EP0680535B1 - Snow plow - Google Patents
Snow plow Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP0680535B1 EP0680535B1 EP94905076A EP94905076A EP0680535B1 EP 0680535 B1 EP0680535 B1 EP 0680535B1 EP 94905076 A EP94905076 A EP 94905076A EP 94905076 A EP94905076 A EP 94905076A EP 0680535 B1 EP0680535 B1 EP 0680535B1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- snow
- snowplough
- covering member
- gap
- plowshares
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
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Classifications
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
- E01H—STREET CLEANING; CLEANING OF PERMANENT WAYS; CLEANING BEACHES; DISPERSING OR PREVENTING FOG IN GENERAL CLEANING STREET OR RAILWAY FURNITURE OR TUNNEL WALLS
- E01H5/00—Removing snow or ice from roads or like surfaces; Grading or roughening snow or ice
- E01H5/04—Apparatus propelled by animal or engine power; Apparatus propelled by hand with driven dislodging or conveying levelling elements, conveying pneumatically for the dislodged material
- E01H5/06—Apparatus propelled by animal or engine power; Apparatus propelled by hand with driven dislodging or conveying levelling elements, conveying pneumatically for the dislodged material dislodging essentially by non-driven elements, e.g. scraper blades, snow-plough blades, scoop blades
- E01H5/065—Apparatus propelled by animal or engine power; Apparatus propelled by hand with driven dislodging or conveying levelling elements, conveying pneumatically for the dislodged material dislodging essentially by non-driven elements, e.g. scraper blades, snow-plough blades, scoop blades characterised by the form of the snow-plough blade, e.g. flexible, or by snow-plough blade accessories
- E01H5/066—Snow-plough blade accessories, e.g. deflector plates, skid shoes
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a snow plow with at least two plowshares arranged next to one another, between which there is a gap of small width, at least in the area of the at least one gap in the direction of travel behind the plowshares, a covering element is provided which at least in some areas maintains a distance from the rear of the plowshares.
- Snow plows with multiple plowshares are known as so-called multi-share plows. With them, several ploughshare shares are suspended from a common frame, for example by means of two handlebars. The individual plowshares can be moved independently of each other relative to the common frame.
- the plowshares are arranged side by side, forming a gap between them.
- a snow plow according to the preamble of claim 1 is known from DE-A-3736707.
- the cover element provided for this snow plow extends transversely behind the upper area of the ploughshare. It serves as a deflecting device for the air draft mixed with snow dust and passing through the perforated and split bar arranged at the upper edge of the ploughshare.
- snow or slush thrown up obstructs the driver's view of the clearing vehicle, in particular when the snow or slush is thrown onto the windshield of the clearing vehicle.
- blown snow or slush can clog the lighting system and / or the engine cooler.
- the present invention has for its object to provide a generic snow plow, the use of which obstructs the driver of the clearing vehicle and clogging of the front part of the clearing vehicle by blown snow or slush is reliably prevented under all operating conditions.
- this object is achieved in that a separate strip-shaped cover element is provided for each gap between two plowshares.
- snow or slush passing through the gap between two plowshares hits the covering element and is caught by it.
- the at least regionally provided distance of the cover element to the rear of the ploughshare means that the snow or slush does not accumulate in the gap, which could hinder the possibility of the ploughshare evading. Rather, due to the distance between the back of the plowshares and the covering element, snow or slush falling on the covering element can fall down.
- the distance of the cover element to the back of the ploughshare is expediently so chosen that the self-cleaning of the cover element is guaranteed in all operating conditions; in practice this means that the distance is chosen so large that snow or slush adhering to the cover element falls down due to its own weight before the space between the cover element and the back of the plowshares is completely filled with snow or slush.
- the strip-like design of the cover element (s) helps to improve the self-cleaning effect, because in this way the fluttering of the cover elements that throws off the adhering snow is promoted.
- conventional snow plows can also be retrofitted with such strip-shaped cover elements, because these can be arranged on the frame between the suspensions of the plowshares.
- the self-cleaning of the cover element can be further increased in that it consists of highly elastic rubber or rubber material.
