EP0637723A1 - Exchanging apparatus for heating viscous fluids - Google Patents

Exchanging apparatus for heating viscous fluids Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0637723A1
EP0637723A1 EP94401761A EP94401761A EP0637723A1 EP 0637723 A1 EP0637723 A1 EP 0637723A1 EP 94401761 A EP94401761 A EP 94401761A EP 94401761 A EP94401761 A EP 94401761A EP 0637723 A1 EP0637723 A1 EP 0637723A1
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EP
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Prior art keywords
external
internal
pipe
pipes
section
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Granted
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EP94401761A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP0637723B1 (en
Inventor
Michel Gorse
Bernard Creton
Hervé Rivoalen
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Electricite de France SA
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Electricite de France SA
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Publication of EP0637723A1 publication Critical patent/EP0637723A1/en
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24H—FLUID HEATERS, e.g. WATER OR AIR HEATERS, HAVING HEAT-GENERATING MEANS, e.g. HEAT PUMPS, IN GENERAL
    • F24H1/00—Water heaters, e.g. boilers, continuous-flow heaters or water-storage heaters
    • F24H1/10—Continuous-flow heaters, i.e. heaters in which heat is generated only while the water is flowing, e.g. with direct contact of the water with the heating medium
    • F24H1/101—Continuous-flow heaters, i.e. heaters in which heat is generated only while the water is flowing, e.g. with direct contact of the water with the heating medium using electric energy supply
    • F24H1/102—Continuous-flow heaters, i.e. heaters in which heat is generated only while the water is flowing, e.g. with direct contact of the water with the heating medium using electric energy supply with resistance
    • F24H1/105—Continuous-flow heaters, i.e. heaters in which heat is generated only while the water is flowing, e.g. with direct contact of the water with the heating medium using electric energy supply with resistance formed by the tube through which the fluid flows

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Instantaneous Water Boilers, Portable Hot-Water Supply Apparatuses, And Control Of Portable Hot-Water Supply Apparatuses (AREA)
  • Food Preservation Except Freezing, Refrigeration, And Drying (AREA)
  • Heat-Exchange Devices With Radiators And Conduit Assemblies (AREA)

Abstract

It is composed of a plurality of sections, each comprising an inner conduit (1) and an outer conduit (2). An electric current is passed in parallel through these conduits using connection parts (7). The device comprises a plurality of sections mounted in parallel or in series. Application to heating or sterilising agro-foodstuffs products. <IMAGE>

Description

Domaine de l'inventionField of the invention

L'invention concerne le chauffage des fluides visqueux circulant dans un espace annulaire chauffé par effet Joule. Une application est prévue pour le chauffage et la stérilisation de certains produits agro-alimentaires.The invention relates to the heating of viscous fluids circulating in an annular space heated by the Joule effect. An application is planned for the heating and sterilization of certain agro-food products.

Art antérieur et problème poséPrior art and problem posed

Dans de nombreux procédés industriels, on est amené à chauffer des fluides divers. Nombreux sont mauvais conducteurs de la chaleur, très visqueux, thermosensibles et ont un comportement thermorhéologique complexe, en particulier les fluides dits "non newtoniens". Les méthodes de chauffage de tels fluides utilisent en général des échangeurs tubulaires, des échangeurs à plaques ou l'injection de vapeur.In many industrial processes, it is necessary to heat various fluids. Many are poor conductors of heat, very viscous, thermosensitive and have a complex thermorheological behavior, in particular so-called "non-Newtonian" fluids. The methods of heating such fluids generally use tubular exchangers, plate exchangers or steam injection.

Pour traiter de tels fluides visqueux, ces techniques ne donnent pas toujours entière satisfaction et posent souvent de nombreux problèmes. La technique consistant à utiliser un tube à passage direct de courant, c'est-à-dire un échangeur électrique permet d'éviter certains de ces inconvénients. En effet, il est possible de contrôler de manière très précise l'écart de température entre la paroi et le fluide. De plus, ce système n'a pratiquement pas d'inertie. Par contre, dans le cas des échangeurs tubulaires, le traitement des fluides de très forte viscosité crée d'importantes pertes de charges, qui nécessitent l'utilisation de tubes de grand diamètre pour limiter ces pertes de charges.To treat such viscous fluids, these techniques are not always entirely satisfactory and often pose many problems. The technique of using a tube with direct current flow, that is to say an electric exchanger, makes it possible to avoid some of these drawbacks. In fact, it is possible to very precisely control the temperature difference between the wall and the fluid. In addition, this system has practically no inertia. On the other hand, in the case of tubular exchangers, the treatment of very high viscosity fluids creates significant pressure drops, which require the use of large diameter tubes to limit these pressure drops.

