EP0710244A1 - Reactifs immunoreactifs utilisant la monoamine-oxydase - Google Patents

Reactifs immunoreactifs utilisant la monoamine-oxydase

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Publication number
EP0710244A1
EP0710244A1 EP94921934A EP94921934A EP0710244A1 EP 0710244 A1 EP0710244 A1 EP 0710244A1 EP 94921934 A EP94921934 A EP 94921934A EP 94921934 A EP94921934 A EP 94921934A EP 0710244 A1 EP0710244 A1 EP 0710244A1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
group
reagent
residue
mao
monoamine oxidase
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP94921934A
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German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Christopher D. V. Black
Robert Allen Snow
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Wellcome Foundation Ltd
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Wellcome Foundation Ltd
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Publication of EP0710244A1 publication Critical patent/EP0710244A1/fr
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N9/00—Enzymes; Proenzymes; Compositions thereof; Processes for preparing, activating, inhibiting, separating or purifying enzymes
    • C12N9/0004—Oxidoreductases (1.)
    • C12N9/0012—Oxidoreductases (1.) acting on nitrogen containing compounds as donors (1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7)
    • C12N9/0014—Oxidoreductases (1.) acting on nitrogen containing compounds as donors (1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7) acting on the CH-NH2 group of donors (1.4)
    • C12N9/0022—Oxidoreductases (1.) acting on nitrogen containing compounds as donors (1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7) acting on the CH-NH2 group of donors (1.4) with oxygen as acceptor (1.4.3)
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
    • A61K47/50—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates
    • A61K47/51—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent
    • A61K47/68—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent the modifying agent being an antibody, an immunoglobulin or a fragment thereof, e.g. an Fc-fragment
    • A61K47/6835—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent the modifying agent being an antibody, an immunoglobulin or a fragment thereof, e.g. an Fc-fragment the modifying agent being an antibody or an immunoglobulin bearing at least one antigen-binding site
    • A61K47/6851—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent the modifying agent being an antibody, an immunoglobulin or a fragment thereof, e.g. an Fc-fragment the modifying agent being an antibody or an immunoglobulin bearing at least one antigen-binding site the antibody targeting a determinant of a tumour cell
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
    • A61K47/50—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates
    • A61K47/51—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent
    • A61K47/68—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent the modifying agent being an antibody, an immunoglobulin or a fragment thereof, e.g. an Fc-fragment
    • A61K47/6835—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent the modifying agent being an antibody, an immunoglobulin or a fragment thereof, e.g. an Fc-fragment the modifying agent being an antibody or an immunoglobulin bearing at least one antigen-binding site
    • A61K47/6883—Polymer-drug antibody conjugates, e.g. mitomycin-dextran-Ab; DNA-polylysine-antibody complex or conjugate used for therapy
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K51/00—Preparations containing radioactive substances for use in therapy or testing in vivo
    • A61K51/02—Preparations containing radioactive substances for use in therapy or testing in vivo characterised by the carrier, i.e. characterised by the agent or material covalently linked or complexing the radioactive nucleus
    • A61K51/04—Organic compounds
    • A61K51/08—Peptides, e.g. proteins, carriers being peptides, polyamino acids, proteins
    • A61K51/10—Antibodies or immunoglobulins; Fragments thereof, the carrier being an antibody, an immunoglobulin or a fragment thereof, e.g. a camelised human single domain antibody or the Fc fragment of an antibody
    • A61K51/1093—Antibodies or immunoglobulins; Fragments thereof, the carrier being an antibody, an immunoglobulin or a fragment thereof, e.g. a camelised human single domain antibody or the Fc fragment of an antibody conjugates with carriers being antibodies
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K16/00—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies
    • C07K16/18—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans
    • C07K16/28—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants
    • C07K16/30—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants from tumour cells
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K5/00—Peptides containing up to four amino acids in a fully defined sequence; Derivatives thereof
    • C07K5/02—Peptides containing up to four amino acids in a fully defined sequence; Derivatives thereof containing at least one abnormal peptide link
    • C07K5/021—Peptides containing up to four amino acids in a fully defined sequence; Derivatives thereof containing at least one abnormal peptide link containing the structure -NH-(X)n-C(=0)-, n being 5 or 6; for n > 6, classification in C07K5/06 - C07K5/10, according to the moiety having normal peptide bonds
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K5/00—Peptides containing up to four amino acids in a fully defined sequence; Derivatives thereof
    • C07K5/04—Peptides containing up to four amino acids in a fully defined sequence; Derivatives thereof containing only normal peptide links
    • C07K5/10—Tetrapeptides
    • C07K5/1002—Tetrapeptides with the first amino acid being neutral
    • C07K5/1005—Tetrapeptides with the first amino acid being neutral and aliphatic
    • C07K5/1008—Tetrapeptides with the first amino acid being neutral and aliphatic the side chain containing 0 or 1 carbon atoms, i.e. Gly, Ala
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides

Definitions

  • This invention relates to the therapeutic treatment and diagnostic imaging of cancer by means of a tumor targeted sequential delivery system comprising a primary non radioactive targeting immunoreagent and a secondary radioactive delivery agent.
  • radiolabeled immunoreactive proteins and methods which are employed in diagnostic imaging and targeted therapeutic applications suffer from certain disadvantages.
  • radioimmunotherapy and diagnostic imaging with the various currently available radiopharmaceuticals which include radionuclide-containing immunoreactive proteins can be less than optimal because these radiopharmaceuticals may bind to non-target normal tissue. This binding can result in undesirable toxicity to normal tissue during therapeutic applications as well as in high background signals during diagnostic imaging applications; the radioactive component may then deposit in healthy tissue.
  • the number of chelating agents that can be attached to an immunoreactive protein is also limited by the number of available groups such as, for example, amino groups suitable for use in attachment of the chelating agents and by the potential immunogenicity of the thus modified protein which, being highly derivatized, could be recognized by a host immune system as being haptenated.
  • the present invention is directed to a non radioactive targeting immunoreagent (sometimes hereinafter referred to as NRTIR) comprising the residue of a monoamine oxidase, a linking group, and the residue of an immunoreactive material, which immunoreactive material can bind to sites on cells of a tissue of interest.
  • NRTIR non radioactive targeting immunoreagent
  • the present invention is also directed to a radioactive delivery agent (sometimes hereinafter referred to as RDA) comprising a ligand specific for said monoamine oxidase, a linking group, and a radioactive agent that is administered to the environs of said tissue.
  • RDA radioactive delivery agent
  • the ligand of said RDA will bind to the receptor of said NRTIR which is bound to the cells of the tissue of interest and thus provides an effective amount of radioactivity to said tissue. Unbound RDA can be removed rapidly from the environs of said tissue.
  • the present invention comprises an NRTIR comprising the residue of a receptor moiety which receptor moiety comprises the residue of a proteinaceous active site of a monoamine oxidase enzyme (sometimes hereinafter referred to as MAO), a linking group, and the residue of an immunoreactive material and an RDA comprising a ligand specific for said MAO receptor moiety, a linking group, and a radioactive agent.
  • MAO monoamine oxidase enzyme
  • RDA radioactive agent
  • the present invention comprises a NRTIR comprising the residue of a ligand specific for an MAO receptor moiety, a linking group, and the residue of an immunoreactive material and an RDA comprising the residue of an MAO receptor moiety, a linking group, and a radioactive agent.
  • the present invention is directed to an NRTIR comprising the proteinaceous active site of a monoamine oxidase enzyme, a linking group, and the residue of an immunoreactive material such as a tumor targeting antibody together with an RDA comprising a ligand specific for said MAO receptor moiety, a linking group, and a radioactive agent comprising a chelating agent and a radionuclide.
  • the present invention is directed to a NRTIR comprising the residue of a ligand specific for an MAO receptor moiety, a linking group, and the residue of an immunoreactive material such as a tumor targeting antibody together with an RDA comprising the residue of an MAO receptor moiety, a linking group, and a radioactive agent comprising a chelating agent and a radionuclide.
  • the present invention is also directed to pharmaceutical and diagnostic compositions that contain the NRTIR and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, and to pharmaceutical and diagnostic compositions that contain the RDA and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • the present invention is further directed to diagnostic imaging and therapeutic methods comprising sequentially administering an effective amount of NRTIR to a patient in need of such diagnosis or treatment, allowing the NRTIR to bind to sites on cells of a tissue of interest, cleaning unbound NRTIR from the environs of said tissue, and administering RDA to said patient.
  • the RDA contains multiple chelating agents which in total are capable of binding more ions of a radiometal per molecule of immunoreactive protein than can be bound per molecule by direct metallation of a previously available immunoreactive protein-chelating agent conjugate; b) the interaction of the receptor of the
  • NRTIR with the ligand of the RDA should be as long- lasting as possible (i.e., having a high affinity for each other, preferably undergoing effectively irreversible binding) so that loss of the RDA to other sites after binding is minimized; and c) any RDA which fails to bind to the receptor of the tissue bound NRTIR is rapidly removed, for example, from the plasma preferably by excretion from the body.
  • the present invention comprises an antigen on the surface of a cell, preferably a tumor cell, to which is bound a single molecule of an immunoreactive protein of the NRTIR.
  • a cell preferably a tumor cell
  • an immunoreactive protein of the NRTIR To the immunoreactive protein of the NRTIR are attached multiple copies (n) of a receptor, each of which binds a ligand of the RDA containing multiple chelator sites (m) for metal sequestration.
  • the total number of radiometal atoms capable of being bound per antigen is then the product of (n) multiplied by (m) .
  • NRTIR non radioactive targeting immunoreagent
  • RDA radioactive delivery agent
  • Z is the residue of an immunoreactive group
  • D is the residue of a ligand that will bind to the MAO receptor
  • MAO ligand is the residue of a ligand that will bind to an MAO active site
  • CLO is the residue of a clorgyline analog
  • PARG is the residue of a pargylinyl analog
  • Li and 2 are independently the residues of a linking group that may independently contain a spacing group
  • Q is the residue of a chelating group
  • M is a radionuclide
  • n and m are independently integers greater than zero.
