapor contained in these last, together with the capture of acid pollutants and soluble solid particles carried by smoke.
  • the condenser 100 is a condenser of the surface type condenser, comprising a heat exchanger 106 heat capable of performing a heat exchange between the fumes and a refrigerant leaving at 101 a refrigeration installation 102 for supply the exchanger 106 at a temperature below the temperature of dew of smoke, and then returning in 103 to the installation of refrigeration 102.
  • Condensation products that form on contact with the exchanger 106 are sent by a circuit 104 in the enclosure of cooling 6 in contact with the fumes passing through it, to abruptly lower their temperature, that is to say to carry out a quenching, up to a temperature close to their dew point temperature. During this quenching, heavy metals do not adsorb on solid particles transported by smoke.
  • the circuit 104 advantageously includes a clarifier allowing to collect in 108 solid particles which are, preferably returned to the incinerator to be melted and vitrified.
  • a purge circuit 105 is provided for withdrawing the products from condensation when the concentration of radioactive or other heavy metals pollutants is high, in order to send them to a treatment unit 30, receiving at 31, via a valve 32, reagents 33, by example of soda, flocculants and insolubilizers, intended to precipitate radioactive heavy metals.
  • the precipitate is extracted by filtration to recover irradiated filter cakes at 34.
  • the aqueous solution freed from the precipitate contains salts formed during the neutralization of acid pollutants and soluble particles dissolved in condensates. This aqueous solution is directed at 35 to a salt crystallization unit 36, to recover water in 37, sent to a network of distribution 38 to be recycled in installation 2.
  • the filter cakes 34 are packaged for storage at 43.
  • the crystallization unit advantageously comprises two stages, the first being constituted by a forced circulation concentrator and the second by a evaporator-crystallizer.
  • the fumes leaving purified the condenser 100 pass through of a heater 300, in the example described a heater comprising a propane burner 301, to be brought to a temperature such that, of a apart, the solid particles which they transport are dried and to absorb, on the other hand, the water produced during the crystallization of the salts, which is reinjected in enclosure 6 by a power supply 22 connected to the network 38; so installation 2 does not reject any liquid effluent.
  • a heater 300 in the example described a heater comprising a propane burner 301, to be brought to a temperature such that, of a apart, the solid particles which they transport are dried and to absorb, on the other hand, the water produced during the crystallization of the salts, which is reinjected in enclosure 6 by a power supply 22 connected to the network 38; so installation 2 does not reject any liquid effluent.
  • the heat exchanger 400 is capable of producing a heat exchange between the hot fumes leaving in 302 the heater 300 and the purified fumes having passed through filter 200, before release into the atmosphere of the latter.
  • This 400 heat exchanger allows on the one hand to avoid temperature fluctuations risking damage the filter 200 located downstream of the heater 300 and on the other hand avoids the formation of a white plume during rejection, by a chimney, purified smoke in the atmosphere.
  • the filter 200 adapted to retain the solid particles conveyed in smoke, is an absolute filter, for example a very high efficiency filter two floors. Solid particles, almost free of heavy metals radioactive, retained by the filter 200 are recovered in 201 and are advantageously returned to the incinerator 3 to be melted and vitrified. Thanks to the heater 300, the solid particles which reach the filter 200 are no longer wet, which prevents clogging of this latest.
  • the purified fumes are preferably sent to a desulphurization unit 500 receiving water at 501 recycled from distribution network 38, and in 502 from additives basic, for example soda, in a manner known per se, to form a basic washing solution.
  • the purified fumes leave in 503 the unit of desulfurization 500 to the exchanger 400 to be rejected by a fan 505 in the atmosphere after crossing it while a purge of deconcentration of the basic washing solution is conveyed in 504 to the processing unit 30.
  • the condenser 100 includes a heat exchanger 106 capable of cooling by contact with the surface of the latter fumes.
  • a mixing condenser comprising a spray column 7 in which fumes are sent in direct contact with an aqueous solution dispersed, the temperature of which is kept below the temperature of dew of the fumes, so that heavy metals are extracted from the fumes by condensation by mixing, at the same time as the capture of pollutants acids and soluble solid particles contained in the fumes.