- the cover element performs its own movements during clearing, through which the adhering snow is shaken off and can fall behind the plowshares.
- the at least one cover element is particularly preferably fastened to the snow plow in such a way that it is attached to at least one ploughshare or an elastic share extension attached to it and to the bottom of the snow plow frame.
- the stretching of the strip-shaped cover elements when the plowshares evade in turn favors their self-cleaning.
- such a fastening presupposes the production of the cover element from a highly elastic material, so that the evasive movement of the plowshares with respect to the frame is not hindered.
- the cover elements are made from a non-elastic or only slightly elastic material, they are expediently attached to the frame of the snow plow alone.
- the basic structure of the snow plow shown in the drawing is conventional. It therefore need not be described in detail.
- the snow plow is suspended from the front of the snow-clearing vehicle by means of a carrying device known as such (see, for example, DE-AS 17 08 664).
- the snow plow comprises a horizontally extending frame 1, which is constructed from a bending and torsion-resistant square tube.
- Three plowshares 2a, 2b and 2c are suspended from the frame by means of the links 3 and 4, two upper links 3 and two lower links 4 being provided per ploughshare.
- Each ploughshare is powered by a coil spring 5, which is stretched between an abutment 6 attached to the rear of the corresponding ploughshare and an abutment 7 attached to the frame 1, pressed down against the carriageway 8.
- the wind deflector 10 which extends the plowshares upwards, is slit in the extension of the column 9.
- the corresponding slot 11 is T-shaped with a vertical section 12 that extends the gap 9 and a horizontal section 13.
- the pivot bearing 14 can also be seen on the frame, on which the frame 1 is suspended on the support device (not shown) so that it can pivot about the vertical axis 15.
- a strip-shaped cover element 16 is provided behind each gap 9 in the direction of travel (to show the arrangement and configuration of the slots 11 in the wind deflector 10, however, the right cover element was omitted in FIG. 2).
- Each cover element 16 made of highly elastic rubber is bordered along its upper edge with a fastening fitting 17. This in turn is attached to the wind deflector 10 by means of a plurality of screws.
- the lower end of each strip-shaped cover element 16 is also bordered with a fastening fitting. This is with screws on the square profile of the Frame 1 attached in the region of its lower front edge.
- Cover strips of the format shown are perfectly sufficient to reliably prevent the windshield, radiator, lighting device and the like from being removed from the snow-clearing vehicle by snow or slush penetrating between the plowshares.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Architecture (AREA)
- Civil Engineering (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- Cleaning Of Streets, Tracks, Or Beaches (AREA)
- Materials Applied To Surfaces To Minimize Adherence Of Mist Or Water (AREA)
- Soil Working Implements (AREA)
- Transition And Organic Metals Composition Catalysts For Addition Polymerization (AREA)
- Seal Device For Vehicle (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Die vorliegende Erfindung betrifft einen Schneepflug mit mindestens zwei nebeneinander angeordneten Pflugscharen, zwischen denen ein Spalt geringer Breite besteht, wobei zumindest im Bereich des mindestens einen Spalts in Fahrtrichtung hinter den Pflugscharen ein Abdeckelement vorgesehen ist, welches zumindest bereichsweise einen Abstand zur Rückseite der Pflugschare einhält.The present invention relates to a snow plow with at least two plowshares arranged next to one another, between which there is a gap of small width, at least in the area of the at least one gap in the direction of travel behind the plowshares, a covering element is provided which at least in some areas maintains a distance from the rear of the plowshares.
Schneepflüge mit mehreren Pflugscharen sind als sogenannte Mehrscharpflüge bekannt. Bei ihnen sind an einem gemeinsamen Rahmen mehrere Pflugschare aufgehängt, beispielsweise mittels je zweier Lenker. Die einzelnen Pflugschare können unabhängig voneinander relativ zum gemeinsamen Rahmen bewegt werden.Snow plows with multiple plowshares are known as so-called multi-share plows. With them, several ploughshare shares are suspended from a common frame, for example by means of two handlebars. The individual plowshares can be moved independently of each other relative to the common frame.
