EP0620045A1 - Dispositif de pulvérisation électrostatique - Google Patents

Dispositif de pulvérisation électrostatique Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0620045A1
EP0620045A1 EP94102449A EP94102449A EP0620045A1 EP 0620045 A1 EP0620045 A1 EP 0620045A1 EP 94102449 A EP94102449 A EP 94102449A EP 94102449 A EP94102449 A EP 94102449A EP 0620045 A1 EP0620045 A1 EP 0620045A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
electrode
spray device
spray
counter electrode
powder
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP94102449A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP0620045B1 (fr
Inventor
Eugen Thomas Bühlmann
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Gema Switzerland GmbH
Original Assignee
Gema Switzerland GmbH
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Gema Switzerland GmbH filed Critical Gema Switzerland GmbH
Publication of EP0620045A1 publication Critical patent/EP0620045A1/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0620045B1 publication Critical patent/EP0620045B1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
    • B05B—SPRAYING APPARATUS; ATOMISING APPARATUS; NOZZLES
    • B05B5/00—Electrostatic spraying apparatus; Spraying apparatus with means for charging the spray electrically; Apparatus for spraying liquids or other fluent materials by other electric means
    • B05B5/025—Discharge apparatus, e.g. electrostatic spray guns
    • B05B5/053—Arrangements for supplying power, e.g. charging power
    • B05B5/0533—Electrodes specially adapted therefor; Arrangements of electrodes
    • B05B5/0535—Electrodes specially adapted therefor; Arrangements of electrodes at least two electrodes having different potentials being held on the discharge apparatus, one of them being a charging electrode of the corona type located in the spray or close to it, and another being of the non-corona type located outside of the path for the material
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
    • B05B—SPRAYING APPARATUS; ATOMISING APPARATUS; NOZZLES
    • B05B5/00—Electrostatic spraying apparatus; Spraying apparatus with means for charging the spray electrically; Apparatus for spraying liquids or other fluent materials by other electric means
    • B05B5/025—Discharge apparatus, e.g. electrostatic spray guns
    • B05B5/03—Discharge apparatus, e.g. electrostatic spray guns characterised by the use of gas, e.g. electrostatically assisted pneumatic spraying
    • B05B5/032—Discharge apparatus, e.g. electrostatic spray guns characterised by the use of gas, e.g. electrostatically assisted pneumatic spraying for spraying particulate materials
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
    • B05B—SPRAYING APPARATUS; ATOMISING APPARATUS; NOZZLES
    • B05B5/00—Electrostatic spraying apparatus; Spraying apparatus with means for charging the spray electrically; Apparatus for spraying liquids or other fluent materials by other electric means
    • B05B5/025—Discharge apparatus, e.g. electrostatic spray guns
    • B05B5/053—Arrangements for supplying power, e.g. charging power
    • B05B5/0533—Electrodes specially adapted therefor; Arrangements of electrodes