  • aqueous solution 8 initially originating from the distribution 38 and whose temperature is kept below the dew point temperature is sprayed in column 7 against the current fumes. More specifically, the aqueous solution 8 is sprayed with means of nozzles 9 arranged in a staggered manner to create sheets of liquid in column 7, in a manner known per se.
  • the nozzles 9 are supplied by a supply circuit 12 comprising a pump 11 for withdrawing at 10 the aqueous solution at the base of the column 7 and a heat exchanger 13 located downstream of the pump 11. Valves 14 are placed in series with the nozzles 9 so as to adjust the flow of each of them at the desired value.
  • the heat exchanger 13 is adapted to carry out an exchange of heat between the aqueous solution circulating in the supply circuit 12 and water from a secondary cooling circuit 15, the temperature of which is of course lower than the desired temperature for the solution aqueous to spray.
  • Column 7 is equipped, in a manner known per se, at its upper part, of a demister 20 intended to retain the droplets of liquid entrained by the fumes leaving it at 21. This demister 20 is cleaned, when the pressure drop across it exceeds a threshold given, by precipitation of water by means of a nozzle 41, connected by through a valve 42, to the distribution network 38.
  • the cooling enclosure 6 allows the use, for the construction of column 7, of a temperature resistance material less than that required for enclosure 6, subject to smoke from higher temperature. The overall cost of the installation is thus reduced.
  • a aqueous solution is sprayed into enclosure 6 using one or more several nozzles 16.
  • these nozzles 16 are supplied by a circuit 29 comprising a pump 17 for withdrawing the aqueous solution 8 of column 7 at the bottom thereof at 18, at a point located at the bottom of column 7, below the level of sampling point 10 above, so as to cause the solid residues accumulated at the bottom of the column 7.
  • a clarifier 45 is placed upstream of the pump 17 to recover these solid residues at 46, which are returned to the incinerator 3 to be melted and vitrified.
  • the cooled fumes leave in 19 the enclosure 6, with the solution sprayed by the nozzles 16, to unblock tangentially in column 7 under the nozzles 9.
  • the aqueous solution 8 circulates for the most part in circuit closed.
  • a purge circuit 23 makes it possible to overflow withdrawals when the concentration of radioactive heavy metals or other pollutants extracted from the fumes is high, and the water supply recycled 22 makes it possible to rescue the supply of the nozzles 16 if necessary.
  • This supply 22, connected on one side to the distribution network 38, is connects the other, via a valve 24, at a point 25 located on the circuit 23 upstream of the nozzles 16 and isolated from the pump 17 by a valve non-return 26.
  • the purge circuit 23, opening into column 7 above the level of the sampling points 10 and 18, makes it possible to carry out extraction of acid pollutants and heavy metals extracted from the fumes, as well as the case may be hydrocarbons and suspended solids.
  • the nozzle 41 is supplied with recycled water from the supply network 38 for compensate for the losses in aqueous solution in column 7, in particular in the case where the quantities drawn are greater than the quantity of steam of water, contained in the fumes, which is condensed.
  • the bottom of the column, steep, is fitted with a ramp 27, supplied via a valve 28 in low pressure compressed air to agitate the aqueous solution 8 before the start of the installation.
  • the invention makes it possible to effectively eliminate the acid pollutants, solid particles and radioactive heavy metals in minimizing the amount of radioactive solid residue resulting from treatment fumes.
  • the cooler-condenser entirely in column 7, the first stage thereof then playing the same role as the cooling enclosure 6.
  • the desulfurization unit in the upper part of the spraying column 7, then equipped with a smoke separation tray and basic washing solution.
  • the counter-current spray column 7 can be replaced by a co-current spray column.
  • the installation according to the invention also advantageously reduces the risks of pollution transfer by avoiding the discharge of liquid effluent, thanks to the crystallization unit 36 which makes it possible to recover water at recycle and to the heater 300 which eliminates excess water, under form of vapor in the atmosphere.
  • the rapid cooling of the fumes in the enclosure cooling 6 prevents adsorption of radioactive heavy metals on solid particles and the formation of organic pollutants such as dioxins or furans.
  • the installation also has a high yield for the capture of pollutants such as gaseous mercury, due to the low condenser-cooler flue gas outlet temperature, typically of the order of 30 ° C.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • High Energy & Nuclear Physics (AREA)
  • Treating Waste Gases (AREA)
  • Vaporization, Distillation, Condensation, Sublimation, And Cold Traps (AREA)
  • Gasification And Melting Of Waste (AREA)

