EP0719906A1 - First stage supersonic stator vane for turbomachine - Google Patents

First stage supersonic stator vane for turbomachine Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0719906A1
EP0719906A1 EP95402940A EP95402940A EP0719906A1 EP 0719906 A1 EP0719906 A1 EP 0719906A1 EP 95402940 A EP95402940 A EP 95402940A EP 95402940 A EP95402940 A EP 95402940A EP 0719906 A1 EP0719906 A1 EP 0719906A1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
blades
distributor
radius
supersonic
flow
Prior art date
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Granted
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EP95402940A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP0719906B1 (en
Inventor
Frédéric Pommel
Andréas von Kaenel
Jacques Desclaux
Georges Meauze
Gilles M. Billonnet
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Safran Aircraft Engines SAS
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Societe Europeenne de Propulsion SEP SA
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01D—NON-POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, e.g. STEAM TURBINES
    • F01D9/00—Stators
    • F01D9/02—Nozzles; Nozzle boxes; Stator blades; Guide conduits, e.g. individual nozzles
    • F01D9/04—Nozzles; Nozzle boxes; Stator blades; Guide conduits, e.g. individual nozzles forming ring or sector
    • F01D9/041—Nozzles; Nozzle boxes; Stator blades; Guide conduits, e.g. individual nozzles forming ring or sector using blades
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05D—INDEXING SCHEME FOR ASPECTS RELATING TO NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, GAS-TURBINES OR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
    • F05D2240/00—Components
    • F05D2240/20—Rotors
    • F05D2240/30—Characteristics of rotor blades, i.e. of any element transforming dynamic fluid energy to or from rotational energy and being attached to a rotor
    • F05D2240/302—Characteristics of rotor blades, i.e. of any element transforming dynamic fluid energy to or from rotational energy and being attached to a rotor characteristics related to shock waves, transonic or supersonic flow

