EP0615652B1 - Vacuum switch - Google Patents

Vacuum switch Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0615652B1
EP0615652B1 EP92923684A EP92923684A EP0615652B1 EP 0615652 B1 EP0615652 B1 EP 0615652B1 EP 92923684 A EP92923684 A EP 92923684A EP 92923684 A EP92923684 A EP 92923684A EP 0615652 B1 EP0615652 B1 EP 0615652B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
fixed contact
contact
vacuum switch
radius
magnet system
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP92923684A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP0615652A1 (en
Inventor
Günter LINS
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Siemens AG
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Siemens AG
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H33/00—High-tension or heavy-current switches with arc-extinguishing or arc-preventing means
    • H01H33/60—Switches wherein the means for extinguishing or preventing the arc do not include separate means for obtaining or increasing flow of arc-extinguishing fluid
    • H01H33/66—Vacuum switches
    • H01H33/664—Contacts; Arc-extinguishing means, e.g. arcing rings
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H33/00—High-tension or heavy-current switches with arc-extinguishing or arc-preventing means
    • H01H33/02—Details
    • H01H33/04—Means for extinguishing or preventing arc between current-carrying parts
    • H01H33/18—Means for extinguishing or preventing arc between current-carrying parts using blow-out magnet
    • H01H33/182—Means for extinguishing or preventing arc between current-carrying parts using blow-out magnet using permanent magnets
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H33/00—High-tension or heavy-current switches with arc-extinguishing or arc-preventing means
    • H01H33/60—Switches wherein the means for extinguishing or preventing the arc do not include separate means for obtaining or increasing flow of arc-extinguishing fluid
    • H01H33/66—Vacuum switches
    • H01H33/664—Contacts; Arc-extinguishing means, e.g. arcing rings
    • H01H33/6641—Contacts; Arc-extinguishing means, e.g. arcing rings making use of a separate coil
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H33/00—High-tension or heavy-current switches with arc-extinguishing or arc-preventing means
    • H01H33/60—Switches wherein the means for extinguishing or preventing the arc do not include separate means for obtaining or increasing flow of arc-extinguishing fluid
    • H01H33/66—Vacuum switches
    • H01H33/664—Contacts; Arc-extinguishing means, e.g. arcing rings
    • H01H33/6644—Contacts; Arc-extinguishing means, e.g. arcing rings having coil-like electrical connections between contact rod and the proper contact
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H33/00—High-tension or heavy-current switches with arc-extinguishing or arc-preventing means
    • H01H33/60—Switches wherein the means for extinguishing or preventing the arc do not include separate means for obtaining or increasing flow of arc-extinguishing fluid
    • H01H33/66—Vacuum switches
    • H01H33/664—Contacts; Arc-extinguishing means, e.g. arcing rings
    • H01H33/6644—Contacts; Arc-extinguishing means, e.g. arcing rings having coil-like electrical connections between contact rod and the proper contact
    • H01H33/6645—Contacts; Arc-extinguishing means, e.g. arcing rings having coil-like electrical connections between contact rod and the proper contact in which the coil like electrical connections encircle at least once the contact rod

