EP0653606B1 - Vorrichtung zur dynamischen Messung des Abstandes zwischen einander gegenüberliegenden Rotor- und Statorflächen einer rotierenden Maschine - Google Patents

Vorrichtung zur dynamischen Messung des Abstandes zwischen einander gegenüberliegenden Rotor- und Statorflächen einer rotierenden Maschine Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0653606B1
EP0653606B1 EP94402582A EP94402582A EP0653606B1 EP 0653606 B1 EP0653606 B1 EP 0653606B1 EP 94402582 A EP94402582 A EP 94402582A EP 94402582 A EP94402582 A EP 94402582A EP 0653606 B1 EP0653606 B1 EP 0653606B1
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Prior art keywords
sensor
electrode
value
voltage
measurement
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Expired - Lifetime
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EP94402582A
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English (en)
French (fr)
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EP0653606A1 (de
Inventor
Jean-Claude Fillion
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Safran Aircraft Engines SAS
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Societe Nationale dEtude et de Construction de Moteurs dAviation SNECMA
SNECMA SAS
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01B—MEASURING LENGTH, THICKNESS OR SIMILAR LINEAR DIMENSIONS; MEASURING ANGLES; MEASURING AREAS; MEASURING IRREGULARITIES OF SURFACES OR CONTOURS
    • G01B7/00—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of electric or magnetic techniques
    • G01B7/14—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of electric or magnetic techniques for measuring distance or clearance between spaced objects or spaced apertures

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a device allowing to perform, by a capacitive method, the dynamic measurement the distance between the facing faces of the rotor and the stator of a rotating machine.
  • the invention applies in particular to the dynamic measurement of the radial clearance which exists between the end of the blades of a turbomachine wheel and the casing wall surrounding this wheel.
  • the clearance between the facing faces of the rotor and the stator of a rotating machine is an important parameter which significantly affects the performance of the machine, whatever the type of rotating machine considered; it's the in particular the clearance between the tip of the blades and the crankcase in compressors and turbines.
  • This games can vary significantly with variations thermal and mechanical, it is essential for engine manufacturers to know the evolution of these games on the entire circumference of the interface between rotor and stator, on a real machine in operation, in regime permanent or transient. To perform the measurement dynamics of this game it is known to use sensors proximity whose operation is based on phenomena electrical, optical, or radio frequencies.
  • the invention relates to a device for performing the measurement by a method based on electrical phenomena of the capacitive type consisting in measuring the charge of a capacitor consisting of a conductive surface of a sensor fixed in the stator opposite the rotor and a surface rotor conductor likely to be located opposite the previous one during the rotation of the rotor relative to the stator.
  • the characteristics of a method of measurement device capacitive depend on the type of polarization and the type of conditioning of the capacitive sensor.
  • Some known measuring devices use a sensor capacitive polarized by an AC voltage and conditioned either by an oscillator or by an amplifier charges.
  • the sensor technology capacitive and connecting cable between the sensor and the measuring chain is generally triaxial.
  • the senor and the cable bond have residual capacities which involved in the calibration of the measurement chain; the calibration must therefore be performed each time there is a change of sensor or connecting cable.
  • the result of the measurement is influenced by the temperature of the sensor and connecting cable.
  • European patent EP 0.172.766 describes a measuring device the clearance between a rotor and a stator using a sensor capacitive connected to a device for measuring the current of charge and discharge of the capacitor formed by the two facing surfaces.
  • the sensor and the connecting cable are triaxial technology and the measurements made are differential measurements to avoid errors introduced by the measuring device.
  • the capacitive sensor is not polarized by a DC voltage but by a voltage which is periodically interrupted to measure the capacitor discharge current, which requires a signal control and processing device supplied by the fairly complex sensor.
  • French patent 2,608,751 describes a measuring chain capacitive in which the capacitive sensor, technology triaxial, is connected to an input of an amplifier charges. To reduce stray capacities, the charge amplifier is powered by a source of floating DC voltage not referenced to earth. This requires the use of a transformer, a rectifier and a filter cell as well as two sources different power supplies including a voltage source alternative to supply the transformer.
  • the object of the invention is to provide a measuring device dynamic by capacitive method which does not present the disadvantages of known devices, for which the calibration of the on-site measurement chain is not necessary and allowing serial use for perform active game control.
  • Another object of the invention is to provide a device for measure allowing to measure on the one hand, the average clearance of the paddle and on the other hand, the individual play of each paddle.