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to the field of turbomachinery and more particularly supersonic turbines.
  • Document FR-A-2 560 287 thus shows an example of a rocket engine turbopump turbine distributor.
  • a fixed annular stator distributor or nozzle comprises a number of fins having a spacing and a configuration such that they distribute and direct the gas flow in the desired manner towards the blades.
  • each fin has a hollow core in order to reduce thermal stresses and can be made of injection molded ceramic or of injection molded refractory metal, cast or machined.
  • Each fin has external and internal horn-shaped plates to which the body of the fin is attached.
  • a floating support device for the fins is intended to allow each fin to be adjusted relative to the direction of the flow of fluid.
  • Such an arrangement is complex to produce and has a geometry which causes significant stresses on the fins.
  • supersonic vane distributors of the first stage of a turbopump turbine in particular for pumping propellants of rocket motors, which are produced in a single block and are intended to transform a flow at high pressure and low speed into a flow supersonic at high speed and strong tangential component to power the first mobile wheel of the turbine.
  • the blades of the distributor constitute a series of two-dimensional supersonic nozzles machined in the mass and distributed periodically according to a ring in planes tangents to the average meridian surface of the cylindrical vein.
  • FIGS. 8 to 11 of the appended drawings An example of such a conventional paddle supersonic distributor is illustrated in FIGS. 8 to 11 of the appended drawings.
  • FIG. 8 shows the configuration of such a conventional distributor 10 in the outlet plane.
  • a tear-off makes it possible to see the ends 31 of the blades 3 close of the outlet plane, which are attached to the hub 1 and to the external casing 2 by enlarged parts 312, 313.
  • FIG. 9 shows an enlarged section along line IX-IX of Figure 8, in a tangential plane of the distributor.
  • FIG. 9 shows the shape of the passage channel of a two-dimensional elementary nozzle 4 with a divergent part 43.
  • Figure 10 illustrates in perspective a portion of the dispenser of Figure 8 and Figure 11 corresponds to a section of the portion shown in Figure 10, in an area near the trailing edge.
  • a blade 3 has a central portion 311 attached to the hub 1 and the outer casing 2 by portions 312, 313 creating sudden variations in thickness in which the mechanical stresses symbolized by the arrows 314 and 315 accumulate.
  • a dispenser such as that illustrated in Figures 8 to 11 has a number of drawbacks.
  • the outlet flow is tangential and does not include a gyration compatible with the radial equilibrium which it is sought to obtain upstream of the moving wheel.
  • This tangential flow strikes the outer casing of the movable wheel and generates shock waves, likely to cause risks of detachment at the inlet of the movable wheel.
  • a tangential vane distributor such as that which has been described has thick three-dimensional trailing edges and steps between the side walls of the individual nozzles and the casings of the moving wheel. There are thus strong distortions of the flow in the radial and azimuthal direction. In particular, there has been a significant deterioration in the stop pressure averaged azimuthally near the outer casing, this degradation revealing the presence of detachment at the outer casing.
  • the object of the present invention is to remedy the drawbacks of bladed supersonic distributors of the prior art and in particular to make it possible to obtain a supersonic speed at the outlet of the distributor while respecting a law of radial balance at the inlet of the first turbine rotor so as to ensure a good speed profile over the entire height of the blades.
  • a supersonic distributor of a turbomachine inlet stage comprising an outer casing, a hub, a set of peripheral vanes arranged in a ring and attached to the hub to provide fluid passages between the vanes.
  • the vanes are arranged radially in a regular manner within a toroid of fluid supply, in that, in section developed according to a line corresponding to a given radius, that is to say in a blade-to-blade plane, the blades define a profile in the form of a two-dimensional half-nozzle and in that said profile has a straight upstream part, a boss defining a neck to accelerate the flow up to a Mach number equal to 1, the neck having a variable section according to the radius considered, and a downstream courtyard part be which ends in a uniform flow region with a trailing edge which can be truncated perpendicular to the axis of rotation.
  • the position of the boss of each blade and the length of the curved downstream part are defined as a function of the desired pressure ratio on either side of the distributor.
  • the construction of the profile of the blades in the radial direction is carried out by stacking while respecting a homothety of the profile substantially equal to the ratio of the radius considered to the mean radius of the vein.
  • the distributor outlet angle is adjusted by a twist of the blades between the foot and the head.
  • the ratio between the section of the nozzle neck and the outlet section is chosen at each radius as a function of the desired pressure ratio so as to comply with a radial equilibrium law.
  • the trailing edge of each blade represents from 4 to 8% of the pitch defined between the successive blades.
  • the blades have an evolving profile along the radius and free of angular parts, with the exception of the trailing edges and the leading edges which can advantageously be truncated.
  • the blades are manufactured separately and attached to the hub.
  • the blades are anchored in the hub and the outer casing by parts in the shape of a fir-tree base.
  • the dispenser according to the invention can be produced according to the technology of powder metallurgy.
  • the vanes are adapted to define at the output a supersonic flow comprised between Mach 1.2 and Mach 2.5.
  • the distributor according to the invention is particularly suitable for a turbopump turbine.
  • the blades have an inclination at output of between 65 and 80 ° relative to the axis of the distributor.
  • the geometry of the distributor according to the invention makes it possible to obtain a supersonic speed at the outlet while respecting the radial equilibrium and ensuring a complete supply of the vein at the inlet of the first rotor.
  • the greater structural regularity of the blades of a distributor according to the invention is also very advantageous insofar as it results in the abrupt abrupt variations in thickness favorable to the accumulation of stresses.
  • FIG. 1 shows the overall view of a supersonic distributor 110 according to the invention comprising a set of vanes 103 distributed between a hub 101 and an external casing 102.
  • vanes 103 are arranged radially in a regular fashion, in a crown, within a fluid supply torus.
  • FIGS. 2 to 5 show the fluid passages 104 formed between the vanes 103, the leading edge and the trailing edge of which bear the references 132 and 131 respectively.
  • the blades 103 In section developed according to a given radius; for example in cross section (Figure 2), in medium section ( Figure 3) and in head section (Figure 4), the blades 103 define a profile in the form of a two-dimensional half-nozzle.
  • the position of the bosses 133 defining the necks 142 of the nozzles, as well as the length of the downstream sections 135 of the blades 103 are defined as a function of the desired pressure ratio on either side of the distributor.
  • the profile of the distributor blades 110 according to the invention is characterized in particular by the presence of a leading edge 132 end and especially a trailing edge 131 end.
  • the thickness e of the trailing edge 131 can be between approximately 4 and 8% of the pitch p defined between the successive vanes 103 (FIG. 3).
  • a thickness e of the trailing edge 131 of the order of 6% of the pitch p is generally satisfactory to limit the level of losses and improve the quality of the flow.
  • the construction of the profile of a blade 103 in the radial direction of the height H of the blade is achieved by stacking while respecting a profile uniformity substantially equal to the ratio of the radius considered to the mean radius R of the vein.
  • the distributor outlet angle is adjusted by a twist of the vanes 103 between the foot 101 and the head 102. This is done so as to allow respect for the radial evolution of the Mach triangle at the entrance of the moving wheel.
  • the changing profile of the blades 103 is such that the blades are free of angular parts with the exception of the leading edges and trailing edges which can advantageously be truncated.
  • the vanes 103 can be manufactured separately and attached to the hub 101.
  • the vanes 103 can be anchored in the hub 101 and the outer casing 102 by shaped ends 138, 139 of fir foot.
  • a vane distributor according to the invention can advantageously be produced according to the technology of powder metallurgy.
  • the vanes 103 may have various inclinations at the outlet depending on the applications envisaged.
  • the inclination of the blades 103 relative to the axis of the distributor can be between approximately 65 and 80 °.
  • Figure 7 relates to the previous example and shows the triangles of the speeds upstream of the turbine rotor at the foot (vectors A, A '), an average radius (vectors B, B') and the head ( vectors C, C ').
  • the vectors A, B, C give the output speed values in Mach number (namely respectively 1.86; 1.74 and 1.63) for an absolute inclination ⁇ a of 74 °, for the foot, at the mean radius and the head of the blades 103.
  • the vectors A ', B', C ' give the values of speed relative to the input of the rotor in Mach number (namely 1.55; 1.42 and 1.31 respectively) for a relative angle ⁇ r which is 70.7 ° respectively; 70.3 ° and 69.9 ° at the level of the foot, the middle radius and the head of the vanes 103 of the distributor.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Turbine Rotor Nozzle Sealing (AREA)
  • Structures Of Non-Positive Displacement Pumps (AREA)

Abstract

The supersonic inlet stage for a turbomachine comprises an external casing (102), a hub (101) and an assembly of peripheral blades (103) located in a ring and fastened to the hub. Between the blades are supersonic speed fluid passages (104) where high pressure low flow rates are transformed into supersonic flow at low pressure. The regularly spaced radial blades have a half nozzle section with an upstream rectilinear part (134) and a hump (133) which defines a neck, having a variable section along a radius, for accelerating the flow to sonic. The blades have a downstream curved part (135) which is ended in a region of uniform flow by a trailing edge (131) which can be truncated perpendicularly to the rotational axis.

Description

Domaine de l'inventionField of the invention

La présente invention concerne le domaine des turbomachines et plus particulièrement les turbines supersoniques.The present invention relates to the field of turbomachinery and more particularly supersonic turbines.

