EP0750450B1 - Plasmabrenner mit einer wesentlich axisymmetrischen allgemeinen Struktur - Google Patents

Plasmabrenner mit einer wesentlich axisymmetrischen allgemeinen Struktur Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0750450B1
EP0750450B1 EP96450016A EP96450016A EP0750450B1 EP 0750450 B1 EP0750450 B1 EP 0750450B1 EP 96450016 A EP96450016 A EP 96450016A EP 96450016 A EP96450016 A EP 96450016A EP 0750450 B1 EP0750450 B1 EP 0750450B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
torch
electrode
casing
external
upstream
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Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP96450016A
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English (en)
French (fr)
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EP0750450A1 (de
Inventor
Daniel Loubet
Jean-Marie Jacques Spariat
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EADS Launch Vehicles SA
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Airbus Group SAS
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05H—PLASMA TECHNIQUE; PRODUCTION OF ACCELERATED ELECTRICALLY-CHARGED PARTICLES OR OF NEUTRONS; PRODUCTION OR ACCELERATION OF NEUTRAL MOLECULAR OR ATOMIC BEAMS
    • H05H1/00—Generating plasma; Handling plasma
    • H05H1/24—Generating plasma
    • H05H1/26—Plasma torches
    • H05H1/32—Plasma torches using an arc
    • H05H1/34—Details, e.g. electrodes, nozzles
    • H05H1/40—Details, e.g. electrodes, nozzles using applied magnetic fields, e.g. for focusing or rotating the arc
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05H—PLASMA TECHNIQUE; PRODUCTION OF ACCELERATED ELECTRICALLY-CHARGED PARTICLES OR OF NEUTRONS; PRODUCTION OR ACCELERATION OF NEUTRAL MOLECULAR OR ATOMIC BEAMS
    • H05H1/00—Generating plasma; Handling plasma
    • H05H1/24—Generating plasma
    • H05H1/26—Plasma torches
    • H05H1/28—Cooling arrangements
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05H—PLASMA TECHNIQUE; PRODUCTION OF ACCELERATED ELECTRICALLY-CHARGED PARTICLES OR OF NEUTRONS; PRODUCTION OR ACCELERATION OF NEUTRAL MOLECULAR OR ATOMIC BEAMS
    • H05H1/00—Generating plasma; Handling plasma
    • H05H1/24—Generating plasma
    • H05H1/26—Plasma torches
    • H05H1/32—Plasma torches using an arc
    • H05H1/34—Details, e.g. electrodes, nozzles
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05H—PLASMA TECHNIQUE; PRODUCTION OF ACCELERATED ELECTRICALLY-CHARGED PARTICLES OR OF NEUTRONS; PRODUCTION OR ACCELERATION OF NEUTRAL MOLECULAR OR ATOMIC BEAMS
    • H05H1/00—Generating plasma; Handling plasma
    • H05H1/24—Generating plasma
    • H05H1/26—Plasma torches
    • H05H1/32—Plasma torches using an arc
    • H05H1/34—Details, e.g. electrodes, nozzles
    • H05H1/3431—Coaxial cylindrical electrodes
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05H—PLASMA TECHNIQUE; PRODUCTION OF ACCELERATED ELECTRICALLY-CHARGED PARTICLES OR OF NEUTRONS; PRODUCTION OR ACCELERATION OF NEUTRAL MOLECULAR OR ATOMIC BEAMS
    • H05H1/00—Generating plasma; Handling plasma
    • H05H1/24—Generating plasma
    • H05H1/26—Plasma torches
    • H05H1/32—Plasma torches using an arc
    • H05H1/34—Details, e.g. electrodes, nozzles
    • H05H1/3489—Means for contact starting

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to plasma torches, in particular, but not exclusively, to non-transferred arc torches.
  • a plasma torch of this type comprises two coaxial tubular electrodes, in extension of one another and arranged each in a support surrounding it. Means are provided to produce striking an electric arc between the two electrodes, as well as means to inject a plasma gas, such as air, into a chamber between the electrodes. In each electrode support are also provided means electrode cooling.
  • the plasma torch is provided with means for move the attachment foot of the electric arc on the upstream electrode, consist of an electromagnetic coil surrounding the support of said upstream electrode.
