EP0691465B1 - Method to detect cross-connected lambda sensors - Google Patents
Method to detect cross-connected lambda sensors Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP0691465B1 EP0691465B1 EP95107229A EP95107229A EP0691465B1 EP 0691465 B1 EP0691465 B1 EP 0691465B1 EP 95107229 A EP95107229 A EP 95107229A EP 95107229 A EP95107229 A EP 95107229A EP 0691465 B1 EP0691465 B1 EP 0691465B1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- lambda
- cylinders
- connection
- internal combustion
- combustion engine
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
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Classifications
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F02D41/00—Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents
- F02D41/02—Circuit arrangements for generating control signals
- F02D41/14—Introducing closed-loop corrections
- F02D41/1438—Introducing closed-loop corrections using means for determining characteristics of the combustion gases; Sensors therefor
- F02D41/1444—Introducing closed-loop corrections using means for determining characteristics of the combustion gases; Sensors therefor characterised by the characteristics of the combustion gases
- F02D41/1454—Introducing closed-loop corrections using means for determining characteristics of the combustion gases; Sensors therefor characterised by the characteristics of the combustion gases the characteristics being an oxygen content or concentration or the air-fuel ratio
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F02D41/00—Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents
- F02D41/02—Circuit arrangements for generating control signals
- F02D41/14—Introducing closed-loop corrections
- F02D41/1438—Introducing closed-loop corrections using means for determining characteristics of the combustion gases; Sensors therefor
- F02D41/1439—Introducing closed-loop corrections using means for determining characteristics of the combustion gases; Sensors therefor characterised by the position of the sensor
- F02D41/1441—Plural sensors
- F02D41/1443—Plural sensors with one sensor per cylinder or group of cylinders
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F02D41/00—Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents
- F02D41/02—Circuit arrangements for generating control signals
- F02D41/14—Introducing closed-loop corrections
- F02D41/1438—Introducing closed-loop corrections using means for determining characteristics of the combustion gases; Sensors therefor
- F02D41/1473—Introducing closed-loop corrections using means for determining characteristics of the combustion gases; Sensors therefor characterised by the regulation method
- F02D41/1474—Introducing closed-loop corrections using means for determining characteristics of the combustion gases; Sensors therefor characterised by the regulation method by detecting the commutation time of the sensor
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F02D41/00—Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents
- F02D41/02—Circuit arrangements for generating control signals
- F02D41/14—Introducing closed-loop corrections
- F02D41/1438—Introducing closed-loop corrections using means for determining characteristics of the combustion gases; Sensors therefor
- F02D41/1493—Details
- F02D41/1495—Detection of abnormalities in the air/fuel ratio feedback system
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F02D41/00—Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents
- F02D41/24—Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents characterised by the use of digital means
- F02D41/2406—Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents characterised by the use of digital means using essentially read only memories
- F02D41/2425—Particular ways of programming the data
- F02D41/2429—Methods of calibrating or learning
- F02D41/2438—Active learning methods
Definitions
- the invention relates to a method for detecting reverse-connected lambda probes in an internal combustion engine with two rows of cylinders, each of which is separately assigned an exhaust gas catalytic converter with a lambda probe and a lambda control unit connected to it, and whose injection valves can be switched off at least in rows.
- German patent application P 43 34 557.3 (EPA-A-647 775, state of the art according to Art. 54 (3), EPC) is a device for idle control of a motor vehicle internal combustion engine with two rows of cylinders, each with an exhaust gas catalyst Lambda probe is known.
- EPC exhaust gas catalyst Lambda probe
- the lambda probes can no longer be interchanged or connected, they would have to be mechanically coded, which can be done, for example, by different plug connections or by different cable lengths for the left and right lambda probes. However, this would violate the principle of common parts for the lambda probes, which would result in an increase in costs.
