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  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
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  • C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
  • C07K14/435—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
  • C07K14/705—Receptors; Cell surface antigens; Cell surface determinants
  • C07K14/70503—Immunoglobulin superfamily
  • C07K14/70507—CD2
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/56—Compounds containing cyclopenta[a]hydrophenanthrene ring systems; Derivatives thereof, e.g. steroids
  • A61K31/57—Compounds containing cyclopenta[a]hydrophenanthrene ring systems; Derivatives thereof, e.g. steroids substituted in position 17 beta by a chain of two carbon atoms, e.g. pregnane or progesterone
  • A61K31/573—Compounds containing cyclopenta[a]hydrophenanthrene ring systems; Derivatives thereof, e.g. steroids substituted in position 17 beta by a chain of two carbon atoms, e.g. pregnane or progesterone substituted in position 21, e.g. cortisone, dexamethasone, prednisone or aldosterone
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides
  • A61K38/04—Peptides having up to 20 amino acids in a fully defined sequence; Derivatives thereof
  • A61K38/12—Cyclic peptides, e.g. bacitracins; Polymyxins; Gramicidins S, C; Tyrocidins A, B or C
  • A61K38/13—Cyclosporins
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P13/00—Drugs for disorders of the urinary system
  • A61P13/12—Drugs for disorders of the urinary system of the kidneys
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P37/00—Drugs for immunological or allergic disorders
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P37/00—Drugs for immunological or allergic disorders
  • A61P37/02—Immunomodulators
  • A61P37/06—Immunosuppressants, e.g. drugs for graft rejection
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P9/00—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07K—PEPTIDES
  • C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
  • C07K14/435—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
  • C07K14/705—Receptors; Cell surface antigens; Cell surface determinants
  • C07K14/70503—Immunoglobulin superfamily
  • C07K14/70528—CD58
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07K—PEPTIDES
  • C07K16/00—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies
  • C07K16/18—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans
  • C07K16/28—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants
  • C07K16/2803—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants against the immunoglobulin superfamily
  • C07K16/2806—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants against the immunoglobulin superfamily against CD2
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07K—PEPTIDES
  • C07K16/00—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies
  • C07K16/18—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans
  • C07K16/28—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants
  • C07K16/2803—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants against the immunoglobulin superfamily
  • C07K16/2824—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants against the immunoglobulin superfamily against CD58
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07K—PEPTIDES
  • C07K2319/00—Fusion polypeptide

Definitions

• the present invention relates to methods of improving tolerance of transplanted xenograft tissue or allograft tissue by administration of LFA-3 or CD2 binding proteins in mammals, including humans.
• An allograft is tissue that is transplanted between genetically nonidentical members of the same species. Allografts of organs such as the heart, kidney, liver, pancreas, cornea, bone marrow, lung and skin have become an increasingly successful and
• xenografts which are transplants of tissue from one species to another species.
• Graft rejection is the result of a
• a cell mediated response primarily comprising cytotoxic T cells which attack and kill foreign cells or virus-infected cells
• humoral response comprising the activation of B cells to plasma cells which secrete antibodies specific for foreign macromolecules.
• lymphocytes mononuclear cells, including lymphocytes, into the foreign tissue.
• the increased presence of these cells precedes the destruction of the graft by several days.
• Sensitized T lymphocytes therefore, appear to be the principal initiators of the rejection process.
• T lymphocytes play a major role in the immune response by interacting with target and antigen-presenting cells.
• T lymphocyte-mediated killing of target cells is a multi-step process
• helper T lymphocytes help initiate the immune response by adhesion to target cells, such as graft endothelium.
• T lymphocytes with target and antigen-presenting cells are highly specific and depend on the recognition of an antigen on the surface of a target or antigen-presenting cell by one of the many specific antigen receptors on the surface of T lymphocytes.
• T lymphocytes and other cells is also facilitated by various T lymphocyte surface proteins, e.g., the antigen-receptor complex CD3 and accessory molecules such as CD4, LFA-1, CD8, and CD2. It is also affected by accessory molecules such as LFA-3, ICAM-1 and MHC that are expressed on the surface of the target or antigen-presenting cells.
