EP0695115A1 - Verfahren zur Verwendung einer Röntgenbildverstärkerröhre und Schaltung zur Durchführung des Verfahrens - Google Patents

Verfahren zur Verwendung einer Röntgenbildverstärkerröhre und Schaltung zur Durchführung des Verfahrens Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0695115A1
EP0695115A1 EP95401726A EP95401726A EP0695115A1 EP 0695115 A1 EP0695115 A1 EP 0695115A1 EP 95401726 A EP95401726 A EP 95401726A EP 95401726 A EP95401726 A EP 95401726A EP 0695115 A1 EP0695115 A1 EP 0695115A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
voltage
photocathode
circuit
electrode
iir
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Ceased
Application number
EP95401726A
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
Eric Marche
Alain Girard
Damien Barjot
Jean-Marie Deon
Yvan Lacoste
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Thales Electron Devices SA
Original Assignee
Thomson Tubes Electroniques
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Thomson Tubes Electroniques filed Critical Thomson Tubes Electroniques
Publication of EP0695115A1 publication Critical patent/EP0695115A1/de
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J29/00—Details of cathode-ray tubes or of electron-beam tubes of the types covered by group H01J31/00
    • H01J29/98—Circuit arrangements not adapted to a particular application of the tube and not otherwise provided for
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J31/00—Cathode ray tubes; Electron beam tubes
    • H01J31/08—Cathode ray tubes; Electron beam tubes having a screen on or from which an image or pattern is formed, picked up, converted, or stored
    • H01J31/50—Image-conversion or image-amplification tubes, i.e. having optical, X-ray, or analogous input, and optical output
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05G—X-RAY TECHNIQUE
    • H05G1/00—X-ray apparatus involving X-ray tubes; Circuits therefor
    • H05G1/08—Electrical details
    • H05G1/64—Circuit arrangements for X-ray apparatus incorporating image intensifiers