Or, comme ces fluides visqueux sont également souvent de très mauvais conducteurs de la chaleur, le transfert thermique entre la paroi chaude du tube et le fluide est très difficile. En effet, la chaleur est transmise au fluide proche de la paroi. Par contre, en raison de la faible conductivité thermique de tels fluides visqueux, cette chaleur est difficilement transmissible au centre de la section du tube. Ainsi, pour une section donnée, le profil thermique en régime établi a une allure parabolique. Près de la paroi, le fluide visqueux a une température voisine de celle de la paroi et au coeur de l'écoulement, la température peut être inférieure de plusieurs dizaines de degrés. Cette hétérogénéité de température est incompatible avec un traitement thermique de qualité (comme la stérilisation d'un produit agro-alimentaire). Pour réduire cet écart de température, certains fabricants d'échangeurs tubulaires ont réalisé des échangeurs thermiques composés de trois tubes concentriques, avec une circulation de fluide thermique de part et d'autre du fluide à chauffer. La mise en oeuvre de tels appareils reste complexe. De plus, ces appareils possèdent tous les inconvénients des échangeurs thermiques.However, since these viscous fluids are also often very poor conductors of heat, heat transfer between the hot wall of the tube and the fluid is very difficult. In fact, the heat is transmitted to the fluid close to the wall. On the other hand, due to the low thermal conductivity of such viscous fluids, this heat is difficult to transmit to the center of the section of the tube. Thus, for a given section, the thermal profile in established regime has a parabolic shape. Near the wall, the viscous fluid has a temperature close to that of the wall and at the heart of the flow, the temperature may be several tens of degrees lower. This temperature heterogeneity is incompatible with quality heat treatment (such as the sterilization of an agrifood product). To reduce this temperature difference, certain manufacturers of tubular exchangers have produced heat exchangers composed of three concentric tubes, with a circulation of thermal fluid on either side of the fluid to be heated. The implementation of such devices remains complex. In addition, these devices have all the disadvantages of heat exchangers.

D'autre part, on connaît des dispositifs de chauffage d'air dans une canalisation annulaire. On peut se référer, à cet effet, au document de brevet international PCT/WO 88 06482.On the other hand, there are known air heating devices in an annular pipe. For this purpose, reference may be made to the international patent document PCT / WO 88 06482.

Le but de l'invention est de remédier à ces inconvénients en proposant un dispositif échangeur pour le chauffage d'un fluide visqueux dans une canalisation, mais de conception différente.The object of the invention is to remedy these drawbacks by proposing an exchanger device for heating a viscous fluid in a pipe, but of a different design.

Résumé de l'inventionSummary of the invention

A cet effet, l'objet principal de l'invention est un dispositif échangeur pour le chauffage d'un fluide visqueux par passage dans un tronçon de canalisation annulaire, comprenant :

  • une canalisation interne ;
  • une canalisation externe entourant la canalisation interne ;
  • des moyens de maintien de ces canalisations l'une par rapport à l'autre ; et
  • des moyens de chauffage électrique de ces deux canalisations.
To this end, the main object of the invention is an exchanger device for heating a viscous fluid by passing through an annular pipe section, comprising:
  • an internal pipeline;
  • an external pipe surrounding the internal pipe;
  • means for holding these pipes in relation to one another; and
  • means of electric heating of these two pipes.

Selon l'invention, les moyens de chauffage consistent à mettre sous tension électrique et en parallèle les deux canalisations.According to the invention, the heating means consist in energizing the two pipes in parallel.

De préférence, les moyens de maintien sont des ailettes fixées longitudinalement entre les deux canalisations.Preferably, the holding means are fins fixed longitudinally between the two pipes.

De préférence, les ailettes sont utilisées par trois et sont posées radialement à 120° les unes des autres.Preferably, the fins are used by three and are placed radially at 120 ° from each other.

