Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D493/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system
  • C07D493/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
  • C07D493/08—Bridged systems
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
  • A61P3/06—Antihyperlipidemics

Definitions

• This invention relates to novel compounds having hypocholesterolemic, hypolipidemic and/or antifungal activity, to processes for their preparation, to pharmaceutical compositions containing them and to their use in medicine, particularly in the treatment and/or prevention of atherosclerosis and associated cardiovascular diseases.
• the invention also relates to novel compounds which are u seful as in term ediates for the preparati on of compounds havin g hypocholesterolemic, hypolipidemic and/or antifungal activity.
• High levels of blood cholesterol and blood lipids are conditions which are implicated in the onset of vessel wall disease. Methods for effective reduction of plasma cholesterol levels are therefore of high interest. Cholesterol concentrations can be reduced, for example, by lowering the dietary intake of the sterol, by enhancing its metabolism and elimination or by decreasing its rate of biosynthesis. The most effective approaches to lowering physiological cholesterol levels are likely to include inhibition of cholesterol biosynthesis as a component since cholesterol synthesis is subject to feedback regulation, so that decreases in cholesterol levels tend to be compensated for by increased biosynthesis.
• Mevalonic acid is a common precursor of all isoprenyl derivatives, including in animals coenzyme Q, heme A and the dolichols.
• R 9 represents a hydroxyl group, a group -OCOR 7' or a group -OC0 2 R 7
• R ' is a group selected from C j _galkyl, aryl, arylC ⁇ alkyl and
• R-* represents a group selected from CH
• R , R- 5 and R° may each independently represent a hydrogen atom or a methyl group; and salts thereof;
• aryl as a group or pan of a group means phenyl or phenyl substituted by one or more moieties including for example halogen atoms, hydroxyl, C ⁇ al yl and C ⁇ alkoxy groups.
• alkyl within R ⁇ means a straight or branched alkyl chain. Examples of suitable alkyl groups include methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t- butyl, n-pentyl, n-hexyl and n-heptyl.
• R as C3_ cycloalkyl examples include cyclopentyl and cyclohexyl.
• R ⁇ in formula (I) may contain one or more chiral centres. It is to be understood that the present invention is intended to cover all optical isomers, including diastereoisomers, of such compounds of formula (I).
• R 1 preferably represents a group
• R J preferably represents a group
• R° is a hydrogen atom or an acetyl group
• Physiologically acceptable salts include inorganic base salts such as alkali metal salts (e.g. sodium and potassium salts including the trisodium, dipotassium and tripotassium salts), alkaline earth metal salts (e.g. calcium salts), ammonium salts and amino acid salts (e.g. lysine and arginine salts including the tri- L-lysine salts).
• Suitable organic base salts include amine salts such as trialkylamine (e.g. triethylamine), dialkylamine (e.g. dicyclohexylamine), optionally substituted benzylamine (e.g. p-bromobenzylamine) and tris(hydroxymethyl)methylamine salts.
• Compounds of the invention have been found to inhibit the enzyme squalene synthase and cholesterol biosynthesis and are therefore of use in medicine, particularly in a variety of conditions where a lowering of the level of blood plasma cholesterol in animals (especially humans) would be beneficial.
• diseases associated with hypercholesterolemia and hyperlipoproteinemia especially atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases (such as cardiac ischaemic diseases, cerebral ischaemic diseases and peripheral arterial disease).
• Compounds of the invention which inhibit squalene synthase may also be of use in combating fungal infections in animals, including humans.
• they may be useful in the treatment of systemic infections caused by, for example Candida (e.g. Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, Candida parapsilosis and Candida pseudotrop), Crvptococcus neoformans, Aspergillus Sp (e.g. Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus fumigatus), Coccidioides (e.g. Coccidioides immitis), Paracoccidioides (e.g. Paracoccidioides brasiliensis), Histoplasma (e.g.
• Candida e.g. Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, Candida parapsilosis and Candida pseudotrop
• Crvptococcus neoformans e.g. Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus fumigatus
• Coccidioides e.g. C
• Histoplasma capsulatum or Blastomvces (e.g. Blastomyces dermatitidis). They may also be useful in treating topical infections caused by species of Trichophyton, Microsporum or Epidermophyton (e.g. Trichophyton mentographvtes, Microsporum canis or Epidermophyton floccosum). They may also be of use in treating fungal diseases caused by Torulopsis glabrata and Pityrosporum ovale.
• the iii vitro evaluation of the anti-fungal activity of compounds of the invention can be performed by determining the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) which is the concentration of the test compound in a suitable medium at which growth of a particular microorganism fails to occur.
• MIC minimum inhibitory concentration
• compounds of the invention which inhibit squalene synthase may recommend themselves for the treatment of a variety of fungal infections in human beings and animals.
• infections include mycotic infections such as candidiasis and chronic mucocandidiasis (e.g. thrush and vaginal candidiasis) and skin infections caused by fungi, cutaneous and mucocutaneous candidiasis, dermatophytoses including ringworm and tinea infections, athletes foot, paronychia, pityriasis versicolor, erythrasma, intertrigo, fungal nappy rash, Candida vulvitis, Candida balanitis and otitis externa.
• mycotic infections such as candidiasis and chronic mucocandidiasis (e.g. thrush and vaginal candidiasis) and skin infections caused by fungi, cutaneous and mucocutaneous candidiasis, dermatophytoses including ringworm and tinea infections, athletes foot
• prophylactic agents may also be useful as prophylactic agents to prevent systemic and topical fungal infections.