Claims (10)

  1. Verfahren zur Reinigung von Abgasen (1) aus einer Verbrennungseinrichtung (3) für schwach radioaktive Abfälle, wobei diese Abgase Wasserdampf, saure Verunreinigungen, feste Teilchen und radioaktive Schwermetalle enthalten, und das Verfahren eine Abkühlstufe für die Abgase und eine Filtrationsstufe für die Abgase umfaßt, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Abkühlung der Abgase vor der Filtration oder dem Sammeln der festen Teilchen in einem Kühler-Kondensator (6, 100 ; 6, 7) unter ihren Taupunkt erfolgt, um die radioaktiven Schwermetalle in den Kondensaten gleichzeitig mit den sauren Verunreinigungen und in den Abgasen enthaltenen löslichen Teilchen abzufangen, wobei die Kondensate zur Ausfällung der radioaktiven Schwermetalle und zur Gewinnung einer wäßrigen Lösung behandelt werden, die zu einer Kristallisationseinheit (36) geführt wird, um Salze und Wasser zu gewinnen, wobei die aus dem Kühler-Kondensator austretenden Abgase erneut erwärmt und anschließend in ein absolutes Filter (200) eingeleitet werden, das geeignet ist, die festen Teilchen vor dem Ausstoß der gereinigten Abgase in die Atmosphäre abzufangen, wobei das aus der Kristallisationseinheit kommende Wasser in die Vorrichtung zurückgeführt wird.
  2. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Abkühlung der Abgase (1) durch Kontakt mit einer wäßrigen Lösung, die in einem Kühlraum (6) dispergiert ist, bis zu einer Temperatur nahe ihrer Taupunkt-Temperatur und anschließend durch Kontakt mit einem Kondensations-Wärmeaustauscher (106) bis auf eine Temperatur unter ihrer Taupunkt-Temperatur erfolgt.
  3. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Abkühlung der Abgase (1) durch Kontakt mit einer wäßrigen Lösung, dispergiert in einem Abkühlraum (6) bis auf eine Temperatur nahe ihrer Taupunkt-Temperatur und anschließend durch direkten Kontakt der Abgase mit einer wäßrigen Lösung, die in einer Zerstäuberkolonne (7) dispergiert ist und mittels eines Wärmeaustauschers (13) auf einer Temperatur unter der Taupunkt-Temperatur der Abgase gehalten wird erfolgt, derart, daß die Schwermetalle aus den Abgasen durch Misch-Kondensation extrahiert werden, gleichzeitig mit dem Abfangen der sauren Verunreinigungen und der in den Abgasen enthaltenen löslichen Teilchen.
  4. Verfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die gereinigten Abgase (503) vor ihrem Ausstoß in die Atmosphäre durch die heißen in das Filter (200) eingeführten Abgase erneut erwärmt werden.
  5. Vorrichtung (2) zur Reinigung von Abgasen (1), die aus einer Verbrennungseinrichtung (3) für schwach radioaktive Abfälle stammen, gemäß dem Verfahren nach Anspruch 1, wobei diese Abgase Wasserdampf, saure Verunreinigungen, feste Teilchen und radioaktive Schwermetalle enthalten, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß sie umfaßt:
    einen Kühler-Kondensator (6, 100 ; 6, 7), der geeignet ist, die Abgase vor der Filtration oder dem Sammeln der festen Teilchen auf eine Temperatur unter ihrer Taupunkt-Temperatur abzukühlen, derart, daß die radioaktiven Schwermetalle in den Kondensaten gesammelt werden, gleichzeitig mit den sauren Verunreinigungen und den festen löslichen Teilchen, die in den Abgasen enthalten sind,
    eine Behandlungseinrichtung (30) für Kondensate, die geeignet ist, die radioaktiven Schwermetalle auszufällen, um eine radioaktive Ausfällung und eine wäßrige Lösung zu erhalten,
    eine Kristallisationseinheit (36) für Salze, um die in der genannten wäßrigen Lösung enthaltenen Salze zu kristallisieren und das Wasser zu gewinnen, das zur Einrichtung (2) zurückgeführt wird,
    eine Erwärmungseinrichtung (300), um die Temperatur der Abgase bei ihrem Austritt aus dem Kühler-Kondensator zu erhöhen und
    ein absolutes Filter (200), um die festen Teilchen nach der Erwärmungseimrichtung vor dem Ausstoß der gereinigten Abgase in die Atmosphäre zu gewinnen.
  6. Einrichtung (2) nach Anspruch 5, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Kühler-Kondensator eine Zerstäuberkolonne (7) umfaßt, in die die Abgase eingeführt werden und Einrichtungen (11, 12, 14, 9), um eine wäßrige Lösung an der Basis der Kolonne zu entnehmen und sie nach dem Abkühlen wieder in einen Wärmeaustauscher (13) einzuspritzen, worin sie in Kontakt mit den Abgasen bei einer Temperatur unter deren Taupunkt-Temperatur treten, derart, daß die radioaktiven Schwermetalle aus den Abgasen durch Misch-Kondensation extrahiert werden, gleichzeitig mit dem Abfangen von sauren Verunreinigungen und löslichen Teilchen, die in den Abgasen enthalten sind.
  7. Vorrichtung (2) nach Anspruch 6, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß sie außerdem einen Kühlraum (6) für Abgase aufweist, der von diesen vor ihrem Einführen in die Kolonne (7) durchlaufen wird und Einrichtungen (29) zur Zerstäubung in dem Raum von einer wäßrigen Lösung, die aus dem Boden der Kolonne (7) entnommen wird, wobei die so zerstäubte wäßrige Lösung den Abkühlraum mit den Abgasen verläßt.
  8. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 7, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die zerstäubte wäßrige Lösung in dem Raum (6) am Boden der Kolonne (7) an einem Entnahmepunkt (18) entnommen wird, der diesseits des Niveaus des Entnahmepunkts (10) der in der Kolonne (7) zerstäubten wäßrigen Lösung (8) liegt und über eine Kläreinrichtung (45), die zur Abfuhr von in den Abgasen verbliebenen Feststoffen dient, geführt wird.
  9. Vorrichtung (2) nach einem der Ansprüche 5 bis 8, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß sie einen Wärmeaustauscher (400), der zur Wiedererwärmung der gereinigten Abgase vor ihrem Ausstoß in die Atmosphäre durch Wärmeaustausch mit den heißen Abgasen, die in das Filter (200) eingeführt werden, geeignet ist, umfaßt.
  10. Vorrichtung nach einem der Ansprüche 5 bis 9, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß sie eine Einrichtung zur Entschwefelung (500) nach dem Filter (200) umfaßt.
EP95912311A 1994-03-14 1995-03-14 Verfahren und anlage zur abgasreinigung entstehend bei verbrennung von schwachradioaktiven abfällen Expired - Lifetime EP0750784B1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR9402924 1994-03-14
FR9402924A FR2717297B1 (fr) 1994-03-14 1994-03-14 Procédé et installation d'épuration de fumées issues de l'incinération de déchets faiblement radioactifs.
PCT/FR1995/000300 WO1995025332A1 (fr) 1994-03-14 1995-03-14 Procede et installation d'epuration de fumees issues de l'incineration de dechets faiblement radioactifs