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to IIR radiological image intensifier tubes, in particular for medical applications.
  • IIR tubes are normally used in a chain formed of an X-ray generator, of an object to be examined, most often a patient, of the intensifier tube itself which transforms the image of the object provided by the photons.
  • X in intensified light image and finally of a system for taking pictures and analyzing images generally comprising a photographic camera, a cinema camera, a video camera and an image processing circuit.
  • two chains of this type are used positioned at right angles which operate alternately.
  • the other does not because the object is not irradiated by two X-ray beams at the same time.
  • These two chains make it possible to obtain radiological images in two directions.
  • the other's IIR tube must be closed or blocked to avoid producing an image. Indeed, the patient produces by diffusion a large quantity of X-rays which can be captured by the IIR tube of the inactive chain, the latter then produces a poor quality image.
  • the two chains operate alternately at a frequency varying from 30 to 90 Hertz.
  • Each of the generators provides an X-ray pulse of duration generally varying between 50 ⁇ s and 8 ms.
  • Each IIR tube must be blocked or unblocked in less than 400 ⁇ s or even less if possible.
  • An IIR tube such as that of FIG. 1 consists of a sealed envelope 1 comprising an inlet face 2 which receives an X-ray beam 3 emerging from an object 4 to be examined.
  • the X photons penetrate via the input face 2 into a primary screen 5 which comprises, from the input face 2, a scintillator 6, a conductive layer 7 and a photocathode PC.
  • the scintillator 6 converts the X photons into light photons and these light photons excite the photocathode PC.
  • the photocathode PC converts light photons to electrons.
  • the conductive layer 7 can be made of indium oxide.
  • the electrons are then extracted, accelerated and focused by a series electrodes among which three successive electrodes G1, G2, G3 followed by an anode A. At the end of the race, the electrons bombard a secondary screen 8 or output which in turn operates a conversion of light photon electrons.
  • An intensified image is formed on the secondary screen 8. It reconstitutes the image emerging from the object 4 to be examined into a smaller image.
  • the voltage of the electrodes G1, G2, G3 is generally adjustable, which makes it possible to obtain a magnifying glass effect on the secondary screen.
  • the voltage of the photocathode and anode A is generally fixed.
  • the sealed envelope 1 comprises a first metal part 11 which includes the front face 2 and which constitutes the electrode G1.
  • the photocathode PC is electrically isolated from this metal part 11 and an isolation bead 9 is provided.
  • the metal part 11 is extended by a part of glass 12 to close the envelope 1.
  • the other electrodes G2, G3, A pass through this part of glass.
  • the older tubes have an entirely glass casing.
  • the blocking of the IIR tube is obtained by switching the voltage of the electrode G1 and / or of the electrode G2.
  • Several methods are currently used. One of them consists in switching the voltage of the electrode G1 to approximately -700V while it is between 0 and + 350V when the tube is in operation.
  • Another known method consists in applying a negative voltage of the order of -1300V to the electrode G2.
  • the G2 electrode is used to focus the electron beam.
  • the G2 electrode When switching to unblock the tube, the G2 electrode must find an appropriate operating voltage (between + 200V and + 2000V) with an accuracy of around 3 ⁇ to avoid defocusing the tube.
  • the switching to unblock the IIR tube must be done at high speed and the large potential difference (between -1300V and + 2000V) applied to the electrode G2 causes by capacitive coupling disturbances on the voltage of neighboring electrodes in particular of G3 electrode. This results in a significant deterioration of the image quality.
  • the voltage of the electrode G3 increases by forming a peak, then it decreases slowly to return to its nominal voltage. Stabilization of the voltage of the G3 electrode only takes place after a few milliseconds, while we are looking for a restoration of the voltage of the G3 electrode significantly less than 1 ⁇ after 400 ⁇ s.
  • the large potential difference applied to the electrode G2 during the switching operations and the precision of restoring the voltage on the electrode G2 during a switching operation aimed at releasing the IIR tube lead to a complex switching circuit.
  • Another known method consists in switching the voltage of the electrode G1 and that of the electrode G2 simultaneously. For this, the voltage of the electrode G2 is lowered from around 700 to 1000V (if it is around 2000V when the IIR tube is working) and the electrode G1 is brought to around - 700V. This method makes it possible to minimize the disturbances on the electrodes close to the electrode G2 during a switching. However, switching two high voltages with good restoration precision leads to a complex and expensive switching circuit.
  • the switching circuits usually use either several bipolar transistors connected in series or an oscillator transformer followed by a rectifier.
  • a circuit with bipolar transistors is of complex design and is therefore expensive.
  • a circuit with a transformer is limited in switched voltage, in speed and dissipates a lot of power. It therefore has a poor yield.
  • the electrode to be switched is connected to the switching circuit by a shielded cable so as to minimize the capacitive coupling with the other electrodes and therefore the disturbances on the voltages of the other electrodes generated by the switching.
  • a shielded cable In the variant where two electrodes are switched simultaneously, two shielded cables are required.