• Use as prophylactic agents may, for example, be appropriate as part of a selective gut decontamination regimen in the prevention of infection in immunocompromised patients. Prevention of fungal overgrowth during antibiotic treatment may also be desirable in some disease syndromes or iatrogeni sraies.
• the ability of compounds of the invention to inhibit the enzyme squalene synthase in mammals and fungi may be demonstrated in vitro using [2- Cjfarnesylpyrophosphate as a substrate under assay conditions similar to those described by S. A. Biller et al. in J.
• compositions of the invention which inhibit squalene synthase may be administered as the raw chemical, it is preferable to present the active ingredient as a pharmaceutical formulation.
• the invention thus further provides a pharmaceutical formulation comprising compounds of the invention which inhibits squalene synthase together with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers thereof and, optionally, other therapeutic and or prophylactic ingredients.
• the carrier(s) must be 'acceptable' in the sense of being compatible with the other ingredients of the formulation and not deleterious to the recipient thereof.
• compositions of the invention include those in a form especially formulated for oral, buccal, parenteral, implant, rectal, topical, ophthalmic or genito ⁇ urinary administration or in a form suitable for administration by inhalation or insufflation.
• Tablets and capsules for oral administration may contain conventional excipients such as binding agents, for example, syrup, acacia, gelatin, sorbitol, tragacanth, mucilage of starch or polyvinylpyrrolidone; fillers, for example, lactose, sugar, microcrystalline cellulose, maize-starch, calcium phosphate or sorbitol; lubricants, for example, magnesium stearate, stearic acid, talc, polyethylene glycol or silica; disintegrants, for example, potato starch or sodium starch glycoUate; or wetting age ⁇ ts * such as sodium lauryl sulphate.
• the tablets may be coated according to methods well known in the an.
• Oral liquid preparations may be in the form of, for example, aqueous or oily suspensions, solutions, emulsions, syrups or elixirs, or may be presented as a dry product for constitution with water or other suitable vehicle before use.
• Such liquid preparations may contain conventional additives such as suspending agents, for example, sorbitol syrup, methyl cellulose, glucose/sugar syrup, gelatin, hydroxyethylcellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose, aluminium stearate gel or hydrogenated edible fats; emulsifying agents, for example, lecithin, sorbitan mono-oleate or acacia; non-aqueous vehicles (which may include edible oils), for example, almond oil, fractionated coconut oil, oily esters, propylene glycol or ethyl alcohol; and preservatives, for example, methyl or propyl £- hydroxybenzoates or sorbic acid.
• the compositions may also be formulated as suppositories, e.
• composition may take the form of tablets or lozenges formulated in conventional manner.
• composition according to the invention may be formulated for parenteral administration by injection or continuous infusion.
• Formulations for injection may be presented in unit dose form in ampoules, or in multi-dose containers with an added preservative.
• the compositions may take such forms as suspensions, solutions, or emulsions in oily or aqueous vehicles, and may contain formulatory agents such as suspending, stabilising and/or dispersing agents.
• the active ingredient may be in powder form for constitution with a suitable vehicle, e.g. sterile, pyrogen-free water, before use.
• compositions according to the invention are conveniently delivered in the form of an aerosol spray presentation from pressurised packs with the use of a suitable propellant, e.g. dichlorodifluoromethane, trichlorofluoromethane, dichlorotetrafluoroethane, carbon dioxide or other suitable gas, or from a nebuliser.
• a suitable propellant e.g. dichlorodifluoromethane, trichlorofluoromethane, dichlorotetrafluoroethane, carbon dioxide or other suitable gas
• a suitable propellant e.g. dichlorodifluoromethane, trichlorofluoromethane, dichlorotetrafluoroethane, carbon dioxide or other suitable gas
• a suitable propellant e.g. dichlorodifluoromethane, trichlorofluoromethane, dichlorotetrafluoroethane, carbon dioxide or other suitable gas
• the dosage unit
• compositions according to the invention may take the form of a dry powder composition, for example a powder mix of the compound and a suitable powder base such as lactose or starch.
• the powder composition may be presented in unit dosage form in, for example, capsules or cartridges of e.g. gelatin, or blister packs from which the powder may be administered with the aid of an inhaler or insufflator.
• compositions may take the form of a suppository, e.g. containing a conventional suppository base, or a pessary, e.g. containing a conventional pessary base.
• compositions may also be formulated for topical administration in the form of ointments, creams, gels, lotions, shampoos, powders (including spray powders), pessaries, tampons, sprays, dips, aerosols, drops (e.g. eye, ear or nose drops) or pour-ons.
• Ointments and creams may, for example, be formulated with an aqueous or oily base with the addition of suitable thickening and/or gelling agents.
• Ointments for administration to the eye may be manufactured in a sterile manner using sterilised components.
• Pour-ons may, for example, be formulated for veterinary use in oils containing organic solvents, optionally with formulatory agents, e.g.
• Pessaries and tampons for vaginal insertion may be formulated using conventional techniques and, where appropriate, may contain an effervescent vehicle. Such compositions may also contain other active ingredients such as corticosteroids, antibiotics or antiparasitics as appropriate.
