EP0697941B1 - Process for recovering chips and fibres from residues of timber-derived materials, old pieces of furniture, production residues, waste and other timber-containing materials - Google Patents

Process for recovering chips and fibres from residues of timber-derived materials, old pieces of furniture, production residues, waste and other timber-containing materials Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0697941B1
EP0697941B1 EP95913030A EP95913030A EP0697941B1 EP 0697941 B1 EP0697941 B1 EP 0697941B1 EP 95913030 A EP95913030 A EP 95913030A EP 95913030 A EP95913030 A EP 95913030A EP 0697941 B1 EP0697941 B1 EP 0697941B1
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Prior art keywords
process according
wood
impregnation
impregnating solution
digestion
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP0697941A1 (en
EP0697941B2 (en
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Andreas Michanickl
Christian Boehme
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Fraunhofer Gesellschaft zur Forderung der Angewandten Forschung eV
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Fraunhofer Gesellschaft zur Forderung der Angewandten Forschung eV
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B27—WORKING OR PRESERVING WOOD OR SIMILAR MATERIAL; NAILING OR STAPLING MACHINES IN GENERAL
    • B27N—MANUFACTURE BY DRY PROCESSES OF ARTICLES, WITH OR WITHOUT ORGANIC BINDING AGENTS, MADE FROM PARTICLES OR FIBRES CONSISTING OF WOOD OR OTHER LIGNOCELLULOSIC OR LIKE ORGANIC MATERIAL
    • B27N1/00—Pretreatment of moulding material
    • B27N1/003—Pretreatment of moulding material for reducing formaldehyde gas emission
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B27—WORKING OR PRESERVING WOOD OR SIMILAR MATERIAL; NAILING OR STAPLING MACHINES IN GENERAL
    • B27N—MANUFACTURE BY DRY PROCESSES OF ARTICLES, WITH OR WITHOUT ORGANIC BINDING AGENTS, MADE FROM PARTICLES OR FIBRES CONSISTING OF WOOD OR OTHER LIGNOCELLULOSIC OR LIKE ORGANIC MATERIAL
    • B27N3/00—Manufacture of substantially flat articles, e.g. boards, from particles or fibres
    • B27N3/007—Manufacture of substantially flat articles, e.g. boards, from particles or fibres and at least partly composed of recycled material
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B27—WORKING OR PRESERVING WOOD OR SIMILAR MATERIAL; NAILING OR STAPLING MACHINES IN GENERAL
    • B27N—MANUFACTURE BY DRY PROCESSES OF ARTICLES, WITH OR WITHOUT ORGANIC BINDING AGENTS, MADE FROM PARTICLES OR FIBRES CONSISTING OF WOOD OR OTHER LIGNOCELLULOSIC OR LIKE ORGANIC MATERIAL
    • B27N1/00—Pretreatment of moulding material