- This object is achieved in that the injectors of one of the two rows of cylinders are switched off for a time corresponding to at least the reaction or changeover time of the lambda probes, in that the lambda probe signal of the lambda probe assigned to the deactivated row of cylinders also ends at the end of the shutdown time of the injectors a predetermined threshold value is compared and that a reverse connection of the lambda probes is detected when the lambda probe signal exceeds or falls below the threshold value.
- the threshold value will be exceeded if the lambda probe emits a small signal when the mixture is lean and a large signal when the mixture is rich. Analogous the threshold value will be undershot if the lambda probe emits a large signal when the mixture is lean and a small signal when the mixture is rich.
- the lambda controls are blocked and an error display device is activated.
- an external device that can be connected to a diagnostic connection of the internal combustion engine is used to detect a connection of the lambda probes that is reversed.
- the method according to the invention can advantageously also be adopted in the internal combustion engine control devices as a so-called on-board diagnostic function. This would immediately detect an unauthorized swapping of the lambda probes even between visits to the workshop.
- FIG. 1 shows the lambda probe signals U 1 and U 5 of the lambda probes 1 and 5, which are respectively properly assigned to the left and right cylinder banks 2 and 4, on the left side.
- the two block diagrams on the right side of FIG. 1 show that the lambda probe 1 provided for the left cylinder bank correctly points to the left internal combustion engine control unit 3 provided for the left cylinder bank 2 and the lambda probe 5 provided for the right cylinder bank 4 the engine control unit 6 provided for the right cylinder bank 4 is connected.
- the two engine control units 3 and 6 are designed in the form of digital engine control units DME.
- the injection valves 7 of the left cylinder bank 2 are switched off, while the injection valves 8 of the right cylinder bank 4 are fired.
- the two left-hand diagrams of FIG. 1 show that the lambda probe signal U 1 shown at the top left in FIG. 1 of the lambda probe 1 assigned to the deactivated cylinder bank 2 does not exceed the predetermined threshold value S at the end of the deactivation time of the injection valves 7. It correctly indicates that the left cylinder bank 2 is operated lean. There is therefore a correct connection of the lambda probes 1 and 5.
- the lambda probe signal U 1 of the lambda probe 1 actually assigned to the left cylinder bank 2 but incorrectly connected to the right cylinder bank 4 is shown at the top left.
- the lambda probe signal U 1 of the lambda probe 1 shows a rich mixture when the left cylinder bank 2 is switched off and therefore operated lean
- the lambda probe signal U 5 shown in the figure at the bottom left shows that of the right cylinder bank 4 lambda probe 5 assigned but connected to the left cylinder bank 2 indicates a lean mixture.
- the reverse ie. H. the cross-swapped connection of two so-called monitor probes are determined, which are used to monitor the respective catalyst conversion function.
Description
Die Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren zur Erkennung von seitenverkehrt angeschlossenen Lambda-Sonden bei einer Brennkraftmaschine mit zwei Zylinderreihen, denen jeweils separat ein Abgaskatalysator mit Lambda-Sonde und daran angeschlossener Lambda-Regeleinheit zugeordnet ist und deren Einspritzventile zumindest zylinderreihenweise abschaltbar sind.The invention relates to a method for detecting reverse-connected lambda probes in an internal combustion engine with two rows of cylinders, each of which is separately assigned an exhaust gas catalytic converter with a lambda probe and a lambda control unit connected to it, and whose injection valves can be switched off at least in rows.