Definitions

  • the invention relates to an electrostatic spray device according to the preamble of claim 1.
  • the invention is suitable for powdered coating material such as plastic powder or enamel powder.
  • the powder is at an outlet opening sprayed the spray device and electrostatically charged either immediately before this outlet opening or after this outlet opening.
  • Electrodes hereinafter called charging electrodes, are used for this purpose, which are connected to an electrical high voltage in the range between 40 KV and 140 KV.
  • the objects to be coated have a different electrical potential, preferably earth potential.
  • the atomized powder particles move along electric field lines, which are generated by the high voltage between the charging electrode and the object to be coated. After a thin layer of powder has formed on the object to be coated, this layer repels powder particles due to their electrical charge because they are electrostatically charged in the same way. As a result, only a limited layer thickness can be produced on the object to be coated in one operation.
  • the electrostatic attraction of the object to be coated is different at corners and edges and at openings of this object than on flat larger surfaces. Corners and edges are usually coated poorly or less strongly than larger areas lying next to them.
  • the powder particles fly under the influence of the electrostatic field around the outer peripheral edges and around the edges of openings of the object to be coated and are then pulled due to the electrostatic attraction of the object on the back, so that the back of the object to be coated is also coated here . This can be referred to as "electrical wrap".
  • the surface quality and the penetration ability of the powder into depressions of the objects to be coated can be improved. Furthermore, a thicker layer of powder can be applied to the objects to be coated in a spraying process without excessive powder particles bouncing off the object or being electrostatically repelled. In particular, an "orange peel" -like layer surface can be avoided.
  • the object of the invention is to provide means by which one or more counter electrodes can be provided inexpensively and with little space requirement for spray devices, and in particular commercially available spray devices can also be retro-fitted with at least one counter electrode. This means and the counter electrode should not interfere with the easy handling of the spray device.
  • the charging electrode 12 is located in the outlet 10 or in the immediate vicinity upstream or downstream of the outlet 10 and is connected to one High voltage generator 16 connected, which generates an electrical output voltage in the range between 40 KV and 140 KV.
  • the high voltage generator 16 can be arranged according to the drawings inside the housing 18 of the spray gun 2 or externally thereof. Both embodiments are known.
  • a DC low-voltage source not shown, which is arranged externally from the spray gun 2 and is also connected to ground potential 20.
  • a DC low-voltage source not shown, which is arranged externally from the spray gun 2 and is also connected to ground potential 20.
  • a plurality of charging electrodes could be arranged in the core of the coating material stream or around it, inside the housing 18 or in a nozzle forming the outlet 10, at the downstream end of the housing 18.
  • Various charging electrodes and arrangements of charging electrodes are known in practice.
  • one or more charging electrodes could also be arranged outside the spray gun 2 in or next to the stream of atomized powder. Such embodiments are also known.
  • the spray gun 2 shown is attached to a machine part or a robot 22 of a spray coating system. Instead, it could also have a handle and be used as a hand spray gun.
  • the object 4 or 6 to be coated is usually provided by a transport device is not shown, carried and transported through a spray coating booth.
  • the transport device is grounded so that the object 4 or 6 carried by it is also grounded by the transport device.
  • the electrical high voltage generates electrical field lines 24 which run from the tip 26 of the charging electrode 12 to the object 4 or 6 to be coated.
  • the powder particles sprayed at the outlet 10 move along these field lines 24 onto the object 4 or 6 to be coated. They also penetrate into depressions 28 of the object to be coated and through openings 30 of this object.
  • the particles also reach its rear side 32, as is shown in FIG. 1 by field lines 36 “encompassing the opening edge 34”.
  • electrostatic interactions result in a thicker layer thickness than on raised surfaces 40 or larger flat surfaces 42 of the object 4 to be coated.
  • the sprayed powder has the shape of a particle cloud, as represented by the field lines 24 in FIGS. 1 and 2.
  • an annular counter electrode 44 is arranged coaxially to the charging electrode 12, which a has different electrical potential than the charging electrode 12 and serves to suck free ions which are generated during the electrostatic charging of the powder.
  • the counter electrode 44 also attracts some electrons. This ion current and its path from the charging electrode 12 to the counter electrode 44 is designated by the reference number 46.
  • the counter electrode 44 can be at a higher or lower electrical potential than the charging electrode 12.
  • the counter electrode 44 is preferably connected to ground potential 20.