• Liquid preparations for intranasal delivery may take the form of solutions or suspensions and may contain conventional excipients such as tonicity adjusting agents, for example, sodium chloride, dextrose or mannitol; preservatives, for example benzalkonium chloride, thiomersal, phenylethyl alcohol; and other formulating agents such as suspending, buffering, stabilising and/or dispersing agents.
• tonicity adjusting agents for example, sodium chloride, dextrose or mannitol
• preservatives for example benzalkonium chloride, thiomersal, phenylethyl alcohol
• other formulating agents such as suspending, buffering, stabilising and/or dispersing agents.
• Transdermal administration may be affected by the design of a suitable system which promotes adsorption of the active compound through the skin and would typically consist of a base formulation enclosed within an adhesive stick-on patch comprising backing films, membranes and release liners.
• composition according to the invention may also be formulated as a depot preparation.
• Such long acting formulations may be administered by implantation (for example subcutaneously or intramuscularly) or by intramuscular injection.
• a compound of the invention may be formulated with suitable polymeric or hydrophobic materials (for example as an emulsion in an acceptable oil) or ion exchange resins, or as sparingly soluble derivatives, for example, as a sparingly soluble salt.
• each unit will preferably contain O.OOlmg to lOOOmg, advantageously O.Olmg to 400mg, of active ingredient where a compound of the invention is to be administered orally.
• the daily dosage as employed for adult human treatment will preferably range from O.OOlmg to 5000mg of active ingredient, most preferably from O.Olmg to 2000mg which may be administered in 1 to 4 daily doses, for example, depending on the route of administration and on the condition of the patient and the disease to be treated.
• the compound may be administered by intravenous infusion using, for example, up to 50mg/kg/day of the active ingredient.
• the duration of treatment will be dictated by the rate of response rather than by arbitrary numbers of days.
• a combination comprising a compound of the invention which inhibits squalene synthase together with another therapeutically active agent, such as an inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG CoA) reductase or another agent which reduces serum cholesterol and/or inhibits cholesterol biosynthesis, for example a bile acid sequestrant or an antihyperlipoproteinemic or antihyperlipemic agent such as probucol, gemfibrozil, clofibrate, dextrothyroxine or its sodium salt, colestipol or its hydrochloride salt, cholestyramine, nicotinic acid, neom yc i n , p - am i n o sal ic yl i c ac id , a sp iri
• HMG CoA 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A
• compositions comprising a combination as defined above together with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier thereof comprise a further aspect of the invention.
• the individual components of such combinations may be administered either sequentially or simultaneously in separate or combined pharmaceutical formulations.
• each compound of the invention When a compound of the invention is used in combination with a second therapeutic agent against the same condition the dose of each compound may differ from that when the compound is used alone. Appropriate doses will be readily appreciated by those skilled in the art.
• a compound of formula (la) or (lb) or a physiologically acceptable salt thereof or a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of formula (la) or (lb) or a physiologically acceptable salt thereof as defined above for use in therapy, particularly for the treatment of conditions where a lowering of the level of blood plasma cholesterol in animals (especially humans) would be beneficial, or for the treatment of fungal infections in animals (especially humans).
• a compound of formula (la) or (lb) or a physiologically acceptable salt thereof or a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of formula (la) or (lb) or a physiologically acceptable salt thereof as defined above for use in the treatment of diseases associated with hypercholesterolemia and/or hyperlipoproteinemia, especially atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases (such as cardiac ischaemic diseases, cerebral ischaemic diseases and peripheral arterial disease).
• diseases associated with hypercholesterolemia and/or hyperlipoproteinemia especially atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases (such as cardiac ischaemic diseases, cerebral ischaemic diseases and peripheral arterial disease).
• a compound of formula (la) or (lb) or a physiologically acceptable salt thereof in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of diseases associated with hypercholesterolemia and/or hyperlipoproteinemia, especially atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases (such as cardiac ischaemic diseases, cerebral ischaemic diseases and peripheral arterial disease).
• SUBSTITUTE SHEET According to a further aspect of the present invention, we provide a method of treatment of the human or non-human animal body to combat diseases associated with hypercholesterolemia and/or hyperlipoproteinemia, especially atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases (such as cardiac ischaemic diseases, cerebral ischaemic diseases and peripheral arterial disease) or to combat fungal diseases, which method comprises administering to said body an effective amount of a compound of formula (la) or (lb) or a physiologically acceptable salt thereof.
• references herein to treatment extend to prophylaxis as well as the treatment of established conditions or infections.
• the compounds of the invention may be prepared by the processes described below.
• a general process (A) for the preparation of compounds of formula (la) in which R 2 represents a group -OCOR 7 or -OC0 2 R ' comprises reacting a compound of formula (II)
• reaction may conveniently be effected by treating a compound of formula (II) with a compound R ' COHal or R 'OCOHal as appropriate, wherein Hal represents a halogen atom such as chlorine or bromine.
• reaction with a compound R ' COHal or R ' OCOHal may conveniently be T ⁇ tited in the presence of 4-dimethylaminopyridine with or without a suitable base such as a tertiary amine (e.g. triethylamine) or using an alkali metal carbonate or alkaline earth metal carbonate (e.g. calcium carbonate) in a solvent such as a halogenated hydrocarbon (e.g. dichloromethane).
• a suitable base such as a tertiary amine (e.g. triethylamine) or using an alkali metal carbonate or alkaline earth metal carbonate (e.g. calcium carbonate) in a solvent such as a halogenated hydrocarbon (e.g. dichloromethane).