  • the invention applies more particularly to a plasma torch, the ignition of the electric arc of which is achieved by a short circuit temporary established between the electrodes through displacement momentary of the upstream electrode in contact with the downstream electrode, using a cylinder device, called choke cylinder.
  • This embodiment relates to a compact plasma torch and of reduced size intended in particular to be mounted in furnaces vitrification of waste.
  • This torch generally comprises a tubular casing in which are housed said upstream and downstream electrodes, as well as the system plasma gas injection system, the electrode cooling system, the upstream electrode displacement cylinder device for starting purposes and the arc foot displacement field coil.
  • Said envelope is connected, at its proximal end, to a block of connections, ensuring fluid and electrical connections with the outside of the torch, which is fixed to the wall of an oven by a clamping system height of the junction between said tubular casing and the connector part rear, the tubular casing part, commonly called a naked torch, being engaged in the oven.
  • the cooling of the electrodes is not optimal and the complexity of the cooling circuit leads to pressure drops important requiring the use of high operating pressures, for example example of the order of 12 bars.
  • this high pressure affects the pressure required to control of the displacement cylinder of the upstream electrode, at start-up, since during the retraction of the upstream electrode, following the said actuator must overcome the downstream thrust exerted by the fluid cooling on the upstream electrode. This is how commonly a pressure of the order of 160 bars is necessary for actuating said cylinder.
  • this type of torch does not offer good accessibility to parts torch wear (upstream and downstream electrodes) as well as adjustments, for example example of position and stroke of the choke cylinder. You have to practically completely disassemble the torch.
  • the present invention aims to overcome the various drawbacks mentioned above of this type of plasma torch and more generally of plasma torches non-transferred arc type or transferred arc type, regardless of system of starting used, by proposing a torch with a simplified general architecture, almost entirely axi-symmetrical and therefore facilitating both the realization of the torch and its maintenance.
  • said choke cylinder is disposed outside the body of said external structure and comprises a rod which runs right through the cylinder, is connected to the upstream electrode by a connecting rod extending in the body of the external structure and inside said internal envelope and has a section allowing said incoming flow of cooling fluid to exert on said cylinder rod a back pressure tending to counterbalance the pressure of said fluid on the upstream electrode, while the outer end of the cylinder rod is provided with means for adjusting the stroke of this rod.
  • the structure according to the invention also makes it possible to simplify substantially the cooling circuit which presents pressure losses much lower than those of the known torch cooling circuit, thus allowing, with equal cooling capacity, to significantly reduce the pressure required for the fluid, for example from 12 to 6 bars, with the consequence advantageous indirect, in the case of torches with non-transferred arc and cylinder starting choke, a reduction in proportion to the pressure required to operate the choke cylinder.
  • FIG. 1 shows a plasma torch according to the invention, usable for example in a waste vitrification oven, consisting of two essential parts, namely a front part called naked torch 1 of shape general cylindrical and a rear part called connector 2 formed by a external structure ensuring the fluidic and electrical connections of the torch with outside and allowing the transport and handling of the torch.
  • a plasma torch usable for example in a waste vitrification oven, consisting of two essential parts, namely a front part called naked torch 1 of shape general cylindrical and a rear part called connector 2 formed by a external structure ensuring the fluidic and electrical connections of the torch with outside and allowing the transport and handling of the torch.
  • the naked torch 1 has a distal end or nose 3, of diameter slightly reduced, however that structure 2, called external because it remains at outside the oven when the naked torch 1 is introduced into the latter by a suitable opening in the wall, consists of a tubular body 4 coaxial with the naked torch 1, provided at its ends with two flanges 5 in the form of rhombus and bearing at their ends of the lifting pins 6, at the in known manner, from the torch to a lifting beam (not shown).
  • the naked torch 1 comprises a supporting structure ( Figure 2) formed by three overlapping coaxial envelopes partially, namely a metallic external envelope 7, an envelope metallic intermediate 8 and an inner casing 9 of insulating material electrically.
  • the casing 7 is cylindrical, extends over the entire length of the torch bare 1 and is connected at its proximal end to the tubular body 4 of the structure external 2 by an annular connecting piece 10.