  • the measuring device uses a capacitive sensor polarized by a DC voltage and conditioned by a charge amplifier having a high pass filter structure, preferably from the second order.
  • the sensor and connection cable technology is coaxial. Calibration of the measurement chain is carried out theoretically without the need for calibration.
  • the device for performing the measurement dynamics of the play between the ends of rotating blades and a turbomachine stator comprising at least one sensor capacitive intended to be mounted in the stator to the right of blades and at least one measurement chain connected to the sensor, the sensor comprising an electrode intended to cooperate with the blade tips so as to define a capacitor at variable capacity with each passage of a dawn under the sensor electrode, the measurement chain comprising a sensor conditioning device and means processing of the signal delivered by the packaging, is characterized in that the conditioning is a charge amplifier having a high-pass filter structure, in that the sensor capacitive and the charge amplifier are polarized by same DC voltage, the DC voltage of polarization being determined so that the mean value the output signal from the conditioning device either equal to a voltage setpoint.
  • Figure 1 shows a sectional view illustrating an example capacitive sensor installed in a housing, according to the invention.
  • the capacitive sensor is of coaxial technology. It comprises a central electrode 1 mounted in a jacketed cable 2 by through an insulator 3.
  • the cable 2 is fixed in a opening in the wall of the casing 4 and so as to that the electrode 1 is flush with the surface of the casing opposite with the vanes 5.
  • the cable 2 has a sheath connected to the same potential as the housing.
  • the housing electrode is connected, via a coaxial connection 6, to a measurement chain making it possible to determine the value of the clearances J between the top of the blades 7 and the housing 4.
  • the capacitive sensor is polarized by a voltage continuous and conditioned by a charge amplifier at continuous polarization.
  • FIG. 2 represents a diagram of an exemplary embodiment a packaging device having a structure of first order high pass filter, first realization of the invention.
  • the electrode 1 of the capacitive sensor is connected by via coaxial connection 6 to an amplifier loads polarized by a DC voltage VP and having a high pass filter structure.
  • This charge amplifier includes an amplifier operational 9 having a positive input terminal supplied by a direct voltage VP, a negative input terminal connected to electrode 1 of the capacitive sensor and brought to the same potential as the positive input terminal (basic principle operational amplifiers), and an output terminal delivering an output signal Vs depending on the capacity due when the blades pass under the sensor.
  • This capacity is variable over time: it is almost zero when the blade tips are far from the sensor electrode; she is maximum when a dawn top is just below the sensor electrode.
  • a resistor R and a capacitor C are connected in parallel between the negative input terminal and the output of the operational amplifier.
  • the charge amplifier has a structure first order high pass filter.
  • a packaging device having a filter structure second order high pass.
  • a high pass filter structure of the second order allows in particular to obtain a better rejection of stray low frequencies get better momentum and perform permanent monitoring of the insulation resistance of the sensor.
  • Figure 3 shows an example of a packaging having a high-pass filter structure of the second order, according to a second embodiment of the invention.
  • the conditioning device includes an amplifier operational 9 having a negative input terminal connected to the capacitive sensor electrode, an input terminal positive, and an output terminal, a resistor R6 connected between the positive input terminal and a voltage of polarization VP and a resistor R5 connected between the terminal positive input and the electrical ground of the conditioner, a capacitor C1 and a resistor R1 are connected in parallel between the negative input terminal and the output of the operational amplifier.
  • Resistor R1 is consisting of two resistors R2 and R3 connected in series at a junction point I.
  • a resistor R4 is connected between point I and point J
  • a resistor R7 is connected between point J and voltage VP
  • a capacitor C2 is connected between point J and the electrical ground of the conditioning device.
  • the values of the different resistors are chosen so that the continuous component of the output signal Vs is zero, assuming that the insulation resistance of the sensor is infinite.
  • This variation in capacity is proportional to the surface s (x) of the capacitor formed by the electrode and the vertex from dawn next to the sensor at the time of measurement and inversely proportional to the set J, where x represents the position of the blade relative to the sensor.
  • surface s (x) is called common surface between the electrode and the tip of the blade.
  • FIGS. 4a and 4b are shown respectively, in 4a, an example of an isolated vane moving at speed constant devat a sensor electrode; in 4b, the signal of the conditioning device corresponding to the case of FIG. 4a, according to the invention.
  • the sensor electrode shown in Figure 4a has the form of a disk of radius r.
  • the dawn that passes before this electrode at constant speed and in the direction x is approximated to a parallel face blade of thickness e less than the diameter 2r of the electrode and setting angle ⁇ .
