EP0621904A1 - Device for heat-treating metal workpieces. - Google Patents
Device for heat-treating metal workpieces.Info
- Publication number
- EP0621904A1 EP0621904A1 EP92902177A EP92902177A EP0621904A1 EP 0621904 A1 EP0621904 A1 EP 0621904A1 EP 92902177 A EP92902177 A EP 92902177A EP 92902177 A EP92902177 A EP 92902177A EP 0621904 A1 EP0621904 A1 EP 0621904A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- lock
- gas
- individual
- inlet
- chamber
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D9/00—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor
- C21D9/0006—Details, accessories not peculiar to any of the following furnaces
- C21D9/0018—Details, accessories not peculiar to any of the following furnaces for charging, discharging or manipulation of charge
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D1/00—General methods or devices for heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering
- C21D1/74—Methods of treatment in inert gas, controlled atmosphere, vacuum or pulverulent material
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F27—FURNACES; KILNS; OVENS; RETORTS
- F27D—DETAILS OR ACCESSORIES OF FURNACES, KILNS, OVENS, OR RETORTS, IN SO FAR AS THEY ARE OF KINDS OCCURRING IN MORE THAN ONE KIND OF FURNACE
- F27D3/00—Charging; Discharging; Manipulation of charge
- F27D3/0024—Charging; Discharging; Manipulation of charge of metallic workpieces
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F27—FURNACES; KILNS; OVENS; RETORTS
- F27B—FURNACES, KILNS, OVENS, OR RETORTS IN GENERAL; OPEN SINTERING OR LIKE APPARATUS
- F27B17/00—Furnaces of a kind not covered by any preceding group
- F27B17/0016—Chamber type furnaces
- F27B2017/0091—Series of chambers, e.g. associated in their use
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F27—FURNACES; KILNS; OVENS; RETORTS
- F27D—DETAILS OR ACCESSORIES OF FURNACES, KILNS, OVENS, OR RETORTS, IN SO FAR AS THEY ARE OF KINDS OCCURRING IN MORE THAN ONE KIND OF FURNACE
- F27D7/00—Forming, maintaining, or circulating atmospheres in heating chambers
- F27D7/06—Forming or maintaining special atmospheres or vacuum within heating chambers
Definitions
- the invention relates to a device for the heat treatment of metallic workpieces, with a feed device for the cyclical feed of workpieces to at least one furnace unit for carrying out a first heat treatment step, which can be connected to at least one subsequent furnace unit for carrying out at least one further heat treatment step.
- Such systems are designed for a high throughput, but have the disadvantage that adjustment measures have to be carried out as a result of the cyclical circulating operation when switching between different batches.
- empty grates have to be driven or the furnace system has to be run empty before other parts can be processed.
- two- and three-lane push-through systems were developed to enable intermittent operation with different cycle times.
- a multi-lane design leads to a lower uniformity of the heat treatment.
- rotary hearth furnaces were combined with upstream and downstream piercing or pulling furnaces. While carburizing is usually carried out in the one- or two-stage rotary hearth area, heating and diffusion mostly take place in the piercing or pulling yards.
- Such a furnace system is known from DE 3441338 AI.
- the workpieces are heated in an impact furnace under protective gas and then transferred via an intermediate door into the connected carburizing chamber, which is designed as a rotary rotary furnace that can be rotated in cycles.
- the individual batches can be transferred after different, cyclically controlled carburizing times via an intermediate door to the diffusion chamber, which is also designed as a cyclically operated rotary cycle furnace. From the diffusion chamber, the batches pass through an intermediate door into a compensation chamber which is designed as an impact furnace.
- the carburizing time of the individual batches can be controlled differently, so that different workpieces can be heat treated or different case hardening depths can be achieved.
- all batches located in a rotary hearth area can only be heat-treated at a predetermined temperature in each case under a specific atmosphere. Individual grate locations must also be partially emptied in order to maintain the specified treatment parameters for the other batches.