  • the envelope 8 is also cylindrical, extends substantially over the length of the largest diameter casing 7, as well as inside the body 4 to which it is tightly fixed, by a threaded crown 11, approximately in the central area.
  • annular space 12 communicating with an annular space 13 defined between the body 4 and the envelope 8.
  • the space 13 communicates by a passage, represented at 14 in FIG. 1 and symbolized by the same reference numeral in Figure 2, with a coolant return line (not shown), the occurrence of demineralized water, the hot part of the torch.
  • the intermediate envelope 8 serves to support a annular separator 15 of the cooling circuit of the downstream electrode 16 which is a conventional annular electrode whose distal end is fixed to the torch nose.
  • the distal end of the intermediate envelope 8 also serves, as as will be seen later, at the attachment of the plasma gas injection system 17 and from the distal end of the upstream electrode 18 which is an annular electrode also conventional coaxial, like the downstream electrode 16, to axis 19 of the torch.
  • the casing 9 is a cylindrical tube which extends substantially between the proximal end of the upstream electrode 18 and a location on the body 4 slightly behind the part 11 while being fixed to said body 4 by a crown threaded 20.
  • the tube 9 thus defines with the intermediate envelope 8 an annular space 21 communicating, structure side 2, with an annular space 22 internal to the body 4 and communicating, by a passage shown at 23 in FIG. 1 and only symbolized by the same reference numeral in Figure 2, with a pipeline (not shown) for supplying plasma plasma fluid, in this case the air.
  • the distal end of the internal envelope 9 is in tight contact with the end of an annular separator 24 of the cooling circuit of the upstream electrode 18.
  • the distal end of the separator 24 is connected to the distal end of the intermediate casing 8 by means of an annular connecting piece 26 in electrically insulating material, support for gas injection system plasmagen 17.
  • This injection system (see also Figure 4) includes an open grid ring 27, of electrically insulating material, arranged in the interval between electrodes 16,18 and on the external face of which is formed a chamber homogenization 28, performed in part 26.
  • the chamber 28 communicates through holes 29 passing through the room 26 with the space 21.
  • the holes 29, six in number (cf. FIG. 4 on which a section complete of part 26 is shown in perspective) are regularly distributed and their axes 30 do not intersect the axis of the part 26 in order to create a vortex effect when air enters through holes 29 in the chamber homogenization 28.
  • the part 26 is pierced with a series of holes 31 with axes parallel to the axis of the part 26, that is to say the axis 19 of the torch, in order to ensure continuity of the cooling circuit, successively of the upstream electrode 18 and of the field coil 25, then of the downstream electrode 16.
  • the holes 31 make an annular space 32 defined between the separator 24 and a separator tube 33 remotely enveloping the field coil 25 and an annular space 34 delimited between the separator 15 and the downstream electrode 16.
  • a stop pin 35 At the proximal end of the downstream electrode 16, opposite the electrode upstream 18, is fixed a stop pin 35 called ignition.
  • the upstream electrode 18 is fixed to the end a metal rod 36, for example of copper, itself fixed at the end a transmission axis 37 of electrically insulating material, of large section and the end of which is slidably mounted in a bore 38 of a flange 39 attached to the outer end of the body 4.
  • a metal rod 36 for example of copper, itself fixed at the end a transmission axis 37 of electrically insulating material, of large section and the end of which is slidably mounted in a bore 38 of a flange 39 attached to the outer end of the body 4.
  • Said sliding end of axis 37 is integral with a rod 40 extending inside a hollow rod 41 of a choke cylinder 42 fixed to the flange 39, outside the body 4.
  • the hollow rod 41 passes completely through the jack 42 and is integral, at its outer end of the rod 40 via a pair 43 of nut and lock nut. At its other end, the rod 41 bears against a washer 44 secured to the rod 40, by means of a damping spring 45.
  • a screw stop 46 adjustable in position on the cylinder rod 41, allows, by modification of its distance from the end of the jack 42, adjust the stroke of the cylinder rod.
  • the rod 36 carries a metal sleeve 47 mounted sliding and integral of the field coil support 25 to the winding of which is connected said socket 47.