  • the electrodes close to the switched electrode and whose voltage undergoes disturbances by capacitive coupling require a voltage stabilization circuit. Since these electrodes are brought to very high voltages, the stabilization circuits must be dimensioned accordingly. Either a large decoupling capacitor or a rapid regulation circuit can be used. The capacitor is bulky and dangerous because it stores a lot of energy. It significantly increases the voltage stabilization time.
  • the regulation circuit is complex, expensive and difficult to protect against transients in addition to being bulky.
  • the present invention relates to a method of using an X-ray image intensifier tube which does not have the aforementioned drawbacks.
  • the method according to the invention consists in applying to the photocathode a substantially zero operating voltage when the IIR tube is in an operating state and it is characterized in that it consists in applying to this photocathode a positive, higher blocking voltage at the operating voltage so that the IIR tube is in a blocked state.
  • a voltage of the order of + 1000V achieves blocking.
  • the method according to the invention can also consist in determining the current in the photocathode by measuring a voltage proportional to said current, by avoiding sudden peaks of said current appearing when the voltage of the photocathode is switched.
  • the method according to the invention can avoid defocusing of the IIR tube, due to the large capacitive coupling between the photocathode and a neighboring electrode.
  • this method consists, when the IIR tube is in the blocked state, to impose on the electrode voltage an offset value greater than the nominal value that this voltage has when the IIR tube is in the operating state. .
  • the electrode voltage will automatically return to its nominal value.
  • the offset value is determined from the value taken by the voltage of the electrode just after a transition to the blocked state.
  • the circuit for implementing this method comprises a switching circuit with two MOS transistors mounted in "push-pull" controlled by optoelectronic means.
  • It can provide a circuit for stabilizing the voltage of the electrode capacitively coupled to the photocathode.
  • the method of using an IIR radiological image intensifier tube according to the invention consists in applying to its photocathode a substantially zero operating voltage when the IIR tube is in an operating state, and in applying a blocking voltage thereto positive greater than the operating voltage so that the IIR tube is in a blocked state.
  • a voltage of around + 1000V provides blocking.
  • FIG. 2 shows a circuit for implementing the method according to the invention.
  • This circuit includes a switching circuit which uses two high voltage MOS transistors Q1, Q2 mounted in "push-pull" mode to switch the voltage of the photocathode PC.
  • the drain d1 of the first transistor Q1 is connected to the source s2 of the second transistor Q2.
  • the MOS transistors are advantageously of the N channel type. They are each controlled by an optocoupler OC1, OC2.
  • Each optocoupler comprises a trigger or trigger TR1, TR2 associated with a light-emitting diode DEL1, DEL2.
  • the drain d2 of the second transistor Q2 is connected to the positive terminal of a DC power supply U providing the blocking voltage. For example, this voltage can be 1000V.
  • the gate g2 of the second transistor Q2 is controlled by the trigger TR2 of the second optocoupler OC2 referenced to the source s2 of the second transistor Q2.
  • the drain d1 of the first transistor Q1 is connected to the source s2 of the second transistor Q2.
  • the gate g1 of the first transistor Q1 is controlled by the trigger TR1 of the first optocoupler OC1 referenced to the source s1 of the first transistor Q1.
  • the negative terminal of the power source U is connected to the source s1 of the first transistor Q1.
  • the two trip units TR1 and TR2 are each supplied by a floating power source V.
  • the optocouplers OC1, OC2 operate on or off with a threshold effect. They can be made using Schmitt triggers. As soon as a trigger TR1, TR2 is sufficiently lit, it drives.
  • the photocathode PC is connected to the point I common between the source s2 of the second transistor Q2 and the drain d1 of the first transistor Q1.
  • a blocking command is applied to a logic circuit CL which extinguishes the diode DEL1 of the first optocoupler OC1 and lights the diode DEL2 of the second optocoupler OC2.
  • the diode DEL2 on activates the trigger TR2 and the gate-source voltage Ugs2 of the second transistor Q2 is positive, which saturates the second transistor Q2 and brings the voltage Upc on the photocathode PC to the positive potential of the power source U ie + 1000V in the example described.
  • the trigger TR1 is deactivated, the gate-source voltage Ugs1 of the first transistor Q1 is zero and the first transistor Q1 is blocked.
  • the logic circuit CL commands the extinction of the LED2 of the second optocoupler OC2 and then the lighting of the LED1 of the first OC1 optocoupler.
  • the TR2 trigger is deactivated while the TR1 trigger is activated.
  • the gate-source voltage Ugs1 of the first transistor Q1 becomes positive and the transistor Q1 is saturated.
  • the gate-source voltage Ugs2 of the second transistor Q2 becomes zero and the second transistor Q2 is blocked.
  • the voltage Upc of the photocathode PC is then zero.
  • the switching circuit used is simpler , more reliable and faster than those used previously which switched much higher voltages. With such a circuit, good restoration precision can be obtained, for example 1V during unlocking. In the circuits of the prior art, instabilities or inaccuracies could appear.
  • the method of use according to the invention is particularly well suited to an IIR tube such as that of FIG. 1 with a partially metallic envelope.
  • the photocathode PC is well insulated inside the envelope 1. We can then switch its voltage. It is of course also suitable for older tubes with an entirely glass casing.