  • the counter electrode 44 is preferably arranged according to FIG. 1 against the flow direction 48 of the powder upstream from the tip 26 of the charging electrode 12, and thus outside and upstream of the powder cloud corresponding to the electric field lines 24.
  • outer surface 50 of the powder cloud which corresponds in size and shape to the electrical field lines 24, is not a sharp cloud boundary, but a diffuse transition between an area of uniform particle distribution and the surrounding atmosphere.
  • “outer surface 50” of the powder cloud is understood to mean the area where the particles no longer fly in a targeted manner along field lines 24 onto the object 4 or 6 to be coated, but instead vagabond out of the field line area.
  • the distance “d” between the counter electrode 44 and the charging electrode 12, between the counter electrode 44 and the tip 26 of the charging electrode 12, and between the counter electrode 44 and the outer surface 50 of the powder cloud should be smaller than the distance "D” between the tip 26 of the charging electrode 12 and the object 4 or 6 to be coated
  • the distance “d” between the tip 26 of the charging electrode 12 and the counter electrode 44 is only one third to half of the distance “D” between the tip 26 of the charging electrode 12 and the object 4 or 6 to be coated.
  • a compressed air nozzle arrangement 52 blows air over the counter electrode 44 or into the space between the counter electrode 44 and the charging electrode 12 in order to prevent the counter electrode 44 from being coated with powder. Compressed air is only required if coating of the counter electrode 44 cannot be prevented in any other way.
  • the counter electrode 44 is preferably carried by the housing 18 of the spray gun 2.
  • a charging electrode 12 or a counter electrode 44 instead of a charging electrode 12 or a counter electrode 44, a plurality of electrodes can also be present in each case.
  • FIG. 2 The embodiment of a spray gun 2 shown in FIG. 2 is identical to that of FIG. 1, with the exception of at least one counter electrode 64, which is one in the embodiment shown in FIG. 2 is needle-shaped wire electrode. Compressed air 66 flows around it coaxially, thereby keeping it free of coating material.
  • a plurality of counter electrodes 64 are preferably arranged coaxially with the charging electrode 12. These counter electrodes 64 are preferably arranged at the same circumferential distance from one another around the charging electrode 12. In Fig. 2, parts corresponding to parts of Fig. 1 are given the same reference numerals.
  • means 68 can be provided for axially and / or radially positioning the counter electrode 44 or 64 relative to the charging electrode 12.
  • Electrons are released under high electrical voltage on the at least one charging electrode 12, which can be an axial needle electrode according to FIGS. 1 and 2, or can be in the form of a plurality of such or other electrodes.
  • the coating material in the present case powder.
  • the rest fly to the closest grounded location, for example about 80% on the object 4 or 6 to be coated, about 10% on the Walls of the cabin in which the objects are coated and approximately 5% to 20% on the downstream end of the spray gun, depending on the distance between the charging electrode 12 and the object 4 or 6 to be coated.
  • the electrostatically charged powder finds its way onto the object 4 or 6 to be coated and remains there for the most part.
  • the powder forms an electrically insulating layer on the object.
  • the excess electrons, together with the powder, form an increased electrical charge on the surface of the object 4 or 6 and repel powder particles arriving later.
  • An electrostatically unstable force relationship arises on the surface of the object 4 or 6. This mechanism leaves a "hilly landscape" on the surface, which is called “orange peel” after the layer has been burned in.
  • the free ions in the air between the charging electrode 12 and the object 4 or 6 to be coated move at a very high speed of over 100 m / s. They follow the stronger electrostatic field in question, that is, the electrostatic forces.
  • the electrostatically charged powder particles are subject to the kinematic flow forces because they are transported in a gas stream or air stream.
  • the speed of movement of the powder particles is much lower than that of the ions and is only about 10 to 15 m / s. This means that the ions move independently of the powder particles.
  • Each individual ion has its own electrostatic field. In the vicinity of an object, this field is very strong due to the short distance to the grounded object. Therefore the Faraday effect is correspondingly strong. All of the free ions form a high electrostatic space charge. As a whole, this space charge therefore acts as a strong Faraday cage on all corners and edges of the object to be coated, so that it prevents the powder particles from penetrating well into the recesses and grooves.
  • the free ions are attracted by the counter electrode 44 or 64 and derived from the powder stream.
  • the counter electrode must be close to the charging electrode.
  • the distance “d” between the charging electrode 12 and the counter electrode 44 or 64 is preferably approximately one third to half the distance “D" between the counter electrode and the object 4 or 6 to be coated. If the distance “d” is greater, it loses the counter electrode its effect; the free electrons and ions are attracted more by the object 4 or 6 to be coated than by the counter electrode 44 or 64.
