EP0703427A1 - Procédé pour la fabrication par gonflage de panneaux - Google Patents

Procédé pour la fabrication par gonflage de panneaux Download PDF

Info

Publication number
EP0703427A1
EP0703427A1 EP94114865A EP94114865A EP0703427A1 EP 0703427 A1 EP0703427 A1 EP 0703427A1 EP 94114865 A EP94114865 A EP 94114865A EP 94114865 A EP94114865 A EP 94114865A EP 0703427 A1 EP0703427 A1 EP 0703427A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
passageway
shunt
width
passage
curved
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP94114865A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP0703427B1 (fr
Inventor
Akio Kurihara
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Showa Aluminum Can Corp
Original Assignee
Showa Aluminum Corp
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Showa Aluminum Corp filed Critical Showa Aluminum Corp
Priority to DE69419754T priority Critical patent/DE69419754T2/de
Priority to AT94114865T priority patent/ATE182673T1/de
Priority to EP94114865A priority patent/EP0703427B1/fr
Publication of EP0703427A1 publication Critical patent/EP0703427A1/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0703427B1 publication Critical patent/EP0703427B1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

Links

Images

Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21D—WORKING OR PROCESSING OF SHEET METAL OR METAL TUBES, RODS OR PROFILES WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21D53/00—Making other particular articles
    • B21D53/02—Making other particular articles heat exchangers or parts thereof, e.g. radiators, condensers fins, headers
    • B21D53/04—Making other particular articles heat exchangers or parts thereof, e.g. radiators, condensers fins, headers of sheet metal
    • B21D53/045—Making other particular articles heat exchangers or parts thereof, e.g. radiators, condensers fins, headers of sheet metal by inflating partially united plates
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B39/00—Evaporators; Condensers
    • F25B39/02—Evaporators
    • F25B39/022—Evaporators with plate-like or laminated elements
    • F25B39/024—Evaporators with plate-like or laminated elements with elements constructed in the shape of a hollow panel
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
    • F28F3/00—Plate-like or laminated elements; Assemblies of plate-like or laminated elements
    • F28F3/12—Elements constructed in the shape of a hollow panel, e.g. with channels
    • F28F3/14—Elements constructed in the shape of a hollow panel, e.g. with channels by separating portions of a pair of joined sheets to form channels, e.g. by inflation