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method for the recovery of chips and fibers from wood materials and wood material containing materials glued with urea-formaldehyde binders or with other hydrolyzable or chemically digestible binders according to the preamble of the main claim.
  • Another method is e.g. B. boiling in an excess of water and the associated dissolution of urea-formaldehyde resin-bonded chipboard and medium-density MDF.
  • This process is energy and cost intensive.
  • the energy consumption is v. a. greatly increased by boiling the excess water.
  • the chips are boiled out and thereby change their properties unfavorably.
  • the swellability increases due to the removal of wood components, while the technological properties of the chips deteriorate.
  • the binder is removed from the chips and can no longer have a positive effect on re-gluing. The resulting wastewater problem and the drying effort of the chips or fibers are considerable.
  • DE 42 01 201 A1 discloses a process for recycling wood-based materials and waste. This process is used to produce new, finished semi-finished or finished products from wood-based material remnants after appropriate mechanical processing.
  • the object of the present invention is to provide a method for the recovery of chips and fibers from wood material pieces, which is environmentally friendly and economically feasible.
  • this process is intended to recover high-quality chip and fiber material (secondary chips or secondary fibers).
  • This object is achieved by the method specified in claim 1.
  • the subclaims represent advantageous developments.
  • wood material pieces are impregnated with an impregnating or soaking solution and pre-swollen until they have absorbed at least 50% of their own weight in impregnating solution.
  • the impregnated wood material pieces are heated to 80 ° C heated to 120 ° C until the bond of chips and fibers is dissolved by the influence of the impregnation solution and the temperature, ie the glue compounds are destroyed chemically by hydrolysis and mechanically by swelling.
  • the amount of impregnation solution and the impregnation process taken up by the wood material pieces are dimensioned or adjusted so that, on the one hand, a complete solution of the wood materials takes place in the specified temperature range, but on the other hand, after the digestion, there is no longer any free catchable liquid, so that there is no solution to be disposed of .
  • the method according to the invention is a combination of chemical, thermal and mechanical process steps. These make it possible to digest the wood-based material pieces with comparatively mild digestion parameters, thereby recovering chips and fibers in undamaged or even tempered form. This procedure is possible through the use of the impregnation solution with which the material is impregnated or soaked without any cooking liquor or waste water remaining after the digestion.
  • the impregnation solution enables complete hydrolysis even at temperatures from 80 ° C, preferably in the range 80-120 ° C. Because the temperatures are in a low range, the geometrical chip and fiber quality present in the wood materials is retained. The chemical-physical properties also remain the same or are improved by the digestion.
  • the secondary chips and secondary fibers can be produced with little financial and technical effort and can be made with and without the addition of fresh chips or fresh fibers on conventional production lines to new wood-based materials such as. B. chipboard and fiberboard.
  • the wood materials produced in this way have comparable or even better properties than wood materials made from fresh material. This applies to both the technological properties and the formaldehyde emission.
  • the secondary chips and fibers can be processed with conventional binders. Binder consumption is not increased. It can even be reduced by the process.
  • the process is carried out in such a way that impregnating solution is added to the wood material pieces, in such an amount that after the wood material pieces have completely absorbed the solution, the latter have absorbed at least 50% of their own weight in impregnation solution.
  • impregnating solution is added to the wood material pieces, in such an amount that after the wood material pieces have completely absorbed the solution, the latter have absorbed at least 50% of their own weight in impregnation solution.
  • the treated wood material pieces ie soaked with impregnation solution
  • the wood-based material pieces are heated to a temperature in the range between 80 and 120 ° C.
  • the hydrolysis of the glue compounds takes place under the influence of temperature and the action of the impregnation solution.
  • a variant of the method provides that the impregnation process already takes place in the digestion tank and that the temperature is applied after the liquid material has been completely absorbed by the wood material pieces or after the excess impregnation solution has been drained off.
  • the temperature can be applied either under pressure (in the pressure-tightly closed digestion tank) or without pressure. The pressure level depends on the set temperature.
  • the duration of the digestion is approximately 1 to 60 minutes. For example, higher temperatures, a higher proportion of impregnation solution and a high acid content of the impregnation solution accelerate the digestion, while it is slowed down by lower temperatures, a lower proportion of impregnation solution and a basic setting of the impregnation solution.
  • the amount of pressure used during the heating begins at normal pressure and should be with a view to the most gentle digestion expediently do not go over two bar overpressure.
  • the temperature should also not be above 120 ° C with a view to digestion which is as gentle as possible and nevertheless rapid.
  • the impregnation process is to be accelerated, it is advantageous if it takes place under negative pressure (after evacuating the impregnating container) or at an overpressure above normal pressure.
  • Vacuum treatment applying a vacuum of e.g. 150 mbar (absolute) to the impregnation tank) of the wood-based materials allows the air contained therein to escape. At normal pressure, this impedes the penetration of the impregnation solution and would make it impossible to open up flat, coated wood-based materials without negative pressure.
  • the cavities filled with air make up approximately 30 to 70% of the volume of wood-based materials. Overpressure also facilitates quick penetration of the impregnation solution into the wood-based material.
  • the impregnation process takes place with a combination of negative and positive pressure, it is accelerated compared to the course at normal pressure. Heating the impregnation solution or the wood-based material during or before the impregnation has the same effect.
  • the impregnation solution can be heated in an energy-saving manner by the heat generated when the digestion container is degassed, or when it is discharged from the digestion container or when the digestion material is sorted. Likewise, the digestion material can be heated by the heat generated during the exhaust or discharge from the digestion tank.
  • Another process sequence provides that the wood material residues are filled together with the impregnation solution into a rotating digestion tank or equipped with a mixer or stirrer (the amount of the impregnation solution added being dimensioned such that after impregnation and digestion there is no free, drainable one Impregnation solution or waste liquor is more to be disposed of) and the digestion tank is heated to a temperature between 80 and 120 ° C.
  • the mechanical process of destroying the glue connections by swelling and the chemical decomposition by hydrolysis take place simultaneously. Ie the wood material pieces are simultaneously exposed to the influence of the impregnation solution and the temperature (and pressure).
  • digestion can be carried out at low temperatures, both under pressure and without pressure. This protects the chips and fibers, the binder components present in the waste materials, e.g. B. urea, are not or only slightly damaged and can thus have a positive effect on re-gluing or even reactivated (reduction of the need for binders and the formaldehyde emission). At the same time, disturbing emissions, such as those that occur at higher temperatures and pressures, are avoided.
  • the wood-based composite After the digestion, the wood-based composite is completely dissolved.
  • the chips and fibers as well as the coatings, solid wood parts, edging materials, metals and other non-chip and fiber components are separated from each other and can be sorted by sieving, wind sifting, a combination of both or a new separation process, in particular the chip and easily separate the fiber fraction, since the chips or fibers are much smaller than, for example, the coatings, which are still the size of the pre-broken wood materials.
  • the chips and fibers After digestion, the chips and fibers have a moisture content that corresponds to or even less than that of fresh forest wood.
  • the increased temperature of the chips after digestion has an advantageous effect on their drying.
  • the recovered chip material can be separated in the usual way or also dried with fresh chips or fibers. Particles and fiberboard can be produced from the recovered chips and fibers without the addition of fresh chips or fibers with unmodified commercially available binders, which have the same or even better properties than the starting material. This applies to both the technological properties and the formaldehyde emission.
  • An absorption of 80% of the weight of the wood-based materials in impregnation solution is particularly favorable for a particularly fast and complete digestion.
  • the impregnation solution can be absorbed at normal temperature (Ambient temperature) and normal pressure.
  • the absorption can be accelerated, for example, by a vacuum treatment preceding the impregnation and / or a pressure swing treatment and / or an increase in temperature of the impregnation solution and / or heating of the digestion material.
  • the size of the wood materials to be broken down is advantageously in the range of an average edge length of at least 10 to 20 cm, which is achieved by a slowly rotating, commercially available primary crusher. This size helps to ensure that the chips and fibers are only slightly damaged. Only a few chips and fibers are damaged in the edge area as the material breaks here mainly in the glue joint due to the special, slowly rotating roller of the primary crusher. In addition, the coatings and other non-chip and fiber components are only slightly changed in size, so that they can be easily separated after digestion, since they are then much larger than the chips or fibers.
  • the use of the impregnation solution opens up numerous possibilities for controlling the digestion and especially the digestion result.
  • the chips and fibers can even be coated with the composition of the impregnation solution, ie they can have better chemical and physical properties than fresh chips due to the impregnation and / or the digestion.
  • chipboard and medium-density fibreboard from old furniture in particular have relatively high formaldehyde emissions and contents, it makes sense to add urea, ammonia or urea or ammonia-releasing or other formaldehyde-binding, formaldehyde-inhibiting or formaldehyde-destroying chemicals to the impregnation solution.
  • the formaldehyde concentration released in the waste air and drying air after digestion is reduced or avoided entirely.
  • alkalis e.g. B. the formation of acids can be counteracted.
  • Acids contained in the wood can be neutralized.
  • the chips can e.g. B. can be set slightly basic.
  • the hardening of added binders can be delayed, which is of particular interest if there is a longer period between gluing and pressing.
  • the spectrum of coatings for the wood-based materials made from secondary chips or fibers can also be extended to materials that require a basic substrate.
  • the acid content of the recovered chips and fibers can be increased by adding acids. In this way, the addition of hardeners to the binder in wood-based panel manufacture can be dispensed with in whole or in part, or the curing of the binder can simply be accelerated.
  • the addition of acids also has an advantageous effect if the chips or fibers thus recovered are used to produce materials to which coatings are applied which have an acid-curing adhesive system.
  • the adhesive system could be simplified and the application of the coating would also be accelerated.
  • the digestion process is also accelerated by adding acid to the impregnation solution.
  • the addition of oxidizing or reducing agents is also advantageous. This can on the one hand destroy formaldehyde released, on the other hand z. B. by the addition of peroxides urea can be reactivated to a certain extent.
  • Another advantageous embodiment with regard to the composition of the impregnation solution is also the addition of binders such as. B. urea-formaldehyde resins or binder additives such. B.
  • paraffins for impregnation solution This has a positive effect on the reduction in formaldehyde or on the subsequent swelling and water absorption of the secondary chips and fibers, and further gluing of the recovered chips and fibers after digestion can be dispensed with in whole or in part.
  • the chips and fibers do not need to be dried as much for further processing into plates. If the recovered shavings are to be processed into fibers for the manufacture of fiberboard, the addition of lignin-softening chemicals such as methanol, sulfites or ammonia is advisable in order to save energy in the later fiber production.
  • a standard impregnation solution will contain approx. 0.5 to 3% urea, and approx. 0.1 to 1% ammonia or approx. 0.5% sodium hydroxide solution (dissolved in water). Due to the chemicals contained in the impregnation solution, no wood digestion (delignification) is brought about as in the production of cellulose.
  • the digestion is carried out with a controlled temperature profile. This can be such that the temperature is brought to a higher temperature level at the beginning of the digestion and a falling temperature is present towards the end of the digestion. A different, non-constant temperature profile is also possible.
  • Old furniture, production remnants and scrap which contain chipboard and / or MDF or other wood-based materials, are broken into pieces with an edge length of 10 to 20 cm using a commercially available pre-crusher (e.g. pre-crusher from Pallmann or Maier).
  • pre-crusher e.g. pre-crusher from Pallmann or Maier
  • the chips and fibers as well as the coatings and edge materials are only mechanically damaged to a small extent.
  • Metal, plastic and solid wood parts do not have to be separated.
  • Chipboard and MDF or other wood materials can be broken down separately or mixed.
  • the pre-broken wood material parts are filled into a standing or rotating digestion / pressure vessel.
  • a bulk density of about 350 to 400 kg / m 3 is achieved .
  • the pressure vessel is closed and evacuated, so that a negative pressure of 150 to 200 mbar (absolutely) sets.
  • the length of time until this vacuum is set depends on the technology used.
  • the impregnation solution now added can penetrate the wood-based materials in a short time. This penetration time is about 5 to 15 minutes with chipboard and depends on the type of wood material, the negative pressure, the composition of the impregnation solution and its temperature.
  • the impregnation solution consists of water, urea and sodium hydroxide solution.
  • the wood material pieces are exposed to this solution until they have absorbed at least 50% of their own weight corresponding to a liquor ratio (ratio of wood materials to impregnation solution after the impregnation process has ended) of 1: 0.5.
  • a liquor ratio ratio of wood materials to impregnation solution after the impregnation process has ended
  • the digestion container is then closed again and heated to 110 ° C. for about 20 minutes. The heating takes place in a relatively short time due to the free spaces between the plate pieces. After this treatment, the chips or fibers are again in their original geometric shape.
  • the coatings and edge materials, as well as other undesirable components, have been removed and can be separated from the chip or fiber fraction by a subsequent screening or wind sifting or a combination of both.
  • the residue can be sorted further, e.g. B. in solid wood, plastic and metal parts. These can be processed further, used thermally to generate electricity or energy, or disposed of in some other way.
  • Metals can e.g. B. separated by magnets or metal detectors. Plastics and wooden parts are sorted and separated by NIR spectroscopic or other methods.
  • Example 1 the digestion material and impregnation solution are already filled in the desired liquor ratio into a rotating digestion tank or a digestion tank equipped with a stirrer or mixer. This means that a maximum of as much impregnation solution is added to the digestion tank as the digestion material can hold.
  • the impregnation solution is mixed and evenly taken up by rotating the digestion tank or the agitator or mixer.
  • the digestion vessel can from the beginning, d. H. immediately after sealing, be heated up.
  • the impregnation takes place in a different container than the digestion container and the finished impregnated wood material pieces are filled into the digestion container so that the temperature can be applied directly.
  • the impregnation solution is at a temperature higher than ambient, preferably 60 to 80 ° C.
  • the impregnating solution contains formaldehyde-binding, formaldehyde-inhibiting or formaldehyde-destroying chemicals, e.g. Urea ammonia or urea or ammonia-releasing substances are added.
  • impregnating solution bases such.
  • acids such as e.g. Sulfuric acid, oxidizing or reducing agents
  • binders such as e.g. Urea formaldehyde resins, binder-preserving or binder-reactivating substances, all chemicals are added in a total concentration up to 30%.
  • Fig. 1 a plant for the digestion of chipboard and wood material residues according to the invention is shown schematically.
  • the process sequence is shown schematically in FIG.
  • Wood material remnants are placed on a primary crusher 2 by a wheel loader 1 or a grab excavator or another suitable device.
  • the pre-crusher 2 breaks the wood materials into flat pieces with an edge length of on average 10 to 20 cm.
  • the pre-broken material is then conveyed into the digestion container 3 via a suitable conveying device 17.
  • the digestion container 3 also has the function of an impregnation container. After the digestion container 3 is filled, it is closed airtight. The air contained in the digestion tank 3 and the wood materials is sucked off via a vacuum pump 9 until a vacuum of about 150 to 200 mbar (absolute) has been reached.
  • the impregnation solution is now led from the preparation container 4 for impregnation solution via a line 15 into the digestion container 3 until the wood materials are completely covered by the latter.
  • Normal pressure is now set again in the digestion tank 3. Overpressure could also be applied to accelerate the penetration of the impregnation solution. Impregnation at normal pressure is also possible.
  • the preparation container 4 for the impregnation solution has an agitator 5 and a supply for chemicals 6 and a feed line for water 7. When the impregnation process is complete, ie the wood-based material pieces have at least 50% of theirs Own weight of impregnation solution added, the excess impregnation solution is drained from the digestion tank 3 back into the preparation tank 4 via a line 10.
  • the digestion container 3 is closed again in a pressure-tight manner and is now heated by means of a heat source 8 via the outer surface or by direct supply of heat by hot air, steam or another gaseous heat transfer medium. For example, a temperature of 110 ° C. is produced for 20 minutes in the digestion tank 3. The heat supply is then stopped and the digestion tank 3 is emptied by a discharge device 16. Instead of a discharge device, the digestion container could also be emptied through an opening in the lower region that extends over the entire width. The digested material is fed into a silo 11 or another suitable storage container. From there it is continuously fed to a screening machine 12.
  • Laboratory chipboard made of fresh 19 mm chips Yield [g / cm 3 ] 0.703 0.674 0.673 Modulus of elasticity [N / mm 2 ] 2410 2460 2600 Flexural strength [N / mm 2 ] 11.99 12.55 15.20 Transverse tensile strength [N / mm 2 ] 0.529 0.520 0.668 Lift resistance [N / mm 2 ] 1.10 1.17 1.27 Shear strength [N / mm 2 ] 1.71 1.48 1.70 Perforator values [mg / 100 g] 6.8 5.4 8.1 Humidity at 20/65 [%] 10.0 9.5 10.1 Old furniture chipboard (1964) without coating 19 mm

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  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
  • Forests & Forestry (AREA)
  • Dry Formation Of Fiberboard And The Like (AREA)
  • Chemical And Physical Treatments For Wood And The Like (AREA)
  • Debarking, Splitting, And Disintegration Of Timber (AREA)
  • Processing Of Solid Wastes (AREA)

Abstract

PCT No. PCT/DE95/00360 Sec. 371 Date Jan. 26, 1996 Sec. 102(e) Date Jan. 26, 1996 PCT Filed Mar. 14, 1995 PCT Pub. No. WO95/24998 PCT Pub. Date Sep. 21, 1995A process is dislcosed for recovering chips and fibers from residues of timber-derived materials, old pieces of furniture, production residues, water and other timber-containing materials glued with urea-formaldehyde binders or other binders capable of being hydrolysed or chemically disintegrated by disintegrating the timber-derived materials at a high temperature. In a first step of the process, the residues of timber-derived materials are impregnated with an impregnating solution and previously swollen until they have absorbed at least 50% of their own weight of impregnating solution. In a second step, the thus impregnated residues of timber-derived materials are heated up to 80 DEG C. to 120 DEG C. The thus disintegrated residues of timber-derived materials are then sorted by sieving and/or wind screening. The residues of timber-derived material have edges of at least 10 to 20 cm length. In an improved of the invention, the residues of timber derived materials are impregnated and heated at the same time.