Aus der noch nicht veröffentlichten deutschen Patentanmeldung P 43 34 557.3 (EPA-A-647 775, Stand der Technik gemaß Art. 54(3), EPÜ) ist eine Vorrichtung zur Leerlaufsteuerung einer Kraftfahrzeug-Brennkraftmaschine mit zwei Zylinderreihen, denen jeweils ein Abgaskatalysator mit Lambda-Sonde zugeordnet ist, bekannt. Bei dieser bekannten Vorrichtung werden im Leerlaufbetrieb der Brennkraftmaschine wechselweise die Einspritzventile einer der beiden Zylinderreihen abgeschaltet. Die zylinderreihenweise Abschaltung der Einspritzventile einer Brennkraftmaschine ist hieraus also bekannt.From the as yet unpublished German patent application P 43 34 557.3 (EPA-A-647 775, state of the art according to Art. 54 (3), EPC) is a device for idle control of a motor vehicle internal combustion engine with two rows of cylinders, each with an exhaust gas catalyst Lambda probe is known. In this known device, the injection valves of one of the two rows of cylinders are alternately switched off when the internal combustion engine is idling. The shutdown of the injection valves of an internal combustion engine in rows is therefore known from this.
Bei Brennkraftmaschinensteuerungen mit zwei getrennten Lambda-Regelkreisen besteht die Gefahr, daß die Lambda-Sonden der für die beiden Zylinderreihen jeweils separat vorgesehenen Abgaskatalysatoren elektrisch seitenverkehrt angeschlossen werden. Dies führt zum Ausmagern der einen und zum Anfetten der anderen Brennkraftmaschinen-Zylinderreihe bis zum maximalen Regelhub der Lambda-Regelung, was aufgrund der Brennkraftmaschinen-Laufunruhe deutliche Komforteinbußen zur Folge hat.In internal combustion engine controls with two separate lambda control loops, there is the risk that the lambda probes are separate for the two cylinder rows provided catalytic converters are connected electrically reversed. This leads to the emaciation of one and the enrichment of the other series of internal combustion engines up to the maximum regulating stroke of the lambda control, which results in significant losses in comfort due to the uneven running of the internal combustion engine.
Damit die Lambda-Sonden nicht mehr vertauscht montiert bzw. angeschlossen werden können, müßten sie mechanisch codiert werden, was beispielsweise durch unterschiedliche Steckverbindungen oder durch unterschiedliche Kabellängen für die linke und die rechte Lambda-Sonde erfolgen kann. Damit wäre jedoch das Gleichteileprinzip für die Lambda-Sonden verletzt, was eine Kostensteigerung zur Folge hätte.So that the lambda probes can no longer be interchanged or connected, they would have to be mechanically coded, which can be done, for example, by different plug connections or by different cable lengths for the left and right lambda probes. However, this would violate the principle of common parts for the lambda probes, which would result in an increase in costs.
Es ist daher Aufgabe der Erfindung, ein einfaches und kostengünstiges Verfahren zur Erkennung von seitenverkehrt angeschlossenen Lambda-Sonden bei einer Brennkraftmaschine mit zwei Zylinderreihen, denen jeweils separate Abgaskatalysatoren mit Lambda-Sonde und daran angeschlossener Lambda-Regeleinheit zugeordnet sind, zu schaffen.It is therefore an object of the invention to provide a simple and cost-effective method for detecting reverse-connected lambda probes in an internal combustion engine with two rows of cylinders, each of which is assigned a separate exhaust gas catalytic converter with a lambda probe and a lambda control unit connected to it.
Diese Aufgabe wird erfindungsgemäß dadurch gelöst, daß die Einspritzventile einer der beiden Zylinderreihen eine mindestens der Reaktions- oder Umschaltzeit der Lambda-Sonden entsprechende Zeit abgeschaltet werden, daß das Lambda-Sondensignal der der abgeschalteten Zylinderreihe zugeordneten Lambda-Sonde am Ende der Abschaltzeit der Einspritzventile mit einem vorgegebenen Schwellwert verglichen wird und daß ein seitenverkehrter Anschluß der Lambda-Sonden erkannt wird, wenn das Lambda-Sondensignal den Schwellwert über- bzw. unterschreitet. Eine Überschreitung des Schwellwertes wird dann gegeben sein, wenn die Lambda-Sonde bei magerem Gemisch ein kleines Signal und bei fettem Gemisch ein großes Signal abgibt. Analog dazu wird eine Unterschreitung des Schwellwerts gegeben sein, wenn die Lambda-Sonde bei magerem Gemisch ein großes Signal sowie bei fettem Gemisch ein kleines Signal abgibt.This object is achieved in that the injectors of one of the two rows of cylinders are switched off for a time corresponding to at least the reaction or changeover time of the lambda probes, in that the lambda probe signal of the lambda probe assigned to the deactivated row of cylinders also ends at the end of the shutdown time of the injectors a predetermined threshold value is compared and that a reverse connection of the lambda probes is detected when the lambda probe signal exceeds or falls below the threshold value. The threshold value will be exceeded if the lambda probe emits a small signal when the mixture is lean and a large signal when the mixture is rich. Analogous the threshold value will be undershot if the lambda probe emits a large signal when the mixture is lean and a small signal when the mixture is rich.