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a vacuum switch with switch contacts, which are arranged in the housing of a substantially cylindrical vacuum chamber and one of which is designed as a fixed contact and the other as a movable contact, and which is associated with a magnet system which is outside the housing at the end of the power supply is arranged for fixed contact.
  • a vacuum switch with pot contacts one obtains after opening the contacts between the ring-shaped contact support surfaces an arc rotation by a radial magnetic field.
  • This rotational movement can be increased by a magnet system which contains a plurality of permanent magnets which are arranged within the vacuum chamber in the switch contacts.
  • This magnet system has a relatively complicated structure and is relatively difficult to access (DE-B-31 15 783).
  • a magnet system which serves to increase the arc movement and is arranged outside the housing at the end of a power supply for the fixed contact.
  • This vacuum switch contains flat pot contacts with ring-shaped arc running surfaces.
  • the cover or the bottom of the housing is provided with a recess into which the magnet is inserted.
  • One pole face of the magnet is on the bottom below the fixed contact and the other pole face is relatively far away from the fixed contact.
  • the special design of the base or lid with the magnet system creates additional welding or soldering points which can result in problems with regard to the tightness of the vacuum chamber (US-A-3,082,307).
  • the invention is based on the object of simplifying and improving this known embodiment of a vacuum switch, in particular the effect of the magnetic field on the cathode spots of the arc is to be increased and the structure of the switch is simplified.
  • Magnet systems for moving the cathode spot of an arc with an essentially cylindrical magnetic circuit are already known, the central pole surface of which is surrounded concentrically by an annular disk-shaped pole surface of the other pole.
  • This magnet system forms a magnetic field which is concentrated in a central part running in the axial direction and whose stray field is guided in an annular part which acts as a concentrator and concentrically surrounds the central part.
  • the field lines form a toroidal vault whose axis of rotation lies in the cylinder axis and whose circular apex lines run coaxially with the cylinder axis. Under the influence of a sufficiently strong magnetic field, the cathode spot of an arc occupies a position below the apex line of this arch.
  • the radial field component also causes the cathode spots to move on circular paths.
  • the magnet system can be provided with a permanent magnet (US-A-4 673 477) or with an electromagnet (US-A-4 724 058).
  • magnet systems of this type are used in the prior art in arc evaporation plants for generating and separating metal vapors, but not in connection with switches.
  • the magnet system is located at the end of the power supply lines and at least indirectly, preferably directly at the fixed contact forms the bottom or cover of the housing and is formed at least in its central part as a flat or disc contact. If necessary, it can be provided with a slightly raised central contact area, which is then surrounded concentrically by a burn-off area.
  • the magnet system is thus in the immediate vicinity of the contact point and is preferably designed such that a central pole face is surrounded concentrically by an annular pole face of the other pole.
  • the magnet system can contain both a permanent magnet and an electromagnet. Furthermore, the power supply itself can be designed as a magnetic coil, which is then surrounded concentrically by a concentrator.
  • FIG. 1 schematically illustrates a vacuum switch according to the invention with a magnet system which contains a permanent magnet.
  • Figure 2 shows an embodiment with a magnetic coil, which is formed by the power supply, the section of which is shown in Figure 3.
  • a switch with an electromagnet is shown in Figure 4.
  • a fixed contact is designated by 2, a movable contact by 4, a magnetic field by 6 and a housing by 10 .
  • the fixed contact 2 forms the bottom or the cover in the illustrated embodiment of the housing 10, which consists of an essentially cylindrical metallic profile part 7 and a further metallic one serving as a cover Profile part 8, which are connected to each other by a hollow cylindrical insulator 9.
  • the fixed contact 2 is positively connected to an essentially cup-shaped metallic intermediate piece 12, which serves as an electrically conductive connection and is connected to a power supply 14.
  • the movable contact 4 is connected to the profile part 8 in a vacuum-tight manner with the aid of a bellows and is also fastened to a power supply line 18, which is movably mounted in a central opening of the profile part 8 in the direction of the rotation axis of the vacuum switch indicated by dash-dotted lines but not specified in more detail .
  • the free end of the power supply 18 is non-positively connected to a drive (not shown in the figure) for the movable contact 4 of the vacuum switch.
  • the intermediate piece 12 serves to receive a magnet system 20, which contains a bar magnet 21 arranged in the axis of rotation of the switch, which is concentrically surrounded by a concentrator 22 for the magnetic field 6, which is arranged on a substantially disk-shaped flux plate 23, which is also a part of the magnetic circuit and serves for the radial guidance of the magnetic field 6.
  • This flux plate 23 forms with the concentrator 22 a cup-shaped yoke which surrounds the bar magnet 21 in such a way that a magnet system 20 with an E-shaped cross section, a so-called E-magnet, is created, which in this embodiment has its pole faces directly on the outside of the fixed contact 2 is present.
  • This magnet system 20 supplies a magnetic field 6, the field lines of which are indicated by dash-dotted lines in the figure and which form a toroidal arch between the fixed contact 2 and the movable contact 4.
  • a vacuum switch For a mains voltage of, for example, 1000 V and a nominal current of, for example, 630 A, contacts 2 and 4 are opened up to a contact distance d, which is shown enlarged in the figure only for clarification.
  • the radial component of the magnetic field 6 creates a magnetic force between the contacts on the cathode spots of an arc, not shown in the figure, which causes these cathode spots to rotate on the fixed contact 2 and thus causes a correspondingly low erosion of the contacts.
  • a central bar magnet 21 is arranged on the circular disk-shaped flux plate and is concentrically surrounded by the hollow cylindrical concentrator 22.
  • the bar magnet 21 can also be surrounded concentrically by a cup-shaped yoke.
  • the E-magnet can also consist of a single magnet which is magnetized in such a way that a pole is formed at the upper end of the central rod and is surrounded concentrically by the other pole with an annular disk-shaped pole face.
  • a central bar magnet 21 can be surrounded concentrically by a larger number of further bar magnets, the direction of magnetization of which is opposite to that of the central magnet 21.
  • the magnet system 20 is dimensioned such that the radius r s of the apex lines of the magnetic field 6 is at most as large as the radius r 1 of the smaller contact, that is the movable contact 4 in the embodiment shown.
  • the contact distance d when the contacts are fully open is so dimensioned that the magnetic field 6 on the surface of the moving contact 4 is not significantly smaller than on the surface of the fixed contact 2.
  • the fixed contact 2 and the movable contact 4 are each provided with a central contact area 24 or 25, which are each concentrically surrounded by a burn-off area 26 or 27.
  • the magnet system 20 consists of a magnet coil with a single turn 28, the course of which can be seen from the section in FIG. 3. One end of this turn 28 is connected via a branch 29 to the power supply 14 and the other via a radial connection 30 to the fixed contact 2.
  • This winding 28 is arranged at a short distance, which is shown enlarged in the figure for clarification, below the fixed contact 2.
  • the winding 28 is surrounded concentrically by a pole ring made of magnetically permeable material.
  • the magnetic field runs such that the radius of the apex line of the magnetic field is not less than the radius r2 of the contact areas 24 and 25 and is not greater than the radius r1 of the movable contact 4.
  • the rotation of the arc then takes place between the erosion areas 26 and 27 instead.
  • the magnet system 20 lies indirectly on the fixed contact 2.
  • the fixed contact 2 and the movable contact 4 are assigned a magnet system 20, one on a coil former 33 contains wound magnetic coil 32, which is arranged concentrically to the end of the power supply 14 directly on the underside of the fixed contact 2 and surrounded by the concentrator 22 and is connected to an external power source 34.
  • a magnet coil 32 with a larger number of turns a correspondingly increased magnetic force is obtained on an arc that arises between the opened contacts.
  • a central contact area is formed by a corresponding thickening of the movable contact 4.
  • a generally unpredictable point or a switch is formed in which at least one of the contacts is provided with a contact area, for example contact areas 24 and 25 in FIG. 2 and a contact area 25 in FIG. 4 , in this contact area a metal vapor arc, the cathode spots of which, under the influence of the magnetic field 6, assume radial positions r k in the vicinity of the radial position r s of the vertex of the magnetic field 6. At the same time, the cathode spots move in a circular path around the center of the cathode, and the erosion of contacts 2 and 4 is accordingly reduced.
  • the radius of the orbit of the cathode spots depends on the instantaneous current intensity because the intrinsic magnetic field of the arc is superimposed on the external magnetic field 6 generated by the magnet system 20. Furthermore, a statistical radial movement is superimposed on the circular movement of the cathode spots, the amplitude of which depends on the strength of the magnetic field 6. Both effects cause the cathode spots occupy an annular region of the cathode during a sinusoidal current half-wave, so that the contact erosion is evenly distributed. The size of this circular erosion surface depends on the maximum value of the arc current and on the field strength of the magnetic field 6.
  • the effect of the magnetic field 6 is not limited to the fixed contact 2; it also occurs when the movable contact 4 acts as a cathode, provided the contact distance d is so small that the magnetic field does not change significantly over this contact distance d. This is the case as long as the contact distance d does not significantly exceed a few millimeters.
  • At least the contact areas 24 and 25 of the two contacts 2 and 4 will generally be provided with a support made of so-called contact material, not shown in the figure, which is made essentially, for example, of chromium copper, optionally with Additions may exist.