Art antérieur de référenceReference prior art

On connaît déjà divers types de distributeurs statiques de turbine destinés à guider les gaz d'entraînement de la turbine vers les aubes du rotor de la turbine.Various types of static turbine distributors are already known for guiding the turbine drive gases towards the blades of the turbine rotor.

Ainsi, le document FR-A-2 560 287 montre un exemple de distributeur de turbine de turbopompe de moteur-fusée. Un tel distributeur ou tuyère annulaire fixe de stator comporte un certain nombre d'ailettes ayant un espacement et une configuration tels qu'elles répartissent et dirigent le courant de gaz de la manière voulue vers les aubes. Dans le dispositif décrit dans le document FR-A-2 560 287, chaque ailette a une âme creuse afin de réduire les contraintes thermiques et peut être réalisée en une céramique moulée par injection ou en métal réfractaire moulé par injection, coulé ou usiné. Chaque ailette présente des plaques externe et interne en forme de corne auxquelles est rattaché le corps de l'ailette. Par ailleurs, un dispositif de support flottant des ailettes est destiné à permettre à chaque ailette de se régler par rapport à la direction du courant de fluide. Un tel agencement est complexe à réaliser et présente une géométrie qui entraîne des contraintes importantes sur les ailettes.Document FR-A-2 560 287 thus shows an example of a rocket engine turbopump turbine distributor. Such a fixed annular stator distributor or nozzle comprises a number of fins having a spacing and a configuration such that they distribute and direct the gas flow in the desired manner towards the blades. In the device described in document FR-A-2 560 287, each fin has a hollow core in order to reduce thermal stresses and can be made of injection molded ceramic or of injection molded refractory metal, cast or machined. Each fin has external and internal horn-shaped plates to which the body of the fin is attached. Furthermore, a floating support device for the fins is intended to allow each fin to be adjusted relative to the direction of the flow of fluid. Such an arrangement is complex to produce and has a geometry which causes significant stresses on the fins.

On connaît également des distributeurs supersoniques aubés de premier étage de turbine de turbopompe, notamment pour le pompage d'ergols de moteurs-fusées, qui sont réalisés d'un seul bloc et visent à transformer un écoulement à forte pression et faible vitesse en un écoulement supersonique à forte vitesse et forte composante tangentielle pour alimenter la première roue mobile de la turbine.Also known are supersonic vane distributors of the first stage of a turbopump turbine, in particular for pumping propellants of rocket motors, which are produced in a single block and are intended to transform a flow at high pressure and low speed into a flow supersonic at high speed and strong tangential component to power the first mobile wheel of the turbine.

Dans un tel type de distributeur alimenté par la volute d'entrée de la turbine, dans laquelle le gaz circule à basse vitesse, les aubes du distributeur constituent une série de tuyères supersoniques bidimensionelles usinées dans la masse et réparties périodiquement selon une couronne dans des plans tangents à la surface méridienne moyenne de la veine cylindrique.In such a type of distributor fed by the inlet volute of the turbine, in which the gas circulates at low speed, the blades of the distributor constitute a series of two-dimensional supersonic nozzles machined in the mass and distributed periodically according to a ring in planes tangents to the average meridian surface of the cylindrical vein.

Un exemple d'un tel distributeur supersonique aubé classique est illustré sur les figures 8 à 11 des dessins annexés.An example of such a conventional paddle supersonic distributor is illustrated in FIGS. 8 to 11 of the appended drawings.

La figure 8 montre la configuration d'un tel distributeur classique 10 dans le plan de sortie. Un arrachement permet de voir les extrémités 31 des aubes 3 près du plan de sortie, qui sont rattachées au moyeu 1 et au carter externe 2 par des parties élargies 312, 313.FIG. 8 shows the configuration of such a conventional distributor 10 in the outlet plane. A tear-off makes it possible to see the ends 31 of the blades 3 close of the outlet plane, which are attached to the hub 1 and to the external casing 2 by enlarged parts 312, 313.

La figure 9 montre une section agrandie selon la ligne IX-IX de la figure 8, dans un plan tangentiel du distributeur. On voit sur la figure 9 la forme du canal de passage d'une tuyère élémentaire bidimensionnelle 4 avec une partie divergente 43.Figure 9 shows an enlarged section along line IX-IX of Figure 8, in a tangential plane of the distributor. FIG. 9 shows the shape of the passage channel of a two-dimensional elementary nozzle 4 with a divergent part 43.

La figure 10 illustre en perspective une portion du distributeur de la figure 8 et la figure 11 correspond à une coupe de la portion représentée sur la figure 10, dans une zone proche du bord de fuite. On voit sur la figure 11 qu'une aube 3 comporte une portion centrale 311 rattachée au moyeu 1 et au carter externe 2 par des portions 312, 313 créant de brusques variations d'épaisseur dans lesquelles les contraintes mécaniques symbolisées par les flèches 314 et 315 s'accumulent.Figure 10 illustrates in perspective a portion of the dispenser of Figure 8 and Figure 11 corresponds to a section of the portion shown in Figure 10, in an area near the trailing edge. We see in Figure 11 that a blade 3 has a central portion 311 attached to the hub 1 and the outer casing 2 by portions 312, 313 creating sudden variations in thickness in which the mechanical stresses symbolized by the arrows 314 and 315 accumulate.

Un distributeur tel que celui illustré sur les figures 8 à 11 présente un certain nombre d'inconvénients.A dispenser such as that illustrated in Figures 8 to 11 has a number of drawbacks.