- the invention is therefore based on the object of providing a device for the heat treatment of metallic workpieces which ensures the greatest possible flexibility.
- this object is achieved in that, in a device of the type mentioned, at least the first furnace unit has a plurality of individual chambers, which can each be closed via gas-tight doors, that each batch of workpieces can optionally be fed directly via the feed device in that The temperature, dwell time and atmosphere for each workpiece batch of each individual chamber can be controlled individually, and that a transfer device is provided in order to take workpiece batches from a desired individual chamber after a desired dwell time and to feed them to the subsequent furnace unit.
- a major advantage of this structure is that the heat treatment parameters for each individual batch can be freely selected for each individual chamber, ie the temperature, residence time and atmosphere can be controlled individually for each individual batch.
- Such a structure can be used particularly advantageously for flexible gas carburizing for smaller heat treatment batches. Because the heat treatment parameters pressure, temperature and dwell time can be controlled separately for each individual batch, heat treatments can be carried out with particularly high precision for high-quality parts. This possibility is further improved in that a diffusion calculation with real data can be carried out for each individual batch.
- each individual chamber can be closed via gas-tight doors and the temperature and residence time can be individually controlled, different heat treatment processes can be carried out in the individual chambers at the same time.
- gas carburizing, carbonitriding, quenching and tempering, nitrocarburizing, etc. can be carried out in various individual chambers as part of a cyclical operation. This means that even small batches can be processed economically.
- Another advantage of the device according to the invention is that empty gratings are not required, which means that operation is particularly economical with widely varying ones
- the feed device has a gas-tight inlet transfer lock which is subjected to protective gas and the transfer device has a gas-tight intermediate transfer lock which is subjected to protective gas.
- the batch can be transported from the starting point of each batch (cold batch before the start of heat treatment) to the exit point of the batch from a quenching unit or a cooling lock in a protective gas atmosphere, preferably in an oxidation-free protective gas atmosphere.
- the feed device has a vacuum inlet lock for loading the inlet transfer lock.
- This measure has the advantage that the system can be filled with particularly short cycle times, which is particularly advantageous in the case of different heat treatment parameters for individual batches, for example to achieve different case hardening depths.
- the intermediate transfer lock is also equipped with a vacuum inlet lock.
- the intermediate transfer lock and the inlet transfer lock each have a grate transport carriage with a gas-tight drive.
- the drive is designed as a positionable drag chain circulating drive.
- the intermediate transfer lock is designed as a cold lock tunnel with internal insulation.
- a transverse push device for loading and unloading is provided in front of each individual chamber.
- the individual batches can be moved in a simple manner from the grate transport trolley into a single chamber or can be moved from a single chamber onto another grate transport trolley or to a downstream unit.
- At least one downstream furnace unit has a plurality of individual chambers, each of which can be closed via gas-tight doors, the temperature, residence time and atmosphere for each individual chamber being individually controllable.
- This measure has the advantage that an optimized intermediate or final heat treatment can be carried out for each batch, since the temperature, residence time and atmosphere can be freely selected.
- an intermediate treatment chamber is provided for this purpose, which can be connected to a subsequent final treatment chamber via a gas-tight door.
- Additional units can optionally be connected to the intermediate or final treatment chamber, preferably an outlet lock with a quenching bath for oil, salt or polymer quenching, a single removal device with a hardening press and after-cooling device for hardening sensitive workpieces, a high-pressure gas quenching unit or a gas cooling system ⁇ lock.
- the system can be expanded by additional individual chambers due to the modular construction, the other parts of the system, such as quenching baths, transfer locks and the like, being able to be retained.
- the cooling gas from the high-pressure quenching chamber can advantageously be used for the inert gas supply to the intermediate transfer lock, the inlet transfer lock and / or the vacuum inlet lock.