Landscapes

  • High-Tension Arc-Extinguishing Switches Without Spraying Means (AREA)

Abstract

The arc can be moved between the open contacts by the magnetic forces of a magnetic system (20) which is arranged outside the casing (10) at the end of the current supply (14) to the fixed contact (2). According to the invention, a substantially disc-shaped fixed contact (2) forms the base or cover of the hollow cylindrical casing (10). The magnetic system (20) generates a magnetic field (6) which passes through the fixed contact (2) and the field lines of which form a toroidal arch, the circular apex line of which has a radius rs which is, at the most, as great as the radius r1 of the smaller of the two contacts (2, 4). Contact burning is correspondingly reduced by the movement of the cathode spot in the magnetic field (6).

Description

Die Erfindung bezieht sich auf einen Vakuumschalter mit Schaltkontakten, die im Gehäuse einer im wesentlichen zylindrischen Vakuumkammer angeordnet sind und von denen einer als Festkontakt und der andere als beweglicher Kontakt ausgebildet ist, und denen ein Magnetsystem zugeordnet ist, das außerhalb des Gehäuses am Ende der Stromzuführung zum Festkontakt angeordnet ist.The invention relates to a vacuum switch with switch contacts, which are arranged in the housing of a substantially cylindrical vacuum chamber and one of which is designed as a fixed contact and the other as a movable contact, and which is associated with a magnet system which is outside the housing at the end of the power supply is arranged for fixed contact.

Bei Vakuumschaltern mit sogenannten Flach- oder Scheibenkontakten, die vorzugsweise im Niederspannungsbereich und für verhältnismäßig geringe Stromstärken verwendet werden, kann bekanntlich der Kontaktabbrand dadurch vermindert werden, daß bei einem Ausschaltvorgang nach dem Öffnen der Kontakte die Kathodenflecken des Lichtbogens in einem Magnetfeld bewegt werden. Zwischen der Kontaktauflagefläche und der Stromzuführung kann beispielsweise eine metallische Einlage mit verhältnismäßig hohem Widerstand vorgesehen sein, die aus Eisen oder Nickel bestehen kann. Diese Einlage bewirkt Stromkomponenten in radialer Richtung, die den Lichtbogen vom zentralen Kontaktbereich radial nach außen zu einem die Kontaktfläche konzentrisch umgebenden Abbrandbereich treiben. In dieser Ausführungsform werden jedoch nur verhältnismäßig schwache Magnetkräfte gebildet (DE-A- 22 07 242).In vacuum switches with so-called flat or disc contacts, which are preferably used in the low-voltage range and for relatively low currents, it is known that the contact erosion can be reduced by moving the cathode spots of the arc in a magnetic field when the contacts are opened when the contacts are switched off. A metal insert with a relatively high resistance, for example, which can consist of iron or nickel, can be provided between the contact support surface and the power supply. This insert causes current components in the radial direction, which drive the arc radially outward from the central contact area to an erosion area concentrically surrounding the contact area. In this embodiment, however, only relatively weak magnetic forces are formed (DE-A-22 07 242).

In einer weiteren bekannten Ausführungsform eines Vakuumschalters mit Topfkontakten erhält man nach dem Öffnen der Kontakte zwischen den ringförmigen Kontaktauflageflächen eine Lichtbogenrotation durch ein radiales Magnetfeld. Diese Rotationsbewegung kann durch ein Magnetsystem erhöht werden, das mehrere Permanentmagnete enthält, die innerhalb der Vakuumkammer in den Schaltkontakten angeordnet sind. Dieses Magnetsystem hat einen verhältnismäßig komplizierten Aufbau und ist verhältnismäßig schwer zugänglich (DE-B- 31 15 783).In a further known embodiment of a vacuum switch with pot contacts, one obtains after opening the contacts between the ring-shaped contact support surfaces an arc rotation by a radial magnetic field. This rotational movement can be increased by a magnet system which contains a plurality of permanent magnets which are arranged within the vacuum chamber in the switch contacts. This magnet system has a relatively complicated structure and is relatively difficult to access (DE-B-31 15 783).