En particulier, l'écoulement de sortie est tangentiel et ne comporte pas de giration compatible avec l'équilibre radial que l'on cherche à obtenir à l'amont de la roue mobile.In particular, the outlet flow is tangential and does not include a gyration compatible with the radial equilibrium which it is sought to obtain upstream of the moving wheel.

Cet écoulement tangentiel vient percuter le carter externe de la roue mobile et génère des ondes de choc, susceptibles d'entraîner des risques de décollement à l'entrée de la roue mobile.This tangential flow strikes the outer casing of the movable wheel and generates shock waves, likely to cause risks of detachment at the inlet of the movable wheel.

Des effets de culot et de marche, en supersonique, viennent se superposer au phénomène précédent à la sortie du distributeur.Effects of base and walk, in supersonic, are superimposed on the preceding phenomenon at the exit of the distributor.

Un distributeur aubé tangentiel tel que celui qui a été décrit comporte des bords de fuite épais tridimensionnels et des marches entre les parois latérales des tuyères individuelles et les carters de la roue mobile. Il existe ainsi de fortes distorsions de l'écoulement dans le sens radial et azimutal. En particulier, on a pu constater une dégradation importante de la pression d'arrêt moyennée azimutalement près du carter externe, cette dégradation révélant la présence d'un décollement au niveau du carter externe.A tangential vane distributor such as that which has been described has thick three-dimensional trailing edges and steps between the side walls of the individual nozzles and the casings of the moving wheel. There are thus strong distortions of the flow in the radial and azimuthal direction. In particular, there has been a significant deterioration in the stop pressure averaged azimuthally near the outer casing, this degradation revealing the presence of detachment at the outer casing.

Objet et description succincte de l'invention :Object and brief description of the invention:

La présente invention a pour objet de remédier aux inconvénients des distributeurs supersoniques aubés de l'art antérieur et notamment de permettre d'obtenir une vitesse supersonique en sortie du distributeur en respectant une loi d'équilibre radial en entrée du premier rotor de turbine de manière à assurer un bon profil de vitesse sur toute la hauteur des aubages.The object of the present invention is to remedy the drawbacks of bladed supersonic distributors of the prior art and in particular to make it possible to obtain a supersonic speed at the outlet of the distributor while respecting a law of radial balance at the inlet of the first turbine rotor so as to ensure a good speed profile over the entire height of the blades.

Ces buts sont atteints grâce à un distributeur supersonique d'étage d'entrée de turbomachine, comprenant un carter extérieur, un moyeu, un ensemble d'aubes périphériques disposées en couronne et rattachées au moyeu pour ménager entre les aubes des passages de fluide à vitesse supersonique transformant un écoulement à forte pression et faible vitesse en un écoulement supersonique à faible pression, caractérisé en ce que les aubes sont disposées radialement de façon régulière au sein d'un tore d'alimentation en fluide, en ce que, en coupe développée selon une ligne correspondant à un rayon donné, c'est-à-dire dans un plan aube à aube, les aubes définissent un profil en forme de demi-tuyère bidimensionnelle et en ce que ledit profil présente une partie amont rectiligne, un bossage définissant un col pour accélérer l'écoulement jusqu'à un nombre de Mach égal à 1, le col présentant une section variable selon le rayon considéré, et une partie aval courbe qui se termine dans une région d'écoulement uniforme par un bord de fuite qui peut être tronqué perpendiculairement à l'axe de rotation.These aims are achieved by means of a supersonic distributor of a turbomachine inlet stage, comprising an outer casing, a hub, a set of peripheral vanes arranged in a ring and attached to the hub to provide fluid passages between the vanes. supersonic transforming a flow at high pressure and low speed into a supersonic flow at low pressure, characterized in that the vanes are arranged radially in a regular manner within a toroid of fluid supply, in that, in section developed according to a line corresponding to a given radius, that is to say in a blade-to-blade plane, the blades define a profile in the form of a two-dimensional half-nozzle and in that said profile has a straight upstream part, a boss defining a neck to accelerate the flow up to a Mach number equal to 1, the neck having a variable section according to the radius considered, and a downstream courtyard part be which ends in a uniform flow region with a trailing edge which can be truncated perpendicular to the axis of rotation.

La position du bossage de chaque aube et la longueur de la partie aval courbe sont définies en fonction du rapport de pression désiré de part et d'autre du distributeur.The position of the boss of each blade and the length of the curved downstream part are defined as a function of the desired pressure ratio on either side of the distributor.

La construction du profil des aubes dans le sens radial est réalisée par empilement tout en respectant une homothétie du profil sensiblement égale au rapport du rayon considéré sur le rayon moyen de la veine.The construction of the profile of the blades in the radial direction is carried out by stacking while respecting a homothety of the profile substantially equal to the ratio of the radius considered to the mean radius of the vein.

Pour chaque rayon, l'angle de sortie du distributeur est ajusté par un vrillage des aubes entre le pied et la tête.For each radius, the distributor outlet angle is adjusted by a twist of the blades between the foot and the head.

Sur toute la hauteur des aubes, il est maintenu un bord de fuite fin. Le rapport entre la section du col de tuyère et la section de sortie est choisi à chaque rayon en fonction du rapport de pression souhaité de manière à respecter une loi d'équilibre radial.Over the entire height of the blades, a thin trailing edge is maintained. The ratio between the section of the nozzle neck and the outlet section is chosen at each radius as a function of the desired pressure ratio so as to comply with a radial equilibrium law.

Avantageusement, le bord de fuite de chaque aube représente de 4 à 8 % du pas défini entre les aubes successives.Advantageously, the trailing edge of each blade represents from 4 to 8% of the pitch defined between the successive blades.