  • the immunoreactive group, Z can be selected from a wide variety of naturally occurring or synthetically prepared materials.
  • Z preferably is an antibody or antibody fragment which recognizes and is specific for a tumor associated antigen.
  • Z can contain an immunoreactive group covalently bonded thereto through a chemical bond or a linking group derived from the residue of a protein reactive group and the residue of a reactive group on the protein.
  • immunosorbent protein which can be abbreviated by “IRP” also includes an organic compound which is capable of covalently bonding to the protein and which is found in a living organism or is useful in the diagnosis, treatment or genetic engineering of cellular material or living organisms, and which has a capacity for interaction with another component which may be found in biological fluids or associated with cells to be treated such as tumor cells.
  • the immunoreactive group can be selected from a wide variety of naturally occurring or synthetically prepared materials, including, but not limited to enzymes, amino acids, peptides, polypeptides, proteins, lipoproteins, glycoproteins, lipids, phospholipids, hormones, growth factors, steroids, vitamins, polysaccharides, viruses, protozoa, fungi, parasites, rickettsia, molds, and components thereof, blood components, tissue and organ components, pharmaceuticals, haptens, lectins, toxins, nucleic acids (including oligonucleotides) , antibodies (monoclonal and polyclonal) , anti-antibodies, antibody fragments, antigenic materials (including proteins and carbohydrates) , avidin and derivatives thereof, biotin and derivatives thereof, and others known to one skilled in the art.
  • an immunoreactive group can be any substance which when presented to an immunocompetent host will result in the production of a specific antibody capable of binding with that substance, or the antibody so produced
  • Preferred immunoreactive groups are antibodies and various immunoreactive fragments thereof, as long as they contain at least one reactive site for reaction with a protein reactive group as described herein. That site can be inherent to the immunoreactive species or it can be introduced through appropriate chemical modification of the immunoreactive species.
  • That site can be inherent to the immunoreactive species or it can be introduced through appropriate chemical modification of the immunoreactive species.
  • antibodies produced by the techniques outlined above other antibodies and proteins produced by the techniques of molecular biology are specifically included.
  • the immunoreactive group does not bind in an immunoreactive sense to the residue of a monoamine oxidase active site or to the residue of a ligand that has an affinity for a monoamine oxidase active site so as to inhibit binding between the two species in Systems A and B.
  • antibody fragment refers to an immunoreactive material which comprises a residue of an antibody, which antibody characteristically exhibits an affinity for binding to an antigen.
  • affinity for binding to an antigen refers to the thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction or binding between an antibody combining site and an antigenic determinant and, thus, of the stereochemical compatibility between them. As such, it is the expression of the equilibrium or association constant for the antibody-antigen interaction.
  • affinity as used herein also refers to the thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction or binding between a ligand and a receptor and, thus, of the stereochemical compatibility between them. As such, it is the expression of the equilibrium or association constant for the ligand-receptor interaction.
  • antibody fragments exhibit a percentage of said affinity for binding to said antigen, that percentage being in the range of 0.001 percent to 1,000 percent, preferably 0.01 percent to 1,000 percent, more preferably 0.1 percent to 1,000 percent, and most preferably 1.0 percent to 100 percent, of the relative affinity of said antibody for binding to said antigen.
  • An antibody fragment can be produced from an antibody by a chemical reaction comprising one or more chemical bond cleaving reactions; by a chemical reaction comprising of one or more chemical bond forming reactions employing as reactants one or more chemical components selected from a group comprising amino acids, peptides, carbohydrates, linking groups as defined herein, spacing groups as defined herein, protein reactive groups as defined herein, and antibody fragments such as are produced as described herein and by a molecular biological process, a bacterial process, or by a process comprising or resulting from the genetic engineering of antibody genes.
  • An antibody fragment can be derived from an antibody by a chemical reaction comprising one or more of the following reactions: (a) cleavage of one or more chemical bonds of which an antibody is comprised, said bonds being selected from, for example, carbon-nitrogen bonds, sulfur-sulfur bonds, carbon-carbon bonds, carbon-sulfur bonds, and carbon-oxygen bonds, and wherein the method of said cleavage is selected from:
  • a catalysed chemical reaction comprising the action of a biochemical catalyst such as an enzyme such as papain or pepsin which enzymes to those skilled in the art are known to produce antibody fragments commonly referred to as Fab and Fab'2, respectively;
  • a biochemical catalyst such as an enzyme such as papain or pepsin which enzymes to those skilled in the art are known to produce antibody fragments commonly referred to as Fab and Fab'2, respectively;
  • a catalysed chemical reaction comprising the action of an electrophilic chemical catalyst such as a hydronium ion which, for example, favorably occurs at a pH equal to or less than 7;
  • a catalysed chemical reaction comprising the action of a nucleophilic catalyst such as a hydroxide ion which, for example, favorably occurs at a pH equal to or greater than 7;
  • a chemical reaction comprising a substitution reaction employing a reagent such which is consumed in a stoichiometric manner such as, for example, a substitution reaction at a sulfur atom of a disulfide bond by a reagent comprising a sulfhydryl group (comprising a -SH group) or an anionic sulfide group
  • a chemical reaction comprising an oxidation reaction such as the oxidation of a carbon-oxygen bond of a hydroxyl group or the oxidation of a carbon-carbon bond of a vicinal diol group such as occurs in a carbohydrate moiety; or
  • an antibody fragment can be derived by formation of one or more non-covalent bonds between one or more reactants.
  • non-covalent bonds comprise hydrophobic interactions such as occur in an aqueous medium between chemical species that independently comprise mutually accessible regions of low polarity such as regions comprising aliphatic and carbocyclic groups, and of hydrogen bond interactions such as occur in the binding of an oligonucleotide with a complementary oligonucleotide; or
  • an antibody fragment can be produced as a result of the methods of molecular biology or by genetic engineering of antibody genes, for example, in the genetic engineering of a single chain immunoreactive group or a Fv fragment.
  • An antibody fragment can be produced as a result of a combination of one or more of the above methods.
  • the immunoreactive group can be an enzyme which has a reactive group for attachment to the residue of a monoamine oxidase active site in System A or to the residue of a ligand that has an affinity for binding to such a site in System B by means of a linking group L 2 .
  • Representative enzymes include, but are not limited to, aspartate aminotransaminase, alanine aminotransaminase, lactate dehydrogenase, creatine phosphokinase, gamma glutamyl transferase, alkaline acid phosphatase, prostatic acid phosphatase, horseradish peroxidase and various esterases.
  • the immunoreactive group can be modified or chemically altered to provide a reactive group for use in the attachment to the residue of a monoamine oxidase active site in System A or to the residue of a ligand that has an affinity for binding to such a site in System B through a linking group as described below by techniques known to those skilled in the art.
  • compositions of this invention include the use of linking moieties and chemical modification such as described in WO-A-89/02931 and WO-A-89/2932, which are directed to modification of oligonucleotides, and U.S. Patent No. 4,719,182.
  • Two highly preferred uses for the compositions of this invention are for the diagnostic imaging of tumors and the radiological treatment of tumors.
  • Preferred immunological groups therefore include antibodies to tumor-associated antigens.
  • An antibody is sometimes hereinafter referred to as Ab.
  • Specific non-limiting examples of antibodies include B72.3 and related antibodies (described in U.S. Patent Nos.
  • ING-1 which are described in International Patent Publication WO-A- 90/02569; B174, C174 and related antibodies which recognize squamous cell carcinomas; B43 and related antibodies which are reactive with certain lymphomas and leukemias; and anti-HLB and related monoclonal antibodies.
  • An especially preferred antibody is ING-1.
  • Preferred receptors comprise the residue of a monoamine oxidase (MAO; monoamine:oxygen oxidoreductase, EC 1.4.3.4) active site.
  • the MAO active site can comprise any MAO enzyme, in whole or in part, isolated from any source or modified by well known techniques of molecular. biology as long as it maintains MAO activity.
  • MAO exists as two isozymes, MAO-A and MAO-B. The tissue distribution of these isozymes is different, with MAO-A being found in its purest form in the human placenta, and MAO-B found in essentially pure form in human blood platelets and predominantly in the brain.
  • the MAO isozyme chosen for use in the compositions of the present invention depends on the degrees of specificity desired.
  • the MAO is a recombinant human enzyme.
  • the active site of the MAO is genetically engineered into a recombinant human matrix form while the specificity of the enzyme active site for MAO substrate analogs is maintained.
  • the MAO is covalently coupled, i.e., conjugated, to an immunoreactive group, preferably an antibody or an antibody fragment, most preferably to ING-1, to form the NRTIR (i.e., Z-Li-Rec) of the system.
  • an immunoreactive group preferably an antibody or an antibody fragment, most preferably to ING-1
  • the MAO as a component of a radioactive delivery agent i.e., an RDA, Rec-( 2-Q-M)m_ is attached to one or more chelating groups, each by means of a linking group, and the chelating group is associated with a radionuclide.
  • the chelating group is TMT
  • the linking group is as described below
  • the radionuclide is 90 ⁇ .
  • the RDA comprises an MAO that contains one or more radionuclides that are covalently attached, either directly to one or more components of the MAO or to one or more components that are attached by a linking group as described below to the MAO.
  • said covalently attached radionuclide is a radioisotope of iodine attached to an aromatic ring containing moiety.
  • chemical conjugation can be achieved, for example, by a technique comprising the use of a linking group (Li) which is introduced through modification of, for example, a site on an immunoreactive group.
  • a linking group Li
  • activated groups such as activated ethylene groups (e.g., maleimide groups) on to amine groups such as lysine epsilon-amines of a protein is represented in Scheme 1.
  • Other techniques include the use of heterobifunctional linking moieties and chemical modifications such as the examples described in U. S. Patent No. 4,719,182.
  • SMCC succinimidyl 4-(N-maleimidomethyl)cyclohexane-1- carboxylate
  • those chemicals such as SMCC, i.e., succinimidyl 4-(N-maleimidomethyl)cyclohexane-1- carboxylate, which are commonly commercially available, for example, from Pierce Chemical Company are included as non-limiting examples.