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a process for producing roll-bonded panels for use in heat exchangers such as refrigerator evaporators.
  • the circuit of known panels includes, for example, a main passage and a hairpin shunt passage having a smaller width than the main passage and comprising a straight first shunt passageway branching from one portion of the main passage, a straight second shunt passageway branching from another portion of the main passage and a curved passageway provided between the two shunt passageways.
  • the portion of main passage of large width is first inflated, and the portion of shunt passage is then inflated.
  • the two straight shunt passageways are formed first, and the curved passageway is finally formed.
  • the conventional roll-bonded panel formed with the hairpin shunt passage has the problem that the portion of curved passageway with a small curvature is ruptured by the impact involved in inflation, or is not inflated as designed since this portion is inflated finally. This problem becomes pronounced in producing roll-bonded panels which have a shunt passage of small width and require air of increased pressure for forming the circuit by inflation.
  • An object of the present invention is to provide a process for producing roll-bonded panels free of faults such as the rupture of the curved passageway portion or failure in inflating the passageway portion as designed.
  • the present invention provides a process for producing a roll-bonded panel having a fluid circuit by printing a pattern corresponding to the fluid circuit on one surface of one of a pair of aluminum plates with a parting agent, roll-bonding the aluminum plates with the other aluminum plate superposed on the printed surface, and thereafter inflating nonbonded portions to a tubular form with a fluid pressure, the fluid circuit including a main passage and at least one shunt passage smaller than the main passage in width, the shunt passage comprising a first shunt passageway branching from one portion of the main passage, a second shunt passageway branching from another portion of the main passage and a curved passageway provided between the two shunt passageways, the process being characterized in that the width of the nonbonded portion to be made into the first shunt passageway is different from the width of the nonbonded portion to be made into the second shunt passageway.
  • the difference between the width of the nonbonded portion to be made into the first shunt passageway and the width of the nonbonded portion to be made into the second shunt passageway is not smaller than 0.2 mm.
  • the present process is very effective in the case where a U-shaped passage or V-shaped passage is formed by a portion of the first shunt passageway proximate to the curved passageway, the curved passageway and a portion of the second shunt passageway proximate to the curved passageway.
  • air having a pressure not lower than 80 kg/cm2 to not higher than 130 kg/cm2 is introduced into the nonbonded portions for inflation.
  • FIG. 1 shows a roll-bonded panel obtained by the production process of the invention.
  • the roll-bonded panel 1 is produced by printing a pattern corresponding to a fluid circuit on one surface of one of a pair of upper and lower aluminum plates with a parting agent (bonding preventing agent), roll-bonding the aluminum plates with the other aluminum plate superposed on the printed surface, and thereafter inflating nonbonded portions to a tubular form with air of high pressure introduced into these portions.
  • This embodiment has an inflated tube on one side thereof over the entire area.
  • the upper aluminum plate only is inflated, and the lower aluminum plate is flat.
  • the fluid channel of the roll-bonded panel 1 comprises a main passage 3 and a shunt passage 2 having a smaller width than the main passage 3.
  • the shunt passage 3 comprises first and second shunt passageways 4, 5 branching from the main passage 3 and parallel to each other, and a curved passageway 6 inerconnecting the forward ends of these shunt passageways 4, 5.
  • a U-shaped passage is formed by the portion 4a of the first shunt passageway 4 proximate to the curved passageway 6, the curved passageway 6 and the portion 6a of the second shunt passageway 5 proximate to the curved passageway 6.
  • the pattern of parting agent is so printed on the aluminum plate that the width W1 of the non-bonded portion to be made into the first shunt passageway 4 is smaller than the width W3 of the nonbonded portion to be made into the straight passage 3, and that the width W2 of the nonbonded portion to be made into the second shunt passageway 5 is smaller than the width W1 of the nonbonded portion to be made into the first shunt passageway 4.
  • the pattern portion for forming the curved passageway 6 is so printed that this portion gradually increases in width from the second passageway 5 toward the first passageway 4.
  • the difference between the width W1 of the first straight shunt passageway 4 and the width W2 of the second straight shunt passageway 5 is 0.3 mm.
  • the circuit When air with a pressure not lower than 80 kg/cm2 to not higher than 130 kg/cm2 is introduced into an outlet 7 of the circuit to form the roll-bonded panel 1 by inflation, the circuit is inflated from portion to portion in the order of decreasing width.
  • the main passage 3 In the portion of the hairpin shunt passage 2, the main passage 3 is formed first, and the first shunt passageway 4 is then formed.
  • the second shunt passageway 5 is slightly smaller than the first shunt passageway 4 in width and is therefore formed later than the first passageway 4.
  • the curved passageway 6 is formed first, and the second passageway 5 is formed finally (see FIG. 2).
  • FIG. 3 shows how a conventional example is formed by inflation wherein first and second two shunt passageways 24, 25 are equal in width.
  • a main passage 23 is formed first, and the two shunt passageways 24, 25 are thereafter formed at the same time.
  • a curved passageway 26 is formed finally with a portion of high-pressure air from the first passageway 24 and with a portion of high-pressure air from the second passageway 25. Consequently, the air portions collide with each other in the portion of curved passageway 26, which is lower than the portions of shunt passageways 24, 25 in pressure-resistant strength and therefore ruptures.
  • the problem of rupture of the curved portion becomes more pronounced when the circuit can not be formed by inflation unless the air pressure is at least 100 kg/cm2.
  • the second shunt passageway 5 is formed eventually by inflation, so that collision of high-pressure air portions produces an impact in the second passageway 5, whereas the portion of the second passageway 5 is unlikely to rupture since the portions of passageways 4, 5 are sufficiently greater than the portion of curved passageway 6 in pressure-resistant strength.
  • FIG. 4 shows another embodiment of roll-bonded panel 11 obtained by the production process of the present invention.
  • the roll-bonded panel 11 has a fluid circuit which comprises a main passage 13 and a shunt passage 12 with a smaller width than the main passage 13.
  • the shunt passage 12 comprises first and second shunt passageways 14, 15 branching from the main passage 12, and a curved passageway 16 interconnecting the forward ends of these shunt passageways 14, 15.
  • the second embodiment differs from the first with respect to the following.
  • the first and second shunt passageways 14, 15 are not parallel to each other.
  • a V-shaped passage is formed by the portion of the first passageway 14 proximate to the curved passageway 16, the curved passageway 16 and the portion of the second passageway 15 proximate to the curved portion 16.
  • the first shunt passageway 14 is not straight and is held in communication with the main passage 13 by a straight passageway 14b connected to the passageway 14 approximately perpendicular thereto.
  • a pattern of parting agent is so printed in this case that the width W4 of the nonbonded portion to be made into the first shunt passageway 14 is smaller than the width W6 of the nonbonded portion to be made into the main passage 13, and that the width W5 of the non-bonded portion to be made into the second shunt passageway 15 is smaller than the width W4 of the non-bonded portion to be made into the first passageway 14.
  • the portion of curved passageway 6 (16) can be effectively rendered free from faults if the difference between the width W1 (W4) of the first shunt passageway 4 (14) and the width W2 (W5) of the second shunt passageway 5 (15) is not smaller than 0.2 mm.
  • the main passage 3 (13) is usually not smaller than 8 mm to not larger than 12 mm in width
  • the second shunt passageway 5 (15), which has the smallest width is not smaller than 4 mm in width.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Blow-Moulding Or Thermoforming Of Plastics Or The Like (AREA)
  • Air Bags (AREA)
  • Lining Or Joining Of Plastics Or The Like (AREA)
  • Pressure Welding/Diffusion-Bonding (AREA)
  • Laminated Bodies (AREA)
EP94114865A 1994-09-21 1994-09-21 Panneau créé par gonflage et procédé pour la fabrication par gonflage de panneaux Expired - Lifetime EP0703427B1 (fr)