Bei einer vorteilhaften Ausgestaltung des erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens bei erkanntem seitenverkehrten Anschluß der Lambda-Sonden werden die Lambda-Regelungen gesperrt und eine Fehleranzeigeeinrichtung aktiviert.In an advantageous embodiment of the method according to the invention when the reverse connection of the lambda probes is detected, the lambda controls are blocked and an error display device is activated.
Bei einer weiteren Ausgestaltung des erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens wird zur Erkennung eines seitenverkehrten Anschlusses der Lambda-Sonden eine an einen Diagnoseanschluß der Brennkraftmaschine anschließbare externe einrichtung verwendet.In a further embodiment of the method according to the invention, an external device that can be connected to a diagnostic connection of the internal combustion engine is used to detect a connection of the lambda probes that is reversed.
Vorteilhafterweise kann das erfindungsgemäße Verfahren auch in die Brennkraftmaschinensteuereinrichtungen als sog. On-Board-Diagnosefunktion übernommen werden. Damit würde eine unbefugte Vertauschung der Lambda-Sonden auch zwischen den Werkstattaufenthalten sofort erkannt werden.The method according to the invention can advantageously also be adopted in the internal combustion engine control devices as a so-called on-board diagnostic function. This would immediately detect an unauthorized swapping of the lambda probes even between visits to the workshop.
Im folgenden wird die Erfindung noch anhand eines Ausführungsbeispiels näher erläutert. Es zeigen
- Fig. 1
- die Lambda-Sondensignale der der linken und der rechten Zylinderbank ordnungsgemäß zugeordneten Lambda-Sonden bei Abschaltung der linken Zylinderbank und
- Fig. 2
- die Lambda-Sondensignale der beiden für die linke und rechte Zylinderbank vorgesehenen Lambda-Sonden für den Fall, daß die Lambda-Sonden seitenverkehrt an die für die linke und rechte Zylinderbank jeweils separat vorgesehenen Brennkraftmaschinensteuereinrichtungen angeschlossen sind.
- Fig. 1
- the lambda probe signals of the lambda probes properly assigned to the left and right cylinder banks when the left cylinder bank and
- Fig. 2
- the lambda probe signals of the two lambda probes provided for the left and right cylinder banks in the event that the lambda probes are reversed on the sides of the lambda probes provided separately for the left and right cylinder banks Internal combustion engine control devices are connected.