  • an excessive electric current flows between the charging electrode and the counter electrode, causing the electrical high voltage at the tip 26 of the charging electrode and thus the electrostatic field 24 necessary for charging the powder is reduced.
  • the Counterelectrode 44 or 64 causes an increased electrical current flow at the tip 26 of the charging electrode 12. As a result, much more free ions or electrons are generated by the charging electrode 12 for electrostatically charging the powder at the outlet 10 of the device 2 and are then available for electrostatic charging. This significantly improves the electrostatic charging of the powder. It also significantly improves the application efficiency of the powder to the object 4 or 6 to be coated.
  • the counter electrode 44 or 64 dissipates the substantial part of the ions, approximately 60 to 80%. Only the charged powder particles fly onto the object 4 or 6 to be coated, namely only 2% to 8% of the total electric current. The unwanted free ions are thus separated from the powder stream.
  • the ion space charge still exists here, but the flow of free ions concentrates on the counter electrode 44 or 64.
  • the Faraday effect is very strong on the counter electrode, but only very small on the object 4 or 6 to be coated.
  • the electrostatic charged powder particles penetrate better into recesses and grooves of the object 4 or 6.
  • the "electrostatic wrap" is also better. There is no accumulation of free ions on the surface of the object 4 or 6.
  • the electrostatic forces on the surface of the object 4 or 6 are much smaller. There is no unstable condition on the surface. The formation of an orange peel is inhibited. A much thicker powder layer can be applied to the object 4 or 6 in a single spraying process.
  • the counterelectrode 44 or 64 Since there is a risk that the counterelectrode 44 or 64 will also be coated by the electrostatically charged powder, it is expedient to flush the counterelectrode 44 or 64 with compressed air. In order to avoid coating the counterelectrode 44 or 64, it is expedient if it is arranged outside the powder stream, it preferably being set upstream with respect to the downstream tip 26 of the charging electrode 12, and not between the charging electrode 12 and the object 4 or to be coated 6 is arranged.
  • the electrical current at the charging electrode is higher when using a counter electrode 44 or 64.
  • the current increased from approximately 70 ⁇ A to approximately 100 ⁇ A during trials. .
  • the powder cloud forms an electrical resistance and promotes the flow of ions to the counterelectrode 44 or 64.
  • the electrostatic spray device 2 shown in FIGS. 3 and 4 essentially consists of a tubular spray body 3, at the downstream end of which a slot nozzle 70 is attached for atomizing the pneumatically conveyed powder.
  • At least one charging electrode 12 for electrostatically charging the powder is located within the spray nozzle 70 or the spray body 3.
  • an annular body 74 is fitted, which forms a counter electrode and / or a plurality of needle-like ones Counter electrodes 76 which protrude from it.
  • the counter electrodes 74 and 76 are connected to an electrical potential, preferably to earth potential, which is different from the electrical potential of the charging electrode 12.
  • the annular body 74 is fastened to the downstream end of a connecting web 78 which extends axially parallel to the spray body 3 and with it upstream end 80 inserted into a holder 22 and is axially positioned there by a screw with a knurled screw head 84.
  • FIG. 4 shows the spray device 2 from FIG. 3 with the counterelectrode device 86 removed, arrows 88 representing the direction of movement for attaching the annular body 74 to the downstream section 72. Furthermore, the direction of insertion for the screw 84 into a threaded bore 91 in the holder 22 is shown by an arrow 90.
  • FIG. 4 shows a ground potential connection 20.
  • the ground potential connection 20 can be connected directly to the connecting web 78 if it and the annular body 74 consist of electrically conductive material. If at least the connecting web 78 consists of electrically insulating material, an electrical line 73 is provided which connects the earth potential connection 20 to the counterelectrodes 76 and extends through the connecting web 78 and the annular body 74.
  • the annular body 74 is made of electrically conductive material when it acts as a counter electrode. If it is not intended to act as a counter electrode, it can be made of an electrically insulating material.
  • the ground potential connection 20 can be formed by the carrier 22 if it consists of an electrically conductive material.
  • FIG. 5 shows a pistol-shaped electrostatic spraying device 2.
  • the spray body is provided with a handle 95 near the upstream end 94 of its spray body 3.
  • the upstream end 80 of the connecting web 78 and the screw 84 are located directly above the handle 95 on the spray body 3.
  • the electrical grounding line 73 can be guided on the handle 95 or through it to the ground potential connection 20.
  • the charging electrode 12 is shown as an axial electrode, while in FIGS. 3 and 4 it was assumed that a plurality of needle-like charging electrodes 12 are arranged distributed around the powder path.
  • the annular body 74 is preferably adjustable to different axial positions relative to the spray body 3. In all cases, when the annular body 74 acts as a counter electrode or carries counter electrodes 76, it is located upstream of the tip 26 of the charging electrode 12.