Description

Die Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren zur Wiedergewinnung von Spänen und Fasern aus mit Harnstoff-Formaldehyd-Bindemitteln oder mit anderen hydrolysierbaren oder chemisch aufschließbaren Bindemitteln verleimten Holzwerkstoffen und holzwerkstoffhaltigen Materialien gemäß dem Oberbegriff des Hauptanspruchs.The invention relates to a method for the recovery of chips and fibers from wood materials and wood material containing materials glued with urea-formaldehyde binders or with other hydrolyzable or chemically digestible binders according to the preamble of the main claim.

Ein derartiges Verfahren ist aus der DE 42 24 629 A1 bekannt. Nach diesem Verfahren wird der Holzwerkstoffabfall der Einwirkung von Dampf bei hohen Temperaturen zwischen 120 und 180°C und den Temperaturen entsprechenden, sich einstellenden hohen Drücken von 2 bis 11 bar ausgesetzt. Die Holzwerkstoffe werden in einem Vorbehandlungsschritt in kleine Bruchstücke gebrochen und ev. vorhandene Metallteile werden abgeschieden. Bei der Verleimung der nach diesem Verfahren hergestellten Späne werden modifizierte Harnstoffbindemittel verwendet. Durch die Zerkleinerung des zu behandelnden Materials zu kleinen Bruchstücken die Späne zusätzlich zur Temperaturbelastung stark mechanisch beschädigt, d. h. gekürzt. Auch lassen sich Beschichtungen und andere Nicht-Span-Bestandteile durch die starke Vorzerkleinerung nach der Dampfbehandlung nur schwer abtrennen.Such a method is known from DE 42 24 629 A1. According to this process, the wood-based material waste is exposed to the effects of steam at high temperatures between 120 and 180 ° C and the corresponding high pressures of 2 to 11 bar. The wood materials are broken into small fragments in a pre-treatment step and any metal parts that may be present are separated. Modified urea binders are used to glue the chips produced by this method. By shredding the material to be treated into small fragments, the chips are severely mechanically damaged in addition to the temperature load. H. shortened. Coatings and other non-chip components are also difficult to separate due to the strong pre-shredding after steam treatment.

Ein weiteres Verfahren zur Wiedergewinnung von Spanmaterial aus Holzwerkstoffen ist aus der DE-AS 1 201 045 bekannt. Nach diesem Verfahren wird der Holzwerkstoffabfall der Einwirkung von überspanntem Dampf ausgesetzt. Das Verfahren wird vorzugsweise in einer Dampfkammer unter einem Druck von 1 bis 5 atü durchgeführt. Die Verfahrensdauer beträgt 0,5 bis 4 Stunden. Der Aufschluß ist bei diesem Verfahren unvollständig. Das Aufschlußgut muß nachzerkleinert werden. Die Späne sind durch Temperatur und Druck stark geschädigt und dadurch braun gefärbt. Um Spanplatten mit akzeptablen Eigenschaften herzustellen, müssen Frischspäne zugeschlagen werden. Die wiedergewonnenen Späne sollen aufgrund der Schädigung und der Braunfärbung vorzugsweise in der Mittelschicht von Spanplatten eingesetzt werden.Another method for the recovery of chip material from wood materials is known from DE-AS 1 201 045. According to this process, the wood-based material waste is exposed to the effects of over-stretched steam. The process is preferably carried out in a steam chamber under a pressure of 1 to 5 atm. The duration of the procedure is 0.5 to 4 hours. The digestion is incomplete with this procedure. The digestion material must be shredded. The chips are badly damaged by temperature and pressure and are therefore colored brown. To use chipboard To produce acceptable properties, fresh chips must be added. The recovered chips should preferably be used in the middle layer of chipboard due to the damage and the brown color.

Ein anderes Verfahren ist z. B. die Kochung in einem Überschuß an Wasser und die damit verbundene Auflösung von Harnstoff-Formaldehydharz gebundenen Spanplatten und mitteldichten Holzfaserplatten MDF. Dieses Verfahren ist energie- und kostenintensiv. Der Energieverbrauch wird v. a. durch das Kochen des Überschusses an Wasser stark gesteigert. Die Späne werden ausgekocht und verändern dadurch ungünstig ihre Eigenschaften. Insbesondere die Quellfähigkeit nimmt durch das Herauslösen von Holzbestandteilen zu, während die technologischen Eigenschaften der Späne sich verschlechtern. Das Bindemittel wird von den Spänen abgelöst und kann sich auf eine erneute Beleimung nicht mehr positiv auswirken. Das entstehende Abwasserproblem sowie der Trocknungsaufwand der Späne bzw. Fasern sind erheblich.Another method is e.g. B. boiling in an excess of water and the associated dissolution of urea-formaldehyde resin-bonded chipboard and medium-density MDF. This process is energy and cost intensive. The energy consumption is v. a. greatly increased by boiling the excess water. The chips are boiled out and thereby change their properties unfavorably. In particular, the swellability increases due to the removal of wood components, while the technological properties of the chips deteriorate. The binder is removed from the chips and can no longer have a positive effect on re-gluing. The resulting wastewater problem and the drying effort of the chips or fibers are considerable.

Daneben ist aus der DE 42 01 201 A1 ein Verfahren zur Wiederverwertung von Holzwerkstoffen und Abfällen bekannt. Nach diesem Verfahren werden aus Holzwerkstoffreststücken nach einer entsprechenden mechanischen Bearbeitung derselben neue, fertige Halbzeuge oder Fertigprodukte hergestellt.In addition, DE 42 01 201 A1 discloses a process for recycling wood-based materials and waste. This process is used to produce new, finished semi-finished or finished products from wood-based material remnants after appropriate mechanical processing.

Aufgabe der vorliegenden Erfindung ist es, ein Verfahren zur Wiedergewinnung von Spänen und Fasern aus Holzwerkstoffstücken anzugeben, das umweltschonend und ökonomisch durchführbar ist. Darüber hinaus soll durch dieses Verfahren hochwertiges Span- und Fasermaterial (Sekundärspäne bzw. Sekundärfasern) wiedergewonnen werden.
Diese Aufgabe ist durch das im Anspruch 1 angegebene Verfahren gelöst. Die Unteransprüche stellen vorteilhafte Weiterbildungen dar.The object of the present invention is to provide a method for the recovery of chips and fibers from wood material pieces, which is environmentally friendly and economically feasible. In addition, this process is intended to recover high-quality chip and fiber material (secondary chips or secondary fibers).
This object is achieved by the method specified in claim 1. The subclaims represent advantageous developments.

Danach werden in einem ersten Schritt Holzwerkstoffstücke mit einer Imprägnier- bzw. Tränklösung imprägniert und vorgequollen bis sie mindestens 50% ihres Eigengewichtes an Imprägnierlösung aufgenommen haben. In einem zweiten Schritt werden die imprägnierten Holzwerkstoffstücke auf 80°C bis 120°C erwärmt, bis der Verbund von Spänen und Fasern durch den Einfluß der Imprägnierlösung und der Temperatur aufgelöst ist, d. h. die Leimverbindungen werden chemisch durch Hydrolyse und mechanisch durch Quellung zerstört. Die durch die Holzwerkstoffstücke aufgenommene Menge Imprägnierlösung und der Imprägniervorgang sind so bemessen bzw. eingestellt, daß einerseits in dem angegebenen Temperaturbereich eine vollständige Lösung der Holzwerkstoffe stattfindet, andererseits aber nach dem Aufschluß keine freie auffangbare Flüssigkeit mehr vorliegt, so daß also keine zu entsorgende Lösung anfällt. Bei dem erfindungsgemäßen Verfahren handelt es sich um eine Kombination von chemischen, thermischen und mechanischen Prozeßschritten. Diese ermöglichen es, die Holzwerkstoffstücke bei vergleichsweise milden Aufschlußparametern aufzuschließen und dadurch Späne und Fasern in ungeschädigter oder sogar vergüteter Form wiederzugewinnen. Diese Vorgehensweise ist durch den Einsatz der Imprägnierlösung, mit der das Material imprägniert bzw. getränkt wird ohne daß nach dem Aufschluß eine Kochlauge oder Abwasser übrigbleibt, möglich. Durch die Imprägnierlösung ist eine vollständige Hydrolyse bereits bei Temperaturen ab 80°C, vorzugsweise im Bereich 80 - 120°C möglich. Dadurch, daß die Temperaturen in einem niedrigen Bereich liegen, bleibt die in den Holzwerkstoffen vorliegende geometrische Span- und Faserqualität erhalten. Auch die chemisch-physikalischen Eigenschaften bleiben gleich oder werden durch den Aufschluß verbessert. Die Sekundärspäne und Sekundärfasern sind mit geringem finanziellen und technischen Aufwand herstellbar und lassen sich mit und ohne Zusatz von Frischspänen bzw. Frischfasern auf herkömmlichen Produktionsanlagen zu neuen Holzwerkstoffen wie z. B. Span- und Faserplatten verarbeiten. Die so erzeugten Holzwerkstoffe haben vergleichbare oder sogar bessere Eigenschaften als aus Frischmaterial hergestellte Holzwerkstoffe. Dies gilt sowohl für die technologischen Eigenschaften als auch für die Formaldehydemission. Die Sekundärspäne und -fasern lassen sich mit herkömmlichen Bindemitteln verarbeiten. Der Bindemittelverbrauch wird nicht erhöht. Er läßt sich durch das Verfahren sogar reduzieren.Then, in a first step, wood material pieces are impregnated with an impregnating or soaking solution and pre-swollen until they have absorbed at least 50% of their own weight in impregnating solution. In a second step, the impregnated wood material pieces are heated to 80 ° C heated to 120 ° C until the bond of chips and fibers is dissolved by the influence of the impregnation solution and the temperature, ie the glue compounds are destroyed chemically by hydrolysis and mechanically by swelling. The amount of impregnation solution and the impregnation process taken up by the wood material pieces are dimensioned or adjusted so that, on the one hand, a complete solution of the wood materials takes place in the specified temperature range, but on the other hand, after the digestion, there is no longer any free catchable liquid, so that there is no solution to be disposed of . The method according to the invention is a combination of chemical, thermal and mechanical process steps. These make it possible to digest the wood-based material pieces with comparatively mild digestion parameters, thereby recovering chips and fibers in undamaged or even tempered form. This procedure is possible through the use of the impregnation solution with which the material is impregnated or soaked without any cooking liquor or waste water remaining after the digestion. The impregnation solution enables complete hydrolysis even at temperatures from 80 ° C, preferably in the range 80-120 ° C. Because the temperatures are in a low range, the geometrical chip and fiber quality present in the wood materials is retained. The chemical-physical properties also remain the same or are improved by the digestion. The secondary chips and secondary fibers can be produced with little financial and technical effort and can be made with and without the addition of fresh chips or fresh fibers on conventional production lines to new wood-based materials such as. B. chipboard and fiberboard. The wood materials produced in this way have comparable or even better properties than wood materials made from fresh material. This applies to both the technological properties and the formaldehyde emission. The secondary chips and fibers can be processed with conventional binders. Binder consumption is not increased. It can even be reduced by the process.