In der Fig. 1 sind auf der linken Seite die Lambda-Sondensignale U1 und U5 der der linken und rechten Zylinderbank 2 und 4 jeweils ordnungsgemäß zugeordneten Lambda-Sonden 1 und 5 dargestellt. Die beiden Blockschaltbilder auf der rechten Seite der Fig. 1 zeigen, daß die für die linke Zylinderbank vorgesehene Lambda-Sonde 1 richtigerweise an die für die linke Zylinderbank 2 vorgesehene linke Brennkraftmaschinensteuereinheit 3 und die für die rechte Zylinderbank 4 vorgesehene Lambda-Sonde 5 richtigerweise an die für die rechte Zylinderbank 4 vorgesehene Brennkraftmaschinen-Steuereinheit 6 angeschlossen ist. Die beiden Brennkraftmaschinensteuereinheiten 3 und 6 sind in Form von digitalen Motorsteuereinheiten DME ausgeführt. Bei dem in der Fig. 1 dargestellten Blockschaltbild sind die Einspritzventile 7 der linken Zylinderbank 2 abgeschaltet, während die Einspritzventile 8 der rechten Zylinderbank 4 befeuert sind.1 shows the lambda probe signals U 1 and U 5 of the
Die beiden linken Diagramme der Fig. 1 zeigen, daß das in der Fig. 1 links oben dargestellte Lambda-Sondensignal U1 der der abgeschalteten Zylinderbank 2 zugeordneten Lambda-Sonde 1 am Ende der Abschaltzeit der Einspritzventile 7 den vorgegebenen Schwellwert S nicht überschreitet. Sie zeigt damit richtigerweise an, daß die linke Zylinderbank 2 mager betrieben wird. Es liegt somit ein richtiger Anschluß der Lambda-Sonden 1 und 5 vor.The two left-hand diagrams of FIG. 1 show that the lambda probe signal U 1 shown at the top left in FIG. 1 of the lambda probe 1 assigned to the deactivated
Bei dem in der Fig. 2 auf der rechten Seite dargestellten Blockschaltbild sind die einzelnen Elemente mit den in der Fig. 1 bereits verwendeten Bezugszeichen versehen. Wie dem Blockschaltbild der Fig. 2 zu entnehmen ist, sind die beiden Lambda-Sonden 1 und 5 seitenverkehrt, d. h. über Kreuz vertauscht an die beiden Zylinderbänke 2 und 4 angeschlossen. Dies wird auch bei Betrachtung der beiden auf der linken Seite der Fig. 2 dargestellten Diagramme deutlich.In the block diagram shown on the right in FIG. 2, the individual elements are provided with the reference symbols already used in FIG. 1. As can be seen from the block diagram in FIG. 2, the two
In der Fig. 2 links oben ist das Lambda-Sondensignal U1 der eigentlich der linken Zylinderbank 2 zugeordneten, aber fälschlicherweise an die rechte Zylinderbank 4 angeschlossenen Lambda-Sonde 1 dargestellt. Wie dem Diagramm zu entnehmen ist, zeigt das Lambda-Sondensignal U1 der Lambda-Sonde 1 bei abgeschalteter und daher mager betriebener linker Zylinderbank 2 ein fettes Gemisch an, während das in der Figur links unten dargestellte Lambda-Sondensignal U5 der der rechten Zylinderbank 4 zugeordneten, aber an die linke Zylinderbank 2 angeschlossenen Lambda-Sonde 5 ein mageres Gemisch anzeigt. Die Fig. 2 zeigt, daß das Lambda-Sondensignal U1 der der abgeschalteten Zylinderbank 2 zugeordneten, aber fälschlicherweise an die befeuerte rechte Zylinderbank 4 angeschlossenen Lambda-Sonde 1 am Ende der Abschaltzeit der Einspritzventile 7 den Schwellwert S deutlich überschreitet, wodurch der seitenverkehrte Anschluß der Lambda-Sonden 1 und 5 erkannt wird.2, the lambda probe signal U 1 of the lambda probe 1 actually assigned to the
Durch dieses erfindungsgemäße Verfahren kann auch der seitenverkehrte, d. h. der über Kreuz vertauschte Anschluß zweier sogenannter Monitorsonden festgestellt werden, die zur Überwachung der jeweiligen Katalysatorkonvertierungsfunktion dienen.With this method according to the invention, the reverse, ie. H. the cross-swapped connection of two so-called monitor probes are determined, which are used to monitor the respective catalyst conversion function.
