EP0748928A1 - Exhaust manifold with sheet metal inlet pipes - Google Patents

Exhaust manifold with sheet metal inlet pipes Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0748928A1
EP0748928A1 EP96108835A EP96108835A EP0748928A1 EP 0748928 A1 EP0748928 A1 EP 0748928A1 EP 96108835 A EP96108835 A EP 96108835A EP 96108835 A EP96108835 A EP 96108835A EP 0748928 A1 EP0748928 A1 EP 0748928A1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
exhaust manifold
manifold according
pipes
inlet
individual
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP96108835A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP0748928B1 (en
Inventor
Thomas Nording
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Eberspaecher Climate Control Systems GmbH and Co KG
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J Eberspaecher GmbH and Co KG
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Publication of EP0748928A1 publication Critical patent/EP0748928A1/en
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N13/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features ; Exhaust or silencing apparatus, or parts thereof, having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F01N1/00 - F01N5/00, F01N9/00, F01N11/00
    • F01N13/08—Other arrangements or adaptations of exhaust conduits
    • F01N13/10—Other arrangements or adaptations of exhaust conduits of exhaust manifolds
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N13/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features ; Exhaust or silencing apparatus, or parts thereof, having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F01N1/00 - F01N5/00, F01N9/00, F01N11/00
    • F01N13/18—Construction facilitating manufacture, assembly, or disassembly
    • F01N13/1883—Construction facilitating manufacture, assembly, or disassembly manufactured by hydroforming

Definitions

  • the invention relates to an exhaust manifold with sheet-shaped intake pipes from the respective cylinder head outlet to a common exhaust gas outlet, at least one curved intake pipe being provided.
  • the exhaust gas manifold is heated up to temperatures of a similar magnitude by the exhaust gas that flows through it at temperatures of up to approx.
  • a component that is sheet metal formed and assembled from common steels expands by approximately 1% under such conditions.
  • the essence of the invention is to assemble the curved, mostly very short inlet pipe itself from at least two curved individual pipes, which are preferably each one-piece individual components, in the case of an exhaust manifold made of shaped sheet metal parts.
  • the basic idea of the invention is to lower the bending stiffness of a mostly box-shaped, curved, known inlet pipe by replacing the broad box-shaped cross-sectional profile of the inlet pipe by at least two narrow pipe sections arranged next to one another, which in total is much less
  • the invention is particularly suitable for very short curved pipe guides in which there is a very high section modulus according to the prior art and a reduction of the section modulus to approximately 25% is conceivable by dividing the pipe in two or more parts.
  • the individual tubes are inserted into the connecting components on the inlet and outlet sides and welded by means of fillet welds, the associated individual tubes of an inlet tube lying close to one another in the plug-in area and being otherwise (slightly) spaced apart from one another by the rest of the curvature in order to avoid different thermal expansions in the curvature of the individual tubes compensate for mutual disability.
  • the exhaust manifold 1 according to the drawing comprises sheet-shaped inlet pipes 2, 3, 4 from the respective cylinder head outlet 5, 6 or 7 to a common exhaust outlet 8.
  • the central rectilinear inlet pipe 3 from the central cylinder is a box-shaped or oval in cross section Single tube in half-shell construction as in the prior art and has an opening 10 on the central top for attaching a lambda probe.
  • the common exhaust gas outlet 8 is located on the underside of the half-shell of the straight single tube 3, approximately below the opening 10 in a plan view of the drawing.
  • the two outer curved inlet pipes 2, 4 each consist of two individual pipes 2a, 2b and 4a, 4b, which are not designed in half-shell technology, but rather are each one-piece pipe pieces which end on one side in the cylinder head -Fastening flange 9 and on the other side in the area of the common exhaust outlet 8 are inserted into the manifold connection and welded by means of fillet weld.
  • the central inlet pipe 3 and manifold are integrally formed.
  • the individual tubes 2a, 2b or 4a, 4b lie closely against one another in their end insertion regions, while two associated individual tubes are slightly spaced apart from one another over their other course of curvature in order to achieve an unimpeded different thermal expansion in the area of curvature of an individual tube to enable.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Exhaust Silencers (AREA)