  • the output signal Vs (x) of the conditioning device varies in proportion to the common area s (x) between the electrode and the top of the dawn.
  • the output signal from conditioning device therefore has the form of an impulse maximum amplitude ⁇ VS max proportional to the voltage polarization VP and at the maximum common surface Smax and inversely proportional to the clearance J between the electrode and the summit of dawn.
  • the waveform of the signal Vs (x) is identical to the waveform of s (x).
  • the signal of output of the conditioning device is constituted by a succession of pulses with a recurrence frequency equal to the frequency of vanes passing under the sensor electrode. Due to the high pass filter structure of the conditioning, the average value of this signal is zero. So when the geometric characteristics of the assembly constituted by the sensor and the blades and the Smax surfaces are precisely known, variations in conditioning device output signal can be theoretically determined prior to measurement. The calibration of the measurement chain is then carried out theoretically without the need to perform a calibration.
  • FIG. 5 represents a block diagram of the chain of measure to measure the individual play of each blade according to the invention.
  • the measurement chain is connected to electrode 1 of a capacitive sensor via a coaxial cable. It comprises, in series, a conditioning device 10, an amplitude measurement device 11, and a device 12 for calculating the individual clearance J of each blade.
  • the measuring device 11 is intended to measure the maximum individual amplitude ⁇ VS max of each pulse obtained at the output of the conditioning device 10.
  • Accurate measurement of the amplitude of each pulse can be carried out in a known manner for example from a synchronization top, by a first sampling of the signal immediately before the start of the pulse and a second signal sampling when its value is close to the maximum of the pulse and then performing the difference of the two values thus obtained.
  • FIG. 6 represents a block diagram of the chain of measurement to measure the average clearance of the vane when the geometry of the blading is perfectly known and when all the vanes are identical, according to the invention.
  • the measurement chain is connected to the electrode of a sensor capacitive via a coaxial link.
  • She consists of an integral loop which includes, in series, a conditioning device 10, an amplifier voltage gain 13 K, a bandpass filter 14 programmed depending on the rotational speed of the rotor of the turbomachine so that the filtering gauge is constant whatever the engine speed N, a device 15 extraction of the average value and a device for comparison 16 to compare the signal value to a value voltage setpoint, the result of the comparison being transmitted to an integrating device 17 having a gain continuously infinite which delivers a DC voltage value VP transmitted back to the conditioning device 10 as the bias voltage value.
  • the integral loop is therefore a regulation loop of the amplitude of the bias voltage VP of the conditioning. This regulation is carried out so that at equilibrium the average value, after amplification and filtering of the output signal of the conditioning is equal to the voltage setpoint V *.
  • the measurement chain also includes a device for monitoring 18 of the insulation resistance of the connected sensor to an alarm device 19.
  • the monitoring device 18 receives as input the values of the output voltage VS and of the bias voltage VP of the device conditioning and compares these two values in order to detect a possible deterioration of the sensor insulation resistance. When a deterioration is detected, the monitoring device 18 sends to the alarm device 19 a trigger signal of the alarm.
  • the value of the voltage of VP polarization is proportional to the average clearance of the vane since the filtering mask is constant whatever the rotational speed of the turbine engine rotor.
  • the value of voltage VP delivered by the integrating device 17 is transmitted to a device 20 for calculating the average clearance between the sensor electrode and the blade tips.
  • FIG. 7 represents a block diagram of the measurement chain in the case where the geometry of the blading is not known, according to the invention.
  • Blading cannot always be considered as a succession of blades with parallel faces due in particular to the shape of the blades at the top of the blade, the non-control of the axial positions of the blades and the dispersions of the thicknesses of the blades. Consequently, depending on the respective position of the sensor electrode relative to the apex of the blades, the changes in the common surface s (x) are different and correspond to different calibrations.
  • the invention consists in placing two identical capacitive sensors 21 and 22 in the stator with a different clearance J and J + ⁇ J relative to the ends of the blades 23, 24, the sensors being arranged in the same plane perpendicular to the axis of the rotating machine so as to "see” the same blade surface s (x).
  • the game J is the game to be measured, the game ⁇ J is known.
  • the capacitive sensors 21 and 22 are respectively connected to two measuring chains 25, 26 having electrical gains identical and calibrated in the same way by imposing on them identical voltage setpoints by the same display.