  • Suitable reactive sites on the immunoreactive material and on the receptor moiety include: amine sites of lysine; terminal peptide amines; carboxylic acid sites, such as are available in aspartic acid and glutamic acid; sulfhydryl sites; carbohydrate sites; activated carbon-hydrogen and carbon-carbon bonds which can react through insertion via free radical reaction or nitrene or carbene reaction of a so activated residue; sites of oxidation; sites of reduction; aromatic sites such as tyrosine; and hydroxyl sites.
  • the ratio of MAO to immunoreactive group such as an antibody can vary widely from about 0.5 to 10 or more.
  • mixtures comprised of immunoreactive groups which are unmodified and immunoreactive groups which are modified with MAO are also suitable.
  • Such mixtures can have a bulk ratio of MAO to immunoreactive group of from about 0.1 to about 10.
  • the mole ratio of MAO to immunoreactive group is from about 1:1 to about 6:1. It is specifically contemplated that with knowledge of the DNA sequence that encodes MAO, especially human MAO, a fusion protein can be made between the antibody and the MAO, or portions thereof, through the use of genetic engineering techniques. It is specifically contemplated that in all of these compositions of MAO bound to antibody, MAO retains a capacity to bind to the ligands described in the invention.
  • the ratio of ligand to immunoreactive group such as an antibody can vary widely from about 0.5 to 10 or more.
  • mixtures comprised of immunoreactive groups which are unmodified and immunoreactive groups which are modified with ligand are also suitable.
  • Such mixtures can have a bulk ratio of ligand to immunoreactive group of from about 0.1 to about 10.
  • the mole ratio of ligand to immunoreactive group is from about 1:1 to about 6:1.
  • the conjugate is purified by passage of the material through a gel permeation column such as Superose 6 using an appropriate elution buffer or by elution from a HPLC column such as a Shodex WS- 803F size exclusion column. Both these methods separate the applied materials by molecular size resulting in the elution of the antibody/MAO conjugate in a different fraction from any residual non-conjugated MAO.
  • the concentrations of the antibody in the conjugate solutions are determined by the BioRad protein assay using bovine immunoglobulin as the protein standard.
  • the conjugate is purified by passage of the material through a gel permeation column such as Superose 6 using an appropriate elution buffer or by elution from a HPLC column such as a Shodex WS-803F size exclusion column. Both these methods separate the applied materials by molecular size resulting in the elution of the antibody/ligand conjugate in a different fraction from any residual non-conjugated ligand.
  • the concentrations of the antibody in the conjugate solutions are determined by the BioRad protein assay using bovine immunoglobulin as the protein standard.
  • the ability of the antibody to bind to its target antigen following conjugation to MAO can be assayed by ELISA or flow cytometry.
  • a 30 cm x 7.5 mm TSK-G3000SW size-exclusion HPLC column (Supelco) fitted with a guard column of the same material can be used to determine the amount of aggregation in the final conjugate.
  • System B the ability of the antibody to bind to its target antigen following conjugation to the residue of a ligand can be assayed by ELISA or flow cytometry.
  • a 30 cm x 7.5 mm TSK-G3000SW size-exclusion HPLC column (Supelco) fitted with a guard column of the same material can be used to determine the amount of aggregation in the final conjugate.
  • the monoamine oxidase enzymic activity of the antibody-associated MAO can be assayed by following the deamination of biogenic monoamines (e.g., 5-hydroxytryptamine, dopamine, norepinephrine, and dietary tryamine) by MAO.
  • biogenic monoamines e.g., 5-hydroxytryptamine, dopamine, norepinephrine, and dietary tryamine
  • An especially useful method for assaying monoamine oxidase enzymic activity involves following the rate of oxidation of kynurine to 4- hydroxyquinoline by MAO as described by Weyler, W. and Salach, J.I. (J. Biological Chemistry, 2££L__13199 - 13207 [1985]) .
  • This method can also be used to assay the MAO inhibitory effects of the novel MAO binding ligands which are modified to include chelating agents as described in this invention.
  • the monoamine oxidase enzymic activity of the chelating agent-associated MAO can be assayed by following the rate of oxidation of kynurine to 4- hydroxyquinoline as described by Weyler, W. and Salach, J.I. (J " . Biological Chemistry, 260:13199 - 13207
  • This method can also be used to assay the MAO inhibitory effects of the novel ligands which have an affinity for binding to MAO and which are linked to immunoreactive groups as described in this invention.
  • Linking Group Li and L 2 in System A and System B are independently a chemical bond or the residue of a linking group.
  • the phrase "residue of a linking group” as used herein refers to a moiety that remains, results, or is derived from the reaction of a protein reactive group with a reactive site on a protein.
  • protein reactive group refers to any group which can react with functional groups typically found on proteins. However, it is specifically contemplated that such protein reactive groups can also react with functional groups typically found on relevant nonprotein molecules.
  • linking groups useful in the practice of this invention derive from those groups which can react with any relevant molecule "Z” or “Rec” as described above containing a reactive group, whether or not such relevant molecule is a protein, to form a linking group.
  • preferred linking groups thus formed include the linking group, Li, between the immunoreactive group, "Z", and the MAO active site containing species, "Rec", in the NRTIR System A; the linking group, Li, between the immunoreactive group, "Z", and MAO ligand species (e.g., "CLO” or "PARG”) in the NRTIR in System B; and the linking group, L2.
  • linking groups are derived from protein reactive groups selected from but not limited to:
  • crosslinking agents examples include carbodiimide and carbamoylonium crosslinking agents as disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 4,421,847 and the ethers of U.S. Patent No. 4,877,724.
  • one of the reactants such as the immunoreactive group must have a carboxyl group and the other such as the oligonucleotide containing species must have a reactive amine, alcohol, or sulfhydryl group.
  • the crosslinking agent first reacts selectively with the carboxyl group, then is split out during reaction of the thus "activated" carboxyl group with an amine to form an amide linkage between, for example, the protein and MAO active site containing species, thus covalently bonding the two moieties.
  • An advantage of this approach is that crosslinking of like molecules, e.g., proteins with proteins or MAO active site containing species with themselves is avoided, whereas the reaction of, for example, homo-bifunctional crosslinking agents is nonselective and unwanted crosslinked molecules are obtained.
  • Preferred useful linking groups are derived from various heterobifunctional cross-linking reagents such as those listed in the Pierce Chemical Company Immunotechnology Catalog - Protein Modification Section, (1991 and 1992) .
  • Useful non-limiting examples of such reagents include:
  • Sulfo-SMCC Sulfosuccinimidyl 4-(N- maleimidomethyl)cyclohexane-1- carboxylate.
  • Sulfo-SIAB Sulfosuccinimidyl (4- iodoacetyl)aminobenzoate.
  • Sulfo-SMPB Sulfosuccinimidyl 4-(p- maleimidophenyl)butyrate.
  • the linking groups in whole or in part, can also comprise and be derived from complementary sequences of nucleotides and residues of nucleotides, both naturally occurring and modified, preferably non-self-associating oligonucleotide sequences.
  • Particularly useful, non- limiting reagents for incorporation of modified nucleotide moieties containing reactive functional groups, such as amine and sulfhydryl groups, into an oligonucleotide sequence are commercially available from, for example, Clontech Laboratories Inc.
  • linking groups of this invention are derived from the reaction of a reactive functional group such as an amine or sulfhydryl group as are available in the above Clontech reagents, one or more of which has been incorporated into an oligonucleotide sequence, with, for example, one or more of the previously described protein reactive groups such as heterobifunctional protein reactive groups, one or more of which has been incorporated into an immune reactive agent or MAO active site containing moiety of this invention.
  • a reactive functional group such as an amine or sulfhydryl group as are available in the above Clontech reagents, one or more of which has been incorporated into an oligonucleotide sequence
  • protein reactive groups such as heterobifunctional protein reactive groups, one or more of which has been incorporated into an immune reactive agent or MAO active site containing moiety of this invention.
  • the complementary oligonucleotide sequences are attached to two components of the conjugate, one sequence to the immune reactive agent and the complementary oligonucleotide sequence to the MAO active site containing moiety.
  • the hybrid formed between the two complementary oligonucleotide sequences then comprises the linking group between the immune reactive agent and the MAO active site containing moiety.
  • the complementary oligonucleotide sequences are attached to two components of the conjugate, one sequence to the residue comprising one or more chelating agents and the complementary oligonucleotide sequence to the MAO active site containing moiety.
  • the hybrid formed between the two complementary oligonucleotide sequences then comprises the linking group between the MAO active site containing moiety and the chelating agent (s) .
  • two or more copies of the same oligonucleotide sequence can be linked, for example, in tandem to one MAO active site containing moiety and a complementary oligonucleotide sequence comprising multiple chelating agents can be added.
  • the multiple hybrids formed between the two complementary oligonucleotide sequences then comprise the linking group between the MAO active site containing moiety and multiple chelating agents.
  • one or more MAO active site binding ligands can be attached to the immunoreactive group using complementary oligonucleotide hybrids as described above.
  • multiple MAO sequences can be attached to the immunoreactive protein.
  • one or more MAO active site binding ligands can be attached to multiple chelating agents using complementary oligonucleotide hybrids as described above. d) Residues of Chelating groups
  • Q in Systems A and B represents the residues of chelating groups.
  • the chelating groups of this invention can comprise the residue of one or more of a wide variety of chelating agents that can have a radionuclide associated therewith.