• a suitable base such as a tertiary amine (e.g. triethylamine) or using an alkali metal carbonate or alkaline earth metal carbonate (e.g. calcium carbon
• R 1 in the compounds of formula (II) represents a hydroxyl group this hydroxyl group will also be susceptible to ester and carbonate formation.
• R s a hydroxyl group it may be appropriate to have protected the R hydroxyl group in compounds of formula (II) or utilise a compound of formula (II) in which R 1 is an acyloxy group as defined in formula (la) above, and following the reaction to form the 7-position ester or carbonate remove the protecting group or deacylate as appropriate to provide the desired compound of formula (la) in which R is hydroxyl.
• Compounds of formula (la) in which R represents an acetoxy group may conveniently be prepared from compounds of formula (II) by reaction with acetic anhydride followed by removal of the protecting groups present.
• the acetylation reaction may conveniently be effected in the presence of a suitable base such as a tertiary amine (e.g. triethylamine) in a solvent such as a halogenated hydrocarbon (e.g. dichloromethane).
• the reduction may conveniently be carried out using a « « ⁇ E ⁇ hydride such as lithium triethylborohydride in a solvent such as an ether (e.g. tetrahydrofuran) or sodium borohydride, optionally in the presence of a suitable metal halide (e.g. cerium trichloride), in a solvent such as an alcohol (e.g. methanol) or a mixture of an alcohol with another solvent such as an ether (e.g. tetrahydrofuran) at a temperature below 20 C (e.g. -70° to 10 ⁇ C).
• a suitable metal halide e.g. cerium trichloride
• solvent such as an alcohol (e.g. methanol) or a mixture of an alcohol with another solvent such as an ether (e.g. tetrahydrofuran) at a temperature below 20 C (e.g. -70° to 10 ⁇ C).
• the reduction may be effected using an aluminium hydride reducing agent such as diisobutylaluminium hydride in a solvent such as toluene at a low temperature (e.g. -70 ⁇ to 0 C) or lithium tris [(3- ethyl-3-pentyl)oxy]aluminohydride in a solvent such as an ether (e.g. tetrahydrofuran) at a low temperature (e.g. -70" to 0 C).
• an aluminium hydride reducing agent such as diisobutylaluminium hydride in a solvent such as toluene at a low temperature (e.g. -70 ⁇ to 0 C) or lithium tris [(3- ethyl-3-pentyl)oxy]aluminohydride in a solvent such as an ether (e.g. tetrahydrofuran) at a low temperature (e.g. -70" to
• R in formula (III) conveniently represents an acyloxy group as defined in formula (la) above which is converted to a hydroxyl group (under deacylation condition described hereinafter) following the reduction reaction and prior to or subsequent to the removal of the protecting groups.
• Another process (C) comprises converting a compound of formula (I) or a protected derivative thereof to a different compound of formula (I) or a protected derivative thereof, followed, if necessary, by the removal of any protecting groups present.
• R and R -R 6a are as defined previously
• a suitable oxidising agent such as a chlorochromate (e.g. pyridinium chlorochromate) in the presence of powdered molecular sieves in a solvent such as a halogenated hydrocarbon (e.g. dichloromethane), conveniently at room temperature.
• a chlorochromate e.g. pyridinium chlorochromate
• a solvent such as a halogenated hydrocarbon (e.g. dichloromethane)
• Suitable carboxylic acid protecting groups for R , R- 5a and R" a and hydroxyl protecting groups for R ia - include any conventional protecting group, for example as described in 'Protective Groups in Organic Chemistry', Ed. J. F. W. McOmie
• carboxylic acid protecting groups include alkyl groups such as t-butyl, 2-methoxyethoxymethyl or aralkyl groups such as diphenylmethyl or p-nitrobenzyl.
• suitable hydroxyl protecting groups include groups such as 2-methoxyethoxymethyl.
• the protecting groups may be removed using conventional techniques.
• an alkyl group such as t-butyl may, for example, be removed under anhydrous acid conditions (for example using hydrogen chloride in a solvent such as an ether, e.g. dioxan).
• a p-nitrobenzyl group may conveniently be removed using zinc metal and hydrochloric acid in a solvent such as an ether (e.g. tetrahydrofuran or aqueous tetrahydrofuran).
• a diphenylmethyl group or a 2-methoxyethoxymethyl group may conveniently be removed using aqueous formic acid or trifluoroacetic acid.
• Esterification of carboxylic acids of formula (V) to the corresponding methyl esters may conveniently be effected by treatment with a methylating agent such as a methyl halide (e.g. methyl iodide) or dimethyl sulphate in a suitable organic solvent such as an amide (e.g. dimethylacetamide or preferably dimethylformamide) in the presence of a base such as a bicarbonate (e.g. sodium bicarbonate).
• the reaction may conveniently be carried out at a temperature ranging from 0 ⁇ to 100 C, preferably 20° to 30°C.
• the esterification may be effected by treatment with an ethereal solution of diazomethane in a suitable solvent such as methanol.
• the esterification may also be effected by treatment with methanol in the presence of a suitable acid such as a mineral acid (e.g. hydrochloric acid) at about room temperature.
• a suitable acid such as a mineral acid (e.g. hydro
• Conversion of one methyl ester of formula (V) to a different methyl ester may be carried out by appropriate esterification/deesterification steps.