  • a socket 49 for electrical connection to the coil 25 is fixed to the end of an electrical connection rod 50, parallel to the axis 19, extending opposite the internal tubular envelope 9 and passing through the body 4 to be attached to the flange 39, the material of which is of course non-conductive electricity.
  • the rod 50 is connected to an electrical connection terminal 51 (plus pole), the minus pole being constituted by the connection terminal 52, connected to the body metallic 4.
  • the electrical circuit for supplying the electrodes therefore comprises the rod 50, part 49, field coil 25 which is mounted in series, part 47, the rod 36, the upstream electrode 18, the downstream electrode 16, the nose of the torch, the outer casing 7 and the body 4.
  • the internal envelope 9 is in contact by its internal face with a space 53 delimited by the body 4 and in the axis of which the rods 36 and 37 extend.
  • This space 53 communicates by a passage, represented at 54 in the figure 1 and only symbolized by the same reference numeral in FIG. 2, likely to be connected to a water supply pipe (not shown) torch cooling.
  • the cooling water circuit thus consists of space 53, which communicates through holes 48a in the part 47 with a space annular 48b formed between the tip 48c of the upstream electrode 18 and a annular deflector 48d forming a venturi, integral with the coil 25 and channeling water to the space between the upstream electrode 18 and the field coil 25. Then, the water passes into the space between the coil 25 and the tube 33, into the space 32 (via perforations 55 at the proximal end of the tube 33), in the passages 31, in space 34, then in space 12 and finally in space 13.
  • This circuit thus licks the parts completely and as directly as possible electrically conductive 50,49,47, the upstream tip 48c, then the external face of the upstream electrode 18, the two sides of the field coil 25, the system injection 17, the external face of the downstream electrode 16 and finally the external face of the naked torch 1, over its entire length.
  • Such a circuit is relatively simple in comparison with those of traditional torches. It optimally cools the hot parts of the torch, as well as all of its outer casing 7, which allows the torch to face without damaging the temperatures prevailing in an oven of vitrification and which can largely exceed 1600 ° C, even reach 2000 ° C.
  • the pressure losses of the cooling circuit are reduced compared to those of conventional circuits, which lowers the operating pressure of the torch cooling water source. This is how that for a type of arc torch not transferred from the Applicant, the pressure cooling water was reduced from 12 to 6 bars.
  • the mounting particular of the choke cylinder 42, completely outside the body 4, with the rod connection 37 with large section immersed in cooling water at the inlet torch allows, on the one hand, an adjustment of the cylinder stroke and a easy maintenance and, on the other hand, to control the jack 42 with a fluid reduced pressure compared to usual starter cylinders.
  • the upstream electrode 18 is brought, by the jack 42, to the contact with the stop pin 35 at start-up.
  • the jack 42 can only be supplied at a pressure that is largely half that.
  • the pressure necessary for the choke cylinder can even be sufficient lowered, for example up to 7 bars, one can consider using to operate the cylinder the cooling water of the torch.
  • the concentric structure of the envelopes 7,8,9 allows a easy access to the interior of the torch, starting by depositing the envelope external 7, for example to replace the electrodes or any other part or for any maintenance or repair operation.
  • connection and / or centering pins 56 integral with the coil 25 and separator 24 are simply plugged in, via the connecting piece 49, on connection and / or centering pins 56 integral with the coil 25 and separator 24.
  • distal end of the envelope 9 is not integral with the separator 24, which allows extraction from the torch of the envelope 9 alone, to access the fixing (11) of the intermediate envelope 8.
  • the invention is obviously not limited to the embodiment shown and described above, but on the contrary covers all variants, in particular as regards the arrangement of the plasma gas injector system 17, the arrangement of the field coil 25, the control means of displacement of the upstream electrode at start-up, or the arrangement of the external structure 2.