Il est également préférable que ces ailettes aient une résistance électrique très inférieure à celle de la canalisation interne.It is also preferable that these fins have an electrical resistance much lower than that of the internal pipe.

Dans une réalisation de l'invention, on utilise plusieurs tronçons comprenant chacun une canalisation interne et une canalisation externe et à chaque extrémité une pièce de raccordement électrique perpendiculaire à la surface externe de la canalisation externe. Dans ce cas, la canalisation externe est renforcée par un manchon pour supporter chaque pièce de raccordement et éviter une surchauffe locale de la canalisation externe.In one embodiment of the invention, several sections are used, each comprising an internal pipe and an external pipe and at each end an electrical connection piece perpendicular to the external surface of the external pipe. In this case, the external pipe is reinforced by a sleeve to support each connection piece and avoid local overheating of the external pipe.

Le dispositif selon l'invention peut se présenter sous deux formes générales différentes.The device according to the invention can take two different general forms.

Une première est constituée de plusieurs tronçons de canalisations branchés en série, chaque tronçon comprenant une canalisation interne, une canalisation externe et deux pièces de raccordement électrique. Les tronçons sont reliés les uns aux autres par l'intermédiaire de coudes.A first consists of several sections of pipes connected in series, each section comprising an internal pipe, an external pipe and two electrical connection pieces. The sections are connected to each other by means of elbows.

Dans une deuxième réalisation générale, plusieurs tronçons sont branchés en parallèle, chaque tronçon comprenant une canalisation interne et une canalisation externe ; une pièce de raccordement électrique est placée à chaque extrémité du dispositif.In a second general embodiment, several sections are connected in parallel, each section comprising an internal pipe and an external pipe; an electrical connection piece is placed at each end of the device.

Liste des figuresList of Figures

L'invention et ses différentes caractéristiques techniques seront mieux comprises à la lecture de la description, accompagnée de plusieurs figures représentant respectivement :

  • figure 1, en coupe, un tronçon du dispositif selon l'invention ;
  • figure 2, un schéma relatif à une première réalisation de la structure générale du dispositif selon l'invention ; et
  • figure 3, un schéma relatif à une deuxième réalisation de la structure générale du dispositif selon l'invention.
The invention and its various technical characteristics will be better understood on reading the description, accompanied by several figures representing respectively:
  • Figure 1, in section, a section of the device according to the invention;
  • Figure 2, a diagram relating to a first embodiment of the general structure of the device according to the invention; and
  • Figure 3, a diagram relating to a second embodiment of the general structure of the device according to the invention.

Description détaillée de l'inventionDetailed description of the invention

En référence à la figure 1, un tronçon du dispositif selon l'invention comprend principalement une canalisation interne 1 et une canalisation externe 2. Ces deux canalisations 1 et 2 sont montées concentriques, c'est-à-dire qu'elles possèdent le même axe de positionnement 6. La canalisation interne 1 définit un espace interne 4 qui restera vide lors de l'utilisation du dispositif. Par contre, l'espace annulaire 3 compris entre les canalisations interne 1 et externe 2 est celui dans lequel circule le fluide visqueux à chauffer. Les flèches horizontales symbolisent le passage de ce fluide entre les deux parois de cet espace annulaire 3.Referring to Figure 1, a section of the device according to the invention mainly comprises an internal pipe 1 and an external pipe 2. These two pipes 1 and 2 are mounted concentric, that is to say that they have the same positioning axis 6. The internal pipe 1 defines an internal space 4 which will remain empty when the device is used. On the other hand, the annular space 3 comprised between the internal 1 and external 2 pipes is that in which the viscous fluid to be heated circulates. The horizontal arrows symbolize the passage of this fluid between the two walls of this annular space 3.

Il est bien entendu nécessaire de maintenir en position ces canalisations interne 1 et externe 2. En conséquence, on utilise des ailettes radiales 5 disposées longitudinalement entre les deux canalisations. Dans le tronçon de la figure 1, c'est un groupe de trois ailettes 5 qui est représenté, chacune disposée angulairement les unes par rapport aux autres, à 120° autour de l'axe longitudinal 6 du tronçon. Elles sont soudées à la paroi interne 1 et à la paroi externe 2.It is of course necessary to keep these internal 1 and external 2 pipes in position. Consequently, radial fins 5 are used which are arranged longitudinally between the two pipes. In the section of FIG. 1, it is a group of three fins 5 which is represented, each arranged angularly with respect to each other, at 120 ° around the longitudinal axis 6 of the section. They are welded to the internal wall 1 and to the external wall 2.