• the deesterification may be effected under standard conditions, for example by base hydrolysis.
• Compounds of formula (V) may be prepared according to the fermentation process described hereinafter or may be prepared from products of the fermentation process by acylation or deacylation at the 6-position as appropriate according to suitable acylation and deacylation methods. Suitable acylation methods are described hereinafter. Deacylation may conveniently be effected by base-catalysed hydrolysis using a base such as aqueous sodium hydroxide in a solvent such as an alcohol (e.g. methanol). Alternatively, deacylation of , 0-unsaturated esters may be prepared according to the fermentation process described hereinafter or may be prepared from products of the fermentation process by acylation or deacylation at the 6-position as appropriate according to suitable acylation and deacylation methods. Suitable acylation methods are described hereinafter. Deacylation may conveniently be effected by base-catalysed hydrolysis using a base such as aqueous sodium hydroxide in a solvent such as an alcohol (e.g. methanol). Alternatively, deacylation of , 0-
• SUBSTITUTE SHEET be carried out using a hydroxylamine (e.g. N-methylhydroxylamine hydrochloride) optionally in the presence of a suitable base (e.g. a trialkylamine such as triethylamine) in a solvent such as dimethylformamide.
• a suitable base e.g. a trialkylamine such as triethylamine
• the fermentation process comprises cultivating a microorganism capable of producing one or more of the compounds of formula (V). Thereafter the desired compound from the culture may be isolated and, if desired, acylated or deacylating and/or esterified to the corresponding methyl ester.
• Suitable microorganisms may readily be identified by using a small scale test and analysing a test sample obtained from fermentation of the microorganism using standard methodology.
• the microorganism to be conventionally used is a strain of microorganism deposited on 31st May 1989 in the culture collection of Glaxo Group Research Limited, Microbiology Division, Greenford Road, Greenford, Middlesex, England, UB6 OHE (collection number 202 in the World Directory of Collections of Cultures of Microorganisms, 1982; curator : Miss A M Harris) under accession no. C2932 or a mutant thereof.
• UB6 OHE selection number 202 in the World Directory of Collections of Cultures of Microorganisms, 1982; curator : Miss A M Harris
• the strain deposited at Greenford under accession no. C2932 has also been deposited in the permanent culture collection of the CAB International Mycological Institute, Ferry Road, Kew, Surrey, England. The strain was received by the Institute on 25th May 1989 and was subsequently given the accession no. IMI 332962 and a deposit date of 27th June 1989 (date of confirmation of viability). The deposited strain is identified herein by reference to the Institute accession no. IMI 332962. The characteristics thus far identified for IMI 332962 are given in Example 9 hereinafter.
• the desired intermediates may also be prepared from a mutant of IMI 332962.
• Mutants of the IMI 332962 may arise spontaneously or may be produced by a variety of methods including those outlined in Techniques for the Development of Micro-organisms by H. I. Adler in 'Radiation and Radioisotopes for Industrial Microorganisms', Proceedings of the Symposium, Vienna 1973, p241, International Atomic Energy Authority. Such methods include ionising radiation, chemical methods e.g. treatment with N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (NTG), heat, genetic techniques, such as recombination and transformation, and selective techniques for spontaneous mutants.
• NTG N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine
• the fermentation may be effected by conventional means i.e. by culturing the organism in the presence of assimilable sources of carbon, nitrogen and mineral salts.
• Sources of carbon nitrogen and minerals may be provided by either simple or complex nutrients.
• Sources of carbon will generally include glucose, maltose, starch, glycerol, molasses, dextrin, lactose, sucrose, fructose, galactose, myo-inositol, D-mannitol, soya bean oil, carboxylic acids, amino acids, glycerides, alcohols, alkanes and vegetable oils.
• Sources of carbon will generally comprise from 0.5 to 10% by weight of the fermentation medium. Fructose, glucose and sucrose represent preferred sources of carbon.
• Sources of nitrogen will generally include soya bean meal, com steep liquors, distillers solubles, yeast extracts, cottonseed meal, peptones, ground nut meal, malt extract, molasses, casein, amino acid mixtures, ammonia (gas or solution), ammonium salts or nitrates. Urea and other amides may also be used. Sources of nitrogen will generally comprise from 0.1 to 10% by weight of the fermentation medium.
• Nutrient mineral salts which may be incorporated into the culture medium include the generally used salts capable of yielding sodium potassium, ammonium, iron, magnesium, zinc, nickel, cobalt, manganese, vanadium, chromium, calcium, copper, molybdenum, boron, phosphate, sulphate, chloride and carbonate ions.
• Cultivation of the organism will generally be effected at a temperature of from 20 to 40°C preferably from 20 to 35°C, especially around 25 to 28°C, and will desirably take place w ⁇ th aeration and agitation e.g. by shaking or stirring.
• the medium may initially be inoculated with a small quantity of mycelium and/or spores.
• the vegetative inoculum obtained may be transferred to the fermentation medium, or to one or more seed stages where further growth takes place before transfer to the principal fermentation medium.
• The. fermentation will generally be carried out in the pH range 3.5 to 9.5, preferably 4.5 to 7.5. It may be necessary to add a base or an acid to the fermentation medium to keep the pH within the desired range.
• Suitable bases which may be added include alkali metal hydroxides such as aqueous sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide.