Ebenfalls verhältnismäßig schwer zugänglich ist in einer bekannten Ausführungsform eines Vakuumschalters mit einem im wesentlichen zylindrischen Gehäuse ein Magnetsystem, das zur Erhöhung der Lichtbogenbewegung dient und am Ende einer Stromzuführung für den Festkontakt außerhalb des Gehäuses angeordnet ist. Dieser Vakuumschalter enthält flache Topfkontakte mit ringförmigen Bogenlaufflächen. Der Deckel oder der Boden des Gehäuses ist mit einer Ausnehmung versehen, in die der Magnet eingesetzt ist. Eine Polfläche des Magneten befindet sich am Boden unterhalb des Festkontaktes und die andere Polfläche liegt vom Festkontakt verhältnismäßig weit entfernt. Durch die besondere Gestaltungsform des Bodens oder Deckels mit dem Magnetsystem entstehen zusätzliche Schweiß- oder Lötstellen, die Probleme hinsichtlich der Dichtheit der Vakuumkammer ergeben können (US-A- 3 082 307).Also relatively difficult to access in a known embodiment of a vacuum switch with an essentially cylindrical housing is a magnet system which serves to increase the arc movement and is arranged outside the housing at the end of a power supply for the fixed contact. This vacuum switch contains flat pot contacts with ring-shaped arc running surfaces. The cover or the bottom of the housing is provided with a recess into which the magnet is inserted. One pole face of the magnet is on the bottom below the fixed contact and the other pole face is relatively far away from the fixed contact. The special design of the base or lid with the magnet system creates additional welding or soldering points which can result in problems with regard to the tightness of the vacuum chamber (US-A-3,082,307).

Der Erfindung liegt nun die Aufgabe zugrunde, diese bekannte Ausführungsform eines Vakuumschalters zu vereinfachen und zu verbessern, insbesondere soll die Wirkung des Magnetfeldes auf die Kathodenflecken des Lichtbogens erhöht und der Aufbau des Schalters vereinfacht werden.The invention is based on the object of simplifying and improving this known embodiment of a vacuum switch, in particular the effect of the magnetic field on the cathode spots of the arc is to be increased and the structure of the switch is simplified.

Die Aufgabe ist erfindungsgemäß gelöst durch die kennzeichnenden Merkmale des Anspruches 1. Durch eine Anordnung des Festkontakts in Verbindung mit der angegebenen Feldverteilung erhält man einen Vakuumschalter mit besonders einfachem Aufbau, hohem Schaltvermögen und langer Lebensdauer.The object is achieved according to the invention by the characterizing features of claim 1. By an arrangement of the fixed contact in connection with the specified field distribution, you get a vacuum switch with a particularly simple design, high switching capacity and long service life.

Es sind zwar bereits Magnetsysteme zur Bewegung des Kathodenflecks eines Lichtbogens mit einem im wesentlichen zylindrischen Magnetkreis bekannt, dessen eine zentrale Polfläche von einer ringscheibenförmigen Polfläche des anderen Pols konzentrisch umgeben ist. Dieses Magnetsystem bildet ein Magnetfeld, das in einem zentralen, in axialer Richtung verlaufenden Teil konzentriert ist und dessen Streufeld in einem als Konzentrator wirkenden, ringförmigen, den zentralen Teil konzentrisch umgebenden Teil geführt wird. Die Feldlinien bilden ein toroidales Gewölbe, dessen Rotationsachse in der Zylinderachse liegt und dessen kreisförmige Scheitellinien koaxial zur Zylinderachse verlaufen. Unter dem Einfluß eines ausreichend starken Magnetfeldes nimmt der Kathodenfleck eines Lichtbogens eine Position unterhalb der Scheitellinie dieses Gewölbes ein. Die radiale Feldkomponente bewirkt ferner, daß die Kathodenflecken auf kreisförmigen Bahnen bewegt werden. Das Magnetsystem kann mit einem Permanentmagneten (US-A- 4 673 477) oder auch mit einem Elektromagneten (US-A- 4 724 058) versehen sein. Allerdings werden derartige Magnetsysteme beim Stand der Technik bei Lichtbogen-Verdampfungsanlagen zur Erzeugung und Abscheidung von Metalldämpfen, nicht aber im Zusammenhang mit Schaltern verwendet.Magnet systems for moving the cathode spot of an arc with an essentially cylindrical magnetic circuit are already known, the central pole surface of which is surrounded concentrically by an annular disk-shaped pole surface of the other pole. This magnet system forms a magnetic field which is concentrated in a central part running in the axial direction and whose stray field is guided in an annular part which acts as a concentrator and concentrically surrounds the central part. The field lines form a toroidal vault whose axis of rotation lies in the cylinder axis and whose circular apex lines run coaxially with the cylinder axis. Under the influence of a sufficiently strong magnetic field, the cathode spot of an arc occupies a position below the apex line of this arch. The radial field component also causes the cathode spots to move on circular paths. The magnet system can be provided with a permanent magnet (US-A-4 673 477) or with an electromagnet (US-A-4 724 058). However, magnet systems of this type are used in the prior art in arc evaporation plants for generating and separating metal vapors, but not in connection with switches.

Beim erfindungsgemäßen Vakuumschalter befindet sich das Magnetsystem am Ende der Stromzuführungen und wenigstens mittelbar, vorzugsweise unmittelbar am Festkontakt, der den Boden oder Deckel des Gehäuses bildet und wenigstens in seinem zentralen Teil als Flach- oder Scheibenkontakt ausgebildet ist. Er kann gegebenenfalls mit einem etwas erhöhten zentralen Kontaktbereich versehen sein kann, der dann von einem Abbrandbereich konzentrisch umgeben ist. Das Magnetsystem befindet sich somit in unmittelbarer Nähe der Kontaktstelle und ist vorzugsweise so gestaltet, daß eine zentrale Polfläche von einer kreisringförmigen Polfläche des anderen Pols konzentrisch umgeben ist.In the vacuum switch according to the invention, the magnet system is located at the end of the power supply lines and at least indirectly, preferably directly at the fixed contact forms the bottom or cover of the housing and is formed at least in its central part as a flat or disc contact. If necessary, it can be provided with a slightly raised central contact area, which is then surrounded concentrically by a burn-off area. The magnet system is thus in the immediate vicinity of the contact point and is preferably designed such that a central pole face is surrounded concentrically by an annular pole face of the other pole.