Im einzelnen wird das Verfahren so durchgeführt, daß den Holzwerkstoffstücken Imprägnierlösung zugegeben wird, in einer solchen Menge, daß nach vollständiger Aufnahme der Lösung durch die Holzwerkstoffstücke diese mindestens 50% ihres Eigengewichtes an Imprägnierlösung aufgenommen haben. Bei dieser Verfahrensweise ist ein Durchmischen bzw. Rühren der Holzwerkstofftstücke wichtig, damit die vorhandene Lösung gleichmäßig durch alle Holzwerkstoffstücke aufgenommen wird. Dies kann auch durch einen rotierenden Behälter erreicht werden. Eine andere Ausführungsform des Verfahrens sieht vor, daß den Holzwerkstoffstücken Imprägnierlösung im Überschuß zugegeben wird, so daß das Holzmaterial vollständig durch die Flüssigkeit bedeckt ist. Nachdem die Holzstücke mindestens 50% ihres Eigengewichtes an Flüssigkeit aufgenommen haben, wird die restliche Flüssigkeit abgelassen. Sie kann für den Aufschluß weiterer Holzwerkstoffe wieder als Imprägnierlösung eingesetzt werden. Nunmehr werden die behandelten, d.h. mit Imprägnierlösung getränkten Holzwerkstoffstücke dem Imprägnierbehälter entnommen und in einen Aufschlußbehälter gegeben. Hier werden die Holzwerkstoffstücke auf eine Temperatur im Bereich zwischen 80 und 120°C erwärmt. Unter Temperatureinfluß und der Einwirkung der Imprägnierlösung findet die Hydrolyse der Leimverbindungen statt. Eine Variante des Verfahrens sieht vor, daß der Imprägniervorgang bereits im Aufschlußbehälter stattfindet, und daß die Temperaturbeaufschlagung nach der vollständigen Flüssigkeitsaufnahme durch die Holzwerkstoffstücke bzw. nach dem Ablassen der überschüssigen Imprägnierlösung erfolgt. Die Temperaturbeaufschlagung kann entweder unter Druck (im druckdicht verschlossenen Aufschlußbehälter) oder drucklos erfolgen. Die Höhe des Druckes ist von der eingestellten Temperatur abhängig.In particular, the process is carried out in such a way that impregnating solution is added to the wood material pieces, in such an amount that after the wood material pieces have completely absorbed the solution, the latter have absorbed at least 50% of their own weight in impregnation solution. With this procedure, it is important to mix or stir the wood material pieces so that the existing solution is absorbed evenly by all wood material pieces. This can also be achieved with a rotating container. Another embodiment of the method provides that an excess of impregnation solution is added to the wood material pieces, so that the wood material is completely covered by the liquid. After the pieces of wood have absorbed at least 50% of their own weight in liquid, the remaining liquid is drained off. It can be used as an impregnation solution for the digestion of other wood-based materials. Now the treated wood material pieces, ie soaked with impregnation solution, are removed from the impregnation container and placed in a digestion container. Here, the wood-based material pieces are heated to a temperature in the range between 80 and 120 ° C. The hydrolysis of the glue compounds takes place under the influence of temperature and the action of the impregnation solution. A variant of the method provides that the impregnation process already takes place in the digestion tank and that the temperature is applied after the liquid material has been completely absorbed by the wood material pieces or after the excess impregnation solution has been drained off. The temperature can be applied either under pressure (in the pressure-tightly closed digestion tank) or without pressure. The pressure level depends on the set temperature.

Die Dauer des Aufschlusses beträgt in Abhängigkeit von der Imprägnierung, der Zusammensetzung der Imprägnierlösung, der Temperatur und der Aufheizzeit des Aufschlußbehälters etwa 1 bis 60 Minuten. So wird beispielsweise durch höhere Temperaturen, einen höheren Anteil an Imprägnierlösung und einen hohen Säuregehalt der Imprägnierlösung der Aufschluß beschleunigt, während er durch niedrigere Temperaturen, einen geringeren Anteil an Imprägnierlösung und eine basische Einstellung der Imprägnierlösung verlangsamt wird.The duration of the digestion, depending on the impregnation, the composition of the impregnation solution, the temperature and the heating time of the digestion container, is approximately 1 to 60 minutes. For example, higher temperatures, a higher proportion of impregnation solution and a high acid content of the impregnation solution accelerate the digestion, while it is slowed down by lower temperatures, a lower proportion of impregnation solution and a basic setting of the impregnation solution.

Die Höhe des eingesetzten Druckes während der Erwärmung beginnt bei Normaldruck und sollte im Hinblick auf einen möglichst schonenden Aufschluß zweckmäßigerweise nicht über zwei bar Überdruck gehen. Auch die Temperatur sollte im Hinblick auf einen möglichst schonenden und trotzdem raschen Aufschluß nicht über 120°C liegen.The amount of pressure used during the heating begins at normal pressure and should be with a view to the most gentle digestion expediently do not go over two bar overpressure. The temperature should also not be above 120 ° C with a view to digestion which is as gentle as possible and nevertheless rapid.

Soll der Imprägniervorgang beschleunigt werden, so ist es vorteilhaft, wenn er bei Unterdruck (nach Evakuieren des Imprägnierbehälters) oder bei einem über Normaldruck liegenden Überdruck stattfindet. Durch eine Vakuumbehandlung (Anlegen eines Unterdruckes von z.B. 150 mbar (absolut) an den Imprägnierbehälter) der Holzwerkstoffe entweicht aus diesen die darin enthaltene Luft. Diese behindert bei Normaldruck das Eindringen der Imprägnierlösung und würde ohne Unterdruck das Aufschließen vor allem von flächigen, beschichteten Holzwerkstoffen unmöglich machen. Die mit Luft gefüllten Hohlräume machen ca. 30 bis 70% des Holzwerkstoffvolumens aus. Auch Überdruck erleichtert ein schnelles Eindringen der Imprägnierlösung in die Holzwerkstoffstücke. Auch, wenn der Vorgang der Imprägnierung mit einer Kombination von Unter- und Überdruck stattfindet, wird er gegenüber dem Verlauf bei Normaldruck beschleunigt. Die gleiche Wirkung hat das Erwärmen der Imprägnierlösung oder des Holzwerkstoffmaterials während oder vor der Imprägnierung. Energiesparend kann das Erwärmen der Imprägnierlösung durch beim Abgasen des Aufschlußbehälters, die beim Austragen aus dem Aufschlußbehälter oder beim Sortieren des Aufschlußgutes anfallende Wärme erfolgen. Ebenso kann das Aufschlußmaterial durch die beim Abgasen oder Austragen aus dem Aufschlußbehälter anfallende Wärme aufgeheizt werden.If the impregnation process is to be accelerated, it is advantageous if it takes place under negative pressure (after evacuating the impregnating container) or at an overpressure above normal pressure. Vacuum treatment (applying a vacuum of e.g. 150 mbar (absolute) to the impregnation tank) of the wood-based materials allows the air contained therein to escape. At normal pressure, this impedes the penetration of the impregnation solution and would make it impossible to open up flat, coated wood-based materials without negative pressure. The cavities filled with air make up approximately 30 to 70% of the volume of wood-based materials. Overpressure also facilitates quick penetration of the impregnation solution into the wood-based material. Even if the impregnation process takes place with a combination of negative and positive pressure, it is accelerated compared to the course at normal pressure. Heating the impregnation solution or the wood-based material during or before the impregnation has the same effect. The impregnation solution can be heated in an energy-saving manner by the heat generated when the digestion container is degassed, or when it is discharged from the digestion container or when the digestion material is sorted. Likewise, the digestion material can be heated by the heat generated during the exhaust or discharge from the digestion tank.

Ein anderer Verfahrensablauf sieht vor, daß die Holzwerkstoffreststücke zusammen mit der Imprägnierlösung in einen rotierenden oder mit einem Misch- bzw. Rührwerk ausgestatteten Aufschlußbehälter gefüllt werden (wobei die zugegebene Menge der Imprägnierlösung so bemessen ist, daß nach der Imprägnierung und dem Aufschluß keine freie, ablaßbare Imprägnierlösung bzw. Ablauge mehr vorhanden ist, die zu entsorgen wäre) und der Aufschlußbehälter auf eine Temperatur zwischen 80 und 120°C erwärmt wird. Bei diesem Verfahrensablauf finden der mechanische Vorgang der Zerstörung der Leimverbindungen durch Quellen sowie die chemische Zersetzung durch Hydrolyse gleichzeitig statt. D.h. die Holzwerkstoffstücke werden gleichzeitig dem Einfluß der Imprägnierlösung und der Temperatur (und Druck) ausgesetzt.Another process sequence provides that the wood material residues are filled together with the impregnation solution into a rotating digestion tank or equipped with a mixer or stirrer (the amount of the impregnation solution added being dimensioned such that after impregnation and digestion there is no free, drainable one Impregnation solution or waste liquor is more to be disposed of) and the digestion tank is heated to a temperature between 80 and 120 ° C. In this process sequence, the mechanical process of destroying the glue connections by swelling and the chemical decomposition by hydrolysis take place simultaneously. Ie the wood material pieces are simultaneously exposed to the influence of the impregnation solution and the temperature (and pressure).