  • a chelating agent is a compound containing donor atoms that can combine by coordinate bonding with a metal atom to form a cyclic structure called a chelation complex or chelate. This class of compounds is described in the
  • the residues of suitable chelating agents can be independently selected from polyphosphates, such as sodium tripolyphosphate and hexametaphosphoric acid; aminocarboxylic acids, such as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, N-(2- hydroxyethyl)ethylene-diaminetriacetic acid, nitrilotriacetic acid, N,N-di(2-hydroxyethyl)glycine, ethylenebis (hydroxyphenylglycine) and diethylenetriamine pentacetic acid; 1,3-diketones, such as acetylacetone, trifluoroacetylacetone, and thenoyltrifluoroacetone; hydroxycarboxylic acids, such as tartaric acid, citric acid, gluconic acid, and 5-sulfosalicylic acid; polyamines, such as ethylenediamine, diethylenetriamine, triethylenetetramine, and triaminotriethylamine; aminoalcohols, such as triethanolamine and
  • Preferred residues of chelating agents contain polycarboxylic acid groups and include: ethylenediamine- N, N, N',N'-tetraacetic acid (EDTA) ; N,N,N',N",N"- diethylene-triaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) ; 1,4,7,10- tetraazacyclododecane-N,N',N",N"'-tetraacetic acid (DOTA) ; 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-N,N',N"-triacetic acid (D03A) ; l-oxa-4,7,10-triazacyclododecane-N,N',N"- triacetic acid (OTTA) ; and trans(1,2)- cyclohexanodiethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (CDTPA) .
  • EDTA ethylenediamine- N, N, N',N'-tetraacetic acid
  • Preferred residues of chelating agents contain polycarboxylic acid groups and include: B4A, P4A, TMT, DCDTPA, PheMT, macroPheMT, and macroTMT;
  • chelating agents comprise proteins modified for the chelation of metals such as technetium and rhenium as described in U.S. Patent No. 5,078,985, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference.
  • suitable residues of chelating agents are derived from N3S and N2S2 containing compounds, as for example, those disclosed in U.S. Patent Nos. 4,444,690; 4,670,545; 4,673,562; 4,897,255; 4,965,392; 4,980,147; 4,988,496; 5,021,556 and 5,075,099.
  • linking groups include nitrogen atoms in groups such as amino, imido, nitrilo and imino groups; alkylene, preferably containing from 1 to 18 carbon atoms such as methylene, ethylene, propylene, butylene and hexylene, such alkylene optionally being interrupted by 1 or more heteroatoms such as oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur or heteroatom-containing groups; carbonyl; sulfonyl; sulfinyl; ether; thioether; ester, i.e., carbonyloxy and oxycarbonyl; thioester, i.e., carbonylthio, thiocarbonyl, thiocarbonyloxy, and oxythiocarboxy; amide, i.e., iminocarbonyl and carbonylimino; thioamide, i.e., iminocarboxy; amide, i.e., iminocarbonyl and carbonylimino; thioamide,
  • linking groups can be used, such as, for example, alkyleneimino and iminoalkylene. It is contemplated that other linking groups may be suitable for use herein, such as linking groups commonly used in protein heterobifunctional and homobifunctional conjugation and crosslinking chemistry as described for Li or L2 above.
  • linking groups include amino groups which when linked to the residue of a chelating agent via an isothiocyanate group on the chelating agent form thiourea groups.
  • the linking groups can contain various substituents which do not interfere with the coupling reaction between the chelating agent Q and the other components of this invention.
  • the linking groups can also contain substituents which can otherwise interfere with such reaction, but which during the coupling reaction, are prevented from so doing with suitable protecting groups commonly known in the art and which substituents are regenerated after the coupling reaction by suitable deprotection.
  • the linking groups can also contain substituents that are introduced after the coupling reaction.
  • the linking group can be substituted with substituents such as halogen, such as F, Cl, Br or I; an ester group; an amide group; alkyl, preferably containing from 1 to about 18, more preferably, 1 to 4 carbon atoms such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, and the like; substituted or unsubstituted aryl, preferably containing from 6 to about 20, more preferably 6 to 10 carbon atoms such as phenyl, naphthyl, hydroxyphenyl, iodophenyl, hydroxyiodophenyl, fluorophenyl and methoxypheny1; substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl, preferably containing from 7 to about 12 carbon atoms, such as benzyl and phenylethyl; alkoxy, the alkyl portion of which preferably contains from 1 to 18 carbon atoms as described for alkyl above; alkoxya
  • MAO substrate analogs are those which will fit the active site of the enzyme and include, for example, those with an aromatic ring and a side chain with an amino group located in the ring's plane. The distance between the center of the nitrogen and the ring should be 0.5 to 0.55 nanometers.
  • specific examples of the MAO active site binding ligands useful in this invention include propargyl amine derivatives such as derivatives of clorgyline, a suicide inhibitor of MAO-A, or of deprenyl, an inhibitor of MAO-B, shown below:
  • the groups X' and Y' represents a possible site for the attachment by a linking group L 2 to a chelating group in the RDA of System A or by a linking group Li to an immunoreactive group in the NRTIR or System B.
  • one of the groups X' and Y* is selected from the group consisting of H, a halogen such as F, Cl, Br, and I, an alkyl group of 1 to 6 carbons, a carboxylic acid group, a carboxylic amide group, and an alkyl ether group wherein the alkyl group is as defined above
  • the other of the groups X 1 and Y' comprises a group selected from the group consisting of a suitably substituted linear alkylene group containing from 1 to 12 carbons, a branched alkylene group containing from 2 to 12 carbons, a cyclic alkylene group of from 3 to 12 carbons, an ether group linked to an alkylene group where alkylene is defined above, an alkylene group as defined above containing one to 6 ether groups the oxygens in which are separated by 2 to 6 carbons such as a polyethylene glycolyl group or a polypropylene glycolyl group or a polyethylene-co-propylene glycolyl group,
  • Preferred analogs include those modified in such a way so as to permit or facilitate binding of one portion of the ligand to the immunoreactive species in system B by means of a linking group Li and to the chelating species in system A by means of a linking group L2.
  • MAO inhibitory compounds which could be similarly derivatized so as to act as MAO substrate analogs include N-cyclopropyl-N-arylalkyl amines and drugs of the type exemplified by 3- [4- (3- cyanophenylmethoxy)phenyl]-5- (methoxymethyl) -2- oxazolidinone. It is specifically contemplated that the MAO substrate analogs contemplated herein will form essentially irreversible attachments, such as via covalent bonds, with the elements of the active site of MAO.
  • An especially preferred class of compounds that will form irreversible, covalent attachments with the elements of the active site of MAO are derivatives of pargyline .
  • the group X' is as defined above and represents a site for the attachment by a linking group L2 to a chelating group in the RDA of System A or by a linking group Li to an immunoreactive group in the NRTIR or System B. Further substitution may also be possible on the groups adjacent to the amino group as long as the derivative falls within the description outlined above.
  • the preparation of a preferred RDA in system A is as defined above and represents a site for the attachment by a linking group L2 to a chelating group in the RDA of System A or by a linking group Li to an immunoreactive group in the NRTIR or System B. Further substitution may also be possible on the groups adjacent to the amino group as long as the derivative falls within the description outlined above.
  • linking groups between the pargyline aromatic ring and a chelating group comprise the residue of a 6-methylenecarbonylaminohexanoic acid amide with the N-terminal amine of a peptide such as H 2 N- (Ala) 4 -Lys-Lys-OH (SEQ ID N0.1) as well as the residue of a 7-methylenecarbonylaminoheptanoic acid amide with the N-terminal amine of a peptide such as H 2 N-(Ala) 4 -Lys-Lys-OH (SEQ ID N0:1) .
  • the number of alanine (Ala) residues is preferably in the range of from 0 to 12
  • the number of lysine (Lys) residues is preferably in the range from 2 to 20.
  • the lysines can be contiguous or can be separated by spacer groups such as the residue of amino acids such as 6-aminohexanoic acid, 7-aminoheptanoic acid, alanine, glycine, valine, glutaminic acid, aspartic acid, phenylalanine, serine, threonine, leucine, isoleucine, and other amino acids that will not interfere with the binding of the pargyline to the MAO active site or with the binding of the lysine amines to the chelator.
  • the spacing group between the lysines is selected from the group consisting of one or two 6-aminohexanoic acid residues, one or two 7-aminoheptanoic acid residues, 1 to 12 alanine residues, and 1 to 12 glycine residues.
  • the t-butoxycarbonyl (t-Boc) epsilon amine blocked Lys-Lys (structure 5) is prepared using a dehydrative coupling method, for example, using DCC (dicyclohexylcarbodiimide) and two epsilon amine protected lysine groups wherein one lysine (structure 4) is bound to a resin by an ester bond and has an unblocked alpha amino group, and wherein the other lysine has an unblocked carboxylic acid group and an FMOC-blocked alpha amino group.
  • DCC dicyclohexylcarbodiimide
  • a reagent such as benzotriazol-1-yloxy- tris (dimethylamino)phosphonium hexafluorophosphate (BOP) can be employed to react with a carboxylic acid to form a benzotriazoyloxy (BTAZ) ester which will react with the unblocked, N-terminal amine of an amino acid sequence to form a peptide bond.
  • BOP benzotriazol-1-yloxy- tris (dimethylamino)phosphonium hexafluorophosphate
  • BTAZ benzotriazoyloxy
  • the FMOC (9- fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl) group of resin linked Lys-Lys is then removed via base treatment, and 4 units of alanine are introduced as shown in SCHEME 2 to afford the resin bound bis (t-BOC) FMOC-blocked Ala-Ala-Ala-Ala- Lys-Lys-COO-resin (SEQ ID NO:2; structure 7) .
  • the acidic removal of the t-BOC groups and acidic removal of the peptide from the resin affords the FMOC-blocked peptide, FMOC-NH- (Ala) 4 - (Lys) 2 -COOH (SEQ ID N0:3; structure 8) .
  • This material is then treated with TMT- NCS in bicarbonate buffer at pH 9 to afford the bis-TMT derivatized FMOC-blocked peptide (structure 9) .