Das Magnetsystem kann sowohl einen Permanentmagneten als auch einen Elektromagneten enthalten. Ferner kann die Stromzuführung selbst als Magnetspule ausgebildet sein, die dann von einem Konzentrator konzentrisch umgeben ist.The magnet system can contain both a permanent magnet and an electromagnet. Furthermore, the power supply itself can be designed as a magnetic coil, which is then surrounded concentrically by a concentrator.

Zur weiteren Erläuterung der Erfindung wird auf die Zeichnung Bezug genommen, in deren Figur 1 ein Vakuumschalter gemäß der Erfindung mit einem Magnetsystem, das einen Permanentmagneten enthält, schematisch veranschaulicht ist. Figur 2 zeigt eine Ausführungsform mit einer Magnetspule, welche durch die Stromzuführung gebildet wird, deren Schnitt in Figur 3 dargestellt ist. Ein Schalter mit einem Elektromagneten ist in Figur 4 dargestellt.To further explain the invention, reference is made to the drawing, in which FIG. 1 schematically illustrates a vacuum switch according to the invention with a magnet system which contains a permanent magnet. Figure 2 shows an embodiment with a magnetic coil, which is formed by the power supply, the section of which is shown in Figure 3. A switch with an electromagnet is shown in Figure 4.

In der Ausführungsform eines Vakuumschalters gemäß Figur 1 für eine Nennspannung von beispielsweise Un = 1000 V und einen Nennstrom von beispielsweise In = 630 A sind ein Festkontakt mit 2, ein beweglicher Kontakt mit 4, ein Magnetfeld mit 6 und ein Gehäuse mit 10 bezeichnet. Der Festkontakt 2 bildet den Boden oder den Deckel in der dargestellten Ausführungsform des Gehäuses 10, das aus einem im wesentlichen zylindrischen metallischen Profilteil 7 und einem als Deckel dienenden, weiteren metallischen Profilteil 8 besteht, die durch einen hohlzylindrischen Isolator 9 miteinander verbunden sind. Der Festkontakt 2 ist mit einem im wesentlichen topfförmigen metallischen Zwischenstück 12 formschlüssig verbunden, das als elektrisch leitende Verbindung dient und mit einer Stromzuführung 14 verbunden ist. Der bewegliche Kontakt 4 ist mit Hilfe eines Faltenbalges mit dem Profilteil 8 vakuumdicht verbunden und ferner an einer Stromzuführung 18 befestigt, die in einer zentralen Öffnung des Profilteiles 8 in Richtung der in der Figur strichpunktiert angedeuteten, aber nicht näher bezeichneten Rotationsachse des Vakuumschalters beweglich gelagert ist. Das freie Ende der Stromzuführung 18 ist mit einem in der Figur nicht dargestellten Antrieb für den beweglichen Kontakt 4 des Vakuumschalters kraftschlüssig verbunden.In the embodiment of a vacuum switch according to FIG. 1 for a nominal voltage of, for example, U n = 1000 V and a nominal current of, for example, I n = 630 A, a fixed contact is designated by 2, a movable contact by 4, a magnetic field by 6 and a housing by 10 . The fixed contact 2 forms the bottom or the cover in the illustrated embodiment of the housing 10, which consists of an essentially cylindrical metallic profile part 7 and a further metallic one serving as a cover Profile part 8, which are connected to each other by a hollow cylindrical insulator 9. The fixed contact 2 is positively connected to an essentially cup-shaped metallic intermediate piece 12, which serves as an electrically conductive connection and is connected to a power supply 14. The movable contact 4 is connected to the profile part 8 in a vacuum-tight manner with the aid of a bellows and is also fastened to a power supply line 18, which is movably mounted in a central opening of the profile part 8 in the direction of the rotation axis of the vacuum switch indicated by dash-dotted lines but not specified in more detail . The free end of the power supply 18 is non-positively connected to a drive (not shown in the figure) for the movable contact 4 of the vacuum switch.