  • the photocathode PC is relatively far from the electrodes G2, G3 and from the anode A.
  • the capacitive coupling inside the tube IIR between the photocathode PC and these electrodes is negligible.
  • the disturbances induced by the switching of the voltage of the photocathode PC can be limited by the use of a screened cable to connect the switching circuit to the photocathode. This cable is shown in Figure 2 with the reference CB.
  • the method of use according to the invention consists in determining this current indirectly by overcoming the significant peaks of current.
  • the circuit for implementing the method then comprises a determination circuit CD comprising a capacitor C mounted on one side on the source s1 of the first transistor Q1 and on the other to ground.
  • This capacitor C absorbs the peaks of currents appearing during the switching operations.
  • This determination circuit CD also uses, in parallel on this capacitor C, a series assembly formed by a diode D and a resistor R. The anode of the diode D is connected to the capacitor C and its cathode to the resistor R .
  • the method of use consists in measuring the voltage Ur at the terminals of the resistor R and this voltage Ur is the reflection of the current Ipc in the photocathode PC outside the times corresponding to the switching of the photocathode voltage and the blocking of the tube. IIR.
  • Figures 3a, 3b, 3c, 3d give respectively over time, the voltage Upc of the photocathode PC, the current Ipc in the photocathode PC, the voltage Uc across the capacitor C and the voltage Ur across the resistor R .
  • the voltage Upc on the photocathode, in notches with relatively steep sides, is zero when the IIR tube is in the operating state and is equal to the blocking voltage when the IIR tube is in the blocked state.
  • the current Ipc is zero when the voltage Upc is equal to the blocking voltage and is equal to a value Ipc1 when the tube is operating and the voltage Upc is zero.
  • This current Ipc comprises, at the time of a transition to the operating state, a positive pulse and during a transition to the blocked state a negative pulse.
  • the power source which supplies the supply voltage to the electrode G1 has an output capacitor of the order of a few tens of nanofarads. This output capacitor constitutes a capacitive voltage divider with the parasitic capacitance between the photocathode PC and the electrode G1.
  • a switching of the voltage Upc of the photocathode PC causes a shift of the voltage Ug1 of the electrode G1.
  • the variation of the voltage of the electrode G1 and that of the voltage of the photocathode are in the same direction.
  • the amplitude of the offset is approximately one hundred times smaller than that of the variation of the voltage Upc of the photocathode PC.
  • the method according to the invention proposes to measure the value U'1 of the voltage Ug1 just after entering the state blocked. This value U'1 is greater than the nominal voltage U1. The method then consists in imposing on the voltage of the electrode G1 to remain at this value U1 as long as the tube IIR is in the blocked state. During the transition to the operating state, the voltage Ug1 by shifting returns to its nominal value U1 of itself and it suffices to maintain this nominal value U1 again on the electrode G1 to remove the defocusing.
  • FIG. 5 illustrates a circuit for stabilizing the voltage of the electrode G1 with which the circuit can be provided for implementing the method according to the invention.
  • This circuit includes a differential amplifier A1, the output of which supplies the electrode G1. It may be advantageous to insert a PC power chain between the output of amplifier A1 and electrode G1. This power chain supplies the supply voltage of the electrode G1 with an appropriate power. It can be carried out with a transformer or a high voltage transistor for example.
  • resistor R1 is connected to the power chain CP and resistor R2 to ground.
  • resistor R1 99R2 which realizes a 1/100 ratio divider bridge.
  • the voltage Ug1 applied to the electrode G1 is that present at the terminals of the divider bridge.
  • the non-inverting input of amplifier A1 is connected to the output s of a switch K with two inputs e1, e2.
  • the inverting input of amplifier A1 is connected to the common point between the two resistors R1, R2 of the divider bridge.
  • the amplifier A1 is conventionally mounted as an error amplifier.
  • the first input e1 of the switch K is connected to a voltage reference U 'via an adjustment potentiometer P.
  • This reference U' supplies the amplifier A1 with a first set voltage intended to carry the voltage of l electrode G1 at its nominal value U1. This tension reference could have been obtained by other myens.
  • the second input e2 of the switch K is connected to a circuit C1 itself connected to the common point between the two resistors R1, R2 of the divider bridge.
  • This circuit C1 delivers to the input e2 a second setpoint voltage.
  • This second setpoint voltage imposes on the voltage Ug1 of the electrode G1 the offset value U'1 as long as the tube IIR is in the blocked state.
  • the switch K switches to its position 2 when it enters the blocked state.
  • the amplifier A1 receives the second set voltage and the electrode G1 is maintained at the voltage U'1.
  • the voltage Ug1 returns by itself to the nominal value U1
  • the switch K switches to its position 1 and the first setpoint voltage imposes on the voltage Ug1 the nominal value U1 as long as there is no change of state.
  • the MOS transistors of the switching circuit are sorted in leakage current so that the latter is known and compatible with the circuit for implementing the method according to the invention.
  • they are specified in drain-source avalanche energy.
  • the transistors are of the N channel type. They could have been of the P channel type by applying a negative gate-source voltage instead of positive to saturate them.