Abstract

The exhaust manifold (1) has inlet tubes (2, 3, 4), forged from a sheet, and leading from an engine's cylinder head outlets (5, 6, 7) to a common exhaust pipe (8). It includes bent inlet tubes (2, 4) which themselves consist of at least two single bent tubes (2a, 2b, 4a, 4b). These single tubes may be of varying cross section along their length, with continuous transition. The overall cross section of the single tubes in each longitudinal sector is basically the same as that of the corresponding inlet tube. The bends in the single tubes are of about 90 degrees .

Description

Die Erfindung betrifft einen Abgaskrümmer mit blechgeformten Einlaßrohren vom jeweiligen Zylinderkopfausgang zu einem gemeinsamen Abgasauslaß, wobei zumindest ein gekrümmtes Einlaßrohr vorgesehen ist.The invention relates to an exhaust manifold with sheet-shaped intake pipes from the respective cylinder head outlet to a common exhaust gas outlet, at least one curved intake pipe being provided.

Ein wesentliches Problem eines vorgenannten bekannten Abgaskrümmers ist das der Dauerhaltbarkeit im Betrieb.A major problem with the aforementioned known exhaust manifold is that of durability during operation.

Der Abgaskrümmer wird durch das durchströmende bis zu ca. 1000°C heiße Abgas auf Temperaturen ähnlicher Größenordnung aufgeheizt. Ein aus üblichen Stählen blechgeformtes und zusammengesetztes Bauteil dehnt sich unter solchen Bedingungen um ungefähr 1% aus.The exhaust gas manifold is heated up to temperatures of a similar magnitude by the exhaust gas that flows through it at temperatures of up to approx. A component that is sheet metal formed and assembled from common steels expands by approximately 1% under such conditions.

Die heißen, gasführenden Bauteile eines Abgaskrümmers sind jedoch im Zylinderkopf-Befestigungsflansch eingeschweißt, welcher in der Regel ein im wesentlichen geringeres Temperaturniveau aufweist und sich daher auch im Betrieb sehr viel weniger dehnt. Dieser Zylinderkopf-Befestigungsflansch bzw. dessen Verschraubung am Zylinderkopf behindert somit die thermische Dehnung des Abgaskrümmers.The hot, gas-carrying components of an exhaust manifold, however, are welded into the cylinder head mounting flange, which generally has an essentially lower temperature level and therefore expands much less during operation. This cylinder head mounting flange or its screwing on the cylinder head thus hinders the thermal expansion of the exhaust manifold.

Die behinderte thermische Dehnung führt nun zu Spannungen, die abhängig von der Gestaltung des Bauteils mehr oder weniger kritisch hinsichtlich der Lebensdauer sind. Ist die Geometrie so, daß z.B. aufgrund sehr kurzer Rohrführungen oder aufgrund eines ungünstigen Rohrprofiles eine hohe Steifigkeit entsteht, dann werden die Spannungen so hoch, daß häufig keine zufriedenstellende Lebensdauer von Abgaskrümmern erreicht wird.The impeded thermal expansion now leads to stresses which, depending on the design of the component, are more or less critical with regard to the service life. Is the geometry such that e.g. due to very short pipe runs or due to an unfavorable pipe profile, a high level of stiffness occurs, then the tensions become so high that a satisfactory service life of exhaust manifolds is often not achieved.