  • This voltage setpoint V * is calculated with an approximate S'o value, but of the same order of magnitude, of the common average surface between the electrode of one of the sensors and the top of the blades, the value of S'o being between 0.1 So and 10 So, where So represents the actual common area.
  • the output signals VP1 and VP2 of each of the measurement chains are transmitted to a ratiometer 27 which outputs a measurement of the game medium J between the surfaces facing the housing and the top blades.
  • the ratiometer makes it possible to calculate the average surface area So dawn actually "seen” by the capacitive sensors. This average surface can then be displayed on any other measurement chains, not equipped with a ratiometer, used on the same stage of the rotor.
  • the invention is not limited to the exemplary embodiments precisely described.
  • the sensor electrode can be set back in the housing. In this case, it is necessary to hold account of the R value of the withdrawal for the establishment of the calibration instruction by replacing all the terms J involving the play measured by the sensor by the term J + R.
  • the geometry of the electrode can be different from a disc.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Measurement Of Length, Angles, Or The Like Using Electric Or Magnetic Means (AREA)
  • Length Measuring Devices With Unspecified Measuring Means (AREA)

Claims (12)

  1. Vorrichtung zur Durchführung der dynamischen Messung des Spiels zwischen den rotierenden Schaufelenden und einem Turbomaschinenstator, die mindestens einen kapazitiven Meßfühler, der in dem Stator in der Verlängerung der Schaufeln angebracht werden soll, und mindestens eine mit dem Meßfühler verbundene Meßkette aufweist, wobei der Meßfühler eine Elektrode aufweist, die mit den Enden der Schaufeln dergestalt zusammenwirken soll, daß bei jedem Durchlauf einer Schaufel unter der Elektrode des Meßfühlers ein Kondensator mit variabler Kapazität gebildet wird, wobei die Meßkette eine Vorrichtung zur Konditionierung des Meßfühlers und der Mittel zur Verarbeitung des von der Konditionierungsvorrichtung abgegebenen Signals aufweist,
    dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Vorrichtung zur Konditionierung (10) ein Ladungsverstärker mit einer Hochpaßfilter-Struktur ist, daß der kapazitive Meßfühler und der Ladungsverstärker durch eine und dieselbe Gleichspannung polarisiert werden, wobei die Polarisierungs-Gleichspannung dergestalt bestimmt wird, daß der Durchschnittswert des Ausgangssignals der Konditionierungsvorrichtung (10) gleich einem Soll-Spannungswert ist.
  2. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 1,
    dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Meßkette über eine koaxiale Verbindung (6) mit der Elektrode (1) des kapazitiven Meßfühlers verbunden ist.
  3. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 2,
    dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Konditionierungsvorrichtung (10) aus einem Funktionsverstärker (9), der eine positive Eingangsklemme, eine negative Eingangsklemme und eine Ausgangsklemme besitzt, aus mindestens einem Widerstand und einer Kapazität, die parallel zwischen der negativen Eingangsklemme und der Ausgangsklemme geschaltet sind, besteht, wobei die positive Eingangsklemme mit einer Polarisierungs-Gleichspannung verbunden ist, die negative Eingangsklemme mit der Elektrode (1) des kapazitiven Meßfühlers verbunden ist und auf das gleiche Potential gebracht wird wie die positive Eingangsklemme.
  4. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 3,
    dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Konditionierungsvorrichtung (10) einen Hochpaßfilter zweiter Ordnung darstellt, der dazu gedacht ist, ein Ausgangssignal abzugeben, das proportional zu der Polarisierungsspannung und zu der Kapazitätsänderung aufgrund des Durchlaufs der Schaufeln unter der Elektrode des Meßfühlers ist.
  5. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 4,
    dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Meßkette in Reihe geschaltet die Konditionierungsvorrichtung (10), eine Amplitudenmeßvorrichtung (11) und eine Recheneinrichtung (12) zur Berechnung des jeweiligen Spiels der einzelnen Schaufeln aufweist.
  6. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 4,
    dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Meßkette eine Integralschleife zur Regelung der Polarisierungsspannung der Konditionierungsvorrichtung (10), wobei die Regelschleife in Reihe geschaltet die Konditionierungsvorrichtung (10), einen Spannungsverstärker (13), einen Bandfilter (14), eine Vorrichtung (15) zur Ausgabe des Durchschnittswerts, eine Komparatoreinrichtung (16) zum Vergleichen des Signalwerts mit einem Spannungs-Sollwert, einer Integrationsvorrichtung (17) mit einer unendlichen Gleichstromverstärkung, die eine Gleichspannung abgeben soll, die proportional zu dem durchschnittlichen Spiel zwischen der Elektrode des Meßfühlers und den Schaufelenden ist, aufweist, wobei als Polarisierungsspannungswert zu der Konditionierungsvorrichtung (10) zurückübertragen wird.