Das Zwischenstück 12 dient zur Aufnahme eines Magnetsystems 20, das einen in der Rotationsachse des Schalters angeordneten Stabmagneten 21 enthält, der von einem Konzentrator 22 für das Magnetfeld 6 konzentrisch umgeben ist, der auf einer im wesentlichen scheibenförmigen Flußplatte 23 angeordnet ist, die ebenfalls einen Teil des Magnetkreises bildet und zur radialen Führung des Magnetfeldes 6 dient. Diese Flußplatte 23 bildet mit dem Konzentrator 22 ein topfförmiges Joch, das den Stabmagneten 21 derart umgibt, daß ein Magnetsystem 20 mit E-förmigem Querschnitt, ein sogenannter E-Magnet entsteht, der in dieser Ausführungsform mit seinen Polflächen unmittelbar an der Außenseite des Festkontaktes 2 anliegt. Dieses Magnetsystem 20 liefert ein magnetisches Feld 6, dessen Feldlinien in der Figur strichpunktiert angedeutet sind und die zwischen dem Festkontakt 2 und dem beweglichen Kontakt 4 ein toroidales Gewölbe bilden. Bei einem Vakuumschalter für eine Netzspannung von beispielsweise 1000 V und einen Nennstrom von beispielsweise 630 A werden die Kontakte 2 und 4 geöffnet bis zu einem Kontaktabstand d, der in der Figur nur zur Verdeutlichung vergrößert dargestellt ist. Durch die radiale Komponente des Magnetfeldes 6 entsteht zwischen den Kontakten eine Magnetkraft auf die Kathodenflecken eines in der Figur nicht dargestellten Lichtbogens, die diese Kathodenflecken auf dem Festkontakt 2 rotieren läßt und damit eine entsprechend geringe Erosion der Kontakte bewirkt.The intermediate piece 12 serves to receive a magnet system 20, which contains a bar magnet 21 arranged in the axis of rotation of the switch, which is concentrically surrounded by a concentrator 22 for the magnetic field 6, which is arranged on a substantially disk-shaped flux plate 23, which is also a part of the magnetic circuit and serves for the radial guidance of the magnetic field 6. This flux plate 23 forms with the concentrator 22 a cup-shaped yoke which surrounds the bar magnet 21 in such a way that a magnet system 20 with an E-shaped cross section, a so-called E-magnet, is created, which in this embodiment has its pole faces directly on the outside of the fixed contact 2 is present. This magnet system 20 supplies a magnetic field 6, the field lines of which are indicated by dash-dotted lines in the figure and which form a toroidal arch between the fixed contact 2 and the movable contact 4. With a vacuum switch For a mains voltage of, for example, 1000 V and a nominal current of, for example, 630 A, contacts 2 and 4 are opened up to a contact distance d, which is shown enlarged in the figure only for clarification. The radial component of the magnetic field 6 creates a magnetic force between the contacts on the cathode spots of an arc, not shown in the figure, which causes these cathode spots to rotate on the fixed contact 2 and thus causes a correspondingly low erosion of the contacts.

In der dargestellten, besonders einfachen Bauform des Magnetsystems 20 in der Ausführungsform eines sogenannten E-Magneten ist ein zentraler Stabmagnet 21 auf der kreisscheibenförmigen Flußplatte angeordnet und von dem hohlzylindrischen Konzentrator 22 konzentrisch umgeben. Es kann jedoch auch der Stabmagnet 21 von einem topfförmigen Joch konzentrisch umgeben sein. Der E-Magnet kann auch aus einem einzigen Magneten bestehen, der derart magnetisiert ist, daß am oberen Ende des zentralen Stabes ein Pol entsteht, der von dem anderen Pol mit ringscheibenförmiger Polfläche konzentrisch umgeben ist. Ferner kann ein zentraler Stabmagnet 21 von einer größeren Anzahl weiterer Stabmagneten konzentrisch umgeben sein, deren Magnetisierungsrichtung derjenigen des zentralen Magneten 21 entgegengerichtet ist.In the illustrated, particularly simple design of the magnet system 20 in the embodiment of a so-called e-magnet, a central bar magnet 21 is arranged on the circular disk-shaped flux plate and is concentrically surrounded by the hollow cylindrical concentrator 22. However, the bar magnet 21 can also be surrounded concentrically by a cup-shaped yoke. The E-magnet can also consist of a single magnet which is magnetized in such a way that a pole is formed at the upper end of the central rod and is surrounded concentrically by the other pole with an annular disk-shaped pole face. Furthermore, a central bar magnet 21 can be surrounded concentrically by a larger number of further bar magnets, the direction of magnetization of which is opposite to that of the central magnet 21.

Das Magnetsystem 20 ist so dimensioniert, daß der Radius rs der Scheitellinien des Magnetfeldes 6 höchstens so groß ist wie der Radius r₁ des kleineren Kontaktes, das ist in der dargestellten Ausführungsform der bewegliche Kontakt 4. Der Kontaktabstand d bei vollständig geöffneten Kontakten ist so bemessen, daß das Magnetfeld 6 an der Oberfläche des bewegten Kontaktes 4 nicht wesentlich kleiner ist als an der Oberfläche des Festkontaktes 2.The magnet system 20 is dimensioned such that the radius r s of the apex lines of the magnetic field 6 is at most as large as the radius r 1 of the smaller contact, that is the movable contact 4 in the embodiment shown. The contact distance d when the contacts are fully open is so dimensioned that the magnetic field 6 on the surface of the moving contact 4 is not significantly smaller than on the surface of the fixed contact 2.

In der Ausführungsform eines Vakuumschalters gemäß Figur 2 sind der Festkontakt 2 und der bewegliche Kontakt 4 jeweils mit einem zentralen Kontaktbereich 24 bzw. 25 versehen, die jeweils von einem Abbrandbereich 26 bzw. 27 konzentrisch umgeben sind. Das Magnetsystem 20 besteht in dieser Ausführungsform des Schalters aus einer Magnetspule mit einer einzigen Windung 28, deren Verlauf aus dem Schnitt der Figur 3 zu entnehmen ist. Ein Ende dieser Windung 28 ist über eine Abzweigung 29 mit der Stromzuführung 14 und das andere über eine radiale Verbindung 30 mit dem Festkontakt 2 verbunden. Diese Windung 28 ist in geringem Abstand, welcher in der Figur zur Verdeutlichung vergrößert dargestellt ist, unterhalb des Festkontaktes 2 angeordnet. Zur Konzentration des Magnetfeldes ist die Windung 28 von einem Polring aus magnetisch permeablem Material konzentrisch umgeben. Das in der Figur nicht näher dargestellte Magnetfeld verläuft derart, daß der Radius der Scheitellinie des Magnetfeldes nicht kleiner ist als der Radius r₂ der Kontaktbereiche 24 und 25 und nicht größer ist als der Radius r₁ des beweglichen Kontaktes 4. Die Rotation des Lichtbogens findet dann zwischen den Abbrandbereichen 26 und 27 statt.In the embodiment of a vacuum switch according to FIG. 2, the fixed contact 2 and the movable contact 4 are each provided with a central contact area 24 or 25, which are each concentrically surrounded by a burn-off area 26 or 27. In this embodiment of the switch, the magnet system 20 consists of a magnet coil with a single turn 28, the course of which can be seen from the section in FIG. 3. One end of this turn 28 is connected via a branch 29 to the power supply 14 and the other via a radial connection 30 to the fixed contact 2. This winding 28 is arranged at a short distance, which is shown enlarged in the figure for clarification, below the fixed contact 2. To concentrate the magnetic field, the winding 28 is surrounded concentrically by a pole ring made of magnetically permeable material. The magnetic field, not shown in the figure, runs such that the radius of the apex line of the magnetic field is not less than the radius r₂ of the contact areas 24 and 25 and is not greater than the radius r₁ of the movable contact 4. The rotation of the arc then takes place between the erosion areas 26 and 27 instead.