Claims (4)
- A method of detecting when lambda sensors are connected to the wrong side of an internal combustion engine having two rows of cylinders each separately associated with an exhaust-gas catalyst comprising a lambda sensor connected to a lambda control unit, in which the injection valves can be switched off at least in one row of cylinders at a time, wherein
the injection valves (7) of one of the two rows (2, 4) of cylinders are switched off for a time at least equal to the reaction or change-over time of the lambda sensors (1, 5), at the end of the switching-off time of the injection valve (7), the signal (U1) from the lambda sensor (1) associated with the switched-off row (2) of cylinders is compared with a preset threshold value (S), and a connection of the lambda sensors (1, 5) to the wrong side is detected if the lambda sensor signal (U1) is above or below the threshold value (S). - A method according to claim 1, characterised in that if a connection of the lambda sensors (1, 5) to the wrong side is detected, the lambda control systems are blocked and a fault indicator is activated.
- A method according to claim 1 or 2, characterised in that a connection of the lambda sensors (1, 5) to the wrong side is detected by using an external test device which can be connected to a diagnostic connection of the internal combustion engine.
- Use of the method according to the invention in claims 1 and 2 for on-board diagnosis in engine control devices.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE4423344A DE4423344A1 (en) | 1994-07-04 | 1994-07-04 | Method for the detection of reversed connected lambda probes |
DE4423344 | 1994-07-04 |
Publications (3)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP0691465A2 EP0691465A2 (en) | 1996-01-10 |
EP0691465A3 EP0691465A3 (en) | 1996-01-17 |
EP0691465B1 true EP0691465B1 (en) | 1997-03-12 |
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ID=6522174
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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EP95107229A Expired - Lifetime EP0691465B1 (en) | 1994-07-04 | 1995-05-12 | Method to detect cross-connected lambda sensors |
Country Status (5)
Country | Link |
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US (1) | US5528932A (en) |
EP (1) | EP0691465B1 (en) |
JP (1) | JPH0842386A (en) |
DE (2) | DE4423344A1 (en) |
ES (1) | ES2100757T3 (en) |
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JP2551255B2 (en) * | 1991-03-14 | 1996-11-06 | 日本電装株式会社 | Failure determination device for vehicle occupant protection system |
DE4113316C2 (en) * | 1991-04-24 | 2003-09-11 | Bosch Gmbh Robert | Connection circuit for a lambda probe and test method for such a circuit |
JP2827719B2 (en) * | 1992-07-16 | 1998-11-25 | 三菱自動車工業株式会社 | O2 sensor failure determination method |
DE4334557A1 (en) * | 1993-10-11 | 1995-04-13 | Bayerische Motoren Werke Ag | Device for idle control of a motor vehicle internal combustion engine |
-
1994
- 1994-07-04 DE DE4423344A patent/DE4423344A1/en not_active Withdrawn
-
1995
- 1995-05-12 EP EP95107229A patent/EP0691465B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1995-05-12 ES ES95107229T patent/ES2100757T3/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1995-05-12 DE DE59500133T patent/DE59500133D1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1995-06-27 US US08/495,258 patent/US5528932A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1995-07-03 JP JP7167465A patent/JPH0842386A/en active Pending
Cited By (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE10117244A1 (en) * | 2001-04-06 | 2002-11-07 | Audi Ag | Procedure for detecting swapped connected O¶2¶ sensors |
FR2859241A1 (en) | 2003-08-25 | 2005-03-04 | Volkswagen Ag | Method of setting up an inversion diagnostic for number of lambda probes in internal combustion engine to determine correlations between banks of cylinders, mountings and lambda probes |
DE10339325A1 (en) * | 2003-08-25 | 2005-03-31 | Volkswagen Ag | Method and device for commutation diagnosis of lambda probes |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
ES2100757T3 (en) | 1997-06-16 |
DE4423344A1 (en) | 1996-01-11 |
DE59500133D1 (en) | 1997-04-17 |
US5528932A (en) | 1996-06-25 |
JPH0842386A (en) | 1996-02-13 |
EP0691465A3 (en) | 1996-01-17 |
EP0691465A2 (en) | 1996-01-10 |
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