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  • Image-Pickup Tubes, Image-Amplification Tubes, And Storage Tubes (AREA)
  • X-Ray Techniques (AREA)
EP95401726A 1994-07-29 1995-07-20 Verfahren zur Verwendung einer Röntgenbildverstärkerröhre und Schaltung zur Durchführung des Verfahrens Ceased EP0695115A1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR9409435A FR2723256B1 (fr) 1994-07-29 1994-07-29 Procede d'utilisation d'un tube intensificateur d'image radiologique et circuit pour la mise en oeuvre de ce procede
FR9409435 1994-07-29

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0695115A1 true EP0695115A1 (de) 1996-01-31

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EP95401726A Ceased EP0695115A1 (de) 1994-07-29 1995-07-20 Verfahren zur Verwendung einer Röntgenbildverstärkerröhre und Schaltung zur Durchführung des Verfahrens

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US (1) US5656808A (de)
EP (1) EP0695115A1 (de)
JP (1) JP3714704B2 (de)
FR (1) FR2723256B1 (de)

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* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US6690098B1 (en) * 2000-01-31 2004-02-10 Litton Systems, Inc. Method and system for gating a power supply in a radiation detector
US9230783B2 (en) * 2012-06-28 2016-01-05 Exelis, Inc. Clamped cathode power supply for image intensifier
US9304203B1 (en) * 2013-03-13 2016-04-05 Google Inc. Methods, devices, and systems for improving dynamic range of signal receiver

Citations (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3356851A (en) * 1963-10-22 1967-12-05 Picker X Ray Corp Division Inc Image intensifier tube with separable optical coupler
FR2337938A1 (fr) * 1976-01-06 1977-08-05 Int Standard Electric Corp Circuit d'alimentation pour tubes intensificateurs d'images
DE3136458A1 (de) * 1981-09-14 1983-03-24 Siemens AG, 1000 Berlin und 8000 München "roentgenbildverstaerker"
US4603250A (en) * 1984-08-24 1986-07-29 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Army Image intensifier with time programmed variable gain
US4734573A (en) * 1986-07-14 1988-03-29 Eol3 Company, Inc. Image intensifier with additional power supply
US4839569A (en) * 1987-12-08 1989-06-13 Varo, Inc. Method and apparatus for providing gain control for an image intensifier tube
US4952793A (en) * 1989-04-14 1990-08-28 Sperry Marine Inc. Circuit for gating an image intensifier
EP0456480A2 (de) * 1990-05-08 1991-11-13 Hamamatsu Photonics K.K. Verfahren zum Betreiben einer photoelektrischen Vorrichtung und Verfahren zum Betreiben eines Bildverstärkers welcher diese photoelektrische Vorrichtung verwendet

Family Cites Families (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4872057A (en) * 1986-11-21 1989-10-03 Sperry Marine Inc. Pulse modulated automatic light control utilizing gated image intensifier
US4882481A (en) * 1988-10-19 1989-11-21 Sperry Marine Inc. Automatic brightness control for image intensifiers
IL93969A (en) * 1990-04-01 1997-04-15 Yeda Res & Dev Ultrafast x-ray imaging detector
US5146077A (en) * 1991-03-19 1992-09-08 Itt Corporation Gated voltage apparatus for high light resolution and bright source protection of image intensifier tube
US5490196A (en) * 1994-03-18 1996-02-06 Metorex International Oy Multi energy system for x-ray imaging applications

Patent Citations (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3356851A (en) * 1963-10-22 1967-12-05 Picker X Ray Corp Division Inc Image intensifier tube with separable optical coupler
FR2337938A1 (fr) * 1976-01-06 1977-08-05 Int Standard Electric Corp Circuit d'alimentation pour tubes intensificateurs d'images
DE3136458A1 (de) * 1981-09-14 1983-03-24 Siemens AG, 1000 Berlin und 8000 München "roentgenbildverstaerker"
US4603250A (en) * 1984-08-24 1986-07-29 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Army Image intensifier with time programmed variable gain
US4734573A (en) * 1986-07-14 1988-03-29 Eol3 Company, Inc. Image intensifier with additional power supply
US4839569A (en) * 1987-12-08 1989-06-13 Varo, Inc. Method and apparatus for providing gain control for an image intensifier tube
US4952793A (en) * 1989-04-14 1990-08-28 Sperry Marine Inc. Circuit for gating an image intensifier
EP0456480A2 (de) * 1990-05-08 1991-11-13 Hamamatsu Photonics K.K. Verfahren zum Betreiben einer photoelektrischen Vorrichtung und Verfahren zum Betreiben eines Bildverstärkers welcher diese photoelektrische Vorrichtung verwendet

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
JPH08171878A (ja) 1996-07-02
FR2723256A1 (fr) 1996-02-02
FR2723256B1 (fr) 1996-08-30
JP3714704B2 (ja) 2005-11-09
US5656808A (en) 1997-08-12

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