  • the FMOC group is then removed from the peptide as shown in SCHEME 3 by treatment with diethylamine to afford the peptide H 2 N-(Ala) (Lys-TMT) 2 -COOH (SEQ ID NO:4; structure
  • This peptide is then coupled to 6-(FMOC-amino) - hexanoic acid or to 7- (FMOC-amino)-heptanoic acid by means of an activated ester such as an N- hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) ester which is formed by the reaction of N-hydroxysuccinimide with the adduct of dicyclohexylcarbodiimide and 6- (FMOC-amino)-hexanoic acid or which is formed by the reaction of N- hydroxysuccinimide with the adduct of dicyclohexylcarbodiimide and 7- (FMOC-amino)-heptanoic acid, respectively, or by means of an activated ester such as a benzotriazoyl-1-oxy (BTAZ) ester formed by the reaction of benzotriazol-1-yloxy- tris (dimethylamino)phosphonium hexafluorophosphate (BOP) with 6-
  • This material can be purified and isolated using reverse phase and size exclusion high pressure liquid chromatography followed by removal of solvent, for example, by lyophilization.
  • a solution containing a desired number of mCi of 9 °y+ 3 is preferably added at room temperature to a solution of the pargyline derivative in (phosphate free) 0.5 M sodium acetate buffer at about pH 6.0 in deionized water.
  • Enantiomerically pure L- and pure D-amino acid derivatives, as well as racemic mixtures of D- and L- amino acid enantiomers of the above described pargyline derivatives are also useful in this invention.
  • Additional chelating agents and radionuclides bound to chelating agents are incorporated by preparing, for example, analogous peptides comprised of additional Lys- TMT and Lys-TMT-radionuclide groups .
  • the number of such Lys-TMT and Lys-TMT-radionuclide residues is from 1 to about 20, and more preferably from 2 to about 10.
  • the NRTIR is comprised of one or more ligands that have an affinity for binding to a MAO active site each with a suitably substituted linking group (Li) conjugated to the immunoreactive group (Z) .
  • said ligand that has an affinity for binding to a MAO active site is comprised of a 4-substituted pargyline residue linked to Z by a linking group (Li) as defined above.
  • the NRTIR preferably contains 2 to about 10 of such groups, more preferably 2 to about 4.
  • This pargyline derivative is then converted to an activated ester for coupling to a protein by reaction of the carboxylic acid group with NHS and DCC or with BOP as described above.
  • the NRTIR of System B comprises from one to about 20 of such pargyline containing groups, preferably from one to about 6.
  • the metal ion can be easily complexed to the chelating agent, for example, by merely exposing or mixing an aqueous solution of the chelating agent-containing moiety with a metal salt in an aqueous solution preferably having a pH in the range of about 4 to about 11.
  • the salt can be any water soluble salt of the metal such as a halogen salt, but preferably such salts are selected so as not to interfere with the binding of the metal ion with the chelating agent.
  • the chelating agent-containing moiety is preferably in aqueous solution at a pH of between about 5 and about 9, more preferably between pH about 6 to about 8.
  • the chelating agent-containing moiety optionally is mixed with buffers such as citrate, acetate, phosphate and borate to produce the optimum pH.
  • buffers such as citrate, acetate, phosphate and borate to produce the optimum pH.
  • the buffer salts are selected so as not to interfere with the subsequent binding of the metal ion to the chelating agent.
  • the radioactive chelating agent-containing moiety of this invention can contain any ratio of metal radionuclide ion to chelating agent that is effective in therapeutic and diagnostic imaging applications.
  • the mole ratio of metal ion per chelating agent is from about 1:10.0 to about 1:1.
  • the mole ratio of metal ion per chelating agent is from about 1:1,000 to about 1:1.
  • Non-radioactive metals are non-radioactive metals:
  • the metal ion of this invention can comprise a non radioisotope.
  • the metal ions can be selected from, but are not limited to, elements of groups IIA through VIA.
  • Preferred metals include those of atomic number 12, 13, 20, the transition elements 21 - 33, 38 - 52, 56, 72 -84 and 88 and those of the lanthanide series (atomic number 57 - 71) .
  • the metal ion of this invention can comprise a radionuclide.
  • the radionuclide can be selected, for example, from radioisotopes of Sc, Fe, Pb, Ga, Y, Bi, Mn, Cu, Cr, Zn, Ge, Mo, Tc, Ru, In, Sn, Sr, Sm, Lu, Sb, W, Re, Po, Ta and TI.
  • Preferred radionuclides include 4 Sc, 6 Cu, 67 Cu, ⁇ :L1 In, 212 Pb, 68 Ga, 90 Y, 153 Sm, 212 Bi, 99m Tc, 186 Re and 188 Re. Of these, especially preferred is 90 Y.
  • These metals can be atomic or preferably ionic. Fluorescent metals:
  • the metal ion of this invention can comprise a fluorescent metal ion.
  • the fluorescent metal ion can be selected from, but is not limited to, metals of atomic number 57 to 71. Ions of the following metals are preferred: La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, and Lu. Eu is especially preferred.
  • the metal ion of this invention can comprise one or more paramagnetic elements which are suitable for the use in MRI applications.
  • the paramagnetic element can be selected from elements of atomic number 21 to 29, 43, 44 and 57 to 71. The following elements are preferred: Cr, V, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb and Lu. Mn, Gd, and Dy are especially preferred.
  • the simultaneous use of two or more metal ions in combination with one another in the same chelating agent containing moiety is specifically contemplated.
  • a therapeutically effective dose of a radionuclide such as 9 ° ⁇ + 3 together in the same chelating agent containing moiety sample with a diagnostic imaging effective dose of a paramagnetic ion such as Gd +3 , the molar concentration of the latter ion being typically in excess with respect to that of the former ion in the conjugated complex, would permit the simultaneous magnetic resonance imaging of at least a portion of the tissue of a host patient during therapeutic treatment of said patient.
  • radioisotopes of iodine is specifically contemplated.
  • the RDA of System A or of System B comprises substituents that can be chemically substituted by iodine in a covalent bond forming reaction to iodine, such as for example, substituents containing hydroxyphenyl functionality, such substituents can be labeled by methods well known in the art with a radioisotope of iodine.
  • the thus covalently linked iodine species can be used in the aforementioned fashion in therapeutic and diagnostic imaging applications.
  • radioisotope can be delivered to a diseased tissue site; the delivery of radioisotope is site specific; delivery of radionuclide to a diseased tissue site can be achieved in amplification over that which can be achieved with a single stage delivery system; the system will reduce the exposure of non-target tissues to damage from radiation; the binding of the ligand to the receptor is essentially irreversible and selective; the system can be used in both therapeutic and diagnostic imaging applications; the above-described NRTIR can accumulate at a tumor site in vivo while it is not accumulated at normal tissue sites; the in vivo residence half life of the above- described NRTIR is long enough to permit its accumulation at a tumor site; the in vivo residence half life of the above- described RDA is shorter than the residence half life of the above-described NRTIR; the portion of the above described RDA that does not bind to tumor associated NRTIR is rapidly cleared from the patient; with respect to the same degree of
  • an effective dose of an RDA of System A or System B as described above in a pharmaceutically acceptable medium is prepared by exposing a composition of a precursor of an RDA (said precursor comprising a residue of a ligand that has an ability to covalently bind to a MAO active site, a linking group, and a residue of a chelating agent in System A and of a residue of a MAO active site, a linking group, and a residue of a chelating agent in System B) to a composition containing a radioactive metal ion such that the molar amount of said radionuclide metal ion is less than the molar amount of the chelating groups comprising the RDA, said duration of exposure lasting an effective time to permit uptake of said metal ion into said RDA.
  • an effective dose of a NRTIR of System A or System B as described above in a pharmaceutically acceptable medium is administered to a patient and said NRTIR is allowed to accumulate at the target site such as at a tumor site in said patient.
  • an effective dose of a RDA as described above in a pharmaceutically acceptable medium is administered to said patient, and said RDA is allowed to accumulate at the target site, said target site being the said NRTIR accumulated at said tumor site in said patient.
  • the present invention includes one or more NRTIR as described above and one or more RDA as described above formulated into compositions together with one or more non-toxic physiologically acceptable carriers, adjuvants or vehicles which are collectively referred to herein as carriers, for parenteral injection for oral administration in solid or liquid form, for rectal or topical administration, or the like.
  • compositions can be administered to humans and animals either orally, rectally, parenterally (intravenous, by intramuscularly or subcutaneously) , intracisternally, intravaginally, intraperitoneally, intravesically, locally (powders, ointments or drops) , or as a buccal or nasal spray.
  • Compositions suitable for parenteral injection may comprise physiologically acceptable sterile aqueous or nonaqueous solutions, dispersions, suspensions or emulsions and sterile powders for reconstitution into sterile injectable solutions or dispersions.
  • aqueous and nonaqueous carriers, diluents, solvents or vehicles examples include water, ethanol, polyols (propyleneglycol, polyethyleneglycol, glycerol, and the like) , suitable mixtures thereof, vegetable oils (such as olive oil) and injectable organic esters such as ethyl oleate.
  • a coating such as lecithin
  • surfactants for example, water, alcohol, polyols (propyleneglycol, polyethyleneglycol, glycerol, and the like)
  • suitable mixtures thereof examples include vegetable oils (such as olive oil) and injectable organic esters such as ethyl oleate.
  • Proper fluidity can be maintained, for example, by the use of a coating such as lecithin, by the maintenance of the required particle size in the case of dispersions and by the use of surfactants.
  • compositions may also contain adjuvants such as preserving, wetting, emulsifying, and dispensing agents.
  • adjuvants such as preserving, wetting, emulsifying, and dispensing agents.
  • Prevention of the action of microorganisms can be ensured by various antibacterial and antifungal agents, for example, parabens, chlorobutanol, phenol, sorbic acid, and the like.
  • isotonic agents for example sugars, sodium chloride and the like.
  • Prolonged absorption of the injectable pharmaceutical form can be brought about by the use of agents delaying absorption, for example, aluminum monostearate and gelatin.
  • Solid dosage forms for oral administration include capsules, tablets, pills, powders and granules.