Im konkreten Fall sind die konstruktiven Freiheiten extrem begrenzt, und es besteht keine Möglichkeit, bei der konventionellen Konstruktion eines Abgaskrümmers eine ausreichende Standfestigkeit zu erreichen. Hauptursache für das hohe Widerstandsmoment der Rohre gegenüber einer Biegung, die die thermische Dehnung kompensieren könnte, ist das flache, kastenförmige Profil der Rohre der außenliegenden Zylinder. Dies ist aber nach dem Stand der Technik erforderlich, um die Schraubenzugänglichkeit des Zylinderkopf-Befestigungsflansches bei ausreichendem Durchströmungsquerschnitt des Abgaskrümmers zu erreichen.In the specific case, the constructive freedoms are extreme limited, and there is no way to achieve sufficient stability in the conventional design of an exhaust manifold. The main reason for the high moment of resistance of the tubes against bending, which could compensate for the thermal expansion, is the flat, box-shaped profile of the tubes of the external cylinders. However, this is necessary according to the prior art in order to achieve the screw access of the cylinder head mounting flange with a sufficient flow cross section of the exhaust manifold.

Ausgehend von der Problematik des bekannten Stands der Technik ist es Aufgabe der Erfindung, einen Abgaskrümmer der eingangs genannten Art zu schaffen, bei dem mit Hilfe einfacher Maßnahmen die Lebensdauer deutlich erhöht ist, ohne konstruktive oder funktionelle Einbußen hinnehmen zu müssen.Based on the problems of the known prior art, it is an object of the invention to provide an exhaust manifold of the type mentioned, in which the service life is significantly increased with the aid of simple measures, without having to accept structural or functional losses.

Gelöst wird die der Erfindung zugrundeliegende Aufgabe durch einen Abgaskrümmer der im Patentanspruch 1 angegebenen Art.The object on which the invention is based is achieved by an exhaust manifold of the type specified in claim 1.

Vorteilhaft weitergebildet wird der Erfindungsgegenstand durch die Maßnahmen nach den Patentansprüchen 2 bis 10.The subject of the invention is advantageously further developed by the measures according to patent claims 2 to 10.

Wesen der Erfindung ist, bei einem Abgaskrümmer aus Blechformteilen das gekrümmte zumeist sehr kurze Einlaßrohr selbst aus zumindest zwei gekrümmten Einzelrohren zusammenzusetzen, die bevorzugt jeweils einstückige Einzelbauteile sind.The essence of the invention is to assemble the curved, mostly very short inlet pipe itself from at least two curved individual pipes, which are preferably each one-piece individual components, in the case of an exhaust manifold made of shaped sheet metal parts.

Der Grundgedanke der Erfindung ist, die Biegesteifigkeit eines im Durchmesser großen zumeist kastenförmigen gekrümmten bekannten Einlaßrohres abzusenken, indem das breite kastenförmige Querschnittsprofil des Einlaßrohres durch zumindest zwei nebeneinander angeordnete schmalere Rohrprofile ersetzt wird, die in der Summe ein wesentlich geringeres Widerstandsmoment haben und somit die Betriebsbelastung reduzieren und mithin eine erhöhte Lebensdauer bzw. Haltbarkeit eines aus Blech gefertigten Abgaskrümmers ermöglicht wird.The basic idea of the invention is to lower the bending stiffness of a mostly box-shaped, curved, known inlet pipe by replacing the broad box-shaped cross-sectional profile of the inlet pipe by at least two narrow pipe sections arranged next to one another, which in total is much less Have a section modulus and thus reduce the operational load and thus an increased service life or durability of an exhaust manifold made of sheet metal is made possible.

Die Erfindung eignet sich insbesondere bei sehr kurzen gekrümmten Rohrführungen, bei denen nach dem Stand der Technik ein sehr hohes Widerstandsmoment vorhanden ist und durch eine Zwei- oder Mehrteilung des Rohres eine Reduzierung des Widerstandsmoments auf ca. 25% denkbar ist.The invention is particularly suitable for very short curved pipe guides in which there is a very high section modulus according to the prior art and a reduction of the section modulus to approximately 25% is conceivable by dividing the pipe in two or more parts.