Les aubes présentent un profil évolutif selon le rayon et exempt de parties anguleuses, à l'exception des bords de fuite et des bords d'attaque qui peuvent être avantageusement tronqués.The blades have an evolving profile along the radius and free of angular parts, with the exception of the trailing edges and the leading edges which can advantageously be truncated.

Les aubes sont fabriquées séparément et rapportées sur le moyeu.The blades are manufactured separately and attached to the hub.

Selon un mode particulier de réalisation possible, les aubes sont ancrées dans le moyeu et le carter externe par des parties en forme de pied de sapin.According to a particular possible embodiment, the blades are anchored in the hub and the outer casing by parts in the shape of a fir-tree base.

Le distributeur selon l'invention peut être réalisé selon la technologie de la métallurgie des poudres.The dispenser according to the invention can be produced according to the technology of powder metallurgy.

Dans un distributeur selon l'invention, les aubes sont adaptées pour définir en sortie un écoulement supersonique compris entre Mach 1,2 et Mach 2,5.In a distributor according to the invention, the vanes are adapted to define at the output a supersonic flow comprised between Mach 1.2 and Mach 2.5.

Le distributeur selon l'invention est particulièrement adapté à une turbine de turbopompe.The distributor according to the invention is particularly suitable for a turbopump turbine.

Dans le cadre d'une telle application, avantageusement, les aubes présentent en sortie une inclinaison comprise entre 65 et 80° par rapport à l'axe du distributeur.In the context of such an application, advantageously, the blades have an inclination at output of between 65 and 80 ° relative to the axis of the distributor.

On notera que dans tous les cas, la géométrie du distributeur selon l'invention permet d'obtenir une vitesse supersonique en sortie en respectant l'équilibre radial et en assurant une alimentation complète de la veine en entrée du premier rotor.It will be noted that in all cases, the geometry of the distributor according to the invention makes it possible to obtain a supersonic speed at the outlet while respecting the radial equilibrium and ensuring a complete supply of the vein at the inlet of the first rotor.

L'écoulement étant naturellement giratoire, les pertes liées à l'intéraction de l'écoulement supersonique avec le carter externe sont supprimées.The flow being naturally gyratory, the losses linked to the interaction of the supersonic flow with the external casing are eliminated.

Par ailleurs, avec un distributeur conforme à l'invention, les effets de culot sont réduits puisqu'ils ne proviennent plus que des épaisseurs de bord de fuite.Furthermore, with a dispenser according to the invention, the effects of the base are reduced since they only come from trailing edge thicknesses.

La plus grande régularité structurelle des aubes d'un distributeur selon l'invention est également très avantageuse dans la mesure où elle se traduit par la suppression des brusques variations d'épaisseur favorables à l'accumulation des contraintes.The greater structural regularity of the blades of a distributor according to the invention is also very advantageous insofar as it results in the abrupt abrupt variations in thickness favorable to the accumulation of stresses.

Brève description des dessins :Brief description of the drawings:

D'autres caractéristiques et avantages de l'invention ressortiront de la description suivante de modes particuliers de réalisation, donnés à titre d'exemples, en référence aux dessins annexés, sur lesquels :

  • la figure 1 est une vue de face d'un distributeur supersonique selon l'invention,
  • les figures 2, 3 et 4 sont des coupes respectivement selon les lignes II-II, III-III, et IV-IV de la figure 1 correspondant à une coupe de pied, une coupe moyenne et une coupe de tête montrant le profil des aubes du distributeur, selon l'invention,
  • la figure 5 représente une vue partielle en perspective montrant un exemple de forme d'ensemble des aubes d'un distributeur selon l'invention,
  • la figure 6 est une section dans un plan parallèle au plan de sortie montrant un exemple particulier d'ancrage des aubes dans le moyeu et le carter externe,
  • la figure 7 montre les triangles de vitesse à la sortie d'un distributeur selon l'invention, respectivement au niveau du pied, d'un rayon moyen et de la tête du distributeur,
  • la figure 8 est une vue de face avec arrachement d'un distributeur supersonique de l'art antérieur réalisé d'une seule pièce,
  • la figure 9 est une section agrandie selon la ligne IX-IX de la figure 8,
  • la figure 10 est une vue partielle en perspective du distributeur connu de la figure 8, et
  • la figure 11 est une section d'une aube du distributeur des figures 8 et 10, au voisinage du plan de sortie.
Other characteristics and advantages of the invention will emerge from the following description of particular embodiments, given by way of examples, with reference to the appended drawings, in which:
  • FIG. 1 is a front view of a supersonic distributor according to the invention,
  • Figures 2, 3 and 4 are sections respectively along lines II-II, III-III, and IV-IV of Figure 1 corresponding to a foot cut, a medium cut and a head cut showing the profile of the blades of the dispenser according to the invention,
  • FIG. 5 represents a partial perspective view showing an example of the overall shape of the blades of a distributor according to the invention,
  • FIG. 6 is a section in a plane parallel to the outlet plane showing a particular example of anchoring the blades in the hub and the outer casing,
  • FIG. 7 shows the speed triangles at the outlet of a distributor according to the invention, respectively at the level of the foot, of an average radius and of the head of the distributor,
  • FIG. 8 is a front view with cutaway of a supersonic distributor of the prior art made in one piece,
  • FIG. 9 is an enlarged section along the line IX-IX of FIG. 8,
  • FIG. 10 is a partial perspective view of the known dispenser of FIG. 8, and
  • Figure 11 is a section of a vane of the distributor of Figures 8 and 10, in the vicinity of the outlet plane.