La connexion électrique d'un tronçon se fait à l'aide d'au moins une pièce de raccordement électrique 7 fixée à la canalisation externe 2. Pour faciliter cette fixation, on utilise de préférence un manchon 8 fixé autour, ou remplaçant la canalisation externe 2, comme le montre la figure 1. Le manchon 8 a un diamètre interne correspondant au diamètre interne de la canalisation externe 2. Les ailettes 5 assurent également le passage du courant électrique de la canalisation externe dans la canalisation interne 1. De ce fait, les canalisations interne 1 et externe 2 sont montées électriquement en parallèle. Pour obtenir une bonne répartition du courant électrique dans le tronçon, les ailettes 5 doivent avoir une résistance électrique très inférieure à celles de canalisation interne 1.The electrical connection of a section is made using at least one electrical connection piece 7 fixed to the external pipe 2. To facilitate this fixing, it is preferable to use a sleeve 8 fixed around, or replacing the external pipe. 2, as shown in FIG. 1. The sleeve 8 has an internal diameter corresponding to the internal diameter of the external pipe 2. The fins 5 also ensure the passage of electric current from the external pipe into the internal pipe 1. As a result, the internal 1 and external 2 pipes are electrically connected in parallel. To obtain a good distribution of the electric current in the section, the fins 5 must have an electrical resistance much lower than that of internal pipe 1.

On peut ainsi construire des dispositifs échangeurs selon l'invention en utilisant plusieurs tronçons, tels que celui qui vient d'être décrit.It is thus possible to construct exchanger devices according to the invention using several sections, such as that which has just been described.

A surface égale, on rappelle qu'une couronne possède une longueur de bords plus importante que celle d'un cercle. En conséquence, à section de canalisation égale, la canalisation annulaire, c'est-à-dire en couronne a beaucoup plus de surface de contact avec ces parois qu'une canalisation tubulaire cylindrique. Ceci a pour effet que le tronçon, tel que décrit précédemment, a une importante surface de contact avec ces parois et permet donc de transmettre une plus grande quantité de chaleur au fluide se déplaçant à l'intérieur de celle-ci, que la quantité de chaleur transmise par une simple canalisation tubulaire.For an equal surface, it is recalled that a crown has a longer edge length than that of a circle. Consequently, with an equal section of pipe, the annular pipe, that is to say in a ring, has much more contact surface with these walls than a cylindrical tubular pipe. This has the effect that the section, as described above, has a large contact surface with these walls and therefore makes it possible to transmit a greater amount of heat to the fluid moving inside it, than the amount of heat transmitted by a simple tubular channel.

Ainsi donc, en faisant parcourir dans les deux canalisations 1 et 2 d'un tronçon, un courant électrique déterminé I, sous une tension électrique déterminée U, les deux canalisations 1 et 2 montées en parallèle s'échauffent par effet Joule. Elles transmettent par convexion cette chaleur au fluide visqueux à réchauffer parcourant l'espace annulaire 3. En ajustant ainsi les résistances électriques de ces deux canalisations interne 1 et externe 2, il est possible de faire traverser un flux thermique déterminé dans ces deux canalisations. Différentes combinaisons de température sont donc possibles entre les deux canalisations interne 1 et externe 2.Thus, by causing a given electric current I to flow in the two pipes 1 and 2 of a section, under a determined electric voltage U, the two pipes 1 and 2 mounted in parallel heat up by the Joule effect. They transmit this heat by convection to the viscous fluid to be heated passing through the annular space 3. By thus adjusting the electrical resistances of these two internal pipes 1 and external 2, it is possible to pass through a determined heat flow in these two pipes. Different temperature combinations are therefore possible between the two internal 1 and external 2 pipes.