- FIG. 1 shows a first embodiment of the device according to the invention in a schematic representation
- Fig. 2 shows a second embodiment of the invention in a schematic representation
- Fig. 3 shows a third embodiment of the invention in a schematic representation.
- Fig. 1 shows a first embodiment of the invention, which is generally designated by the number 10.
- a first furnace unit 12 is in three identical individual chambers
- An intermediate treatment chamber 15 with a gas-tight entrance door which can be connected to a final treatment chamber 16 via a gas-tight connecting door.
- the heat treatment parameters temperature, residence time and gas atmosphere can be controlled individually.
- An inlet transfer lock 18 is provided for loading the first furnace unit 12, into which individual gratings with batches of workpieces can be introduced via a vacuum inlet lock 23.
- a grate transport carriage 30 can be moved in the inlet transfer lock 18 via a gastight drag chain circulating drive 28.
- a servo motor with positioning control is used for the drive, which enables the grate transport carriage 30 to be positioned in front of the outlet of the vacuum inlet lock 23 or in front of the entrance of each individual chamber 13 of the furnace unit 12.
- transverse push device 26 To push the gratings out of the vacuum inlet lock 23 into the inlet transfer lock 18 or for inserting them from the inlet transfer lock 18 through an open inlet door into a single chamber 13 and for later pushing them out of the single chamber through an open outlet door, there is a transverse push device 26 intended.
- the first furnace unit 12 and the intermediate treatment chamber 15 of the subsequent furnace unit 14 are connected via an intermediate transfer lock 19.
- the intermediate transfer lock 19 is not heated and is provided with internal insulation for radiation protection.
- a grate transport carriage 29 is again provided, which can be moved and positioned within the intermediate transfer lock 19 via a gas-tight grate transport carriage drive 27.
- Both the inlet transfer lock 18 and the intermediate transfer lock 19 are exposed to protective gas.
- Workpiece batches can be fed to each of the individual chambers 13 via the inlet vacuum lock 23 and the inlet transfer lock 18 and, after an individually controlled heat treatment (temperature, atmosphere and residence time), via the intermediate transfer lock 19 by means of the grate transport carriage 29 -
- the intermediate treatment chamber 15 can be transported under protective gas. From here, the grate can be pushed into the intermediate treatment chamber 15 via the transverse pushing device with the inlet door open. After intermediate heat treatment with any temperature and gas atmosphere that can be selected, the grate can be pushed further into the final treatment chamber 16 by means of a further cross joint device with the intermediate door open.
- a quenching bath 31 for oil or salt quenching is connected to the final treatment chamber 16 via a gas-tight outlet door with a downstream outlet lock, from which the workpiece batches can be removed after leaving the hardening bath.
- a further vacuum inlet lock 24 is connected to the intermediate transfer lock 19, via which individual workpiece batches can be fed directly to the intermediate treatment chamber 15 by bypassing the first furnace unit 12 for repair purposes or for exclusive hardening via the intermediate transfer lock 19.
- the individual workpiece batches are moved by means of a loading trolley 39 via a transfer section 43 to a connecting channel 25, from which they can each be moved into the first vacuum lock 23 or the second vacuum lock 24 by means of a transverse push drive .
- the individual workpiece batches can be stored in a storage path 41 via a loading / unloading lifting table 42 and can be transferred from this into the loading carriage 39.
- the workpiece batches can be loaded by means of the loading carriage 39 to other components of the system, to low-temperature cells 37a, 37b to a washing device 36 or to an area store 40 for intermediate storage.
- a further exemplary embodiment of the invention is designated as a whole by the number 50 in FIG. 2.
- furnace units 52a, 52b are provided for high-temperature treatment, which are each divided into three identical individual chambers 53, which can be closed via gas-tight inlet and outlet doors 61.
- the temperature, gas atmosphere and dwell time of workpiece batches can be freely configured for each individual chamber 53.