On voit sur la figure 1 la vue d'ensemble d'un distributeur supersonique 110 selon l'invention comprenant un ensemble d'aubes 103 réparties entre un moyeu 101 et un carter externe 102.FIG. 1 shows the overall view of a supersonic distributor 110 according to the invention comprising a set of vanes 103 distributed between a hub 101 and an external casing 102.

On constate que les aubes 103 sont disposées radialement de façon régulière, en couronne, au sein d'un tore d'alimentation en fluide.It can be seen that the vanes 103 are arranged radially in a regular fashion, in a crown, within a fluid supply torus.

Les figures 2 à 5 montrent les passages de fluide 104 ménagés entre les aubes 103 dont le bord d'attaque et le bord de fuite portent respectivement les références 132 et 131.FIGS. 2 to 5 show the fluid passages 104 formed between the vanes 103, the leading edge and the trailing edge of which bear the references 132 and 131 respectively.

En coupe développée selon un rayon donné; par exemple en coupe de pied (figure 2), en coupe moyenne (figure 3) et en coupe de tête (figure 4), les aubes 103 définissent un profil en forme de demi-tuyère bidimensionnelle.In section developed according to a given radius; for example in cross section (Figure 2), in medium section (Figure 3) and in head section (Figure 4), the blades 103 define a profile in the form of a two-dimensional half-nozzle.

Le profil de chaque aube 103 dans un plan aube à aube tel que ceux des figures 2 à 4, présente une partie amont rectiligne 134, un bossage 133 définissant un col 142 pour accélérer l'écoulement jusqu'à Mach = 1, et une partie aval courbe 135 qui se termine dans une région d'écoulement uniforme par un bord de fuite 131 fin qui peut être tronqué perpendiculairement à l'axe de rotation.The profile of each blade 103 in a blade-to-blade plane such as those of FIGS. 2 to 4, has a straight upstream part 134, a boss 133 defining a neck 142 to accelerate the flow to Mach = 1, and a part downstream curve 135 which ends in a region of uniform flow by a trailing edge 131 end which can be truncated perpendicular to the axis of rotation.

Chaque aube 103 comporte une paroi 136 définissant une demi-tuyère et une paroi 137 sans bossage. Deux aubes 103 successives définissent entre elles un passage de fluide 104 délimité d'une part par une paroi 137 sans bossage et d'autre part par une paroi 136 formant demi-tuyère, de manière à engendrer un écoulement supersonique qui peut présenter en sortie un nombre de Mach compris entre environ Mach = 1,2 et Mach = 2,5.Each blade 103 has a wall 136 defining a half-nozzle and a wall 137 without boss. Two successive vanes 103 define between them a fluid passage 104 delimited on the one hand by a wall 137 without boss and on the other hand by a wall 136 forming a half-nozzle, so as to generate a supersonic flow which can present in output a Mach number between approximately Mach = 1.2 and Mach = 2.5.

L'écoulement présentant un nombre de Mach = 1 au niveau du col 142 est accéléré progressivement en aval jusqu'à la sortie du canal d'écoulement 104.The flow with a Mach number = 1 at the neck 142 is gradually accelerated downstream until the outlet of the flow channel 104.

La position des bossages 133 définissant les cols 142 des tuyères, ainsi que la longueur des sections aval 135 des aubes 103 sont définies en fonction du rapport de pression désiré de part et d'autre du distributeur.The position of the bosses 133 defining the necks 142 of the nozzles, as well as the length of the downstream sections 135 of the blades 103 are defined as a function of the desired pressure ratio on either side of the distributor.

Le profil des aubes du distributeur 110 selon l'invention, se caractérise en particulier par la présence d'un bord d'attaque 132 fin et surtout d'un bord de fuite 131 fin. Ainsi, l'épaisseur e du bord de fuite 131 peut être comprise entre environ 4 et 8 % du pas p défini entre les aubes successives 103 (figure 3).The profile of the distributor blades 110 according to the invention is characterized in particular by the presence of a leading edge 132 end and especially a trailing edge 131 end. Thus, the thickness e of the trailing edge 131 can be between approximately 4 and 8% of the pitch p defined between the successive vanes 103 (FIG. 3).

Une épaisseur e du bord de fuite 131 de l'ordre de 6 % du pas p est en général satisfaisante pour limiter le niveau des pertes et améliorer la qualité de l'écoulement.A thickness e of the trailing edge 131 of the order of 6% of the pitch p is generally satisfactory to limit the level of losses and improve the quality of the flow.

La construction du profil d'une aube 103 dans le sens radial de la hauteur H de l'aube est réalisée par empilement tout en respectant une homothétie de profil sensiblement égale au rapport du rayon considéré sur le rayon moyen R de la veine.The construction of the profile of a blade 103 in the radial direction of the height H of the blade is achieved by stacking while respecting a profile uniformity substantially equal to the ratio of the radius considered to the mean radius R of the vein.

Pour chaque rayon, l'angle de sortie du distributeur est ajusté par un vrillage des aubes 103 entre le pied 101 et la tête 102. Ceci est réalisé de manière à permettre un respect de l'évolution radiale du triangle de Mach à l'entrée de la roue mobile.For each radius, the distributor outlet angle is adjusted by a twist of the vanes 103 between the foot 101 and the head 102. This is done so as to allow respect for the radial evolution of the Mach triangle at the entrance of the moving wheel.

Dans tous les cas, le profil évolutif des aubes 103 est tel que les aubes sont exemptes de parties anguleuses à l'exception des bords d'attaque et des bords de fuite qui peuvent être avantageusement tronqués.In all cases, the changing profile of the blades 103 is such that the blades are free of angular parts with the exception of the leading edges and trailing edges which can advantageously be truncated.