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  • Electrostatic Spraying Apparatus (AREA)
EP94102449A 1993-04-15 1994-02-18 Dispositif de pulvérisation électrostatique Expired - Lifetime EP0620045B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE4312262 1993-04-15
DE4312262A DE4312262A1 (de) 1993-04-15 1993-04-15 Elektrostatische Sprühvorrichtung

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0620045A1 true EP0620045A1 (fr) 1994-10-19
EP0620045B1 EP0620045B1 (fr) 1998-07-29

Family

ID=6485501

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP94102449A Expired - Lifetime EP0620045B1 (fr) 1993-04-15 1994-02-18 Dispositif de pulvérisation électrostatique

Country Status (7)

Country Link
US (1) US5584931A (fr)
EP (1) EP0620045B1 (fr)
CN (1) CN1072527C (fr)
AT (1) ATE168903T1 (fr)
DE (2) DE4312262A1 (fr)
ES (1) ES2118991T3 (fr)
TW (1) TW258672B (fr)

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EP0756899A2 (fr) * 1995-08-02 1997-02-05 ITW Gema AG Dispositif de pulvérisation électrostatique de matériau de revêtement
GB2297504B (en) * 1995-01-31 1999-02-24 Graco Inc Electrostatic ionising system
US5908162A (en) * 1998-02-25 1999-06-01 Nordson Corporation Spray gun having an anti-back-ionization probe with a control system therefor
US5938126A (en) * 1998-03-23 1999-08-17 Nordson Corporation Spray gun having a current monitored anti-back-ionization probe
DE19926926A1 (de) * 1999-06-14 2000-12-21 Itw Gema Ag Sprühbeschichtungseinrichtung
JP2010533067A (ja) * 2007-07-10 2010-10-21 イリノイ トゥール ワークス インコーポレイティド 塗装材料の放出装置および放出方法

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WO2003031075A1 (fr) * 1999-09-16 2003-04-17 Nordson Corporation Pistolet pulverisateur dote d'un bec pulverisateur a angle en ligne
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DE20306270U1 (de) 2003-04-22 2003-06-12 J. Wagner AG, Altstätten Düse für eine Pulversprühpistole
JP2007529089A (ja) * 2003-07-11 2007-10-18 トライボテック，インコーポレイテッド 多接点織成電気スイッチ
US7128277B2 (en) * 2003-07-29 2006-10-31 Illinois Tool Works Inc. Powder bell with secondary charging electrode
US7793869B2 (en) * 2003-08-18 2010-09-14 Nordson Corporation Particulate material applicator and pump
DE602004025415D1 (de) † 2003-08-18 2010-03-25 Nordson Corp Spritzvorrichtung für teilchenmaterial
JP4578908B2 (ja) * 2004-09-17 2010-11-10 トヨタ自動車株式会社 静電塗装装置
US20060292271A1 (en) * 2005-06-27 2006-12-28 Peter King Spray coating method and apparatus
DE102007048557B3 (de) * 2007-10-09 2009-06-04 Ab Skf Anordnung zum Abdichten
EP2213378B1 (fr) * 2007-11-30 2014-08-20 Abb K.K. Dispositif de revêtement électrostatique
DE102007060211B4 (de) * 2007-12-14 2022-04-28 Gema Switzerland Gmbh Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum elektrostatischen Sprühbeschichten von Objekten
US8746597B2 (en) * 2009-09-21 2014-06-10 E-Mist Innovations, Inc. Electrostatic spray system
JP5513061B2 (ja) * 2009-10-09 2014-06-04 旭サナック株式会社 静電塗装システム、および、静電塗装用スプレーガン
GB2487944B (en) * 2011-02-09 2018-02-21 Spice Application Systems Ltd A comestible product coating delivery method and apparatus
JP5968716B2 (ja) 2012-08-01 2016-08-10 住友化学株式会社 静電噴霧装置
RU2644903C2 (ru) * 2012-10-01 2018-02-14 Грако Миннесота Инк. Распылительный наконечник в сборе для электростатического распылительного пистолета
FR3004661B1 (fr) * 2013-04-22 2017-06-02 Sames Tech Projecteur electrostatique de produit de revetement liquide et installation de projection comprenant un tel projecteur
JP5681779B1 (ja) * 2013-11-08 2015-03-11 ランズバーグ・インダストリー株式会社 静電塗装機
JP6485951B2 (ja) * 2015-03-20 2019-03-20 アネスト岩田株式会社 静電噴霧装置の流量調整方法、及び、その流量調整のできる静電噴霧装置
TWI634951B (zh) * 2016-07-21 2018-09-11 報知機股份有限公司 Electrostatic spray generating device and charged water particle dispersing device
WO2019140153A1 (fr) * 2018-01-12 2019-07-18 Spraying Systems Co. Ensemble buse de pulvérisation et procédé de mise en forme d'un panache de pulvérisation
US20220088627A1 (en) * 2019-01-25 2022-03-24 Spraying Systems Co. Induction device for electrostatic spray nozzle assembly