• Suitable acids include mineral acids such as hydrochloric, sulphuric or phosphoric acid.
• the fermentation may be carried out for a period of 4-30 days, preferably about 7-18 days.
• An antifoam may be present to control excessive foaming and added at intervals as required.
• Carbon and/or nitrogen sources may also be fed into the fermentation medium as required.
• the products of the fermentation process may be present in both the fermentation liquor and the mycelial fraction, which may conveniently be separated by filtration or centrifugation.
• the liquor may be optionally thereafter treated with an acid such as sulphuric acid in the presence of an organic solvent until the pH is below pH 6 (e.g. about pH 3).
• the products of the fermentation process may be separated from the fermentation broth by conventional isolation and separation techniques. It will be appreciated that the choice of isolation techniques may be varied widely.
• the products of the fermentation process may be isolated and purified by a variety of fractionation techniques, for example adsorption-elution, precipitation, fractional crystallisation, solvent extraction and liquid-liquid partition which may be combined in various ways.
• Adsorption onto a solid support followed by elution has been found to be suitable for isolating and purifying compounds of the invention.
• the products of the fermentation process may be extracted from the cells and the aqueous phase with an appropriate organic solvent such as a ketone (e.g. acetone, methyl ethyl ketone or methyl isobutyl ketone), a halogenated hydrocarbon, an alcohol, a diol (e.g. propane- 1,2-diol or butane- 1,3 -diol) or an ester (e.g. methyl acetate or ethyl acetate).
• a ketone e.g. acetone, methyl ethyl ketone or methyl isobutyl ketone
• a halogenated hydrocarbon e.g. a halogenated hydrocarbon
• an alcohol e.g. propane- 1,2-diol or butane- 1,3 -diol
• an ester e.g. methyl acetate or ethyl acetate
• the water-immiscible solvent extracts may themselves be extracted with basic aqueous solutions, and after acidification of these basic solutions the desired compounds may be reextracted into water-immiscible organic phase. Removal of the solvent from the organic extracts (e.g. by evaporation) yields a material containing the desired compounds.
• Chromatography may be effected on a suitable support such as silica; a non-functional macroreticular adsorption resin for example cross-linked styrene divinyl benzene polymer resins such as Amberlite XAD-2, XAD-4, XAD-16 or XAD-1 180 resins (Rohm & Haas Ltd) or Kastell S I 12 (Montedison); a substituted styrene-divinyl benzene polymer, for example a halogenated (e.g. brominated) styrene-divinyl benzene polymer such as Diaion SP207 (Mitsubishi); an anion exchanger (e.g.
• IRA-35 or IRA-68 an organic solvent-compatible cross-linked dextran such as Sephadex LH20 (Pharmacia UK Ltd), or on reverse phase supports such as hydrocarbon linked silica e.g. Ch ⁇ unked silica.
• An alternative chromatographic means for the purification/separation of the products of the fermentation process is countercurrent chromatography using a coil extracter such as a multi-layer coil extracter.
• the products of the fermentation process may also be isolated and purified by the use of a liquid anion exchanger such as LA 2.
• the cell extracts may be loaded directly without removal of solvent.
• the extract may either be loaded directly at about pH3 or at about pH8 following filtration of solid impurities.
• Suitable solvents/eluants for the chromatographic purification/ separation of compounds of formula (V) will, of course, depend on the nature of the column type and support.
• a solvent, system comprising ethyl acetate, hexane, methanol and an aqueous acid (e.g. aqueous sulphuric acid) to be particularly suitable.
• an anion exchanger such as IRA-35 the resin may conveniently be washed with aqueous acetone followed by elution with sulphuric acid in aqueous acetone.
• the presence of the products of the fermentation process during the extraction/isolation procedures may be monitored by conventional techniques such as h.p.l.c. or UV spectroscopy or by utilising the properties of the compounds.
• the solvent may be removed by conventional procedures, e.g. by evaporation, to yield the required compound. If desired, the compound may be further purified by the aforementioned chromatographic techniques.
• Acylation to provide a compound of formula (V) in which R 1 represents an acyloxy group as defined in formulae (la) and (lb) above may be effected by treating a corresponding compound of formula (V) in which R s a hydroxyl group or a protected derivative thereof with a suitable acylating agent such as a carboxylic acid or an activated derivative thereof such as an acyl halide, e.g. an acyl chloride, under conventional esterification conditions followed by removal of any protecting groups present.
• a suitable acylating agent such as a carboxylic acid or an activated derivative thereof such as an acyl halide, e.g. an acyl chloride
• the acylation reaction may conveniently be carried out in the presence of 4- dimethylaminopyridine with or without a suitable base such as a tertiary amine (e.g. triethylamine) or using an alkali metal carbonate or alkaline earth metal carbonate (e.g. calcium carbonate) in a solvent such as a halogenated hydrocarbon (e.g. dichloromethane).
• a suitable base such as a tertiary amine (e.g. triethylamine) or using an alkali metal carbonate or alkaline earth metal carbonate (e.g. calcium carbonate) in a solvent such as a halogenated hydrocarbon (e.g. dichloromethane).
• Salts of compounds of formulae (la) and (lb) may be conveniently formed by treating a compound of formula (la) or (lb) with an appropriate salt or base.