- an inlet transfer lock 58 is again provided in the manner previously described with reference to FIG. 1, to which individual gratings with workpiece batches can be fed via a vacuum inlet lock 63.
- a grate transport carriage 70 which can be positioned as desired relative to the outlet of the vacuum inlet lock 63 or relative to the inlet doors 61 of the individual chambers 53 via a gas-tight drag chain circulating drive 68.
- transverse push devices 66 are again provided for pushing the grate between the individual components of the system.
- two further furnace units 54a, 54b are provided, each of which has an intermediate treatment chamber 55a or 55b and a final treatment chamber 56a or 56b.
- each the individual chambers can be closed via gas-tight doors 61 and the heat treatment pa ater temperature, residence time and gas atmosphere freely selectable.
- the intermediate treatment chambers 55a and 55b are connected to an intermediate transfer lock 59 via gas-tight inlet doors.
- the non-heated intermediate transfer lock 59 is in turn provided with internal insulation as radiation protection and is designed to be gas-tight for the application of protective gas.
- a grate transport carriage 69 is provided, which can be moved in a targeted manner by a gastight drag chain circulation drive 67 with a servo motor and positioning control in order to eject a grate from a To enable individual chamber 53 into the intermediate transfer lock 59 or to push into one of the two intermediate treatment chambers 55a, 55b.
- the inlet transfer lock 58 and the intermediate transfer lock 59 are completely exposed to protective gas.
- the final treatment chamber 56a of the first subsequent furnace unit 54a is connected via a slot sliding door 73 to an individual removal device 72, via which sensitive workpieces can be transferred to a hardening press 74 with after-cooling device for delay-free hardening.
- the first final treatment chamber 56a is also connected via a gas-tight door to a quenching bath 7la, for quenching in an oil or salt bath with a downstream outlet lock.
- the second intermediate treatment chamber 55b has a gas-tight outlet door, via which workpiece batches can be transferred to a high-pressure gas quenching device 75.
- the workpiece batches can alternatively be carried out from the second intermediate treatment chamber 55b via a gas-tight intermediate door to the final action chamber 56b, which in turn is connected via a gas-tight outlet door to a quench bath 71b for oil or salt with a downstream outlet lock.
- a loading trolley 79 For loading and removing individual batches of workpieces, a loading trolley 79 is again provided, which can be moved via a transfer path 83 to the individual components or to their connecting lines. With the loading trolley 79, other system components, such as two surface storage units 80a, 80b, two starting furnaces with a cooling section 85a, 85b, two washing devices 76a, 76b and a loading / unloading lifting table 81 can also be started up.
- Another exemplary embodiment of the invention is designated as a whole by the number 90 in FIG. 3.
- a total of four furnace units 92a, 92b, 92c, 92d of identical construction are provided, each of which is divided into four identical individual chambers 93, which can be closed via inlet doors or outlet doors 101.
- the heat treatment parameters temperature, gas atmosphere and residence time can be controlled individually for each individual chamber 93.
- An inlet transfer lock 98b and 98a is provided for loading two furnace units 92a, 92b and 92c, 92d, respectively. Grates with batches of workpieces are fed into the inlet transfer locks 98a and 98b via a vacuum inlet lock 103a and 103b, respectively.
- the inlet transfer locks 98a, 98b and the intermediate transfer lock 99 are designed to be gas-tight and subjected to protective gas.
- the intermediate transfer lock 99 is not heated and is provided with an inner insulation as radiation protection.
- grate transport carriages 110a, 110b and 109 are provided, each of which has a gas-tight grate transport carriage drive 108a, 108b and 107 within the inlet transfer locks 98a, 98b and can be moved and positioned within the intermediate transfer lock 99.
- Transverse joint devices 106 are in turn provided for transporting the grids between the individual components of the system.
- the intermediate transfer lock 99 is connected to a subsequent furnace unit 94 which has an intermediate treatment chamber 95 and a final treatment chamber 96 separated therefrom via a gas-tight door.