Vorteilhafterweise sind die Einzelrohre einlaß- und auslaßseitig in die Anschlußbauteile eingesteckt und mittels Kehlnaht verschweißt, wobei zusammengehörende Einzelrohre eines Einlaßrohres im Steckbereich dicht aneinanderliegen und ansonsten über den Rest der Krümmung vorteilhafterweise voneinander (geringfügig) beabstandet sind, um unterschiedliche Wärmedehnungen in der Krümmung der Einzelrohre ohne gegenseitige Behinderung auszugleichen.Advantageously, the individual tubes are inserted into the connecting components on the inlet and outlet sides and welded by means of fillet welds, the associated individual tubes of an inlet tube lying close to one another in the plug-in area and being otherwise (slightly) spaced apart from one another by the rest of the curvature in order to avoid different thermal expansions in the curvature of the individual tubes compensate for mutual disability.

Die Erfindung wird nachfolgend anhand eines Ausführungsbeispiels unter Bezugnahme auf die beigefügte Zeichnung näher erläutert, deren einzige Figur schematisch einen axialsymmetrischen Abgaskrümmer aus Blechformteilen mit drei Eingängen zeigt.The invention is explained in more detail below using an exemplary embodiment with reference to the accompanying drawing, the single figure of which schematically shows an axially symmetrical exhaust manifold made of sheet metal parts with three inputs.

Der Abgaskrümmer 1 gemäß Zeichnung umfaßt blechgeformte Einlaßrohre 2,3,4 vom jeweiligen Zylinderkopfausgang 5,6 bzw. 7 zu einem gemeinsamen Abgasauslaß 8.The exhaust manifold 1 according to the drawing comprises sheet-shaped inlet pipes 2, 3, 4 from the respective cylinder head outlet 5, 6 or 7 to a common exhaust outlet 8.

Insbesondere sind zwei außenliegende Einlaßrohre 2,4 vorgesehen, welche gekrümmt ausgebildet sind, sowie ein zentrales geradliniges Einlaßrohr 3.In particular, two external inlet pipes 2, 4, which are curved, and a central straight inlet pipe 3 are provided.

Das zentrale geradlinige Einlaßrohr 3 vom mittleren Zylinder ist ein im Querschnitt flaches bzw. kastenförmiges oder ovales Einzelrohr in Halbschalenkonstruktion wie nach dem Stand der Technik und besitzt an zentraler Oberseite eine Öffnung 10 zur Anbringung einer Lambda-Sonde. Auf der Unterseite der Halbschale des geradlinigen Einzelrohres 3 befindet sich der gemeinsame Abgasauslaß 8, etwa unterhalb der Öffnung 10 in Draufsicht auf die Zeichnung.The central rectilinear inlet pipe 3 from the central cylinder is a box-shaped or oval in cross section Single tube in half-shell construction as in the prior art and has an opening 10 on the central top for attaching a lambda probe. The common exhaust gas outlet 8 is located on the underside of the half-shell of the straight single tube 3, approximately below the opening 10 in a plan view of the drawing.

Im Gegensatz zum zentralen geradlinigen Einlaßrohr 3 bestehen die beiden außenliegenden gekrümmten Einlaßrohre 2,4 jeweils aus zwei Einzelrohren 2a, 2b bzw. 4a, 4b, die nicht in Halbschalentechnik ausgebildet, vielmehr jeweils einstückige Rohrstücke sind, die endseitig auf der einen Seite in den Zylinderkopf-Befestigungsflansch 9 und auf der anderen Seite im Bereich des gemeinsamen Abgasauslasses 8 in den Sammelleitungsanschluß eingesteckt und mittels Kehlnaht verschweißt sind.In contrast to the central rectilinear inlet pipe 3, the two outer curved inlet pipes 2, 4 each consist of two individual pipes 2a, 2b and 4a, 4b, which are not designed in half-shell technology, but rather are each one-piece pipe pieces which end on one side in the cylinder head -Fastening flange 9 and on the other side in the area of the common exhaust outlet 8 are inserted into the manifold connection and welded by means of fillet weld.