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US4774102A (en) 1986-06-09 1988-09-27 Morton Thiokol, Inc. Method of electrostatic powder spray coating
EP0281438A1 (fr) * 1987-02-12 1988-09-07 Sames S.A. Dispositif de projection électrostatique de produit en poudre
DE9305642U1 (de) * 1993-04-15 1993-06-17 Itw Gema Ag, St. Gallen Elektrostatische Sprühvorrichtung

Cited By (12)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB2297504B (en) * 1995-01-31 1999-02-24 Graco Inc Electrostatic ionising system
EP0745431A2 (fr) * 1995-06-01 1996-12-04 Nordson Corporation Ensemble de montage pour pulvérisateur comprenant une contre-électrode
EP0745431A3 (fr) * 1995-06-01 1998-12-16 Nordson Corporation Ensemble de montage pour pulvérisateur comprenant une contre-électrode
EP0756899A2 (fr) * 1995-08-02 1997-02-05 ITW Gema AG Dispositif de pulvérisation électrostatique de matériau de revêtement
EP0756899A3 (fr) * 1995-08-02 1997-08-20 Gema Volstatic Ag Dispositif de pulvérisation électrostatique de matériau de revêtement
US5720436A (en) * 1995-08-02 1998-02-24 Gema Volstatic Ag Electrostatic spray device for coating material
US5908162A (en) * 1998-02-25 1999-06-01 Nordson Corporation Spray gun having an anti-back-ionization probe with a control system therefor
US5938126A (en) * 1998-03-23 1999-08-17 Nordson Corporation Spray gun having a current monitored anti-back-ionization probe
DE19926926A1 (de) * 1999-06-14 2000-12-21 Itw Gema Ag Sprühbeschichtungseinrichtung
US6537378B1 (en) 1999-06-14 2003-03-25 Itw Gema Ag Spray-coating apparatus
US6656536B2 (en) 1999-06-14 2003-12-02 Itw Gema Ag Method of controlling spray current and voltage in electrostatic coating apparatus
JP2010533067A (ja) * 2007-07-10 2010-10-21 イリノイ トゥール ワークス インコーポレイティド 塗装材料の放出装置および放出方法

Also Published As

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ES2118991T3 (es) 1998-10-01
DE59406528D1 (de) 1998-09-03
TW258672B (fr) 1995-10-01
EP0620045B1 (fr) 1998-07-29
US5584931A (en) 1996-12-17
DE4312262A1 (de) 1994-10-20
CN1072527C (zh) 2001-10-10
ATE168903T1 (de) 1998-08-15
CN1101305A (zh) 1995-04-12

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