• various T lymphocyte surface proteins e.g., the antigen-receptor complex CD3 and accessory molecules such as CD4, LFA-1, CD8, and CD2. It is also affected by accessory molecules such as LFA-3, ICAM-1 and MHC that are expressed on the surface of the target or antigen-presenting cells.
• CD2 a T lymphocyte accessory adhesion molecule
• LFA-3 a target cell and antigen presenting cell accessory molecule
• the LFA-3/CD2 interaction also plays a role in mediating T lymphocyte interactions with thymic epithelial cells, in antigenindependent and dependent conjugate formation and in T lymphocyte rosetting with erythrocytes (see, e.g.. Seed et al., "Molecular Cloning Of The CD2 Antigen, the T-Cell Erythrocyte Receptor, By a Rapid Immunoselection Procedure", Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 84, pp. 3365-69 (1987)).
• LFA-3 which is found on the surface of a wide variety of cells, including human erythrocytes, has become the subject of a considerable amount of study to further elucidate its role in various
• LFA-1, LFA-2, and LFA-3 Cell Surface Antigen Associated with CTL-Target Interactions
• LFA-3 transmembrane LFA-3
• transmembrane LFA-3 is anchored in the cell membrane by a transmembrane hydrophobic domain.
• cDNA encoding this form of LFA-3 has been cloned and sequenced (see, e.g., Wallner et al., "Primary Structure of Lymphocyte
• LFA-3 Function-Associated Antigen-3
• PI phosphatidylinositol
• the human CD2 (Tll) molecule is a 50 kD surface glycoprotein expressed on >95% of thymocytes and virtually all peripheral T lymphocytes.
• CD2 is T lineage-specific and exists on the cell surface in several differentially glycosylated forms (Howard et al., "A Human T Lymphocyte Differentiation Marker Defined by Monoclonal Antibodies that Block E-Rosette Formation", J. Immunol., 126, pp. 2117-22 (1981); Brown et al., in Leukocyte Typing III, ed. McMichael, Oxford University Press, pp. 110-12 (1987); Sayre et al., "Molecular Cloning and Expression of Tll cDNAs Reveals a Receptor- Like Structure on Human T lymphocytes", Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 84, pp. 2941-45 (1987)).
• the sequence of a human CD2 gene has been reported (Seed and Aruffo, "Molecular Cloning of the CD2 Antigen, the T-cell
• TS2/18, Tll 1 , Tll 2 , TII 3 , and to LFA-3, for example TS2/9 have also been reported (see, e.g., Hughes et al., "The Endothelial Cell as a Regulator of T-Cell Function", Immunol. Reviews, 117, pp. 85-102 (1990); Meuer, "An Alternative Pathway of T-Cell Activation: A Functional Role for the 50 kd Tll Sheep Erythrocyte Receptor Protein", Cell, 36, pp. 897-906 (1984);
• Cytotoxic T lymphocyte mediated responses are controlled by cyclosporine or prednisone, but immune suppressive therapy is ineffectual for humoral
• the present invention generally solves many of the problems referred to above. It, for the first time, provides a method for improving tolerance of transplanted allograft tissue or xenograft tissue in a mammal.
• the method of this invention comprises the steps of administering to a mammal, preferably a human, a graft tissue and an LFA-3 or CD2 binding protein.
• the methods of the invention will preferably be used to improve tolerance of cardiac and renal xenografts and allografts.
• the methods of this invention are superior to previously available therapies for improving graft tolerance for many reasons, including avoidance of undesirable side effects such as increased susceptibility to opportunistic infection, renal toxicity, hypertension and malignant neoplasm.
• Figures 1 and 2 illustrate T cell dependent B cell activation assay results for two baboons
• Immunoglobulin production as measured by OD units in an ELISA assay is reflected on the y axes. The number of days after the initial injection of anti-LFA-3
• an "LFA-3 binding protein” is a protein comprising one or more polypeptides capable of binding to LFA-3.
• LFA-3 binding proteins include immunoglobulin light chains, immunoglobulin heavy chains and antigen-binding fragments thereof.
• the component polypeptides of an LFA-3 binding protein composed of more than one polypeptide may optionally be disulfide-bound or otherwise covalently crosslinked.