Les aubes 103 peuvent être fabriquées séparément et rapportées sur le moyeu 101. A titre d'exemple, comme représenté sur la figure 7, les aubes 103 peuvent être ancrées dans le moyeu 101 et le carter externe 102 par des extrémités 138, 139 en forme de pied de sapin.The vanes 103 can be manufactured separately and attached to the hub 101. By way of example, as shown in FIG. 7, the vanes 103 can be anchored in the hub 101 and the outer casing 102 by shaped ends 138, 139 of fir foot.

Un distributeur aubé selon l'invention peut être avantageusement réalisé selon la technologie de la métallurgie des poudres.A vane distributor according to the invention can advantageously be produced according to the technology of powder metallurgy.

Les aubes 103 peuvent présenter en sortie des inclinaisons diverses selon les applications envisagées.The vanes 103 may have various inclinations at the outlet depending on the applications envisaged.

Dans le cas d'une application à une turbine de turbopompe, l'inclinaison des aubes 103 par rapport à l'axe du distributeur peut être comprise entre environ 65 et 80 °.In the case of an application to a turbopump turbine, the inclination of the blades 103 relative to the axis of the distributor can be between approximately 65 and 80 °.

Un exemple particulier de réalisation d'un distributeur supersonique aubé conforme à l'invention, appliqué à une turbine de turbopompe, présente les caractéristiques suivantes :

  • . rayon moyen R de la veine = 120 mm
  • . hauteur H des aubes = 11,9 mm
  • . corde C des aubes = 15,4 mm
  • . épaisseur e du bord de fuite = 6,6 % du pas p entre aubes,
  • . inclinaison des aubes par rapport à l'axe = 74° en sortie,
  • . nombre de canaux = 31
  • . taux de détente = 6,5
A particular embodiment of a padded supersonic distributor in accordance with the invention, applied to a turbopump turbine, has the following characteristics:
  • . mean radius R of the vein = 120 mm
  • . blade height H = 11.9 mm
  • . blade chord C = 15.4 mm
  • . thickness e of the trailing edge = 6.6% of the pitch p between vanes,
  • . inclination of the blades relative to the axis = 74 ° at the outlet,
  • . number of channels = 31
  • . relaxation rate = 6.5

La figure 7 concerne l'exemple précédent et montre les triangles des vitesses en amont du rotor de la turbine au niveau du pied (vecteurs A, A'), d'un rayon moyen (vecteurs B, B') et de la tête (vecteurs C, C').Figure 7 relates to the previous example and shows the triangles of the speeds upstream of the turbine rotor at the foot (vectors A, A '), an average radius (vectors B, B') and the head ( vectors C, C ').

Les vecteurs A, B, C donnent les valeurs de vitesse en sortie en nombre de Mach (à savoir respectivement 1,86; 1,74 et 1,63) pour une inclinaison absolue βa de 74 °, pour le pied, au rayon moyen et la tête des aubes 103.The vectors A, B, C give the output speed values in Mach number (namely respectively 1.86; 1.74 and 1.63) for an absolute inclination βa of 74 °, for the foot, at the mean radius and the head of the blades 103.

Ces valeurs de vitesse varient selon la hauteur des aubes pour s'adapter à l'équilibre radial.These speed values vary according to the height of the blades to adapt to the radial equilibrium.

Les vecteurs A', B', C' donnent les valeurs de vitesse relative à l'entrée du rotor en nombre de Mach (à savoir respectivement 1,55; 1,42 et 1,31) pour un angle relatif βr qui est respectivement de 70,7 °; 70,3 ° et 69,9 ° au niveau du pied, du rayon moyen et de la tête des aubes 103 du distributeur.The vectors A ', B', C 'give the values of speed relative to the input of the rotor in Mach number (namely 1.55; 1.42 and 1.31 respectively) for a relative angle β r which is 70.7 ° respectively; 70.3 ° and 69.9 ° at the level of the foot, the middle radius and the head of the vanes 103 of the distributor.

Avec ces valeurs, un équilibre radial satisfaisant est obtenu en sortie du distributeur et un bon équilibre de vitesse est établi sur toute la hauteur des aubes du premier rotor.With these values, a satisfactory radial balance is obtained at the outlet of the distributor and a good speed balance is established over the entire height of the blades of the first rotor.

Claims (13)