  • the active compound is admixed with at least one inert customary excipient (or carrier) such as sodium citrate or dicalcium phosphate or
  • fillers or extenders as for example, starches, lactose, sucrose, glucose, mannitol and silicic acid
  • binders as for example, carboxymethylcellulose, alignates, gelatin, polyvinylpyrrolidone, sucrose and acacia
  • humectants as for example, glycerol
  • disintegrating agents as for example, agar-agar, calcium carbonate, potato or tapioca starch, alginic acid, certain complex silicates and sodium carbonate
  • solution retarders as for example paraffin
  • absorption accelerators as for example, quaternary ammonium compounds
  • wetting agents as for example
  • compositions of a similar type may also be employed as fillers in soft and hard-filled gelatin NOT FURNISHED UPON FILING
  • compositions of the present invention may be varied so as to obtain an amount of active ingredient that is effective to obtain a desired therapeutic response for a particular composition and method of administration.
  • the selected dosage level therefore depends upon the desired therapeutic effect, on the route of administration, on the desired duration of treatment and other factors.
  • the total daily dose of the compounds of this invention administered to a host in single of divided dose may be in amounts, for example, of from about 1 nanomol to about 5 micromols per kilogram of body weight.
  • Dosage unit compositions may contain such amounts of such submultiples thereof as may be used to make up the daily dose. It will be understood, however, that the specific dose level for any particular patient will depend upon a variety of factors including the body weight, general health, sex, diet, time and route of administration, rates of absorption and excretion, combination with other drugs and the severity of the particular disease being treated.
  • the present invention is directed to a method of diagnosis and comprises the administration of a contrast effective amount of the compositions of the present invention to a mammal in need of such diagnosis .
  • a method for diagnostic imaging for use in medical procedures in accordance with this invention comprises administering to the body of a test subject in need of a diagnostic image an effective contrast producing amount of the above-described NRTIR containing composition.
  • the NRTIR is allowed to bind to sites on cells of a tissue of interest, the unbound NRTIR is cleared from the environs of the tissue and an RDA containing composition as described above in a pharmaceutically acceptable medium is administered to the subject.
  • the radioactive targeting reagent is allowed to accumulate at the target site, said target site being the non-radioactive targeting immunoreagent accumulated at the sites on cells of a tissue of interest in said subject.
  • the image pattern can then be visualized, for example, by radioscintigraphy, by a radiation sensitive detector and signal amplifier.
  • the test subject can include mammalian species such as rabbits, dogs, cats, monkeys, sheep, pigs, horses, bovine animals and the like.
  • the NRTIR may be reacted with a diagnostic imaging effective amount of a reagent comprised of a radionuclide prior to administration to the environs of a tissue of interest of a patient undergoing such diagnostic imaging, waiting for an effective period of time during which time said NRTIR will bind to sites on cells of said tissue of interest and during which time unbound NRTIR will be removed from the environs of said tissue and then obtaining an image as a function of time of all or part of said tissue of interest.
  • a diagnostic imaging or a therapeutically effective amount of RDA containing the same or a different radionuclide as that employed on the NRTIR is administered to said tissue of interest of said patient.
  • At least a portion of the body containing the administered contrast agent is exposed to x-rays or to a magnetic field to produce an x-ray or magnetic resonance image pattern corresponding to the presence of heavy elements such as iodine and heavy metal ions in the contrast agent.
  • the image pattern can then be visualized.
  • transmitted radiation is used to produce a radiograph based upon overall tissue attenuation characteristics. X-rays pass through various tissues and are attenuated by scattering, i.e., reflection or refraction or energy absorption. However, certain body organs, vessels and anatomical sites exhibit so little absorption of x-ray radiation that radiographs of these body portions are difficult to obtain.
  • radiologists routinely introduce an x-ray absorbing medium containing a contrast agent into such body organs, vessels and anatomical sites.
  • Any x-ray visualization technique preferably, a high contrast technique such as computed tomography, can be applied in a conventional manner.
  • the image pattern can be observed directly on an x-ray sensitive phosphor screen-silver halide photographic film combination.
  • Magnetic resonance imaging systems when paramagnetic ions are used can be accomplished with commercially available magnetic imaging systems such as a General Electric 1.5 T Signa imaging system [IH resonant frequency 63.9 megahertz (MHz)].
  • Commercially available magnetic resonance imaging systems are typically characterized by the magnetic field strength used, with a field strength of 2.0 Tesla as the current maximum and 0.2 Tesla as the current minimum.
  • each detected nucleus has a characteristic frequency.
  • the resonance frequency for hydrogen is 42.57 MHz; for phosphorus-31 it is 17.24 MHz; and for sodium-23 it is 11.26 MHz.
  • a contrast effective amount of the compositions of the present invention is that amount necessary to provide tissue visualization with, for example, magnetic resonance imaging or x-ray imaging.
  • Means for determining a contrast effective amount in a particular subject will depend, as is well known in the art, on the nature of the magnetically reactive material used, the mass of the subject being imaged, the sensitivity of the magnetic resonance or x-ray imaging system and the like.
  • a sufficient time period is from about 20 minutes to about 2 weeks or more and, preferably from about 20 minutes to about 1 week.
  • Z is the residue of an immunoreactive group, preferably an antibody
  • Rec is the residue of a receptor, preferably a monoamine oxidase (MAO) ;
  • MAO monoamine oxidase
  • D is the residue of a ligand that has an affinity for covalent binding to the receptor, and preferably said ligand is pargyline, an inhibitor of monoamine oxidase;
  • Li and L 2 are each independently the residue of a linking group that may contain a spacing group
  • Q is the residue of a chelating group such as TMT, above;
  • M is a radionuclide, preferably 90 Y; and n and m are each independently an integer greater than zero.
  • Ala-Ala-Ala-Ala-Lys-Lys-OH (SEQ ID N0:3), is synthesized via solid-phase methodology on an ABI 430A Automated Peptide Synthesizer.
  • the solid support used in the synthesis is a 4-alkoxybenzyl alcohol polystyrene resin (Wang resin) .
  • the N-alpha-Fmoc protecting group is used throughout the synthesis; the amines on the side chain of Lys are protected with t-BOC.
  • the peptide chain is assembled using the ABI FastMocTM software protocols for Fmoc-chemistry (0.25 mmole scale, HBTU activated couplings, 4 fold excess of amino acid, 1 hour) .
  • the peptide is removed from the resin and t-BOC groups are removed from the lysine amines by treatment of the peptide-resin with 15 mL of a 95:5 solution of trifluoroacetic acid in water in a sealed vessel followed by shaking at room temperature for 2 hours. The mixture is then filtered using a scintered glass funnel. The filtrate volume is then reduced to about 3 mL by rotoevaporation, and the peptide is precipitated by dropping the oil into a centrifuge tube containing 50 mL of ether. The peptide is separated by centrifugation, the ether is decanted, the solid is washed with more ether and then allowed to air dry.
  • N-alpha-Fmoc-protected peptide, Fmoc-HN-Ala-Ala-Ala- Ala-Lys-Lys-OH (SEQ ID NO:3) , from Example 1 (20 mM) is dissolved in a saturated sodium bicarbonate solution (pH 9) in deionized water (50 L) containing dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO, 5 L) .
  • This solution is treated with TMT-NCS (25 mM) , and the reaction is allowed to continue for 12 hours at room temperature.
  • This solution is then treated with more TMT-NCS (25 mM) , and the reaction is allowed to continue for 24 hours at room temperature.
  • N-alpha-Fmoc-protected peptide, Fmoc-HN-Ala-Ala- Ala-(Lys-TMT)-(Lys-TMT)-OH (SEQ ID NO:5)
  • Example 2 10 mM
  • the reaction vessel is sealed and warmed to 40 °C for 12 hours.
  • the reaction is cooled, and the desired product is isolated by HPLC using a Shodex WS-803F size exclusion column and a UV-visible detector monitoring the absorption of TMT.
  • a solid sample is isolated from solution by lyophilization.
  • Example 7 The crude reaction product from Example 5 is treated with 10 mM of H 2 N-Ala-Ala-Ala-Ala- (Lys-TMT)-(Lys-TMT)-OH (SEQ ID NO:4) from Example 3 in 50 mL of deionized water and 50 mL of dimethylsulfoxide containing 1 mL of pyridine. The reaction is allowed to proceed overnight at room temperature.
  • Example 7
  • the crude reaction product from Example 6 is treated with diethylamine according to the procedure of Example 3.
  • the desired product is purified by HPLC using a Shodex WS-803F size exclusion column and a UV-visible detector monitoring the absorption of TMT.
  • a solid sample is isolated from solution by lyophilization.
  • Example 8 To the crude reaction product of Example 8 is added 10 mL of N-methylpropargylamine (Aldrich) , and the reaction mixture is stirred for 6 hours at room temperature.
  • the desired product is isolated by HPLC using a Shodex WS- 803F size exclusion column and a UV-visible detector monitoring the absorption of TMT.
  • a solid sample is isolated from solution by lyophilization.
  • Radionuclide, 9 0 ⁇ + 3 chelated to H-CC-CH 2 -N(CH 3 )-CH 2 - C6H 6 -CH 2 -CO-HN-(CH 2 ) 5 -CO-HN- (Ala) 4 - (Lys-TMT) 2 -OH (SEQ ID NO:9) (formation of D-(L 2 -Q-M) m )
  • a volume of radioactive 90 YCl3 ( 90 Y in 0.04 M hydrochloric acid at a specific activity of >500 Ci/mg; Amersham-Mediphysics) is neutralized using two volumes of 0.5 M sodium acetate pH 6.0 and added to a solution of H-CC-CH 2 -N(CH 3 ) -CH 2 -C6H 6 -CH 2 -CO-HN-(CH 2 ) 5 -CO-HN-
  • the strip is inserted into a System 200 Imaging Scanner (Bioscan) which is optimized for 90 Y and which is controlled by a Compaq 386/20e computer.
  • a System 200 Imaging Scanner Bioscan
  • free 90 Y migrates at the solvent front while the peptide containing the TMT chelated to 90 Y remains near the origin.
  • excess of 97% of the added 90 Y is taken up by the H-CC-CH 2 -N(CH 3 )- CH 2 -C6H6-CH 2 -CO-HN-(CH 2 )5-CO-HN-(Ala) 4 -(Lys-TMT) 2 -OH (SEQ ID NO:9) to form the desired 90 Y-chelated product.