Im Ausführungsbeispiel der Zeichnung sind zentrales Einlaßrohr 3 und Sammelleitung integriert ausgebildet.In the embodiment of the drawing, the central inlet pipe 3 and manifold are integrally formed.

Wie im Ausführungsbeispiel der Zeichnung ersichtlich, liegen die Einzelrohre 2a, 2b bzw. 4a, 4b in ihren endseitigen Einsteckbereichen dicht aneinander an, während zwei zugehörige Einzelrohre über ihren sonstigen Verlauf der Krümmung geringfügig voneinander beabstandet sind, um eine ungehinderte unterschiedliche Wärmeausdehnung im Krümmungsbereich eines Einzelrohres zu ermöglichen.As can be seen in the exemplary embodiment of the drawing, the individual tubes 2a, 2b or 4a, 4b lie closely against one another in their end insertion regions, while two associated individual tubes are slightly spaced apart from one another over their other course of curvature in order to achieve an unimpeded different thermal expansion in the area of curvature of an individual tube to enable.

Während die Einzelrohre 2a, 2b bzw. 4a, 4b im Steckbereich des Zylinderkopf-Befestigungsflansches 9 im Querschnitt im wesentlichen rund (bis auf den gegenseitigen Berührungsbereich) ausgebildet sind, sind die Steckbereiche auf der anderen Seite im Bereich des gemeinsamen Abgasauslasses 8 vergleichsweise flach (an der gezeigten Oberseite) und ovalförmig (an der Unterseite). Die Querschnittsveränderung von "rund" zu "flach" bzw. "oval" erfolgt über die Länge der Krümmung stetig.While the individual pipes 2a, 2b and 4a, 4b in the plug-in area of the cylinder head mounting flange 9 are essentially round in cross-section (except for the mutual contact area), the plug-in areas on the other side in the area of the common exhaust gas outlet 8 are comparatively flat (on the top shown) and oval (on the bottom). The cross-sectional change from "Round" to "flat" or "oval" occurs continuously over the length of the curvature.

Es sei noch angemerkt, daß in den Unteransprüchen enthaltene selbständig schutzfähige Merkmale trotz der vorgenommenen formalen Rückbeziehung auf den Hauptanspruch entsprechenden eigenständigen Schutz haben sollen. Im übrigen fallen sämtliche in den gesamten Anmeldungsunterlagen enthaltenen erfinderischen Merkmale in den Schutzumfang der Erfindung.It should also be noted that, despite the formal reference back to the main claim, the independently protectable features contained in the subclaims should have appropriate independent protection. For the rest, all inventive features contained in the entire application documents fall within the scope of the invention.

Claims (10)