Hierdurch wird ermöglicht, daß beim Auftreffen auf ein Hindernis nur die betreffende Pflugschar ausweicht, während die übrigen Pflugschare in ihrer auf der Fahrbahnoberfläche aufliegenden Räumstellung verbleiben. Um die unabhängige Bewegungsmöglichkeit der einzelnen Pflugschare zu gewährleisten und eine gegenseitige Behinderung auszuschließen, sind die Pflugschare unter Ausbildung jeweils eines Spaltes zwischen sich nebeneinander angeordnet.This enables only the ploughshare in question to dodge when it encounters an obstacle, while the other ploughshare remain in their clearing position lying on the road surface. In order to ensure that the individual plowshares can move independently and to prevent mutual hindrance, the plowshares are arranged side by side, forming a gap between them.
Ein Schneepflug gemäß dem Oberbegriff von Anspruch 1 ist aus der DE-A-3736707 bekannt. Das bei diesem Schneepflug vorgesehene Abdeckelement erstreckt sich quer hinter dem oberen Bereich der Pflugschar. Es dient als Abweiseinrichtung für den mit Schneestaub versetzten, durch die am oberen Rand der Pflugschare angeordnete Loch- und Spaltleiste hindurchtretenden Luftzug.A snow plow according to the preamble of
Trotz des Abdeckelements ist bei dem bekannten gattungsgemäßen Schneepflug nicht ausgeschlossen, daß aufgeworfener Schnee oder Schneematsch die Sicht des Fahrers des Räumfahrzeuges behindert, insbesondere wenn der Schnee bzw. Schneematsch auf die Windschutzscheibe des Räumfahrzeuges geschleudert wird. Zudem kann aufgeschleuderter Schnee oder Schneematsch die Beleuchtungsanlage und/oder den Motorkühler zusetzen.Despite the cover element in the known generic snow plow, it cannot be ruled out that snow or slush thrown up obstructs the driver's view of the clearing vehicle, in particular when the snow or slush is thrown onto the windshield of the clearing vehicle. In addition, blown snow or slush can clog the lighting system and / or the engine cooler.
Der vorliegenden Erfindung liegt die Aufgabe zugrunde, einen gattungsgemäßen Schneepflug zu schaffen, bei dessen Einsatz unter sämtlichen Betriebsbedingungen eine Sichtbehinderung des Fahrers des Räumfahrzeuges und ein Zusetzen der Frontpartie des Räumfahrzeuges durch aufgeschleuderten Schnee oder Schneematsch zuverlässig verhindert wird.The present invention has for its object to provide a generic snow plow, the use of which obstructs the driver of the clearing vehicle and clogging of the front part of the clearing vehicle by blown snow or slush is reliably prevented under all operating conditions.
Gemäß der vorliegenden Erfindung wird diese Aufgabe dadurch gelöst, daß für jeden Spalt zwischen zwei Pflugscharen ein eigenes streifenförmig ausgebildetes Abdeckelement vorgesehen ist. Somit trifft durch den Spalt zwischen zwei Pflugscharen hindurchtretender Schnee bzw. Schneematsch auf das Abdeckelement auf und wird von diesem aufgefangen. Durch den zumindest bereichsweise vorgesehenen Abstand des Abdeckelements zu der Rückseite der Pflugschare wird erreicht, daß sich der Schnee bzw. Schneematsch nicht in dem Spalt ansammelt, wodurch die Ausweichmöglichkeit der Pflugschare behindert werden könnte. Vielmehr kann, bedingt durch den Abstand zwischen Rückseite der Pflugschare und Abdeckelement, auf das Abdeckelement auftreffender Schnee bzw. Schneematsch nach unten fallen. Der Abstand des Abdeckelements zur Rückseite der Pflugschare ist dabei zweckmäßigerweise so gewählt, daß die Selbstreinigung des Abdeckelementes bei sämtlichen Betriebsbedingungen gewährleistet ist; in der Praxis bedeutet dies, daß der Abstand so groß gewählt wird, daß an dem Abdeckelement anhaftender Schnee bzw. Schneematsch aufgrund seines Eigengewichts herunterfällt, bevor der Zwischenraum zwischen dem Abdeckelement und der Rückseite der Pflugschare vollständig mit Schnee bzw. Schneematsch aufgefüllt ist. Die streifenförmige Ausbildung des Abdeckelements/der Abdeckelemente trägt dabei dazu bei, den Selbstreinigungseffekt zu verbessern, weil auf diese Weise ein den anhaftenden Schnee abschleuderndes Flattern der Abdeckelemente begünstigt wird. Zudem lassen sich auch