  • ING-1 a chimeric IgG ⁇ antibody
  • ING-1 is a non- limiting example of such an antibody; other antibodies such as those described herein are useful.
  • MAOs referred to hereinbelow are of human origin.
  • Purified monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A) is isolated from the membranes of human placental mitochondria by published methods. (Weyler, W. and Salach, J.I [1985]; J. Biological Chemistry, 2___.___.13199 - 13207) .
  • MAO-B monoamine oxidase B
  • the membranes of human platelets are prepared by the method of Fritz ( Fritz, R.R., Abell, C.W., Denney, R.M.
  • a sulfo-SMCC solution (36 nmoles; Pierce Chemical Co.) in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) is added to a solution containing of a chimeric antibody (ING-1; 6 nmoles) in phosphate buffer ( at pH 7) .
  • PBS phosphate buffered saline
  • the resulting reaction mixture is allowed to stand for 30 minutes with occasional mixing at room temperature.
  • the reaction is stopped with 60 nmoles of basic tris buffer.
  • the reaction mixture is diluted with phosphate buffered saline, added to a prewashed PD-10 column, and eluted with PBS to afford ING-1-maleimide. This material is stored on ice until use.
  • a solution containing a chimeric antibody (ING-1; 6 nmoles) in 0.1 M carbonate buffer (pH 8.8) is mixed with 200 nmoles of an aqueous solution of 2-iminothiolane.
  • a solution containing 50 nmoles of MAO in PBS is vortexed while 500 nmoles of SATA (in DMSO) are added.
  • the reaction mixture is diluted with PBS, and eluted from a PD-10 column with PBS to afford an S- acetyl thioacetylated MAO, MAO(NH) -CO-CH 2 -S-CO-CH 3 .
  • the S-acetyl thioacetylated MAO is deacylated by the addition of 25 mL of a pH 7.5 solution containing 100 mM sodium phosphate, 25 mM EDTA, and 100 mM NH 2 OH.
  • the reaction proceeds for two hours at room temperature after which the material is passed down a PD-10 column eluting with PBS.
  • the final product, MAO(NH) -CO-CH 2 -SH is used immediately.
  • Example 13 General method for the conjugation of a MAO to an Antibody employing the reaction of a sulfhydryl- containing species with a maleimide-containing species, (formation of Z-(Li ⁇ Rec) n )
  • the following procedure is generally applicable to the conjugation of sulfhydryl-containing MAO species to maleimide-containing antibody species as well as to the conjugation of sulfhydryl-containing antibody species to maleimide-containing MAO species.
  • the following procedure is applicable to the conjugation of ING-1-Maleimide of Example 11a to mercapto-MAO of
  • maleimide-containing reactant species for example, ING- 1-Maleimide of Example 11a and MAO-Maleimide of Example 12c
  • a freshly prepared sample of a sulfhydryl- containing reactant species as described above (50 nmoles) is eluted off a PD-10 column directly into a solution of maleimide-containing species as described above (5 nmoles) . After a brief mixing the solution is rapidly concentrated by centrifugation in a Centricon- 30® device to a concentration of approximately 3.0 mg/mL protein. The reaction then is allowed to proceed for 4 hours at room temperature.
  • the thus prepared antibody- MAO conjugate is transferred to an Amicon stirred cell fitted with a YM-100 membrane filter, the sample is diluted to 10 mL with PBS and then concentrated, under a nitrogen pressure of 5 kg/cm 2 , to a volume of about 500 microliters.
  • the retentate material is again diluted with PBS to 10 mL and reconcentrated to 1.0 mL.
  • This procedure which separates unconjugated MAO and other low molecular weight species from the retained antibody- MAO conjugate and unconjugated antibody, is repeated 4 times or until spectrophotometric monitoring of the diafiltrate at 280 nm shows that no further protein is present in the diafiltrate.
  • the retentate material is then concentrated to approximately 1.0 mg of antibody- MAO conjugate per milliliter solution.
  • This solution is then applied to a 2.6 x 60 cm Sephacryl S-200 (Pharmacia) size-exclusion column equilibrated and eluted with a 50 mM sodium phosphate buffer solution at pH 7.2 supplemented with 150 mM sodium chloride. This column separates unconjugated antibody from antibody-MAO conjugate. Fractions of the eluate containing the conjugate are pooled and then centrifuged in a
  • Centricon-30 device to a concentration of approximately 1.0 mg of antibody-MAO conjugate per milliliter of solution.
  • the solution of the conjugate is sterile filtered through a 0.22 m filter and stored at 4°C until used.
  • Z is the residue of an immunoreactive group, preferably an antibody
  • Rec is the residue of a receptor, preferably a MAO receptor
  • D is the residue of a ligand, preferably a pargyline- containing ligand, that has an affinity for covalent binding to the receptor, preferably to a MAO receptor;
  • Li and L 2 are each independently the residue of a linking group that may contain a spacing group
  • Q is the residue of a chelating group, preferably TMT;
  • M is a radionuclide, preferably 90 Y; and n and m are each independently an integer greater than zero.
  • Ala-Ala-Ala-Ala-OH (SEQ ID NO:10), is synthesized via solid-phase methodology on an ABI 430A Automated Peptide Synthesizer.
  • the solid support used in the synthesis is a 4-alkoxybenzyl alcohol polystyrene resin (Wang resin) .
  • the N-alpha-Fmoc protecting group is used throughout the synthesis.
  • the peptide chain is assembled using the ABI FastMocTM software protocols for Fmoc-chemistry (0.25 mmole scale, HBTU activated couplings, 4 fold excess of amino acid, 1 hour) .
  • the peptide is removed from the resin by treatment of the peptide-resin with 15 mL of a 95:5 solution of trifluoroacetic acid in water in a sealed vessel followed by shaking at room temperature for 2 hours. The mixture is then filtered using a scintered glass funnel. The filtrate volume is then reduced to about 3 mL by rotoevaporation, and the peptide is precipitated by dropping the oil into a centrifuge tube containing 50 mL of ether. The peptide is separated by centrifugation, the ether is decanted, the solid is washed with more ether and then allowed to air dry.
  • N-alpha-Fmoc-protected peptide, Fmoc-HN-Ala-Ala- Ala-OH (SEQ ID NO:10), from Example 14 (10 mM) is dissolved in 50 mL of deionized water and 50 mL of dimethylsulfoxide, and then treated with 25 mM of N,N- diethylamine.
  • the reaction vessel is sealed and warmed to 40 °C for 12 hours.
  • the reaction is cooled, and the desired product is isolated by HPLC using a Shodex WS- 803F size exclusion column and a UV-visible detector monitoring the absorption of the peptide.
  • a solid sample is isolated from solution by lyophilization.
  • the crude reaction product from Example 5 is treated with 10 mM of H 2 N-Ala-Ala-Ala-OH (SEQ ID NO:11) from Example 15 in 50 mL of deionized water and 50 mL of dimethylsulfoxide containing 1 mL of pyridine. The reaction is allowed to proceed overnight at room temperature.
  • Example 16 The crude reaction product from Example 16 is treated with diethylamine according to the procedure of Example 3.
  • the desired product is purified by HPLC using a
  • Example 20 To the crude reaction product of Example 18 is added 10 mL of N-methylpropargylamine (Aldrich), and the reaction mixture is stirred for 6 hours at room temperature. The desired product is isolated by HPLC using a Shodex WS- 803F size exclusion column and a UV-visible detector monitoring the absorption of the aromatic species. A solid sample is isolated from solution by lyophilization.
  • N-methylpropargylamine Aldrich
  • Example 19 The product of Example 19 (12 nmoles) in 2.5 mL of 50% DMSO in 50 mM sodium phosphate buffer at pH 7.2 is mixed with a solution of EDC (l-ethyl-3-(-3- dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide) in DMSO to give a final EDC concentration of 50 micromolar.
  • EDC l-ethyl-3-(-3- dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide
  • the pargylinyl tetrapeptide-O-acylisourea obtained from Example 20 (10 nmoles) is eluted directly into a solution of 10 nmoles of ING-1 antibody in 200 mM acetate buffer (pH 5.0) .
  • the reaction mixture is slowly stirred overnight at room temperature.
  • pargylinyl tetrapeptide-ING-1 conjugate is separated from unconjugated pargylinyl tetrapeptide-O- acylisourea and other low molecular weight products using a Superose 6 HPLC column equilibrated in and eluted with 50 mM sodium phosphate buffer at pH 7.2 supplemented with 150 mM sodium chloride. The eluate is concentrated using a Centricon-30 device to a concentration of 1.0 mg pargyline tetrapeptide-ING-1 conjugate per milliliter of solution.
  • the reaction mixture is stirred briefly to mix the reactants and then left in the dark at room temperature. After 16 hours, the therein produced MAO-to-TMT conjugate is separated from unconjugated TMT-isothiocyanate by applying the reaction mixture to a PD-10 chromatography column which has been pre-washed and equilibrated with 50 mM sodium acetate buffer containing 150 mM sodium chloride at pH 5.6. The conjugate is eluted off the column with 2.5 mL of that same buffer, and concentrated on a Centricon-10® concentration device.
  • Radioisotopic labeling of MAO-to-TMT conjugate with 90 Y (formation of Rec- (L2-Q-M) m )
  • a volume of radioactive yttrium chloride ( 90 Y in 0.04 M hydrochloric acid at a specific activity of >500 Ci/g: Amersham-Mediphysics) is neutralized using two volumes of 0.5 M sodium acetate pH 6.0.
  • the neutralized 90 Y solution (1.0 mCi) is added to 1.0 mL of MAO-to-TMT conjugate (1 mg/mL) in 50 mM sodium acetate buffer containing 150 mM sodium chloride at pH 5.6.
  • reaction mixture is loaded on to a PD-10 chromatography column which has been pre-washed with and equilibrated in a pH 7.4 phosphate buffer containing 50 mM sodium phosphate and 150 mM sodium chloride (PBS) .
  • PBS sodium chloride
  • the sample is eluted from the column with 1.5 mL of PBS.
  • Fractions of radioisotopically labeled MAO-to-TMT conjugate (0.5 mL) are collected, assayed for radioactivity, and pooled.