Ce dispositif présente donc l'avantage de ne présenter qu'un écart de température réduit entre le fluide proche des parois et le fluide situé loin des parois des canalisations. On bénéficie également d'une réduction de l'écart de température entre les parois des canalisations interne 1 et externe 2 et le fluide, cette réduction étant liée à la diminution de la densité de flux thermique. Le dispositif présente également certains avantages, tels que l'absence d'inertie en fonctionnement et un contrôle précis de l'écart de température entre les parois et le fluide visqueux. De plus, aucune isolation électrique n'est nécessaire dans ce dispositif.This device therefore has the advantage of having only a reduced temperature difference between the fluid close to the walls and the fluid located far from the walls of the pipes. There is also a reduction in the temperature difference between the walls of the internal 1 and external 2 pipes and the fluid, this reduction being linked to the decrease in the heat flux density. The device also has certain advantages, such as the absence of inertia in operation and precise control of the temperature difference between the walls and the viscous fluid. In addition, no electrical insulation is required in this device.

En référence à la figure 2, une première réalisation du dispositif échangeur selon l'invention est un assemblage de plusieurs tronçons montés en série. Chaque tronçon possède à ses deux extrémités 10A et 10B une pièce de raccordement 7 pour obtenir le passage du courant dans les deux canalisations du tronçon 10. Chaque deuxième extrémité 10B d'un tronçon est reliée à une extrémité 10A d'un tronçon suivant au moyen d'un coude 11 qui, lui, n'est pas parcouru par le courant électrique. Bien entendu, l'extrémité 10B du dernier tronçon 10N n'est pas reliée à un coude, mais constitue la sortie du dispositif.Referring to Figure 2, a first embodiment of the exchanger device according to the invention is an assembly of several sections mounted in series. Each section has at its two ends 10A and 10B a connecting piece 7 to obtain the passage of current in the two pipes of the section 10. Each second end 10B of a section is connected to one end 10A of a following section by means an elbow 11 which, for its part, is not traversed by the electric current. Of course, the end 10B of the last section 10 N is not connected to an elbow, but constitutes the output of the device.

En référence à la figure 3, une deuxième réalisation du dispositif selon l'invention consiste à monter différents tronçons 10 en parallèle. Chaque tronçon est relié à une alimentation en fluide visqueux 12 par sa première extrémité 10A. Chaque deuxième extrémité 10B des tronçons 10 est reliée à une sortie de fluide 13. Chaque tronçon 10 est bien entendu équipé de pièces de raccordement 7 pour que le courant électrique puisse parcourir les deux canalisations interne et externe pour effectuer le chauffage du fluide visqueux.With reference to FIG. 3, a second embodiment of the device according to the invention consists in mounting different sections 10 in parallel. Each section is connected to a viscous fluid supply 12 by its first end 10A. Each second end 10B of the sections 10 is connected to a fluid outlet 13. Each section 10 is of course equipped with connection pieces 7 so that the electric current can pass through the two internal and external pipes to heat the viscous fluid.

Claims (8)