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0750784A1 EP0750784A1 (de) 1997-01-02
EP0750784B1 true EP0750784B1 (de) 1998-12-09

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EP95912311A Expired - Lifetime EP0750784B1 (de) 1994-03-14 1995-03-14 Verfahren und anlage zur abgasreinigung entstehend bei verbrennung von schwachradioaktiven abfällen

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Country Link
US (1) US5771473A (de)
EP (1) EP0750784B1 (de)
JP (1) JPH09510295A (de)
CN (1) CN1146254A (de)
AU (1) AU1954095A (de)
DE (1) DE69506529T2 (de)
FR (1) FR2717297B1 (de)
WO (1) WO1995025332A1 (de)

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CN1098526C (zh) * 1999-04-30 2003-01-08 中国辐射防护研究院 放射性可燃废物焚烧处理方法及其专用设备
RU2505341C1 (ru) * 2012-06-15 2014-01-27 Общество с ограниченной ответственностью "НПО Пылеочистка" Способ очистки газов
CN103070445A (zh) * 2013-01-18 2013-05-01 山东鲁丰食品科技股份有限公司 一种红枣饮料
KR101296243B1 (ko) * 2013-06-27 2013-08-13 이성헌 공기 정화용 습식 집진장치
JP6115959B2 (ja) 2013-12-11 2017-04-19 株式会社フィルテック 流体熱交換装置
CN104733067B (zh) * 2015-03-12 2017-06-16 中广核研究院有限公司 一种放射性混杂有机废液热处理系统的进料装置及方法
KR102006385B1 (ko) * 2018-04-20 2019-08-01 주식회사 진우이앤티 열회수장치 및 공기정화장치가 내장된 일체형 리플로우 시스템
CN109300564B (zh) * 2018-09-20 2022-11-18 中国辐射防护研究院 一种模拟蒸汽堵塞和腐蚀过滤器的装置和方法
JP7178335B2 (ja) * 2019-08-28 2022-11-25 日立Ｇｅニュークリア・エナジー株式会社 ガス処理システム

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JPS565960B2 (de) * 1972-12-27 1981-02-07
GB1594370A (en) * 1977-11-08 1981-07-30 Energy Inc Treatment of waste
US4666490A (en) * 1986-02-12 1987-05-19 Drake Ronald N Aqueous waste vitrification process and apparatus
DE3639289A1 (de) * 1986-11-17 1988-05-26 Joachim Prof Dr In Tischendorf Luftreinigungsverfahren
JPH071320B2 (ja) * 1987-09-01 1995-01-11 日本碍子株式会社 放射性廃棄物の処理方法

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AU1954095A (en) 1995-10-03
DE69506529T2 (de) 1999-06-02
EP0750784A1 (de) 1997-01-02
FR2717297A1 (fr) 1995-09-15
FR2717297B1 (fr) 1996-05-31
US5771473A (en) 1998-06-23
WO1995025332A1 (fr) 1995-09-21
CN1146254A (zh) 1997-03-26
JPH09510295A (ja) 1997-10-14
DE69506529D1 (de) 1999-01-21

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