Mit einer elektrischen Isolierung 31 zwischen der Windung 28 und dem Festkontakt 2 liegt das Magnetsystem 20 mittelbar am Festkontakt 2.With an electrical insulation 31 between the winding 28 and the fixed contact 2, the magnet system 20 lies indirectly on the fixed contact 2.

In der Ausführungsform eines Vakuumschalters gemäß Figur 4 ist dem Festkontakt 2 und dem beweglichen Kontakt 4 ein Magnetsystem 20 zugeordnet, das eine auf einen Spulenkörper 33 gewickelte Magnetspule 32 enthält, die konzentrisch zum Ende der Stromzuführung 14 unmittelbar an der Unterseite des Festkontaktes 2 angeordnet und von dem Konzentrator 22 umgeben ist und an eine externe Stromquelle 34 angeschlossen ist. In dieser Ausführungsform mit einer Magnetspule 32 mit einer größeren Anzahl von Windungen erhält man eine entsprechend erhöhte Magnetkraft auf einen zwischen den geöffneten Kontakten entstehenden Lichtbogen. In dieser Ausführungsform wird ein zentraler Kontaktbereich durch eine entsprechende Verdickung des beweglichen Kontaktes 4 gebildet.In the embodiment of a vacuum switch according to FIG. 4, the fixed contact 2 and the movable contact 4 are assigned a magnet system 20, one on a coil former 33 contains wound magnetic coil 32, which is arranged concentrically to the end of the power supply 14 directly on the underside of the fixed contact 2 and surrounded by the concentrator 22 and is connected to an external power source 34. In this embodiment with a magnet coil 32 with a larger number of turns, a correspondingly increased magnetic force is obtained on an arc that arises between the opened contacts. In this embodiment, a central contact area is formed by a corresponding thickening of the movable contact 4.

Wenn der Vakuumschalter während einer sinusförmigen Stromhalbwelle geöffnet wird, entsteht an einer im allgemeinen nicht vorhersehbaren Stelle oder bei einem Schalter, bei dem wenigstens einer der Kontakte mit einem Kontaktbereich versehen ist, beispielsweise in Figur 2 Kontaktbereiche 24 und 25 und in Figur 4 ein Kontaktbereich 25, in diesem Kontaktbereich ein Metalldampflichtbogen, dessen Kathodenflecken unter dem Einfluß des Magnetfeldes 6 radiale Positionen rk in der Nähe der radialen Position rs des Scheitels des Magnetfeldes 6 einnehmen. Zugleich bewegen sich die Kathodenflecken auf einer Kreisbahn um den Mittelpunkt der Kathode, und die Erosion der Kontakte 2 und 4 wird somit entsprechend vermindert.If the vacuum switch is opened during a sinusoidal current half-wave, a generally unpredictable point or a switch is formed in which at least one of the contacts is provided with a contact area, for example contact areas 24 and 25 in FIG. 2 and a contact area 25 in FIG. 4 , in this contact area a metal vapor arc, the cathode spots of which, under the influence of the magnetic field 6, assume radial positions r k in the vicinity of the radial position r s of the vertex of the magnetic field 6. At the same time, the cathode spots move in a circular path around the center of the cathode, and the erosion of contacts 2 and 4 is accordingly reduced.

Der Radius der Umlaufbahn der Kathodenflecken hängt ab von der momentanen Stromstärke, weil sich das Eigenmagnetfeld des Lichtbogens dem vom Magnetsystem 20 erzeugten äußeren Magnetfeld 6 überlagert. Ferner ist der Kreisbewegung der Kathodenflecken eine statistische radiale Bewegung überlagert, deren Amplitude von der Stärke des Magnetfeldes 6 abhängt. Beide Effekte bewirken, daß die Kathodenflecken während einer sinusförmigen Stromhalbwelle einen kreisringförmigen Bereich der Kathode beanspruchen, so daß die Kontakterosion gleichmäßig verteilt wird. Die Größe dieser kreisringförmigen Erosionsfläche hängt vom Maximalwert des Lichtbogenstromes und von der Feldstärke des Magnetfeldes 6 ab.The radius of the orbit of the cathode spots depends on the instantaneous current intensity because the intrinsic magnetic field of the arc is superimposed on the external magnetic field 6 generated by the magnet system 20. Furthermore, a statistical radial movement is superimposed on the circular movement of the cathode spots, the amplitude of which depends on the strength of the magnetic field 6. Both effects cause the cathode spots occupy an annular region of the cathode during a sinusoidal current half-wave, so that the contact erosion is evenly distributed. The size of this circular erosion surface depends on the maximum value of the arc current and on the field strength of the magnetic field 6.