  • the invention applies generally to all types of non-transferred arc plasma torches, whatever the starting system, as well as all types of plasma torches with transferred arc.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
  • Spectroscopy & Molecular Physics (AREA)
  • Plasma Technology (AREA)

Claims (5)

  1. Plasmabrenner mit einer im wesentlichen axialsymmetrischen allgemeinen Struktur des Typs, der umfaßt:
    einen rohrförmigen Teil, der nackter Brenner (1) genannt wird, in dem eine einzige sogenannte einlaßseitige Elektrode oder ein Paar koaxialer, sogenannter einlaßseitiger (18) und auslaßseitiger (16) Elektroden, die rohrförmig ist bzw. sind und durch einen geeigneten Kühlkreis gekühlt wird bzw. werden, eine sogenannte Feldspule (25) zur Verschiebung der Basis des Lichtbogens sowie Mittel (17) zum Einleiten eines Plasmidgases hinter der einlaßseitigen Elektrode oder zwischen der einlaßseitigen Elektrode (18) und der auslaßseitigen Elektrode (16) angeordnet sind, wobei außerdem Mittel (42) vorgesehen sind, um das Zünden des Brenners zu gewährleisten, und
    eine sogenannte externe Struktur (2), die mit dem bloßen Brenner (1) an seinem proximalen Ende verbunden ist und in der die fluidalen und elektrischen Verbindungen mit der äußeren Umgebung des Brenners angeordnet sind,
    dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der nackte Brenner (1) eine Trägerstruktur umfaßt, die aus drei koaxialen Hüllen gebildet ist, die sich wenigstens teilweise überdekken und mit der externen Struktur (2) verbunden sind, d. h. eine metallische äußere Hülle (7), eine metallische Zwischenhülle (8), die mit der äußeren Hülle (7) den Kühlfluid-Rückleitungskreis der einen oder der mehreren Elektroden (18, 16) und der Spule (25) definiert, sowie eine innere Hülle (9), die mit der Zwischenhülle (8) den Kreis für die Plasmidgas-Zufuhr an die Einleitungsmittel (17) definiert und mit ihrer Innenfläche den eintretenden Strom des Kühlfluids in Richtung zur einlaßseitigen Elektrode (18), zur Feldspule (25) und eventuell zur auslaßseitigen Elektrode (16) lenkt, derart, daß die Trägerstruktur mit drei Hüllen die gewünschte Länge haben kann und dabei die internen Organe (16, 17, 18, 25, 42) des Brenners eingebaut werden können, indem einfach die Länge der Verbindungselemente (36, 37, 50) der Organe an die externe Struktur (2) angepaßt wird.
  2. Brenner nach Anspruch 1 des Typs mit nichtverlagertem Lichtbogen, der mit einer Zündvorrichtung versehen ist, die einen sogenannten Starter-Stellzylinder (42) aufweist, die auf die einlaßseitige Elektrode (18) einwirkt, um sie vorübergehend an die auslaßseitige Elektrode (16) anzunähern, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Starter-Stellzylinder (42) außerhalb des Körpers (4) der externen Struktur angeordnet ist und einen Stift (41) aufweist, der durch den Stellzylinder verläuft und mit der einlaßseitigen Elektrode (18) durch einen Verbindungsstift (37) verbunden ist, der sich im Körper (4) der externen Struktur und innerhalb der inneren Hülle (9) erstreckt und einen Abschnitt aufweist, der dem eintretenden Strom des Kühlfluids erlaubt, auf den Stift (41) des Stellzylinders einen Gegendruck auszuüben, der bestrebt ist, den Druck des Fluids auf die einlaßseitige Elektrode (18) im Gleichgewicht zu halten, während das äußere Ende des Stifts (41) des Stellzylinders mit Mitteln (46) zur Einstellung der Bahn dieses Stifts (41) versehen ist.
  3. Brenner nach Anspruch 1 oder 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Feldspule (25) die einlaßseitige Elektrode (18) außen umgibt, an ihren inneren und äußeren Flächen gekühlt ist und einerseits über eine einsteckbare Verbindung (49, 56) mit einem elektrischen Verbindungsstift (50), der in der inneren Hülle (9) angeordnet und mit seinem anderen Ende mit einem elektrischen Anschluß (51) der externen Struktur (2) verbunden ist, und andererseits mit der einlaßseitigen Elektrode (18) über eine Gleitkontaktverbindung mit dem Verbindungsstift (36, 37) der Verbindung zwischen dem Starter-Stellzylinder (42) und der einlaßseitigen Elektrode (18) elektrisch verbunden ist.