• salts may conveniently be prepared by treating a compound of formula (la) or (lb) with a salt or a base selected from sodium or potassium hydroxide, hydrogen carbonate, carbonate or acetate (e.g. potassium hydroxide, potassium hydrogen carbonate, sodium hydrogen carbonate or potassium acetate), ammonium acetate, calcium acetate and L-lysine as appropriate.
• the salt may, for example, be prepared by adding the appropriate salt or base (if necessary as an aqueous solution) to a solution or suspension of the compound of formula (I) in a suitable solvent such as water and/or a cosolvent such as an alcohol (e.g. methanol), a nitrile (e.g. acetonitrile) or a ketone (e.g. acetone) at temperatures of for example O ⁇ C to 80"C and conveniently at about room temperature.
• a suitable solvent such as water and/or a cosolvent such as an alcohol (e.g. methanol), a nitrile (e.g. acetonitrile) or a ketone (e.g. acetone)
• Isomeric 7- ⁇ -(4,6-dimethyl-2-octenoate) compounds of Examples 3, 4 and 5 hereinafter are also novel compounds which act to inhibit the enzyme squalene synthase in mammalian and/or fungal cells. These compounds and salts thereof form a further aspect of the present invention.
• Agar (Oxoid No 3) 20g Distilled water to 1 litre
• the pH of the medium before autoclaving was in the range of 5.3-5.5.
• the inoculated plates were incubated at 28 C for 14 days.
• Several 6mm diameter plugs of agar covered with fungal mycelium were cut from the growing edge of the culture and two plugs were transferred into each of several cryotubes containing 1.6ml of sterile distilled water.
• the tubes were capped and stored at room temperature until required.
• Seed medium (A) Peptone (Oxoid L34) lOg
• the pH of the medium was adjusted to 6.3-6.5 with aqueous sodium hydroxide before autoclaving
• the flasks of inoculated seed medium were incubated at 25 ⁇ C on a shaker platform, which rotated at 250rpm with a 50mm diameter orbital motion, for 5 days.
• the contents of the flasks were pooled and homogenised.
• the homogenised seed culture was used at 3% (v/v) to inoculate 120, 50ml aliquots of fermentation medium (B) in 250ml Erlenmeyer flasks : Fermentation medium (B) : Glycerol 50g
• Cottonseed flour (Sigma) lOg Distilled water to 1 litre
• the pH of the medium before autoclaving was in the range 6.1-6.3.
• the flasks were incubated as above with shaking for 8 days.
• the aqueous back extracts were bulked, adjusted to pH 2.8 as above and re-extracted into 2 x 800ml of ethyl acetate. These extracts were combined and evaporated to dryness to yield a brown oil.
• This oil was further processed by countercurrent chromatography using an Ito Multi-layer Coil Extractor (P. C. Inc., Potomac, Maryland, USA).
• the coil used was the standard preparative coil consisting of approximately 70 metres of 2.6mm internal diameter PTFE tubing giving a total volume of about 380ml.
• the solvent system used was a mixture of ethyl acetate, hexane, methanol and N/100 sulphuric acid (6:5:5:6 by volume).
• the lower phase was kept stationary.
• the coil was filled with the lower phase using a Gilson Model 303 pump and a Model 804C Manometric Module (Gilson, V Amsterdam Le Bel, France).
• the oil (497mg in 4ml of the upper phase +4ml of the lower phase) was then injected at the "tail" end of the column.
• the centrifuge was then operated at 800 revJmin. and the mobile (upper) phase pumped at 4ml/min. from the "tail” end of the column. 20ml fractions were collected and monitored by measuring inhibition of squalene synthase.
• the aqueous back extracts were bulked, adjusted to pH 3.0 and re-extracted into 2 x 500ml of ethyl acetate. All the organic fractions were combined and reduced to dryness using a rotary evaporator to yield a brown oil.
• the oil (578mg) was further processed by high peformance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using a Gilson autopreparative system composed of 3 Gilson solvent delivery pumps (model 303), an 811 Dynamic mixer and an 802C manometric module. The chromatography was carried out on a Dynamax Microsorb C18 (5 ⁇ m) semi-preparative column (250 x 10mm).
• the mobile phase was a gradient composed of acetonitrile and 0.1% v/v formic acid to pH 3.15 with ammonium acetate (1:3 ⁇ 4:1 ⁇ 1:3) pumped at 2.8-5.6ml/min with a run time of 65 minutes. This method was repeated 16 times. 13 x 4.95 minute fractions were collected and monitored by measuring inhibition of squalene synthase. Fraction number 5 from each run was bulked, acidified to pH 3.0 with formic acid and extracted with 2 x 100ml ethyl acetate. The organic phase was removed and evaporated to dryness to yield the title compound (172 g) as a pale yellow oil.
• the homogenised seed culture was used at 3% (v/v) to inoculate 120, 50ml aliquots of fermentation medium (B) in 250ml Erlenmeyer flasks. The flasks were incubated with shaking as above for 10 days.
• (c) (ii) Homogenised seed culture prepared as in part (c)(i) above were used at 3% (v/v) to inoculate two fermentation vessels, each of 5 litres capacity, containing 3 litres of fermentation medium (B).
• the inoculated medium was maintained at 25 U C and agitated with two six bladed turbine impellers (70mm diameter) rotating at 500 rpm.
• the culture was aerated by sparging with sterile air at 3 Lpm.
• the flasks were incubated at 25 C on a shaker platform, which rotated at 250rpm with a 50mm diameter orbital motion, for 4 days.