Durch den Einsatz der Imprägnierlösung kann ein Aufschluß bei niedrigen Temperaturen sowohl bei Druck als auch drucklos durchgeführt werden. Dadurch werden die Späne und Fasern geschont, das in den Altmaterialien vorliegenden Bindemittelbestandteile, z. B. Harnstoff, werden nicht oder nur wenig geschädigt und können sich so auf eine erneute Verleimung positiv auswirken oder sogar reaktiviert werden (Verringerung des Bindemittelbedarfs und der Formaldehydemission). Gleichzeitig werden störende Emissionen, wie sie bei höheren Temperaturen und Drücken auftreten, vermieden.By using the impregnation solution, digestion can be carried out at low temperatures, both under pressure and without pressure. This protects the chips and fibers, the binder components present in the waste materials, e.g. B. urea, are not or only slightly damaged and can thus have a positive effect on re-gluing or even reactivated (reduction of the need for binders and the formaldehyde emission). At the same time, disturbing emissions, such as those that occur at higher temperatures and pressures, are avoided.

Nach dem Aufschluß ist der Holzwerkstoffverbund vollständig aufgelöst. Die Späne und Fasern sowie die Beschichtungen, Massivholzteile, Kantenmaterialien, Metalle und sonstigen nicht Span- und Faserbestandteile sind voneinander gelöst und können durch eine Siebung, eine Windsichtung, eine Kombination von beidem oder ein neues Trennverfahren sortiert werden, insbesondere läßt sich die Span- und die Faserfraktion leicht abtrennen, da die Späne bzw. Fasern wesentlich kleiner sind als beispielsweise die Beschichtungen, die noch die Größe der vorgebrochenen Holzwerkstoffe haben.After the digestion, the wood-based composite is completely dissolved. The chips and fibers as well as the coatings, solid wood parts, edging materials, metals and other non-chip and fiber components are separated from each other and can be sorted by sieving, wind sifting, a combination of both or a new separation process, in particular the chip and easily separate the fiber fraction, since the chips or fibers are much smaller than, for example, the coatings, which are still the size of the pre-broken wood materials.

Die Späne und Fasern haben nach dem Aufschluß einen Feuchtigkeitssgehalt, der dem von frischem Waldholz entspricht oder sogar darunter liegt. Die erhöhte Temperatur der Späne nach dem Aufschluß wirkt sich vorteilhaft auf deren Trocknung aus. Das wiedergewonnene Spanmaterial läßt sich in üblicher Weise getrennt oder auch mit Frischspänen bzw. -fasern trocknen. Aus den wiedergewonnenen Spänen und Fasern lassen sich ohne Zugabe frischer Späne bzw. Fasern mit unmodifizierten handelsüblichen Bindemitteln Span- und Faserplatten herstellen, die die gleichen oder sogar bessere Eigenschaften als das Ausgangsmaterial haben. Dies gilt sowohl für die technologischen Eigenschaften als auch für die Formaldehydemission.After digestion, the chips and fibers have a moisture content that corresponds to or even less than that of fresh forest wood. The increased temperature of the chips after digestion has an advantageous effect on their drying. The recovered chip material can be separated in the usual way or also dried with fresh chips or fibers. Particles and fiberboard can be produced from the recovered chips and fibers without the addition of fresh chips or fibers with unmodified commercially available binders, which have the same or even better properties than the starting material. This applies to both the technological properties and the formaldehyde emission.

Eine Aufnahme von 80% des Eigengewichtes der Holzwerkstoffe an Imprägnierlösung ist für einen besonders schnellen und vollständigen Aufschluß besonders günstig. Die Aufnahme der Imprägnierlösung kann bei Normaltemperatur (Umgebungstemperatur) und Normaldruck durchgeführt werden. Die Aufnahme kann beispielsweise durch eine der Imprägnierung vorangehende Unterdruckbehandlung und/oder eine Druckwechselbehandlung und/oder eine Temperaturerhöhung der Imprägnierlösung und/oder ein Erwärmen des Aufschlußmaterials beschleunigt werden.An absorption of 80% of the weight of the wood-based materials in impregnation solution is particularly favorable for a particularly fast and complete digestion. The impregnation solution can be absorbed at normal temperature (Ambient temperature) and normal pressure. The absorption can be accelerated, for example, by a vacuum treatment preceding the impregnation and / or a pressure swing treatment and / or an increase in temperature of the impregnation solution and / or heating of the digestion material.

Die Größe der aufzuschließenden Holzwerkstoffe liegt vorteilhafterweise im Bereich einer durchschnittlichen Kantenlänge von mindestens 10 bis 20 cm, die durch einen langsam drehenden, handelsüblichen Vorbrecher erreicht wird. Diese Größe trägt dazu bei, daß die Späne und Fasern nur gering geschädigt werden. Auch im Kantenbereich werden nur wenige Späne und Fasern geschädigt, da das Material hier durch die spezielle, langsam drehende Walze des Vorbrechers überwiegend in der Leimfuge bricht. Darüber hinaus werden auch die Beschichtungen und sonstigen nicht Span- und Faserbestandteile nur wenig in ihrer Größe verändert, so daß sie sich nach dem Aufschluß leicht abtrennen lassen, da sie dann wesentlich größer als die Späne bzw. Fasern sind. Der Einsatz von so großen Holzwerkstoffstücken ist möglich, weil durch die Imprägnierbehandlung das Material soweit vorbehandelt ist, daß es überall mit Imprägnierlösung durchdrungen ist und so durch Wärmeeinwirkung überall eine chemisch-hydrolytische Zerstörung des Bindemittels erfolgen kann.The size of the wood materials to be broken down is advantageously in the range of an average edge length of at least 10 to 20 cm, which is achieved by a slowly rotating, commercially available primary crusher. This size helps to ensure that the chips and fibers are only slightly damaged. Only a few chips and fibers are damaged in the edge area as the material breaks here mainly in the glue joint due to the special, slowly rotating roller of the primary crusher. In addition, the coatings and other non-chip and fiber components are only slightly changed in size, so that they can be easily separated after digestion, since they are then much larger than the chips or fibers. The use of such large pieces of wood material is possible because the material is pretreated by the impregnation treatment to such an extent that it is permeated with impregnation solution everywhere and so chemical and hydrolytic destruction of the binder can take place everywhere through the action of heat.

Der Einsatz der Imprägnierlösung eröffnet zahlreiche Möglichkeiten, den Aufschluß und besonders das Aufschlußergebnis zu steuern. So können über die Zusammensetzung der Imprägnierlösung die Späne und Fasern sogar vergütet werden, d. h. diese können bedingt durch die Imprägnierung und/oder den Aufschluß bessere chemische und physikalische Eigenschaften haben als Frischspäne. Da besonders Spanplatten und mitteldichte Holzfaserplatten aus Altmöbeln relativ hohe Formaldehydemissionen und -gehalte haben, ist es sinnvoll, der Imprägnierlösung Harnstoff, Ammoniak oder Harnstoff bzw. Ammoniak abspaltende oder andere formaldehydbindende, formaldehydinhibierende oder formaldehydzerstörende Chemakalien zuzusetzen. Dadurch wird auch die nach dem Aufschluß in der Ab- und Trocknungsluft freiwerdende Formaldehydkonzentration verringert oder ganz vermieden. Durch eine Zugabe von Laugen kann z. B. der Bildung von Säuren entgegengewirkt werden.The use of the impregnation solution opens up numerous possibilities for controlling the digestion and especially the digestion result. The chips and fibers can even be coated with the composition of the impregnation solution, ie they can have better chemical and physical properties than fresh chips due to the impregnation and / or the digestion. Since chipboard and medium-density fibreboard from old furniture in particular have relatively high formaldehyde emissions and contents, it makes sense to add urea, ammonia or urea or ammonia-releasing or other formaldehyde-binding, formaldehyde-inhibiting or formaldehyde-destroying chemicals to the impregnation solution. As a result, the formaldehyde concentration released in the waste air and drying air after digestion is reduced or avoided entirely. By adding alkalis, e.g. B. the formation of acids can be counteracted.

Im Holz enthaltene Säuren können neutralisiert werden. Die Späne können z. B. leicht basisch eingestellt werden. Dadurch kann das Aushärten von zugesetzten Bindemitteln verzögert werden, was besonders dann von Interesse ist, wenn zwischen Beleimung und Verpressung ein größerer Zeitraum liegt. Auch kann das Spektrum von Beschichtungen für die aus Sekundärspänen bzw. - fasern hergestellten Holzwerkstoffe auch auf solche Materialien ausgeweitet werden, die einen basischen Untergrund erfordern. Durch eine Zugabe von Säuren läßt sich der Säuregehalt der wiedergewonnenen Späne und Fasern erhöhen. Dadurch kann auf den Zusatz von Härtern zum Bindemittel bei der Holzwerkstoffherstellung ganz oder teilweise verzichtet werden oder das Aushärten des Bindemittels ganz einfach nur beschleunigt werden. Eine Zugabe von Säuren wirkt sich auch vorteilhaft aus, wenn aus den so wiedergewonnenen Spänen bzw. Fasern Werkstoffe hergestellt werden, auf die Beschichtungen aufgebracht werden, die ein säurehärtendes Klebstoffsystem besitzen. In diesem Fall könnte das Klebstoffsystem vereinfacht werden und auch das Aufbringen der Beschichtung würde beschleunigt. Auch wird der Aufschlußprozeß durch eine Säurezugabe zur Imprägnierlösung beschleunigt. Vorteilhaft ist auch die Zugabe von Oxidations- oder Reduktionsmitteln. Durch diese kann einerseits freiwerdendes Formaldehyd zerstört werden, andererseits kann z. B. durch die Zugabe von Peroxiden auch Harnstoff in gewissen Umfang reaktiviert werden. Eine weitere vorteilhafte Ausgestaltung im Hinblick auf die Zusammensetzung der Imprägnierlösung ist auch die Zugabe von Bindemitteln wie z. B. Harnstoff-Formaldehyd-Harzen oder Bindemittel-Zuschlagstoffen wie z. B. Paraffinen zur Imprägnierlösung. Dies wirkt sich auf die Formaldehydminderung bzw. auf die spätere Quellung und Wasseraufnahme der Sekundärspäne und -fasern positiv aus, und es kann auf eine weitere Beleimung der wiedergewonnenen Späne und Fasern nach dem Aufschluß ganz oder teilweise verzichtet werden. Darüber hinaus brauchen die Späne und Fasern für eine Weiterverarbeitung zu Platten nicht so stark getrocknet zu werden. Sollen die wiedergewonnenen Späne zu Fasern für die Faserplattenherstellung verarbeitet werden, so ist die Zugabe von ligninerweichenden Chemikalien wie z.B. Methanol, Sulfiten oder auch Ammoniak sinnvoll, um bei der späteren Fasererzeugung Energie zu sparen.Acids contained in the wood can be neutralized. The chips can e.g. B. can be set slightly basic. As a result, the hardening of added binders can be delayed, which is of particular interest if there is a longer period between gluing and pressing. The spectrum of coatings for the wood-based materials made from secondary chips or fibers can also be extended to materials that require a basic substrate. The acid content of the recovered chips and fibers can be increased by adding acids. In this way, the addition of hardeners to the binder in wood-based panel manufacture can be dispensed with in whole or in part, or the curing of the binder can simply be accelerated. The addition of acids also has an advantageous effect if the chips or fibers thus recovered are used to produce materials to which coatings are applied which have an acid-curing adhesive system. In this case, the adhesive system could be simplified and the application of the coating would also be accelerated. The digestion process is also accelerated by adding acid to the impregnation solution. The addition of oxidizing or reducing agents is also advantageous. This can on the one hand destroy formaldehyde released, on the other hand z. B. by the addition of peroxides urea can be reactivated to a certain extent. Another advantageous embodiment with regard to the composition of the impregnation solution is also the addition of binders such as. B. urea-formaldehyde resins or binder additives such. B. paraffins for impregnation solution. This has a positive effect on the reduction in formaldehyde or on the subsequent swelling and water absorption of the secondary chips and fibers, and further gluing of the recovered chips and fibers after digestion can be dispensed with in whole or in part. In addition, the chips and fibers do not need to be dried as much for further processing into plates. If the recovered shavings are to be processed into fibers for the manufacture of fiberboard, the addition of lignin-softening chemicals such as methanol, sulfites or ammonia is advisable in order to save energy in the later fiber production.