herkömmliche Schneepflüge mit derartigen streifenförmigen Abdeckelementen nachrüsten, weil diese jeweils zwischen den Aufhängungen der Pflugscharen an dem Rahmen angeordnet werden können.According to the present invention, this object is achieved in that a separate strip-shaped cover element is provided for each gap between two plowshares. Thus, snow or slush passing through the gap between two plowshares hits the covering element and is caught by it. The at least regionally provided distance of the cover element to the rear of the ploughshare means that the snow or slush does not accumulate in the gap, which could hinder the possibility of the ploughshare evading. Rather, due to the distance between the back of the plowshares and the covering element, snow or slush falling on the covering element can fall down. The distance of the cover element to the back of the ploughshare is expediently so chosen that the self-cleaning of the cover element is guaranteed in all operating conditions; in practice this means that the distance is chosen so large that snow or slush adhering to the cover element falls down due to its own weight before the space between the cover element and the back of the plowshares is completely filled with snow or slush. The strip-like design of the cover element (s) helps to improve the self-cleaning effect, because in this way the fluttering of the cover elements that throws off the adhering snow is promoted. In addition, conventional snow plows can also be retrofitted with such strip-shaped cover elements, because these can be arranged on the frame between the suspensions of the plowshares.
Die Selbstreinigung des Abdeckelements läßt sich weiter dadurch erhöhen, daß dieses aus hochelastischem Kautschuk bzw. Gummimaterial besteht. Denn das Abdeckelement führt in diesem Falle während des Räumeinsatzes Eigenbewegungen aus, durch welche der anhaftende Schnee abgeschüttelt wird und hinter den Pflugscharen nach unten fallen kann.The self-cleaning of the cover element can be further increased in that it consists of highly elastic rubber or rubber material. In this case, the cover element performs its own movements during clearing, through which the adhering snow is shaken off and can fall behind the plowshares.
Besonders bevorzugt wird das mindestens eine Abdeckelement in der Weise am Schneepflug befestigt, daß es oben an mindestens einer Pflugschar oder einer hieran angesetzten elastischen Scharverlängerung und unten am Rahmen des Schneepfluges angeschlagen ist. Hierdurch ergibt sich ein Verlauf des Abdeckelements schräg von vorne oben nach unten hinten, so daß sich der Abstand zwischen dem Abdeckelement und der Rückseite der Pflugschar nach unten vergrößert. Die beim Ausweichen der Pflugschare erfolgende Streckung der streifenförmigen Abdeckelemente begünstigt wiederum deren Selbstreinigung. Allerdings setzt eine derartige Befestigung die Herstellung des Abdeckelements aus einem hochelastischen Material voraus, damit die Ausweichbewegung der Pflugschare bezüglich des Rahmens nicht behindert wird. Werden die Abdeckelemente aus einem nicht oder einem nur gering elastischen Material hergestellt, werden sie zweckmäßigerweise allein am dem Rahmen des Schneepfluges befestigt.The at least one cover element is particularly preferably fastened to the snow plow in such a way that it is attached to at least one ploughshare or an elastic share extension attached to it and to the bottom of the snow plow frame. This results in a course of the cover element obliquely from the front top to the bottom rear, so that the distance between the cover element and the back of the ploughshare increases downwards. The stretching of the strip-shaped cover elements when the plowshares evade in turn favors their self-cleaning. However, such a fastening presupposes the production of the cover element from a highly elastic material, so that the evasive movement of the plowshares with respect to the frame is not hindered. If the cover elements are made from a non-elastic or only slightly elastic material, they are expediently attached to the frame of the snow plow alone.