• the contents of the seed flasks were pooled and used at 3% (v/v) to inoculate 120 50ml aliquots of fermentation medium (B) in 250 ml Erle ⁇ rreyer flasks.
• the flasks were incubated with shaking as above for 9 days.
• the ethyl acetate extract was concentrated under reduced pressure to a yellow oil which was dissolved in methanol (lOml). This solution was evaporated to 3ml and applied to a column (32 x 2.5 cm) of ODS-3 (Whatman Partisil Bioprep 40, 75 Angstrom, slurry packed in acetonitrile- water, 20:80). The column was eluted with a stepwise gradient of a mixture of acetonitrile and water, increasing the proportion of acetonitrile as follows : 1:4, 3:7, 2:3, 1:1, 3:2. Fractions were monitored by HPLC and those containing the title compound were evaporated to remove acetonitrile. The resulting aqueous suspensions were pooled and freeze dried overnight to yield the title compound (59mg) as an off-white solid.
• the culture was incubated with shaking as above at 200rpm for 450h with the culture aerated at 500L/min and fed at 120h with a 50% (w/v) solution of fructose at 5g/L/day increasing to 7.5g/L/day at 162h.
• the les s m o b ile componen t ( 1 6mg) was [ 1 S- [ l ⁇ (4R*,5S*),3 ⁇ ,4 ⁇ ,5 ⁇ ,6 ⁇ ,7 ⁇ -(2E,4R*,6R*)]] l-(4-acetyloxy-5-methyl-3- methyIene-6-phenylhexyl)-4,6,7-trihydroxy-2,8-dioxabicycIo[3.2.1]octane-3,4,5- tricarboxylic acid, 6-methyl carbonate, 7-(4,6-dimethyl-2-octenoate); retention time 7.32min (Spherisorb ODS-2 analytical column, 65% acetonitrile in water containing 0.15ml of cone.
• Example 4 f 1 S- ⁇ ⁇ (4R*.5S*),3 ⁇ ,4 g,5o.,6 ⁇ ,7 ⁇ .(2E,4R*,6R*)11 1 -(4-Acetyloxy-5-methvI-3- methylene-6-phenylhexyl)-4,6,7-trihydroxy-2,8-dioxabicvclof3.2.11octane-3,4,5- tricarboxylic acid, 6-phenoxyacetate. 7-(4.6-dimethyl-2-octenoate)
• the column was eluted with a 7:3 mixture of petroleum ether and ethyl acetate and the resulting material (120mg) was dissolved in a solution of anhydrous hydrogen chloride in dioxane (6.8M, 4ml) and the mixture set aside under a nitrogen atmosphere at 20" for 36h. After concentrating the mixture, it was then extracted with ethyl acetate and the organic phase then washed with brine.
• Example 8 ri S-r i «f4R*.5S*),3 «,4g,5a,6 ⁇ (2E,4R*.6R*).7ttn l-(4-Acetyloxy-5-methyl-3- methylene-6-phenylhexyl)-4,6,7-trihvdroxy-2,8-dioxabicyclo[3.2.noctane-3,4,5- tricarboxylic acid. 6-(4,6-dimethyl-2-octenoate), 7-n-hexylcarbonate
• the isolate has been identified as a species of the genus Phoma, and the identity confirmed by the CAB International Mycological Institute.
• 'Active Ingredient' refers to a compound of the present invention, for example a compound described in Examples 1 to 8 hereinabove.
• the active ingredient, microcrystalline cellulose, lactose and cross-linked polyvinylpyrrolidone are sieved through a 500 micron sieve and blended in a suitable mixer.
• the magnesium stearate is sieved though a 250 micron sieve and blended with the active blend.
• the blend is compressed into tablets using suitable punches.
• the active ingredient, lactose and pregelatinised starch are blended together and granulated with water.
• the wet mass is dried and milled.
• the magnesium stearate and cross-linked polyvinylpyrrolidone are screened through a 250 micron sieve and blended with the granule.
• the resultant blend is compressed using suitable tablet punches.
• the active ingredient and pregelatinised starch are screened through a 500 micron mesh sieve, blended together and lubricated with magnesium stearate (meshed through a 250 micron sieve).
• the blend is filled into hard gelatin capsules of a suitable size.
• the active ingredient and lactose are blended together and granulated with a solution of polyvinylpyrrolidone.
• the wet mass is dried and milled.
• the magnesium stearate and cross-linked polyvinylpyrrolidone are screened through a 250 micron sieve and blended with the granule.
• the resultant blend is filled into hard gelatin capsules of a suitable size.
• the hydroxypropyl methylcellulose is dispersed in a portion of hot purified water together with the hydroxybenzoates and the solution is allowed to cool to room temperature.
• the saccharin sodium, flavours and sorbitol solution are added to the bulk solution.
• the active ingredient is dissolved in a portion of the remaining water and added to the bulk solution.
• Suitable buffers may be added to control the pH in the region of maximum stability.
• the solution is made up to volume, filtered and filled into suitable containers.
• the active ingredient and dextrose are dissolved in a portion of the bulk solution.
• Suitable buffers may be added to control the pH in the region of maximum stability.
• the solution is made up to volume, filtered and filled into suitable containers.
• the solution may be provided as a sterile unit dose presentation such that the preservatives are omitted from the formulation.

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• 1992
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