  • the labeling efficiency is determined by removing 1.0 ⁇ L of the sample and spotting it on to a Gelman ITLC-SG strip.
  • the strip is developed in a glass beaker containing 0.1 M sodium citrate, pH 6.0, for a few minutes until the solvent front has reached three-quarters of the way to the top of the paper.
  • the strip is inserted into a System 200 Imaging Scanner (Bioscan) which is optimized for 90 Y and controlled by a Compaq 386/20e computer.
  • System 200 Imaging Scanner Bioscan
  • free 90 ⁇ migrates at the solvent front while the MAO-to- TMT conjugate isotopically labeled with 90y remains at the origin.
  • Using this system more than 98% of the total 90 ⁇ radioactivity is found associated with MAO-to- TMT conjugate at the origin.
  • the concentrations of ING-1 and MAO for use in the conjugate reactions are determined by the BioRad protein assay using bovine immunoglobulin as the protein standard. By inclusion of known trace amounts of 125 ⁇ - labeled MAO or of 125 I-labeled ING-1 (the amount of radioactivity being measured by liquid scintillation counting) in the reaction mixtures, and by knowing the specific activity of the proteins in the preparations, the ratio of one protein to the other after conjugation is calculated.
  • trace amounts of radiolabeled 125 I-MAO MAO labeled with other materials, such as TMT-isothiocyante which is then chelated to 90 Y as described above can be used. The amount of radioactivity can be measure as above.
  • MAO labeled with a chelating agent such as TMT- isothiocyante as described above can be chelated to europium ion for use in fluorescence detection assays.
  • a chelating agent such as TMT- isothiocyante as described above
  • Other known assays for quantifying concentrations of proteins such as those involving biotinylating agents such as those described in the Pierce Chemical Company 1992 catalog, or assays involving fluoroscein isothiocyanate are useful to detect and quantify the amount of MAO or MAO conjugated to another protein and present in a solution.
  • Such species include MAO conjugated to an antibody, sometimes hereinafter referred to as antibody-MAO conjugates.
  • Antibody-MAO conjugates are examined for their ability to bind to antigens on the surface of a human tumor cell line to which the antibody had been raised. The immunoreactivity of the conjugates is compared by flow cytometry with a standard preparation of the antibody before being subjected to modification and conjugation to MAO.
  • Target HT29 cells a human adenocarcinoma cell line: ATCC
  • ATCC human adenocarcinoma cell line
  • the standard curve is made in flow buffer so that each sample contains 1.0 mg protein per mL.
  • Samples from the standard curve and ING-1-MAO unknowns are then incubated with 5xl0 5 HT29 cells at 4°C for 1 hour. After extensive washing to remove unbound antibody, the cells are resuspended in 100 mL flow buffer and incubated at 4°C for 1 hour with goat-anti-human antibody labelled with fluoroscein isothiocyanate (FITC) . After further washing in flow buffer the samples are analyzed by flow cytometry on a Coulter EPICS 753 flow cytometer.
  • FITC fluoroscein isothiocyanate
  • Fluoroscein isothiocyanate (FITC) and propidium iodide (PI) are excited using the 488 nm emission line of an argon laser. The output is set at 500 mw in light regulation mode. Single cells are identified by 90 degree and forward angle light scatter. Analysis windows are applied to these parameters to separate single cells from aggregates and cell debris. Fluorescence from FITC and propidium are separated with a 550nm long pass dichroic filter and collected through a 530 nm band pass filter (for FITC), and a 635 nm band pass filter (for PI) . Light scatter parameters are collected as integrated pulses and fluorescence is collected as log integrated pulses.
  • FITC Fluoroscein isothiocyanate
  • PI propidium iodide
  • Dead cells are excluded from the assay by placing an analysis window on cells negative for PI uptake.
  • the mean fluorescence per sample (weighted average from 2500 cells) is calculated for each histogram.
  • FITC calibration beads are analyzed in each experiment to establish a fluorescence standard curve.
  • the average fluorescence intensity for each sample is then expressed as the average FITC equivalents per cell.
  • Immunoreactivity is calculated by comparing the average fluorescence intensity of the ING-1-MAO sample with values from the standard curve. (24c) Immunoreactivity assay by ELISA
  • the antigen to which the antibody, ING-1, binds is prepared from LS174T or HT 29 cells (available from ATTC) by scraping confluent monolayers of cells from the walls of culture flasks with a cell scraper. The cells from many flasks are combined and a sample is taken and counted to estimate the total number of cells harvested. At all times the cells are kept on ice.
  • the cells are washed once in 25 mL ice-cold 50 mM sodium phosphate buffer, pH 7.4 supplemented with 150 mM sodium chloride (PBS) , pelleted under the same conditions and transferred in 10 mL PBS to an ice-cold glass mortar.
  • the cells are homogenized at 4°C using a motor-driven pestle and then centrifuged at 3000 x g for 5 minutes. The antigen-rich supernatant is removed from the other cell debris and subjected to further centrifugation at 100,000 x g for one hour at 4°C.
  • the pellet (antigen fraction) from this final step is suspended in 100 mL of PBS for every million cells harvested. Following an estimate of the protein concentration (BioRad BCA protein assay using bovine immunoglobulin as the protein standard) the antigen is stored at at -20°C until use.
  • Each well of a 96-well Costar microtiter plates is coated with antigen by adding 100 mL/well of cell lysate (10 mg/ml) prepared as above.
  • the microtiter plates are allowed to dry overnight in a 37°C incubator. After washing the plate five times with 0.05% Tween-20 (Sigma) they were blotted dry.
  • the wells of each plate were blocked by adding 125 mL/well of a 1% BSA (bovine serum albumin, Sigma A-7906) solution in PBS and incubated for 1 hour at room temperature. The plates were washed five times with 0.05% Tween-20.
  • BSA bovine serum albumin
  • a 30 cm x 7.5 mm TSK-G3000SW size-exclusion HPLC column (Supelco) fitted with a guard column of the same material is equilibrated with 12 column volumes of 10 mM sodium phosphate buffer pH 6.0 supplemented with 150 mM sodium chloride using a Waters 600E HPLC system with a flow rate of 1.0 mL per minute at 400-600 PSI.
  • a sample (25 mL) of BioRad gel filtration protein standards is injected on to the column. The retention time of each standard is monitored by a Waters 490 UV detector set at 280 nm.
  • the enzymatic activity of MAO before and after conjugation is assayed to ensure that the process of conjugation of MAO to another species as described above does not inhibit the enzymatic activity of MAO.
  • the enzymatic activity of MAO is used to monitor inhibitory effect of drugs such as clorgyline, pargyline and their analogs as described above in Examples 1 - 9 on unconjugated MAO and on antibody-MAO conjugates.
  • the enzymatic activity of MAO in antibody-MAO conjugates as described above is used as a measure of efficacy of new drugs designed to inhibit MAO activity. It is also used as a measurement of the effect of clorgyline-derived or pargyline-derived TMT delivery systems, D-(L 2 -Q)m as described above, such as H-CC-CH 2 -N(CH 3 )-CH 2 -CgH6-CH 2 - CO-HN-(CH 2 ) 5 -CO-HN- (Ala) 4 - (Lys-TMT)2-OH (SEQ ID NO:7) of
  • Example 9 as well as those systems that contain a chelated metal ion, D-(L 2 -Q-M)m, such as described above for 90 Y.
  • the enzymatic activity of MAO is used to as a measure of the relative amount of MAO in a solution.
  • 1 unit of MAO activity is defined as the amount of material needed to convert 1.0 micromole of kynurine to 4-hydroxyquinoline per minute at pH 7.2 and 25°C.
  • the activity of the enzyme is measured spectrophotometrically at 314 nm by following the increase in absorbance as kynurine is oxidized to 4- hydroxyquinoline.
  • a sample of purified MAO enzyme (approximately 1.0 mg) or a sample of ING-1- MAO conjugate (Example 13) or a sample of MAO-to-TMT conjugate (Example 22) is added to a 1.0 mM solution of kynurine dissolved in a 50 mM phosphate buffer (pH 7.2) containing 0.2% Triton X-100 at 30°C to give a final volume of 1.0 mL.
  • the increase in absorbance at 314 nm is measured over a 10 minute period and the activity (units per mL) is calculated from the slope of the optical density vs time plot (Weyler, W. and Salach, J.I [1985]; J. Biological Chemistry, 2£______.13199 - 13207) .
  • inhibitors e.g. Examples 9, 19 or 21
  • increasing concentrations of the inhibitor are added into the basic MAO enzyme assay, described above, without changing the volume or concentration of the reactants.
  • concentration of inhibitor required to reduce the amount of 4-hydroxyquinoline produced by 50% is calculated and compared with known concentrations of pargyline.
  • CORRESPONDENCE ADDRESS (A) ADDRESSEE: Dressier, Goldsmith, Shore,

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Abstract

Dans une variante, cette invention concerne un immunoréactif de ciblage non radioactif comprenant le résidu d'un site actif protéique d'une enzyme monoamine-oxydase (MAO), un groupe de liaison, et le résidu d'un matériau immunoréactif ainsi qu'un agent d'administration radioactif comprenant un liant spécifique à cette fraction du récepteur de MAO, un groupe de liaison et un agent radioactif. Dans une autre variante, cette invention concerne un immunoréactif de ciblage non radioactif comprenant le résidu d'un liant spécifique à une fraction réceptrice du site actif protéique de MAO, un groupe de liaison, et le résidu d'un matériau immunoréactif ainsi qu'un agent d'administration radioactif comprenant le résidu d'une fraction réceptrice du site actif protéique de MAO, un groupe de liaison et un agent radioactif. Ces compositions comprennent des systèmes utiles dans la production d'une amplification de l'administration de l'agent radioactif sur des sites tumoraux dans l'imagerie thérapeutique et de diagnostic du cancer.
EP94921934A 1993-06-07 1994-06-07 Reactifs immunoreactifs utilisant la monoamine-oxydase Withdrawn EP0710244A1 (fr)

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