- the workpiece gratings are pushed in from the intermediate transfer lock 99 after the gas-tight inlet door has been opened via the cross joint device and, after an intermediate treatment step, are pushed into the final treatment chamber 96 in order to carry out a further heat treatment step.
- the heat treatment parameters temperature, atmosphere and residence time can in turn be controlled separately for each individual workpiece batch.
- the workpiece batches can be removed from the final treatment chamber 96
- -f either be removed from a single removal device 112 via a slit sliding door 113 and transferred to a hardness press 114 with aftercooling device, or removed via a discharge gas cooling lock 111 and cooled without pressure.
- an aftertreatment unit 124 with a conveyor belt transport device which includes a washing unit, a drying unit, a starting unit and a downstream air cooling unit.
- a reloading manipulator 125 with position control is used to handle the workpieces during the individual removal and for transfer to the hardening press 114.
- Another reloading manipulator 125 with position control 20 is provided for handling the workpieces in the loading and unloading area 122.
- Two loading carriages 119a, 119b are provided for feeding or removing the workpieces, which can be moved on a transfer path 123. From the loading carriage 119b, the grates with the workpiece batches reach the vacuum inlet locks 103a and 103b via a connecting channel 126.
Abstract
Un dispositif de traitement thermique de pièces métalliques comprend au moins deux unités à fourneaux (12, 14) dont au moins la première (12) comprend une pluralité de chambres individuelles (13) susceptibles d'être fermées par des portes (61) étanches aux gaz. Les charges de pièces peuvent être sélectivement introduites directement dans chaque chambre individuelle (13), soumises à un traitement thermique avec des paramètres individuellement réglables (température, durée de séjour et atmosphère), puis retirées des chambres individuelles afin d'être soumises à un traitement thermique ultérieur dans l'unité suivante à fourneau (14). La répartition modulaire des unités à fourneaux (12, 14) en chambres individuelles (13, 15, 16) réglables individuellement permet d'obtenir une installation très flexible.A device for the heat treatment of metal parts comprises at least two furnace units (12, 14) of which at least the first (12) comprises a plurality of individual chambers (13) capable of being closed by doors (61) gas. Workpiece loads can be selectively introduced directly into each individual chamber (13), subjected to heat treatment with individually adjustable parameters (temperature, residence time and atmosphere), and then withdrawn from the individual chambers in order to be subjected to heat treatment. subsequent heat in the next furnace unit (14). The modular division of the furnace units (12, 14) into individual chambers (13, 15, 16) which can be adjusted individually allows a very flexible installation to be achieved.
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
AT92902177T ATE151469T1 (en) | 1992-01-15 | 1992-01-15 | DEVICE FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF METAL WORKPIECES |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/DE1992/000019 WO1993014229A1 (en) | 1992-01-15 | 1992-01-15 | Device for heat-treating metal workpieces |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP0621904A1 true EP0621904A1 (en) | 1994-11-02 |
EP0621904B1 EP0621904B1 (en) | 1997-04-09 |
Family
ID=6874751
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP92902177A Expired - Lifetime EP0621904B1 (en) | 1992-01-15 | 1992-01-15 | Device for heat-treating metal workpieces |
Country Status (4)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP0621904B1 (en) |
JP (1) | JPH06511514A (en) |
DE (1) | DE59208341D1 (en) |