Eine Standardimprägnierlösung wird ca. 0,5 bis 3% Harnstoff, und ca. 0,1 bis 1% Ammoniak oder ca. 0,5% Natronlauge (gelöst in Wasser) enthalten. Durch die in der Imprägnierlösung enthaltenen Chemikalien wird kein Holzaufschluß (Delignifizierung) wie bei einer Zellstofferzeugung herbeigeführt werden.A standard impregnation solution will contain approx. 0.5 to 3% urea, and approx. 0.1 to 1% ammonia or approx. 0.5% sodium hydroxide solution (dissolved in water). Due to the chemicals contained in the impregnation solution, no wood digestion (delignification) is brought about as in the production of cellulose.

Durch Zugabe von Chemikalien in den Aufschlußbehälter während des Aufschlusses kann der Aufschluß ebenfalls positiv beeinflußt werden. So kann z. B. durch ein Eingasen von Ozon freigewordenes Formaldehyd zerstört werden.Adding chemicals to the digestion tank during the digestion can also have a positive effect on the digestion. So z. B. be destroyed by gassing ozone released formaldehyde.

Da hohe Temperaturen die Späne schädigen, ist es vorteilhaft, wenn der Aufschluß mit einem gesteuerten Temperaturprofil durchgeführt wird. Dies kann so aussehen, daß zu Anfang des Aufschlusses die Temperatur auf ein höheres Temperaturniveau gebracht wird und zum Ende des Aufschlusses hin eine abfallende Temperatur vorliegt. Auch ein anderes, nicht konstantes Temperaturprofil ist möglich.Since high temperatures damage the chips, it is advantageous if the digestion is carried out with a controlled temperature profile. This can be such that the temperature is brought to a higher temperature level at the beginning of the digestion and a falling temperature is present towards the end of the digestion. A different, non-constant temperature profile is also possible.

Das erfindungsgemäße Verfahren wird anhand der nachfolgenden Beispiele 1 bis 11 näher beschrieben.The process according to the invention is described in more detail with reference to Examples 1 to 11 below.

Beispiel 1:Example 1:

Altmöbel, Produktionsreststücke und Ausschuß, die Spanplatten und/oder MDF oder andere Holzwerkstoffe enthalten, werden mittels eines handelsüblichen Vorbrechers (z. B. Vorbrecher der Firmen Pallmann oder Maier) zu Stücken mit einer Kantenlänge von 10 bis 20 cm gebrochen. Durch das Vorbrechen zu der genannten Größe erhält man einerseits ein optimales Schüttgewicht (Masse pro Volumen), andererseits werden die Späne und Fasern wie auch die Beschichtungen und Kantenmaterialien nur in geringem Maße mechanisch geschädigt. Metall-, Kunststoff und Massivholzteile müssen nicht abgetrennt werden. Spanplatten und MDF oder andere Holzwerkstoffe können getrennt oder gemischt aufgeschlossen werden. Die vorgebrochenen Holzwerkstoffteile werden in einen stehenden oder rotierenden Aufschluß-/Druckbehälter gefüllt. Bei der angegebenen Größe erreicht man dabei ein Schüttgewicht von etwa 350 bis 400 kg/m3. Der Druckbehälter wird verschlossen und evakuiert, so daß sich ein Unterdruck von 150 bis 200 mbar (absolut) einstellt. Die Zeitdauer bis zur Einstellung dieses Unterdruckes ist von der eingesetzten Technik abhängig. Durch den Unterdruck entweicht die Luft aus den Holzwerkstoffstücken. Dadurch kann die nun zugegebene Imprägnierlösung in kurzer Zeit in die Holzwerkstoffe eindringen. Diese Eindringdauer beträgt bei Spanplatten etwa 5 bis 15 Minuten und ist von der Art des Holzwerkstoffes, vom Unterdruck, von der Zusammensetzung der Imprägnierlösung und deren Temperatur abhängig. Die Imprägnierlösung besteht aus Wasser, Harnstoff und Natronlauge. Die Holzwerkstoffstücke werden dieser Lösung solange ausgesetzt, bis diese mindestens 50% ihres Eigengewichtes entsprechend einem Flottenverhältnis (Verhältnis von Holzwerkstoffen zu Imprägnierlösung nach Beendigung des Imprägniervorganges) von 1:0,5 aufgenommen haben. Danach wird in dem Aufschlußbehälter wieder Normaldruck hergestellt und die nicht aufgenommene Imprägnierlösung wird aus dem Aufschlußbehälter abgelassen. Diese läßt sich für den nächsten Aufschluß weiter verwenden. Der Aufschlußbehälter wird dann wieder verschlossen und auf 110°C für etwa 20 Minuten aufgeheizt. Das Aufheizen erfolgt aufgrund der Freiräume zwischen den Plattenstücken in relativ kurzer Zeit. Nach dieser Behandlung liegen die Späne bzw. Fasern wieder in ihrer ursprünglichen geometrischen Form vor. Die Beschichtungen und Kantenmaterialien sowie andere unerwünschte Bestandteile sind abgelöst und können durch eine nachfolgende Siebung oder eine Windsichtung oder eine Kombination von beidem von der Span- bzw. Faserfraktion abgetrennt werden. Entsprechendes gilt für Massivholz-, Span- oder Faserplattenstücke, die nicht gelöst werden konnten. Der Rückstand kann weiter sortiert werden, z. B. in Vollholz-, Kunststoff- und Metallteile. Diese können weiter verarbeitet, thermisch zur Strom- oder Energieerzeugung genutzt oder anders entsorgt werden. Metalle können z. B. über Magnete oder Metalldetektoren abgetrennt werden. Kunststoffe und Holzteile durch NIR-spektroskopische oder andere Verfahren sortiert und getrennt werden.Old furniture, production remnants and scrap, which contain chipboard and / or MDF or other wood-based materials, are broken into pieces with an edge length of 10 to 20 cm using a commercially available pre-crusher (e.g. pre-crusher from Pallmann or Maier). By breaking up to the specified size, on the one hand an optimal bulk density (mass per volume) is obtained, on the other hand the chips and fibers as well as the coatings and edge materials are only mechanically damaged to a small extent. Metal, plastic and solid wood parts do not have to be separated. Chipboard and MDF or other wood materials can be broken down separately or mixed. The pre-broken wood material parts are filled into a standing or rotating digestion / pressure vessel. With the specified size, a bulk density of about 350 to 400 kg / m 3 is achieved . The pressure vessel is closed and evacuated, so that a negative pressure of 150 to 200 mbar (absolutely) sets. The length of time until this vacuum is set depends on the technology used. The air escapes from the wood-based material pieces due to the negative pressure. As a result, the impregnation solution now added can penetrate the wood-based materials in a short time. This penetration time is about 5 to 15 minutes with chipboard and depends on the type of wood material, the negative pressure, the composition of the impregnation solution and its temperature. The impregnation solution consists of water, urea and sodium hydroxide solution. The wood material pieces are exposed to this solution until they have absorbed at least 50% of their own weight corresponding to a liquor ratio (ratio of wood materials to impregnation solution after the impregnation process has ended) of 1: 0.5. Then normal pressure is restored in the digestion tank and the impregnation solution which has not been taken up is drained from the digestion tank. This can be used for the next digestion. The digestion container is then closed again and heated to 110 ° C. for about 20 minutes. The heating takes place in a relatively short time due to the free spaces between the plate pieces. After this treatment, the chips or fibers are again in their original geometric shape. The coatings and edge materials, as well as other undesirable components, have been removed and can be separated from the chip or fiber fraction by a subsequent screening or wind sifting or a combination of both. The same applies to solid wood, chipboard or fiberboard pieces that could not be solved. The residue can be sorted further, e.g. B. in solid wood, plastic and metal parts. These can be processed further, used thermally to generate electricity or energy, or disposed of in some other way. Metals can e.g. B. separated by magnets or metal detectors. Plastics and wooden parts are sorted and separated by NIR spectroscopic or other methods.

Aus den wiedergewonnenen Spänen bzw. Fasern lassen sich ohne Zugabe frischer Späne bzw. Fasern mit üblicher Technik und handelsüblichen, unmodifizierten Bindemitteln wie z. B. Harnstoff-, Melamin-, Phenol-Formaldehydharzen, Isocyanaten (MDI/PMDI) oder Mischharzen Span- bzw. Faserplatten herstellen, die die gleichen oder sogar bessere Eigenschaften als das Ausgangsmaterial haben (s. Tab. 1. und 2). Dies gilt sowohl für die technologischen Eigenschaften als auch für die Formaldehydemission.From the recovered chips or fibers can be made without the addition of fresh chips or fibers using conventional technology and commercially available, unmodified binders such as. B. urea, melamine, phenol-formaldehyde resins, isocyanates (MDI / PMDI) or mixed resins chipboard or fiberboard Manufacture that have the same or even better properties than the starting material (see Tab. 1. and 2). This applies to both the technological properties and the formaldehyde emission.