  7. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 6,
    dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Meßkette ferner eine Überwachungseinrichtung (18) bezüglich des Isolationswiderstandes des Meßfühlers aufweist, die mit einer Alarmvorrichtung (19) verbunden ist.
  8. Bandfilter (14) als Funktion der Drehgeschwindigkeit des Rotors dergestalt programmiert wird, daß das Filtermaß bei jeder Drehzahl N des Motors konstant ist.
  9. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 8,
    dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Spannungs-Sollwert mathematisch aus der Kenntnis der geometrischen Merkmale der Gesamtanordnung des kapazitiven Meßfühlers und den Schaufeln bestimmt werden kann, wobei dieser Wert proportional zu der gemeinsamen, gefilterten, durchschnittlichen Fläche zwischen der Elektrode des Meßfühlers und den Schaufelenden ist, wobei der Wert des Proportionalitätskoeffizienten bestimmt wird, indem ein spezieller Wert für das Spiel festgesetzt wird, und wobei das Filtermaß der durchschnittlichen Fläche das gleiche ist wie das des Bandfilters (14), der in der Regelschleife angeordnet ist
  10. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 9,
    dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der von der Integrationsvorrichtung (17) abgegebene Spannungswert zu einer Recheneinrichtung (20) zur Berechnung des durchschnittlichen Spiels zwischen der Elektrode des Meßfühlers und den Schaufelenden übertragen wird.
  11. Vorrichtung nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 8,
    dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß sie zwei kapazitive Meßfühler (21, 22) aufweist, die dazu gedacht sind, in dem Stator einer Turbomaschine in der Verlängerung der Schaufeln mit unterschiedlichem Spiel zu den Schaufelenden, wobei der Unterschied zwischen den Spielen bekannt ist, sowie in einer und derselben, zur Achse der Turbomaschine senkrechten Ebene angebracht zu werden, wobei diese beiden Meßfühler mit zwei Meßketten (25 bzw. 26) verbunden sind, die identische elektrische Verstärkungsgrade aufweisen und in gleicher Weise kalibriert sind, indem ihnen durch eine und dieselbe Anzeige identische Spannungs-Sollwerte gesetzt werden, und daß sie ferner ein Ratiometer (27) aufweist, das an den Ausgang der beiden Meßketten (25 bzw. 26) angeschlossen ist und dazu gedacht ist, den Vergleich zwischen den von den beiden Meßketten abgegebenen Signalen durchzuführen und am Ausgang einen Wert für das durchschnittliche Spiel zwischen der Elektrode des Meßfühlers und den Schaufelenden abzugeben.
  12. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 11,
    dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Spannungs-Sollwert, der für die beiden Meßketten gesetzt wird, mathematisch bestimmt wird, indem ein Näherungswert für die gemeinsame durchschnittliche Fläche der Elektrode eines der Meßfühler und der Schaufelenden festgesetzt wird.
EP94402582A 1993-11-17 1994-11-16 Vorrichtung zur dynamischen Messung des Abstandes zwischen einander gegenüberliegenden Rotor- und Statorflächen einer rotierenden Maschine Expired - Lifetime EP0653606B1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR9313708 1993-11-17
FR9313708A FR2712690B1 (fr) 1993-11-17 1993-11-17 Dispositif pour effectuer la mesure dynamique de la distance entre les faces en regard du rotor et du stator d'une machine tournante.

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EP0653606A1 EP0653606A1 (de) 1995-05-17
EP0653606B1 true EP0653606B1 (de) 1998-03-11

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US (1) US5497101A (de)
EP (1) EP0653606B1 (de)
JP (1) JP2907737B2 (de)
DE (1) DE69408938T2 (de)
FR (1) FR2712690B1 (de)

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Publication number Publication date
FR2712690A1 (fr) 1995-05-24
DE69408938T2 (de) 1998-08-06
JPH07198312A (ja) 1995-08-01
EP0653606A1 (de) 1995-05-17
JP2907737B2 (ja) 1999-06-21
DE69408938D1 (de) 1998-04-16
US5497101A (en) 1996-03-05
FR2712690B1 (fr) 1995-12-15

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