WO (1) | WO1993014229A1 (en) |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP3289111A4 (en) * | 2015-04-28 | 2018-11-14 | Consolidated Engineering Company, Inc. | System and method for heat treating aluminum alloy castings |
Families Citing this family (13)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE4316841A1 (en) * | 1993-05-19 | 1994-11-24 | Aichelin Gmbh | Device for the heat treatment of metallic workpieces |
JP3895000B2 (en) * | 1996-06-06 | 2007-03-22 | Dowaホールディングス株式会社 | Carburizing, quenching and tempering method and apparatus |
FR2845695B1 (en) * | 2002-10-11 | 2004-12-17 | Patherm Sa | METHOD AND INSTALLATION FOR THERMAL TREATMENT OF METALLIC PARTS |
FR2874079B1 (en) * | 2004-08-06 | 2008-07-18 | Francis Pelissier | THERMOCHEMICAL CEMENT TREATMENT MACHINE |
JP6136681B2 (en) * | 2013-07-12 | 2017-05-31 | 大同特殊鋼株式会社 | Heat treatment equipment |
PL228603B1 (en) * | 2015-02-04 | 2018-04-30 | Seco/Warwick Spolka Akcyjna | Multi-chamber furnace for vacuum carburizing and hardening of toothed wheels, rollers, rings, and similar parts |
DE102019201924A1 (en) * | 2019-02-14 | 2020-08-20 | Audi Ag | Modular heat treatment system for the batch heat treatment of metallic workpieces |
DE102021109678A1 (en) | 2021-04-16 | 2022-10-20 | Aerospace Transmission Technologies GmbH | Press hardening plant for the heat treatment of metallic workpieces |
EP4314683A1 (en) * | 2021-04-16 | 2024-02-07 | Aerospace Transmission Technologies GmbH | Control device and method for controlling a system and a process for the thermal treatment of metal workpieces |
DE102021109672A1 (en) | 2021-04-16 | 2022-10-20 | Aerospace Transmission Technologies GmbH | Device for the heat treatment of metallic workpieces |
DE102021109676A1 (en) | 2021-04-16 | 2022-10-20 | Aerospace Transmission Technologies GmbH | Hardening cell for the heat treatment of metallic workpieces |
DE102021109677A1 (en) | 2021-04-16 | 2022-10-20 | Aerospace Transmission Technologies GmbH | Hardening furnace for heating metallic workpieces |
CN115309128B (en) * | 2022-10-11 | 2023-01-03 | 苏州新凌电炉有限公司 | Control method of heat treatment mesh belt furnace |
Family Cites Families (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
FR95877E (en) * | 1968-09-30 | 1971-11-12 | Ugine Kuhlmann | Method and apparatus for treating metallurgical products, in particular steel. |
DE2924270C2 (en) * | 1979-06-15 | 1986-10-16 | Dr. Werner Herdieckerhoff, Nachf. Industrieöfen-Apparatebau, 4750 Unna | Working method for the structure and / or surface refinement of metals and devices therefor |
FR2583774B1 (en) * | 1985-06-25 | 1992-08-14 | Stein Heurtey | INSTALLATION OF THERMOCHEMICAL TREATMENTS AT DIFFERENT TEMPERATURES AND ATMOSPHERES, PARTICULARLY FOR THE AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY |
US4861000A (en) * | 1987-06-03 | 1989-08-29 | Pierre Beuret | Installation having several elements for heat treatments |
-
1992
- 1992-01-15 DE DE59208341T patent/DE59208341D1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1992-01-15 JP JP4502443A patent/JPH06511514A/en active Pending
- 1992-01-15 EP EP92902177A patent/EP0621904B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1992-01-15 WO PCT/DE1992/000019 patent/WO1993014229A1/en active IP Right Grant
Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
---|
See references of WO9314229A1 * |
Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP3289111A4 (en) * | 2015-04-28 | 2018-11-14 | Consolidated Engineering Company, Inc. | System and method for heat treating aluminum alloy castings |
US11408062B2 (en) | 2015-04-28 | 2022-08-09 | Consolidated Engineering Company, Inc. | System and method for heat treating aluminum alloy castings |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
JPH06511514A (en) | 1994-12-22 |
WO1993014229A1 (en) | 1993-07-22 |
DE59208341D1 (en) | 1997-05-15 |
EP0621904B1 (en) | 1997-04-09 |
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