Die Wirkung des Magnetfeldes 6 ist nicht auf den Festkontakt 2 beschränkt; sie tritt auch ein, wenn der bewegliche Kontakt 4 als Kathode wirkt, vorausgesetzt, der Kontaktabstand d ist so klein, daß sich das Magnetfeld über diesen Kontaktabstand d nicht wesentlich ändert. Dies ist der Fall, solange der Kontaktabstand d wenige Millimeter nicht wesentlich überschreitet.The effect of the magnetic field 6 is not limited to the fixed contact 2; it also occurs when the movable contact 4 acts as a cathode, provided the contact distance d is so small that the magnetic field does not change significantly over this contact distance d. This is the case as long as the contact distance d does not significantly exceed a few millimeters.

In der praktischen Ausführungsform des Vakuumschalters gemäß der Erfindung werden im allgemeinen wenigstens die Kontaktbereiche 24 und 25 der beiden Kontakte 2 bzw. 4 mit einer in der Figur nicht dargestellten Auflage aus sogenanntem Kontaktmaterial versehen sein, die beispielsweise im wesentlichen aus Chrom-Kupfer, gegebenenfalls mit Zusätzen bestehen kann.In the practical embodiment of the vacuum switch according to the invention, at least the contact areas 24 and 25 of the two contacts 2 and 4 will generally be provided with a support made of so-called contact material, not shown in the figure, which is made essentially, for example, of chromium copper, optionally with Additions may exist.

Claims (6)

  1. Vacuum switch having switching contacts which are disposed in the housing of an essentially hollow-cylindrical vacuum chamber and of which one is designed as fixed contact and the other as moving contact, and with which a magnet system is associated which is disposed outside the housing at the end of the supply lead to the fixed contact, characterized in that the fixed contact (2), which is designed as flat or disc contact, forms the base or the lid of the housing (10) and is permeated by the magnetic field (6), whose field lines form a toroidal arch whose axis of rotation lies in the axis of the cylinder of the vacuum chamber and whose circular apex lines have a radius rs which is at most as great as the radius r₁ of the smaller of the two contacts (2, 4).
  2. Vacuum switch according to Claim 1, characterized in that a magnet system (20) is provided in which a central pole surface is concentrically surrounded by another annular-disc-shaped pole surface and in that said pole surfaces rest at least indirectly against the outside of the fixed contact (2).
  3. Vacuum switch according to Claim 2, characterized in that a magnet system (20) is provided with a magnetic circuit containing a central part which extends in the axial direction and which is concentrically surrounded by an annular concentrator (22).
  4. Vacuum switch according to Claim 1 having switching contacts of which at least one is provided with a central contact region (24, 25) surrounded by an erosion region (26 and 27, respectively), characterized in that the radius rs of the apex line is at least as great as the radius r₂ of the contact region (24, 25).
  5. Vacuum switch according to Claim 3, characterized in that the magnet system (20) contains at least one turn (28) of the supply lead (24) to the fixed contact (2), which turn is concentrically surrounded by the concentrator (22).
  6. Vacuum switch according to Claim 1, characterized in that the supply lead (14) to the fixed contact (2) is concentrically surrounded by a solenoid (32) and an annular concentrator (22).
EP92923684A 1991-12-03 1992-11-27 Vacuum switch Expired - Lifetime EP0615652B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE4139834A DE4139834A1 (en) 1991-12-03 1991-12-03 VACUUM SWITCH
DE4139834 1991-12-03
PCT/DE1992/000992 WO1993011552A1 (en) 1991-12-03 1992-11-27 Vacuum switch

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EP0615652A1 EP0615652A1 (en) 1994-09-21
EP0615652B1 true EP0615652B1 (en) 1995-05-17

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EP92923684A Expired - Lifetime EP0615652B1 (en) 1991-12-03 1992-11-27 Vacuum switch

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EP (1) EP0615652B1 (en)
DE (2) DE4139834A1 (en)
WO (1) WO1993011552A1 (en)

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DE19841771C1 (en) * 1998-09-11 2000-04-20 Siemens Ag Plasma stabilisation unit for vacuum or gas discharge switch
JP4818530B2 (en) † 2001-04-19 2011-11-16 三菱電機株式会社 Vacuum valve
FR3074607A1 (en) * 2017-12-04 2019-06-07 Schneider Electric Industries Sas VACUUM BULB FOR ELECTRICAL CUTTING APPARATUS
CN113097006B (en) * 2021-03-14 2024-05-31 郑州大学 Vacuum arc-extinguishing chamber structure based on radial multipole orientation magnetic field regulation and control

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3082307A (en) * 1959-04-30 1963-03-19 Gen Electric Vacuum type circuit interrupter
US3372259A (en) * 1965-05-28 1968-03-05 Gen Electric Vacuum-type electric circuit interrupter with arc-voltage limiting means
GB1258015A (en) * 1969-11-17 1971-12-22
DE3115783C2 (en) * 1981-04-18 1985-01-10 Calor-Emag Elektrizitäts-Aktiengesellschaft, 4030 Ratingen Contact arrangement for vacuum switch
DE3215020A1 (en) * 1982-04-22 1983-10-27 Calor-Emag Elektrizitäts-Aktiengesellschaft, 4030 Ratingen Vacuum switch

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WO1993011552A1 (en) 1993-06-10
EP0615652A1 (en) 1994-09-21
DE59202269D1 (en) 1995-06-22
DE4139834A1 (en) 1993-06-09

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