Beispiel 2:Example 2:

Wie Beispiel 1, nur werden Aufschlußmaterial und Imprägnierlösung bereits im angestrebten Flottenverhältnis in einen drehenden oder einen mit einem Rühr- bzw. Mischwerk ausgestatteten Aufschlußbehälter gefüllt. Dies bedeutet, es wird maximal soviel Imprägnierlösung in den Aufschlußbehälter gegeben, wie das Aufschlußmaterial aufnehmen kann. Die Durchmischung und gleichmäßige Aufnahme der Imprägnierlösung erfolgt dabei durch das Drehen des Aufschlußbehälters oder das Rühr- bzw. Mischwerk. Der Aufschlußbehälter kann dabei von Anfang an, d. h. direkt nach dem Verschließen, aufgeheizt werden.As in Example 1, but the digestion material and impregnation solution are already filled in the desired liquor ratio into a rotating digestion tank or a digestion tank equipped with a stirrer or mixer. This means that a maximum of as much impregnation solution is added to the digestion tank as the digestion material can hold. The impregnation solution is mixed and evenly taken up by rotating the digestion tank or the agitator or mixer. The digestion vessel can from the beginning, d. H. immediately after sealing, be heated up.

Beispiel 3:Example 3:

Wie Beispiel 1, jedoch findet die Imprägnierung in einem anderen Behälter statt als dem Aufschlußbehälter und die fertigimprägnierten Holzwerkstoffstücke werden in den Aufschlußbehälter gefüllt, so daß die Temperaturbeaufschlagung direkt erfolgen kann.Like example 1, but the impregnation takes place in a different container than the digestion container and the finished impregnated wood material pieces are filled into the digestion container so that the temperature can be applied directly.

Beispiel 4:Example 4:

Wie Beispiel 1, jedoch ohne Unterdruck.As example 1, but without negative pressure.

Beispiel 5:Example 5:

Wie Beispiel 1, 2, 3 und 4, nur daß der Aufschluß drucklos durchgeführt wird.As example 1, 2, 3 and 4, except that the digestion is carried out without pressure.

Beispiel 6:Example 6:

Wie Beispiel 1 und 4, nur daß die Imprägnierlösung eine höhereTemperatur als die Umgebungstemperatur aufweist, vorzugsweise 60 bis 80°C.Like Examples 1 and 4, except that the impregnation solution is at a temperature higher than ambient, preferably 60 to 80 ° C.

Beispiel 7:Example 7:

Wie Beispiel 1, 2 und 4, nur daß Imprägnierung und Aufschluß kontinuierlich oder im "batch" Verfahren durchgeführt werden.As examples 1, 2 and 4, except that impregnation and digestion are carried out continuously or in a "batch" process.

Beispiel 8:Example 8:

Wie Beispiel 1, 2, 3 und 4, nur daß der Imprägnierlösung formaldehydbindende, formaldehydinhibierende oder formaldehydzerstörende Chemakalien, wie z.B. Harnstoff Ammoniak oder Harnstoff bzw. Ammoniak abspaltende Stoffe zugesetzt werden.As in Examples 1, 2, 3 and 4, except that the impregnating solution contains formaldehyde-binding, formaldehyde-inhibiting or formaldehyde-destroying chemicals, e.g. Urea ammonia or urea or ammonia-releasing substances are added.

Beispiel 9:Example 9:

Wie Beispiel 1, 2, 3 und 4, nur daß der Imprägnierlösung Laugen wie z. B. Natronlauge, Säuren wie z.B. Schwefelsäure, Oxidations- oder Reduktionsmittel, Bindemittel wie z.B. Harnstofformaldehyharze, bindemittelkonservierende oder bindemittelreaktivierende Stubstanzen, alle Chemikalien in einer Gesamtkonzentration bis zu 30% zugegeben werden.As example 1, 2, 3 and 4, except that the impregnating solution bases such. B. sodium hydroxide solution, acids such as e.g. Sulfuric acid, oxidizing or reducing agents, binders such as e.g. Urea formaldehyde resins, binder-preserving or binder-reactivating substances, all chemicals are added in a total concentration up to 30%.

Beispiel 10:Example 10:

Wie Beispiel 1, 2, 3 und 4, nur daß die wiedergewonnenen Späne bzw. Fasern nach dem Aufschluß im noch feuchten, angetrockneten oder getrockneten Zustand mit Chemikalien nach den Beispielen 8 und 9 behandelt werden.As in Examples 1, 2, 3 and 4, except that the recovered chips or fibers are treated with chemicals according to Examples 8 and 9 after digestion in the still moist, dried or dried state.

Beispiel 11:Example 11:

Wie vorangegangene Beispiele , nur daß während des Aufschlusses Chemikalien nach den Beispielen 8 und 9 oder andere Chemikalien in den Aufschlußbehälter zugegeben werden. So kann durch ein Eingasen von Ozon z. B. freigewordenes Formaldehyd zerstört werden.Like previous examples, except that chemicals from Examples 8 and 9 or other chemicals are added to the digestion tank during the digestion. So by gassing ozone z. B. formaldehyde released can be destroyed.

Beispiel 12:Example 12:

Wie vorangegangene Beispiele, nur daß in zwei oder mehreren, miteinander gekoppelten Aufschlußbehältern nebeneinander gearbeitet wird.As previous examples, only that two or more, coupled digestion vessels work side by side.

Die Tabellen 1 und 2 geben einen Überblick über die Eigenschaften von aus wiedergewonnemSpanmaterial hergestellten Platten. Es zeigen:

Tabelle 1:
Eigenschaften einer aus wiedergewonnenem Spanmaterial hergestellten Laborspanplatte, der Möbelspanplatte (Produktion 1993) aus der die Späne wiedergewonnen wurden (nach Entfernen der Beschichtung) und einer Laborspanplatte, die aus Industriespänen des Möbelspanplattenherstellers hergestellt wurde.
Tabelle 2:
Eigenschaften einer aus wiedergewonnenem Spanmaterial (Sekundärspäne) hergestellten Laborspanplatte, der Altmöbelspanplatte von 1964 aus der die Späne wiedergewonnen wurden (nach Entfernen der Beschichtung) und einer Labor-MDF, die aus Fasern hergestellt wurde, die durch Mahlung von wiedergewonnenen Spänen der Altmöbelspanplatte erzeugt wurden.
Tables 1 and 2 provide an overview of the properties of boards made from recovered chip material. Show it:
Table 1:
Properties of a chipboard made from recovered chip material, the chipboard (1993 production) from which the chips were recovered (after removing the coating) and a chipboard made from industrial chips of the chipboard manufacturer.
Table 2:
Properties of a laboratory chipboard made from recovered chip material (secondary chips), the old furniture chipboard from 1964 from which the chips were recovered (after removing the coating) and a laboratory MDF made from fibers that were produced by grinding recovered chips from the old furniture chipboard.

Das erfinderische Verfahren wird anhand eines Beispiels näher erläutert.The inventive method is explained in more detail using an example.

In Fig. 1 ist schematisch eine Anlage zum Aufschluß von Spanplatten und Holzwerkstoff-reststücken gemäß der Erfindung dargestellt. In Fig. 2 ist schematisch der Verfahrensablauf dargestellt.In Fig. 1, a plant for the digestion of chipboard and wood material residues according to the invention is shown schematically. The process sequence is shown schematically in FIG.