Im folgenden wird die Erfindung anhand der Zeichnung näher erläutert. Es zeigt
- Fig. 1 die Seitenansicht eines Ausführungsbeispiels eines erfindungsgemäßen Schneepfluges, wobei die Trageinrichtung nicht dargestellt ist, und
- Fig. 2 eine Ansicht des in Fig. 1 dargestellten Schneepflugs von hinten.
- Fig. 1 is a side view of an embodiment of a snow plow according to the invention, wherein the carrying device is not shown, and
- Fig. 2 is a view of the snow plow shown in Fig. 1 from behind.
Der grundsätzliche Aufbau des in der Zeichnung dargestellten Schneepfluges ist konventionell. Er braucht daher nicht im Detail beschrieben zu werden. Bei dem üblichen Einsatz des Schneepfluges als Anbauschneepflug ist dieser mittels einer als solches bekannten Trageinrichtung (vgl. beispielsw. DE-AS 17 08 664) frontseitig am Schneeräumfahrzeug aufgehängt.The basic structure of the snow plow shown in the drawing is conventional. It therefore need not be described in detail. In the usual use of the snow plow as an add-on snow plow, it is suspended from the front of the snow-clearing vehicle by means of a carrying device known as such (see, for example, DE-AS 17 08 664).
Der Schneepflug umfaßt einen sich horizontal erstreckenden Rahmen 1, der aus einem biege- und verwindungssteifen Vierkantrohr aufgebaut ist. Drei Pflugschare 2a, 2b und 2c sind mittels der Lenker 3 und 4 an dem Rahmen aufgehängt, wobei pro Pflugschar zwei obere Lenker 3 und zwei untere Lenker 4 vorgesehen sind. Jede Pflugschar wird mittels einer Schraubenfeder 5, welche zwischen einem an der Rückseite der entsprechenden Pflugschar befestigten Widerlager 6 und einem am Rahmen 1 befestigten Widerlager 7 gespannt ist, nach unten gegen die Fahrbahn 8 gedrückt.The snow plow comprises a horizontally extending
Zwischen je zwei Pflugscharen 2a und 2b bzw. 2b und 2c befindet sich ein Spalt 9, der eine ungehinderte Relativbewegung der Pflugschare bezüglich einander ermöglicht. Damit diese Relativbewegung nicht behindert wird, ist der die Pflugscharen nach oben verlängernde Windleitschirm 10 in Verlängerung der Spalte 9 geschlitzt. Der entsprechende Schlitz 11 ist T-förmig ausgebildet mit einem vertikalen, den Spalt 9 verlängernden Abschnitt 12 und einem horizontalen Abschnitt 13.There is a
Am Rahmen ist noch das Schwenklager 14 erkennbar, an welchem der Rahmen 1 an der nicht dargestellten Trageinrichtung um die vertikale Achse 15 verschwenkbar aufgehängt ist.The pivot bearing 14 can also be seen on the frame, on which the
In Fahrtrichtung hinter jedem Spalt 9 ist ein streifenförmiges Abdeckelement 16 vorgesehen (um die Anordnung und Ausgestaltung der Schlitze 11 in dem Windleitschirm 10 darstellen zu können, wurde allerdings in Fig. 2 das rechte Abdeckelement weggelassen). Jedes aus hochelastischem Kautschuk bestehende Abdeckelement 16 ist entlang seiner Oberkante mit einem Befestigungsbeschlag 17 eingefaßt. Dieser hinwiederum ist mittels einer Mehrzahl von Schrauben an dem Windleitschirm 10 befestigt. Das untere Ende jedes streifenförmigen Abdeckelements 16 ist ebenfalls mit einem Befestigungsbeschlag eingefaßt. Dieser ist mit Schrauben am Vierkantprofil des Rahmens 1 im Bereich von dessen unterer vorderer Kante befestigt.A strip-
Abdeckstreifen des dargestellten Formats sind vollkommen ausreichend, um die Verschmutzung von Windschutzscheibe, Kühler, Beleuchtungseinrichtung und dgl. des Schneeräumfahrzeuges durch zwischen den Pflugscharen hindurchdringenden Schnee bzw. Schneematsch zuverlässig zu verhindern.Cover strips of the format shown are perfectly sufficient to reliably prevent the windshield, radiator, lighting device and the like from being removed from the snow-clearing vehicle by snow or slush penetrating between the plowshares.