Priority Applications (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE69419754T DE69419754T2 (de) 1994-09-21 1994-09-21 Durch Aufblähen hergestellte Platte und Verfahren zur Herstellung von Platten durch Aufblähung
AT94114865T ATE182673T1 (de) 1994-09-21 1994-09-21 Durch aufblähen hergestellte platte und verfahren zur herstellung von platten durch aufblähung
EP94114865A EP0703427B1 (fr) 1994-09-21 1994-09-21 Panneau créé par gonflage et procédé pour la fabrication par gonflage de panneaux

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP94114865A EP0703427B1 (fr) 1994-09-21 1994-09-21 Panneau créé par gonflage et procédé pour la fabrication par gonflage de panneaux

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0703427A1 true EP0703427A1 (fr) 1996-03-27
EP0703427B1 EP0703427B1 (fr) 1999-07-28

Family

ID=8216303

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP94114865A Expired - Lifetime EP0703427B1 (fr) 1994-09-21 1994-09-21 Panneau créé par gonflage et procédé pour la fabrication par gonflage de panneaux

Country Status (3)

Country Link
EP (1) EP0703427B1 (fr)
AT (1) ATE182673T1 (fr)
DE (1) DE69419754T2 (fr)

Cited By (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2817954A1 (fr) * 2000-12-11 2002-06-14 Pechiney Rhenalu Procede de fabrication de panneaux en aluminium a circuit integre
WO2002053371A1 (fr) * 2001-01-08 2002-07-11 Flamm Aktiengesellschaft Procede de production de plaques d'evaporateur
FR2867843A1 (fr) * 2004-03-22 2005-09-23 Pechiney Rhenalu Panneau de refroidissement pour refrigerateur ou congelateur
WO2008003151A1 (fr) * 2006-05-26 2008-01-10 Universidade Federal De Minas Gerais - Ufmg Plaque à ailettes pour échangeur thermique reposant sur des plaques métalliques liées en phase solide par colamination
CN102889635A (zh) * 2012-10-26 2013-01-23 唐玉敏 一种整体成型无焊缝暖气片及其生产方法
CN103033014A (zh) * 2012-12-27 2013-04-10 合肥美的荣事达电冰箱有限公司 制冷设备
CN108231932A (zh) * 2018-03-14 2018-06-29 中南大学 一种太阳能光伏光热组件制造工艺

Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2874942A (en) * 1954-08-25 1959-02-24 Metal Specialty Company Means for joining pressure-welded tubes
US3334398A (en) * 1964-11-02 1967-08-08 Olin Mathieson Fabrication of hollow articles
DE3443797A1 (de) * 1983-12-01 1985-06-13 Cegedur Société de Transformation de l'Aluminium Pechiney, Paris Verfahren zum herstellen einer platte mit einem nach einer seite hin ausgebildetem fluidleitungssystem
JPH0195826A (ja) * 1987-10-06 1989-04-13 Showa Alum Corp ロールボンドパネル製造用合せ板

Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2874942A (en) * 1954-08-25 1959-02-24 Metal Specialty Company Means for joining pressure-welded tubes
US3334398A (en) * 1964-11-02 1967-08-08 Olin Mathieson Fabrication of hollow articles
DE3443797A1 (de) * 1983-12-01 1985-06-13 Cegedur Société de Transformation de l'Aluminium Pechiney, Paris Verfahren zum herstellen einer platte mit einem nach einer seite hin ausgebildetem fluidleitungssystem
JPH0195826A (ja) * 1987-10-06 1989-04-13 Showa Alum Corp ロールボンドパネル製造用合せ板

Non-Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
PATENT ABSTRACTS OF JAPAN vol. 13, no. 305 (M - 849) 13 July 1989 (1989-07-13) *

Cited By (12)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2817954A1 (fr) * 2000-12-11 2002-06-14 Pechiney Rhenalu Procede de fabrication de panneaux en aluminium a circuit integre
WO2002047841A1 (fr) * 2000-12-11 2002-06-20 Pechiney Rhenalu Procede de fabrication de panneaux en aluminium a circuit integre
EP1398096A1 (fr) * 2000-12-11 2004-03-17 Pechiney Rhenalu Procede de fabrication de panneaux en aluminium a circuit integré
US7226516B2 (en) 2000-12-11 2007-06-05 Alcan Rhenalu Method for making integrated circuit aluminium panels
WO2002053371A1 (fr) * 2001-01-08 2002-07-11 Flamm Aktiengesellschaft Procede de production de plaques d'evaporateur
FR2867843A1 (fr) * 2004-03-22 2005-09-23 Pechiney Rhenalu Panneau de refroidissement pour refrigerateur ou congelateur
WO2005098330A1 (fr) * 2004-03-22 2005-10-20 Alcan Rhenalu Panneau de refroidissement pour refrigerateur ou congelateur
WO2008003151A1 (fr) * 2006-05-26 2008-01-10 Universidade Federal De Minas Gerais - Ufmg Plaque à ailettes pour échangeur thermique reposant sur des plaques métalliques liées en phase solide par colamination
CN102889635A (zh) * 2012-10-26 2013-01-23 唐玉敏 一种整体成型无焊缝暖气片及其生产方法
CN102889635B (zh) * 2012-10-26 2016-08-24 唐玉敏 一种整体成型无焊缝暖气片及其生产方法
CN103033014A (zh) * 2012-12-27 2013-04-10 合肥美的荣事达电冰箱有限公司 制冷设备
CN108231932A (zh) * 2018-03-14 2018-06-29 中南大学 一种太阳能光伏光热组件制造工艺

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
ATE182673T1 (de) 1999-08-15
DE69419754D1 (de) 1999-09-02
DE69419754T2 (de) 2000-02-10
EP0703427B1 (fr) 1999-07-28