Holzwerkstoffreststücke werden durch einen Radlader 1 oder einen Greifbagger oder ein anderes geeignetes Gerät auf einen Vorbrecher 2 gegeben. Durch den Vorbrecher 2 werden die Holzwerkstoffe zu flächigen Stücken mit einer Kantenlänge von durchschnittlich 10 bis 20 cm vorgebrochen. Das vorgebrochene Material wird dann über eine geeignete Fördereinrichtung 17 in den Aufschlußbehälter 3 gefördert. Der Aufschlußbehälter 3 hat hier auch die Funktion eines Imprägnierbehälters. Nachdem der Aufschlußbehälter 3 befüllt ist, wird er luftdicht verschlossen. Über eine Vakuumpumpe 9 wird die im Aufschlußbehälter 3 und den Holzwerkstoffen enthaltene Luft abgesaugt bis sich ein Unterdruck von etwa 150 bis 200 mbar (absolut) eingestellt hat. Unter Aufrechterhaltung des Vakuums wird nun aus dem Ansetzbehälter 4 für Imprägnierlösung über eine Leitung 15 die Imprägnierlösung in den Aufschlußbehälter 3 geführt, bis die Holzwerkstoffe vollständig von dieser bedeckt sind. Im Aufschlußbehälter 3 wird nun wieder Normaldruck eingestellt. Zur Beschleunigung des Eindringens der Imprägnierlösung könnte auch Überdruck angelegt werden. Auch eine Imprägnierung bei Normaldruck ist möglich. Der Ansetzbehälter 4 für die Imprägnierlösung verfügt über ein Rührwerk 5 und eine Zufuhr für Chemikalien 6 und eine Zuleitung für Wasser 7. Ist der Imprägniervorgang abgeschlossen, d.h. haben die Holzwerkstoffstücke mindestens 50% ihres Eigengewichtes an Imprägnierlösung aufgenommen, wird über eine Leitung 10 die überschüssige Imprägnierlösung aus dem Aufschlußbehälter 3 zurück in den Ansetzbehälter 4 abgelassen. Darin wird sie wieder aufgefüllt und für den nächsten Imprägniervorgang verwendet. Der Aufschlußbehälter 3 wird nach dem Ablassen der überschüssigen Imprägnierlösung wieder druckdicht verschlossen und nun über die Mantelfläche oder durch direkte Wärmezufuhr durch Heißluft, Dampf oder einen anderen gasförmigen Wärmeträger mittels einer Wärmequelle 8 aufgeheizt. Es wird beispielsweise eine Temperatur von 110°C für 20 Minuten im Aufschlußbehälter 3 hergestellt. Danach wird die Wärmezufuhr beendet und der Aufschlußbehälter 3 wird durch eine Austragsvorrichtung 16 entleert. Anstelle einer Austragsvorrichtung könnte der Aufschlußbehälter auch durch eine über die ganze Breite sich erstreckende Öffnung im unteren Bereich geleert werden. Das aufgeschlossene Material wird in ein Silo 11 oder einen anderen geeigneten Lagerbehälter geführt. Von dort wird es kontinuierlich auf eine Siebmaschine 12 gegeben. Dort werden Späne bzw. Fasern von Beschichtungen, Massivholzteilen, Kantenmaterialien und anderen Nicht-Span-Bestandteilen getrennt. Die abgetrennten Späne bzw. Fasern werden nun einer Weiterverarbeitung 14 zugeführt. Die abgetrennten übrigen Bestandteile können nun weitersortiert werden oder zwecks Volumenverringerung mittels einer Presse 13 verdichtet werden. Tab.1 Möbelspanplatte ohne Beschichtung 19 mm Laborspanplatte aus Sekundärspänen 19 mm Laborspanplatte aus frischen Spänen 19 mm Rodichte [g/cm3] 0,703 0,674 0,673 E-Modul [N/mm2] 2410 2460 2600 Biegefestigkeit [N/mm2] 11,99 12,55 15,20 Querzugsfestigkeit [N/mm2] 0,529 0,520 0,668 Abhebefestigkeit [N/mm2] 1,10 1,17 1,27 Scherfestigkeit [N/mm2] 1,71 1,48 1,70 Perforatorwerte [mg/100 g ] 6,8 5,4 8,1 Feuchte bei 20/65 [%] 10,0 9,5 10,1 Tab. 2 Altmöbelspanplatte(1964)ohne Beschichtung 19 mm Laborspanplatte aus Sekundärspänen 19 mm Labor-MDF aus Sekundärfasern 19 mm Rodichte [g/cm3] 0,621 0,712 0,760 E-Modul [N/mm2] 3020 3730 3530 Biegefestigkeit [N/mm2] 18,11 23,63 23,20 Querzugsfestigkeit [N/mm2] 0,30 0,34 0,53 Abhebefestigkeit [N/mm2] 1,05 1,20 1,30 Scherfestigkeit [N/mm2] 1,21 1,33 1,77 Perforatorwerte [mg/100 g] 14,6 9,5 2,0 Feuchte bei 20/65 [%] 10,27 9,77 8,06 Wood material remnants are placed on a primary crusher 2 by a wheel loader 1 or a grab excavator or another suitable device. The pre-crusher 2 breaks the wood materials into flat pieces with an edge length of on average 10 to 20 cm. The pre-broken material is then conveyed into the digestion container 3 via a suitable conveying device 17. The digestion container 3 also has the function of an impregnation container. After the digestion container 3 is filled, it is closed airtight. The air contained in the digestion tank 3 and the wood materials is sucked off via a vacuum pump 9 until a vacuum of about 150 to 200 mbar (absolute) has been reached. While maintaining the vacuum, the impregnation solution is now led from the preparation container 4 for impregnation solution via a line 15 into the digestion container 3 until the wood materials are completely covered by the latter. Normal pressure is now set again in the digestion tank 3. Overpressure could also be applied to accelerate the penetration of the impregnation solution. Impregnation at normal pressure is also possible. The preparation container 4 for the impregnation solution has an agitator 5 and a supply for chemicals 6 and a feed line for water 7. When the impregnation process is complete, ie the wood-based material pieces have at least 50% of theirs Own weight of impregnation solution added, the excess impregnation solution is drained from the digestion tank 3 back into the preparation tank 4 via a line 10. It is filled up again and used for the next impregnation process. After the excess impregnation solution has been drained, the digestion container 3 is closed again in a pressure-tight manner and is now heated by means of a heat source 8 via the outer surface or by direct supply of heat by hot air, steam or another gaseous heat transfer medium. For example, a temperature of 110 ° C. is produced for 20 minutes in the digestion tank 3. The heat supply is then stopped and the digestion tank 3 is emptied by a discharge device 16. Instead of a discharge device, the digestion container could also be emptied through an opening in the lower region that extends over the entire width. The digested material is fed into a silo 11 or another suitable storage container. From there it is continuously fed to a screening machine 12. There, chips or fibers are separated from coatings, solid wood parts, edge materials and other non-chip components. The separated chips or fibers are now fed to further processing 14. The separated remaining components can now be sorted further or compressed to reduce the volume by means of a press 13. Tab. 1 Chipboard without coating 19 mm Laboratory chipboard made of 19 mm secondary chips Laboratory chipboard made of fresh 19 mm chips Yield [g / cm 3 ] 0.703 0.674 0.673 Modulus of elasticity [N / mm 2 ] 2410 2460 2600 Flexural strength [N / mm 2 ] 11.99 12.55 15.20 Transverse tensile strength [N / mm 2 ] 0.529 0.520 0.668 Lift resistance [N / mm 2 ] 1.10 1.17 1.27 Shear strength [N / mm 2 ] 1.71 1.48 1.70 Perforator values [mg / 100 g] 6.8 5.4 8.1 Humidity at 20/65 [%] 10.0 9.5 10.1 Old furniture chipboard (1964) without coating 19 mm Laboratory chipboard made of 19 mm secondary chips Laboratory MDF made of 19 mm secondary fibers Yield [g / cm 3 ] 0.621 0.712 0.760 Modulus of elasticity [N / mm 2 ] 3020 3730 3530 Flexural strength [N / mm 2 ] 18.11 23.63 23.20 Transverse tensile strength [N / mm 2 ] 0.30 0.34 0.53 Lift resistance [N / mm 2 ] 1.05 1.20 1.30 Shear strength [N / mm 2 ] 1.21 1.33 1.77 Perforator values [mg / 100 g] 14.6 9.5 2.0 Humidity at 20/65 [%] 10.27 9.77 8.06

Claims (25)

  1. A process for recovering chips and fibres from residues of wood-based articles, old furniture, production residues, waste and other wood-based materials bonded with formaldehyde resin binders or with other binders which can be hydrolysed or chemically digested, in which the wood-based articles are digested at elevated temperature, characterized in that the wood-based articles are impregnated in a first step with a soaking or impregnating solution and swelled up until they have taken up at least 50% of their own weight of impregnating solution and the impregnated wood-based articles are heated in a second step to 80°C to 120°C and the wood-based material thus digested is then classified by sieving and/or air classification.
  2. A process according to claim 1, characterized in that the impregnation takes place in an impregnation container and in that the impregnated wood-based articles are then subjected to the temperature treatment in another container, the digesting container.
  3. A process according to claim 1, characterized in that the impregnation and the temperature treatment take place in the digesting container (3).
  4. A process according to claim 3, characterized in that the impregnation takes place before heating up the digesting container (3).
  5. A process according to claim 3, characterized in that the impregnation and the temperature treatment take place simultaneously.
  6. A process according to any of the preceding claims, characterized in that the wood-based articles are flat and have an edge length of at least 10 to 20 cm,
  7. A process according to any of claims 1 to 4 and 6, characterized in that the impregnation lasts for at least 1 minute.
  8. A process according to any of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that the temperature treatment lasts for at least 1 minute.
  9. A process according to any of the preceding claims, characterized in that the amount of impregnating solution added to the wood-based articles is so measured that all of the liquid is taken up by the wood-based articles.
  10. A process according to any of claims 2 to 9, characterized in that the impregnating or digesting container (3) is a rotating container or that it is fitted with a mixing or stirring mechanism (16) for mixing up the wood-based articles and the impregnating solution.
  11. A process according to any of claims 1 to 8, characterized in that sufficient impregnating solution is added to the wood-based articles for the whole of the wood-based material to be covered thereby and in that the residual impregnating solution is drained off after the liquid has been taken up.
  12. A process according to claim 11, characterized in that the process is carried out in a standing container.
  13. A process according to any of the preceding claims, characterized in that an excess pressure of up to 2 bar reigns in the digesting container (3).
  14. A process according to any of the preceding claims, characterized in that the wood-based articles have a proportion of impregnating solution amounting to 80% of their own weight and are subjected to a temperature of 110°C for 20 minutes.
  15. A process according to any of the preceding claims, characterized in that the temperature treatment is carried out at normal pressure.
  16. A process according to any of the preceding claims, characterized in that the impregnation with impregnating solution takes place at a reduced pressure lying below normal pressure or after treatment at reduced pressure (evacuation) of the wood-based articles.
  17. A process according to any of the preceding claims, characterized in that the impregnation with impregnating solution takes place at an excess pressure lying above normal pressure.
  18. A process according to any of the preceding claims, characterized in that the impregnation with impregnating solution takes place under a combination of reduced pressure and excess pressure.
  19. A process according to any of the preceding claims, characterized in that the wood-based articles are heated before the impregnation.
  20. A process according to any of the preceding claims, characterized in that the impregnating solution is heated during and/or before the impregnating operation (preferably to a temperature up to 80°C).
  21. A process according to any of the preceding claims, characterized in that formaldehyde-binding, formaldehyde-inhibiting or formaldehyde-decomposing chemicals, such as urea, ammonia or chemicals which break down to urea or ammonia are added to the impregnating solution.
  22. A process according to any of the preceding claims, characterized in that alkalis such as sodium hydroxide for example, acids such as sulphuric acid for example, oxidising or reducing agents, binders such as urea-formaldehyde resin, binder preservative or binder-activating substances are added to the impregnating solution, all chemicals in a total concentration up to 30%.
  23. A process according to any of the preceding claims, characterized in that chemicals are added to the digesting container (3) during the digestion.
  24. A process according to any of the preceding claims, characterized in that the digestion is operated with a temperature profile, e.g. an initially higher and then falling temperature.
  25. A process according to any of the preceding claims, characterized in that the recovered chips or fibres are treated with chemicals according to claims 21 and/or 22 after the digestion, while still moist, surface dried or dried.
EP95913030A 1994-03-15 1995-03-14 Process for recovering chips and fibres from residues of timber-derived materials, old pieces of furniture, production residues, waste and other timber-containing materials Expired - Lifetime EP0697941B2 (en)

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US5804035A (en) 1998-09-08
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CA2162894A1 (en) 1995-09-21
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EP0697941A1 (en) 1996-02-28
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GR3025090T3 (en) 1998-01-30
ATE157298T1 (en) 1997-09-15
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JPH08510419A (en) 1996-11-05
EP0697941B2 (en) 2002-07-17

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