Dispositif échangeur de chauffage d'un fluide visqueux par passage dans un tronçon de réalisation annulaire, comprenant : - une canalisation interne (1) ; - une canalisation externe (2) entourant la canalisation interne (1) ; - des moyens de maintien entre les deux canalisations interne (1) et externe (2) ; et - des moyens de chauffage électrique des deux canalisations interne (1) et externe (2), caractérisé en ce que les moyens de chauffage consistent à mettre sous tension électrique et en parallèle les deux canalisations interne (1) et externe (2). Exchanger device for heating a viscous fluid by passage through an annular production section, comprising: - an internal pipe (1); - an external pipe (2) surrounding the internal pipe (1); - holding means between the two internal (1) and external (2) pipes; and - Electric heating means of the two internal (1) and external (2) pipes, characterized in that the heating means consist in energizing and in parallel the two internal (1) and external (2) pipes. Dispositif selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que les moyens de maintien sont des ailettes (5) fixées longitudinalement entre les deux canalisations interne (1) et externe (2).Device according to claim 1, characterized in that the holding means are fins (5) fixed longitudinally between the two internal (1) and external (2) pipes. Dispositif selon la revendication 2, caractérisé en ce que les ailettes (5) sont utilisées en groupe de trois, orientées angulairement à 120°.Device according to claim 2, characterized in that the fins (5) are used in groups of three, angularly oriented at 120 °. Dispositif selon la revendication 2, caractérisé en ce que les ailettes (5) ont une résistance électrique très inférieure à celle de la canalisation interne (1).Device according to claim 2, characterized in that the fins (5) have an electrical resistance much lower than that of the internal pipe (1). Dispositif selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce qu'il comprend plusieurs tronçons (10) composés chacun d'une canalisation interne (1) et externe (2) d'une pièce de raccordement électrique (7) placée à chaque extrémité (10A, 10B) de chaque tronçon perpendiculairement à la surface externe de la canalisation externe (2).Device according to claim 1, characterized in that it comprises several sections (10) each composed of an internal (1) and external (2) pipe of an electrical connection piece (7) placed at each end (10A, 10B) of each section perpendicular to the external surface of the external pipe (2). Dispositif selon la revendication 5, caractérisé en ce qu'il comprend, pour chaque pièce de raccordement (7), un manchon (8) pour supporter ces pièces de raccordement (7) et éviter une surchauffe locale de la canalisation externe (2).Device according to claim 5, characterized in that it comprises, for each connection piece (7), a sleeve (8) to support these connection pieces (7) and avoid local overheating of the external pipe (2). Dispositif selon la revendication 5, caractérisé en ce qu'il comprend plusieurs tronçons (10) montés en parallèle.Device according to claim 5, characterized in that it comprises several sections (10) mounted in parallel. Dispositif selon la revendication 5, caractérisé en ce qu'il comprend plusieurs tronçons (10) montés en série, chaque tronçon étant relié à un autre par un coude (11).Device according to claim 5, characterized in that it comprises several sections (10) mounted in series, each section being connected to another by an elbow (11).
EP94401761A 1993-08-03 1994-08-01 Exchanging apparatus for heating viscous fluids Expired - Lifetime EP0637723B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR9309551 1993-08-03
FR9309551A FR2708726B1 (en) 1993-08-03 1993-08-03 Exchanger device for heating a viscous fluid.

Publications (2)

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EP0637723A1 true EP0637723A1 (en) 1995-02-08
EP0637723B1 EP0637723B1 (en) 1999-02-03

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EP (1) EP0637723B1 (en)
AT (1) ATE176523T1 (en)
DE (1) DE69416357T2 (en)
DK (1) DK0637723T3 (en)
ES (1) ES2129601T3 (en)
FR (1) FR2708726B1 (en)
GR (1) GR3030050T3 (en)

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB2341442A (en) * 1998-09-14 2000-03-15 Cit Alcatel A heating system for crude oil pipelines

Families Citing this family (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2738443B1 (en) * 1995-08-28 1997-10-03 Electricite De France CONNECTING ELEMENT FOR ANNULAR ELECTRIC EXCHANGER

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FR1239842A (en) * 1959-11-04 1960-08-26 Cie Ind D Applic Electro Mecan Process for pasteurization of fatty, creamy or viscous products and machine for carrying out this process or similar process
DE1159413B (en) * 1962-06-27 1963-12-19 Basf Ag Electrically heated thin-film evaporator for dewatering of caustic alkali solutions
GB2084284A (en) * 1980-09-22 1982-04-07 Showa Denki Kogyo Co Ltd Heated pipeline
US4425936A (en) * 1982-08-02 1984-01-17 Thermon Manufacturing Company Concentric tube heat tracing apparatus
AU550594B2 (en) * 1983-06-16 1986-03-27 Colin Maxwell Finch High power electric heater
FR2664784A1 (en) * 1990-07-12 1992-01-17 Doat Robert Fluid heater using tubes heated by resistance heating (Joule effect) which transmit their energy simultaneously via their inner and outer faces

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* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1727585A (en) * 1927-08-23 1929-09-10 Robert A Carleton Fluid heating and vaporizing apparatus
DE919184C (en) * 1951-12-20 1954-10-14 Hermann Waste Device for heating gases, vapors and liquids
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Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB2341442A (en) * 1998-09-14 2000-03-15 Cit Alcatel A heating system for crude oil pipelines
GB2341442B (en) * 1998-09-14 2001-01-24 Cit Alcatel A heating system for crude oil pipelines

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
GR3030050T3 (en) 1999-07-30
FR2708726A1 (en) 1995-02-10
ES2129601T3 (en) 1999-06-16
DE69416357D1 (en) 1999-03-18
ATE176523T1 (en) 1999-02-15
DK0637723T3 (en) 1999-09-20
FR2708726B1 (en) 1995-09-01
DE69416357T2 (en) 1999-08-26
EP0637723B1 (en) 1999-02-03

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