Claims (6)
- Snowplough with at least two ploughshares (2a, 2b, 2c) arranged one beside the other, between which there exists a gap (9) of small width, a covering member (16) being provided at least in the region of at least one gap (9) behind the ploughshares (2a, 2b, 2c) in the direction of travel, which covering member maintains a distance from the rear side of the ploughshares at least in certain regions, characterised in that an individual strip-like covering member (16) is provided for each gap (9).
- Snowplough according to Claim 1, characterised in that at least one covering member (16) consists of resilient caoutchouc/rubber.
- Snowplough according to Claim 1, characterised in that at least one covering member (16) is attached to the frame (1) of the snowplough.
- Snowplough according to Claim 3, characterised in that at least one covering member (16) is attached in the region of its lower edge to the frame (1) of the snowplough and in the region of its upper edge to at least one of the ploughshares (2a, 2b, 2c) or a resilient wind deflector (10) extending the ploughshare in an upwards direction.
- Snowplough according to Claim 4, with a wind deflector, characterised in that the wind deflector (10) comprises slots (11) extending the gaps (9).
- Snowplough according to Claim 1, characterised in that at least one covering member (16) extends from above at the front obliquely downwards towards the rear.
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE9300688U | 1993-01-20 | ||
DE9300688U DE9300688U1 (en) | 1993-01-20 | 1993-01-20 | snow plow |
PCT/EP1994/000112 WO1994017247A1 (en) | 1993-01-20 | 1994-01-18 | Snow plow |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP0680535A1 EP0680535A1 (en) | 1995-11-08 |
EP0680535B1 true EP0680535B1 (en) | 1997-04-02 |
Family
ID=6888325
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP94905076A Expired - Lifetime EP0680535B1 (en) | 1993-01-20 | 1994-01-18 | Snow plow |
Country Status (6)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP0680535B1 (en) |
AT (1) | ATE151135T1 (en) |
CZ (1) | CZ286045B6 (en) |
DE (2) | DE9300688U1 (en) |
PL (1) | PL174016B1 (en) |
WO (1) | WO1994017247A1 (en) |
Families Citing this family (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE29901383U1 (en) | 1999-01-27 | 1999-05-12 | Maier, Walter, 84478 Waldkraiburg | snow plow |
CZ2007858A3 (en) * | 2007-12-06 | 2008-09-03 | Vares Mnichovice, A. S. | Blade support |
Family Cites Families (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE3736707A1 (en) * | 1987-10-29 | 1989-05-11 | Beilhack Maschf Martin | Snowplough |
US5155929A (en) * | 1992-05-05 | 1992-10-20 | Gaston Vachon | Vehicle snowplow attachment |
-
1993
- 1993-01-20 DE DE9300688U patent/DE9300688U1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1994
- 1994-01-18 EP EP94905076A patent/EP0680535B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1994-01-18 CZ CZ951839A patent/CZ286045B6/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1994-01-18 DE DE59402302T patent/DE59402302D1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1994-01-18 WO PCT/EP1994/000112 patent/WO1994017247A1/en active IP Right Grant
- 1994-01-18 PL PL94309959A patent/PL174016B1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1994-01-18 AT AT94905076T patent/ATE151135T1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
ATE151135T1 (en) | 1997-04-15 |
CZ286045B6 (en) | 1999-12-15 |
PL174016B1 (en) | 1998-06-30 |
PL309959A1 (en) | 1995-11-13 |
DE59402302D1 (en) | 1997-05-07 |
DE9300688U1 (en) | 1993-03-11 |
WO1994017247A1 (en) | 1994-08-04 |
EP0680535A1 (en) | 1995-11-08 |
CZ183995A3 (en) | 1996-03-13 |
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