Distributeur supersonique d'étage d'entrée de turbomachine, comprenant un carter extérieur (102), un moyeu (101), un ensemble d'aubes périphériques (103) disposées en couronne et rattachées au moyeu (101) pour ménager entre les aubes (103) des passages de fluide (104) à vitesse supersonique transformant un écoulement à forte pression et faible vitesse en un écoulement supersonique à faible pression, caractérisé en ce que les aubes (103) sont disposées radialement de façon régulière au sein d'un tore d'alimentation en fluide, en ce que, en coupe développée selon une ligne correspondant à un rayon donné, c'est-à-dire dans un plan aube à aube, les aubes (103) définissent un profil en forme de demi-tuyère bidimensionnelle et en ce que ledit profil présente une partie amont rectiligne (134), un bossage (133) définissant un col (142) pour accélérer l'écoulement jusqu'à un nombre de Mach égal à 1, le col (142) présentant une section variable selon le rayon considéré, et une partie aval courbe (135) qui se termine dans une région d'écoulement uniforme par un bord de fuite (131) qui peut être tronqué perpendiculairement à l'axe de rotation. Supersonic distributor of a turbomachine input stage, comprising an outer casing (102), a hub (101), a set of peripheral vanes (103) arranged in a ring and attached to the hub (101) to form between the vanes ( 103) fluid passages (104) at supersonic speed transforming a flow at high pressure and low speed into a supersonic flow at low pressure, characterized in that the vanes (103) are arranged radially in a regular manner within a fluid supply torus, in that, in section developed along a line corresponding to a given radius, that is to say in a dawn to dawn plane, the blades (103) define a profile in the form of a two-dimensional half-nozzle and in that said profile has a straight upstream part (134), a boss (133) defining a neck (142) to accelerate the flow up to a Mach number equal to 1, the neck (142) having a variable section according to the radius considered, and a curved downstream part (135) which ends in a region of uniform flow by an edge of leak (131) which can be truncated perpendicular to the axis of rotation. Distributeur selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que la position du bossage (133) de chaque aube (103) et la longueur de la partie aval courbe (135) sont définies en fonction du rapport de pression désiré de part et d'autre du distributeur.Distributor according to claim 1, characterized in that the position of the boss (133) of each blade (103) and the length of the curved downstream part (135) are defined as a function of the desired pressure ratio on either side of the distributor. Distributeur selon la revendication 1 ou la revendication 2, caractérisé en ce que la construction du profil des aubes (103) dans le sens radial est réalisée par empilement tout en respectant une homothétie du profil sensiblement égale au rapport du rayon considéré sur le rayon moyen de la veine (R).Distributor according to claim 1 or claim 2, characterized in that the construction of the profile of the blades (103) in the radial direction is carried out by stacking while respecting a homothety of the profile substantially equal to the ratio of the radius considered to the average radius of the vein (R). Distributeur selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 3, caractérisé en ce que pour chaque rayon, l'angle de sortie (β) du distributeur est ajusté par un vrillage des aubes (103) entre le pied et la tête.Distributor according to any one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that for each radius, the outlet angle (β) of the distributor is adjusted by a twisting of the blades (103) between the foot and the head. Distributeur selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 4, caractérisé en ce que sur toute la hauteur des aubes (103) il est maintenu un bord de fuite (131) fin ainsi qu'un rapport entre la section du col de tuyère (104) et la section de sortie qui est choisi à chaque rayon en fonction du rapport de pression souhaité.Distributor according to any one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that over the entire height of the blades (103) a trailing edge (131) is maintained as well as a relationship between the section of the nozzle neck (104 ) and the outlet section which is chosen at each radius according to the desired pressure ratio. Distributeur selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 5, caractérisé en ce que le bord de fuite (131) de chaque aube (103) représente de 4 à 8 % du pas défini entre les aubes successives (103).Distributor according to any one of Claims 1 to 5, characterized in that the trailing edge (131) of each blade (103) represents from 4 to 8% of the pitch defined between the successive blades (103). Distributeur selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 6, caractérisé en ce que les aubes (103) présentent un profil évolutif selon le rayon et exempt de parties anguleuses.Distributor according to any one of Claims 1 to 6, characterized in that the blades (103) have an evolving profile along the radius and free of angular parts. Distributeur selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 7, caractérisé en ce que les aubes (103) sont fabriquées séparément et rapportées sur le moyeu (101).Distributor according to any one of Claims 1 to 7, characterized in that the blades (103) are produced separately and attached to the hub (101). Distributeur selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 8, caractérisé en ce que les aubes (103) sont ancrées dans le moyeu (101) et le carter externe (102) par des parties en forme de pied de sapin.Distributor according to any one of Claims 1 to 8, characterized in that the blades (103) are anchored in the hub (101) and the external casing (102) by parts in the shape of a fir-tree base. Distributeur selon la revendication 8 ou la revendication 9, caractérisé en ce qu'il est réalisé selon la technologie de la métallurgie des poudres.Dispenser according to claim 8 or claim 9, characterized in that it is produced according to the technology of powder metallurgy. Distributeur selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 10, caractérisé en ce que les aubes (103) sont adaptées pour définir en sortie un écoulement supersonique compris entre Mach 1,2 et Mach 2,5.Distributor according to any one of Claims 1 to 10, characterized in that the blades (103) are adapted to define at the outlet a supersonic flow comprised between Mach 1.2 and Mach 2.5. Distributeur selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 11, caractérisé en ce qu'il est adapté à une turbine de turbopompe.Distributor according to any one of Claims 1 to 11, characterized in that it is suitable for a turbopump turbine. Distributeur selon la revendication 12, caractérisé en ce que les aubes présentent en sortie une inclinaison comprise entre 65 et 80° par rapport à l'axe du distributeur.Distributor according to claim 12, characterized in that the blades have an inclination at output between 65 and 80 ° relative to the axis of the distributor.
EP95402940A 1994-12-27 1995-12-26 Supersonic distributor for the inlet stage of a turbomachine Expired - Lifetime EP0719906B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

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FR9415693 1994-12-27
FR9415693A FR2728618B1 (en) 1994-12-27 1994-12-27 SUPERSONIC DISTRIBUTOR OF TURBOMACHINE INPUT STAGE

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EP0719906A1 true EP0719906A1 (en) 1996-07-03
EP0719906B1 EP0719906B1 (en) 1999-04-14

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EP (1) EP0719906B1 (en)
JP (1) JP3779360B2 (en)
CA (1) CA2165863A1 (en)
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EP0719906B1 (en) 1999-04-14
DE69509056T2 (en) 1999-10-21
JPH08232603A (en) 1996-09-10
FR2728618A1 (en) 1996-06-28
CA2165863A1 (en) 1996-06-28
DE69509056D1 (en) 1999-05-20
US5676522A (en) 1997-10-14
JP3779360B2 (en) 2006-05-24

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