  4. Brenner nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Zwischenräume (12, 21, 53), die zwischen der äußeren Hülle (7) und der Zwischenhülle (8), zwischen der Zwischenhülle (8) und der inneren Hülle (9) bzw. innerhalb der inneren Hülle (9) begrenzt sind, mit einem ersten ringförmigen Raum (13), einem zweiten ringförmigen Raum (22) bzw. einem dritten Raum (53) in Verbindung stehen, wobei diese drei Räume in der externen Struktur (2) ausgebildet sind, wobei der dritte Raum (53) und der erste Raum (13) mit einem Einlaß (54) bzw. mit einem Auslaß (14) des Brenner-Kühlfluids in Verbindung stehen, während der zweite Raum (22) mit einer Plasmidgas-Quelle (23) in Verbindung steht.
  5. Brenner nach einem der Ansprüche 2 bis 4, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Plasmidgas-Einleitungsmittel (17) in der Zwischenhülle angeordnet sind und aus einem ringförmigen Teil (26) gebildet sind, das mit Durchlässen (29) in Richtung zu einer Homogenisierungskammer (28), die in der inneren Fläche des Teils (26) angeordnet ist, mit Durchlässen (31), die zur Achse (19) des Brenners koaxial sind und die Unterbrechungsfreiheit des Kühlkreises der äußeren Flächen der einlaßseitigen (18) und auslaßseitigen (16) Elektroden sicherstellen, sowie mit einem durchbrochenen Einleitgitter (27) gegenüber der Homogenisierungskammer (28), das in dem Zwischenraum zwischen den Elektroden (18, 16) angeordnet ist, versehen ist.
EP96450016A 1995-06-23 1996-06-19 Plasmabrenner mit einer wesentlich axisymmetrischen allgemeinen Struktur Expired - Lifetime EP0750450B1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR9507790 1995-06-23
FR9507790A FR2735940B1 (fr) 1995-06-23 1995-06-23 Torche a plasma a structure generale sensiblement axi-symetrique

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Publication Number Publication Date
EP0750450A1 EP0750450A1 (de) 1996-12-27
EP0750450B1 true EP0750450B1 (de) 2000-09-27

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US (1) US5695664A (de)
EP (1) EP0750450B1 (de)
JP (1) JP4108775B2 (de)
CA (1) CA2179655C (de)
DE (1) DE69610464T2 (de)
FR (1) FR2735940B1 (de)
ZA (1) ZA965303B (de)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE19842074B4 (de) * 1998-09-15 2004-06-03 Castolin S.A. Anode für Plasmaauftragsbrenner
JP4044397B2 (ja) * 2001-10-15 2008-02-06 積水化学工業株式会社 プラズマ表面処理装置
DK2514280T3 (da) * 2009-12-15 2014-09-01 Univ Danmarks Tekniske Indretning til behandling af en overflade med mindst en glidende lysbuekilde

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US4668853A (en) * 1985-10-31 1987-05-26 Westinghouse Electric Corp. Arc-heated plasma lance
US4791268A (en) * 1987-01-30 1988-12-13 Hypertherm, Inc. Arc plasma torch and method using contact starting
FR2654295B1 (fr) * 1989-11-08 1992-02-14 Aerospatiale Torche a plasma pourvue d'une bobine electromagnetique de rotation de pieds d'arc.
FR2654294B1 (fr) * 1989-11-08 1992-02-14 Aerospatiale Torche a plasma a amorcage par court-circuit.
US5362939A (en) * 1993-12-01 1994-11-08 Fluidyne Engineering Corporation Convertible plasma arc torch and method of use

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EP0750450A1 (de) 1996-12-27
CA2179655A1 (fr) 1996-12-24
DE69610464D1 (de) 2000-11-02
US5695664A (en) 1997-12-09
DE69610464T2 (de) 2001-07-19
JPH09115689A (ja) 1997-05-02
ZA965303B (en) 1997-04-14
FR2735940B1 (fr) 1997-09-19
JP4108775B2 (ja) 2008-06-25
CA2179655C (fr) 2007-08-21
FR2735940A1 (fr) 1996-12-27

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