Abgaskrümmer (1) mit blechgeformten Einlaßrohren (2,3,4) vom jeweiligen Zylinderkopfausgang (5,6 bzw. 7) zu einem gemeinsamen Abgasauslaß (8), wobei zumindest ein gekrümmtes Einlaßrohr (2,4) vorgesehen ist,
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
daß das gekrümmte Einlaßrohr (2 bzw. 4) selbst aus zumindest zwei gekrümmten Einzelrohren (2a, 2b bzw. 4, 4b) zusammengesetzt ist.Exhaust manifold (1) with sheet-shaped inlet pipes (2,3,4) from the respective cylinder head outlet (5,6 or 7) to a common exhaust outlet (8), at least one curved inlet pipe (2,4) being provided,
characterized,
that the curved inlet pipe (2 or 4) itself is composed of at least two curved individual pipes (2a, 2b or 4, 4b). Abgaskrümmer nach Anspruch 1,
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
daß das Einzelrohr ein einstückiges Teil ist.Exhaust manifold according to claim 1,
characterized,
that the single tube is a one-piece part. Abgaskrümmer nach Anspruch 1 oder 2,
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
daß die Einzelrohre in Längsrichtung unterschiedliche Querschnittsform mit stetigem Übergang besitzen.Exhaust manifold according to claim 1 or 2,
characterized,
that the individual tubes have different cross-sectional shapes with a continuous transition in the longitudinal direction. Abgaskrümmer nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 3,
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
daß die Einzelrohre (2a, 2b bzw. 4a, 4b) in jedem Längenabschnitt in der Summe im wesentlichen die gleiche Querschnittsfläche besitzen wie das entsprechende Einlaßrohr (2 bzw. 4).Exhaust manifold according to one of claims 1 to 3,
characterized,
that the individual tubes (2a, 2b or 4a, 4b) have in each length essentially the same cross-sectional area in total as the corresponding inlet tube (2 or 4). Abgaskrümmer nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 4,
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
daß die Einzelrohre eine ca. 90°-Krümmung aufweisen.Exhaust manifold according to one of claims 1 to 4,
characterized,
that the individual tubes have an approximately 90 ° curvature. Abgaskrümmer nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 5,
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
daß die Einzelrohre eines Einlaßrohres im Bereich des Zylinderkopf-Befestigungsflansches (9) und im Bereich des gemeinsamen Abgasauslasses (8) dicht aneinanderliegen und ansonsten voneinander beabstandet sind.Exhaust manifold according to one of claims 1 to 5,
characterized,
that the individual tubes of an inlet tube in the area of Cylinder head mounting flange (9) and in the area of the common exhaust outlet (8) lie close together and are otherwise spaced apart. Abgaskrümmer nach Anspruch 6,
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
daß die Einzelrohre eines Einlaßrohres in den Zylinderkopf-Befestigungsflansch (9) und in den zentralen Abgasauslaß (8) gesteckt und mittels Kehlnaht verschweißt sind.Exhaust manifold according to claim 6,
characterized,
that the individual pipes of an intake pipe are inserted into the cylinder head mounting flange (9) and into the central exhaust gas outlet (8) and welded by means of fillet welds. Abgaskrümmer nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 7,
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
daß zwei außenliegende, gekrümmte Einzelrohre (2,4) und ein zentrales gerades Einlaßrohr (3) vorgesehen sind, wobei die außenliegenden Einlaßrohre (2,4) aus jeweils zwei Einzelrohren zusammengesetzt sind.Exhaust manifold according to one of claims 1 to 7,
characterized,
that two external, curved individual pipes (2,4) and a central straight inlet pipe (3) are provided, the outer inlet pipes (2,4) being composed of two individual pipes each. Abgaskrümmer nach Anspruch 8,
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
daß die beiden außenliegenden Einlaßrohre (2,4) in Draufsicht axialsymmetrisch zueinander angeordnet sind.Exhaust manifold according to claim 8,
characterized,
that the two outer inlet pipes (2,4) are arranged axially symmetrical to each other in plan view. Abgaskrümmer nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 9,
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
daß die Einlaßrohre (2,3,4) nach einem hydrostatischen Umformverfahren gefertigt sind.Exhaust manifold according to one of claims 1 to 9,
characterized,
that the inlet pipes (2,3,4) are made by a hydrostatic forming process.
EP96108835A 1995-06-16 1996-06-01 Exhaust manifold with sheet metal inlet pipes Expired - Lifetime EP0748928B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE19521849A DE19521849A1 (en) 1995-06-16 1995-06-16 Exhaust manifold with sheet metal shaped intake pipes
DE19521849 1995-06-16

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0748928A1 true EP0748928A1 (en) 1996-12-18
EP0748928B1 EP0748928B1 (en) 1999-12-29

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EP (1) EP0748928B1 (en)
DE (2) DE19521849A1 (en)

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EP0748928B1 (en) 1999-12-29
DE19521849A1 (en) 1996-12-19
US5809778A (en) 1998-09-22

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