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
EP0358523B1 (fr) Structures en forme de coupole et procédé pour les réaliser par moulage superplastique et soudage par diffusion
EP0703427A1 (fr) Procédé pour la fabrication par gonflage de panneaux
US5685075A (en) Method for brazing flat tubes of laminated heat exchanger
US20020027353A1 (en) Air bag tether construction
US5881459A (en) Pressure communication for superplastically formed, diffusion bonded panels and method of manufacture
US20070200391A1 (en) Method for the Production of a Vehicle Component, Particularly a Chassis Frame
EP0161892B1 (fr) Fabrication de panneaux renforcés
US20060103168A1 (en) Preform for hydroforming hydroforming method, and hydroformed product
JPH07503312A (ja) 溶接されたプレート型熱交換器
EP1406793B1 (fr) Structure de cable d'attache pour airbag
CN101329122B (zh) 热交换器及其制造方法
EP0704259B1 (fr) Méthode de fabrication d'échangeurs de chaleur
EP0736346B1 (fr) Procédé de fabrication d'un évaporateur pour des véhicules automobiles
EP0706634A1 (fr) Echangeur thermique a plaques soudees et procede pour souder les plaques de transfert thermique sur un echangeur thermique a plaques
US5286055A (en) Modular cover for an air bag assembly
US3117621A (en) Sheet metal structure
GB2129340A (en) Stiffened panel
JPH11277167A (ja) ロールボンドパネル及びその製造方法
JP2614168B2 (ja) ロールボンドパネルの製造方法
JPS62147293A (ja) ロ−ル・ボンド・パネル製造用合わせ板
JP3704593B2 (ja) ロールボンドパネル、該ロールボンドパネルを用いた熱交換器、ならびに該熱交換器を備えた冷蔵庫および空調機
EP0962268A1 (fr) Procédé de fabrication d'un récipient de sctockage pour stocker un médium et récipient de stockage ainsi fabriqué
JP2689996B2 (ja) 蒸発器
JPH09192764A (ja) ロールボンドパネルの製造方法
JPH0195826A (ja) ロールボンドパネル製造用合せ板

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
PUAI Public reference made under article 153(3) epc to a published international application that has entered the european phase

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009012

AK Designated contracting states

Kind code of ref document: A1

Designated state(s): AT CH DE ES FR GB IT LI SE

17P Request for examination filed

Effective date: 19960605

17Q First examination report despatched

Effective date: 19971111

GRAG Despatch of communication of intention to grant

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: EPIDOS AGRA

GRAG Despatch of communication of intention to grant

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: EPIDOS AGRA

GRAH Despatch of communication of intention to grant a patent

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: EPIDOS IGRA

GRAH Despatch of communication of intention to grant a patent

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: EPIDOS IGRA

GRAA (expected) grant

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009210

AK Designated contracting states

Kind code of ref document: B1

Designated state(s): AT CH DE ES FR GB IT LI SE

PG25 Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: SE

Free format text: THE PATENT HAS BEEN ANNULLED BY A DECISION OF A NATIONAL AUTHORITY

Effective date: 19990728

Ref country code: LI

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT

Effective date: 19990728

Ref country code: ES

Free format text: THE PATENT HAS BEEN ANNULLED BY A DECISION OF A NATIONAL AUTHORITY

Effective date: 19990728

Ref country code: CH

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT

Effective date: 19990728

Ref country code: AT

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT

Effective date: 19990728

REF Corresponds to:

Ref document number: 182673

Country of ref document: AT

Date of ref document: 19990815

Kind code of ref document: T

REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: CH

Ref legal event code: EP

REF Corresponds to:

Ref document number: 69419754

Country of ref document: DE

Date of ref document: 19990902

ITF It: translation for a ep patent filed
ET Fr: translation filed
PG25 Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: GB

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES

Effective date: 19991028

REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: CH

Ref legal event code: PL

PLBE No opposition filed within time limit

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009261

STAA Information on the status of an ep patent application or granted ep patent

Free format text: STATUS: NO OPPOSITION FILED WITHIN TIME LIMIT

GBPC Gb: european patent ceased through non-payment of renewal fee

Effective date: 19991028

26N No opposition filed
REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: FR

Ref legal event code: TP

PGFP Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: FR

Payment date: 20060908

Year of fee payment: 13

PGFP Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: DE

Payment date: 20060914

Year of fee payment: 13

PGFP Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: IT

Payment date: 20060930

Year of fee payment: 13

PG25 Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: DE

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES

Effective date: 20080401

REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: FR

Ref legal event code: ST

Effective date: 20080531

PG25 Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: FR

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES

Effective date: 20071001

PG25 Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: IT

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES

Effective date: 20070921