• LFA-3 binding proteins include intact immunoglobulins of types IgA, IgG, IgE, IgD, IgM (as well as subtypes thereof), wherein the light chains of the immunoglobulin may be of types kappa or lambda.
• binding proteins also include portions of intact immunoglobulins that retain LFA-3-binding specificity, for example.
• Fab fragments Fab' fragments, F(ab') 2 fragments, F(v) fragments, heavy chain monomers or dimers, light chain monomers or dimers, dimers
• soluble CD2 polypeptides consisting of one heavy and one light chain, and the like.
• LFA-3 binding protein also contemplated within the term “LFA-3 binding protein” are soluble CD2 polypeptides and derivatives thereof, including fusions, that bind to LFA-3.
• a "soluble CD2 polypeptide” is a CD2 polypeptide incapable of anchoring itself in a cell membrane.
• Such soluble polypeptides include, for example, CD2 polypeptides that lack a sufficient portion of their membrane-spanning domain to anchor the polypeptide or are modified such that the membrane- spanning domain is nonfunctional. Soluble CD2
• polypeptides bind to a naturally occurring LFA-3 polypeptide and are encoded by (a) a naturally occurring LFA-3 polypeptide and are encoded by (a) a naturally occurring LFA-3 polypeptide and are encoded by (a) a naturally occurring LFA-3 polypeptide and are encoded by (a) a naturally occurring LFA-3 polypeptide and are encoded by (a) a naturally occurring LFA-3 polypeptide and are encoded by (a) a naturally occurring LFA-3 polypeptide and are encoded by (a) a naturally occurring LFA-3 polypeptide and are encoded by (a) a naturally occurring LFA-3 polypeptide and are encoded by (a) a naturally occurring LFA-3 polypeptide and are encoded by (a) a naturally occurring LFA-3 polypeptide and are encoded by (a) a naturally occurring LFA-3 polypeptide and are encoded by (a) a naturally occurring LFA-3 polypeptide and are encoded by (a) a naturally occurring LFA-3 polypeptide and are encode
• CD2 DNA sequence e.g., SEQ ID NO:5
• a DNA sequence degenerate to a naturally occurring CD2 DNA sequence or
• soluble CD2 polypeptides are well known. For example, several are described in PCT WO 90/08187, which is herein incorporated by reference.
• CD2 binding protein is a protein comprising one or more polypeptides capable of binding to CD2.
• CD2 binding proteins include
• immunoglobulin light chains immunoglobulin heavy chains and antigen-binding fragments thereof.
• CD2 binding proteins include intact
• immunoglobulins of types IgA, IgG, IgE, IgD, IgM (as well as subtypes thereof), wherein the light chains of the immunoglobulin may be of types kappa or lambda.
• binding proteins also include portions of intact immunoglobulins that retain CD2-binding specificity.
• Fab fragments Fab' fragments, F(ab')2 fragments, F(v) fragments, heavy chain monomers or dimers, light chain monomers or dimers, dimers
• CD2 binding protein soluble LFA-3 polypeptides or derivatives thereof, including fusions, that bind to CD2.
• CD2 binding proteins include fusions of soluble LFA-3 polypeptides and
• soluble LFA-3 polypeptide is a LFA-3 polypeptide incapable of anchoring itself in a cell membrane.
• soluble polypeptides include, for example, LFA-3 polypeptides that lack a sufficient portion of their membrane-spanning domain to anchor the polypeptide or are modified such that the membranespanning domain is nonfunctional. Soluble LFA-3 polypeptides bind to a naturally occurring CD2
• polypeptide and are encoded by (a) a naturally
• LFA-3 DNA sequence e.g. SEQ ID NO:1 or SEQ ID NO: 3, (b) a DNA sequence degenerate to a naturally occurring LFA-3 DNA sequence or (c) a DNA sequence that hybridizes to one of the foregoing DNA sequences under conditions equivalent to about 20°C to 27°C below T m and 1 M sodium chloride.
• LFA-3 polypeptides are well known. For example, several are described in United States patent
• a "humanized recombinant antibody” is an antibody, produced by recombinant DNA technology, in which some or all of the amino acids of a human immunoglobulin light or heavy chain not
• a "chimeric recombinant antibody” is an antibody produced by recombinant DNA technology, in which all or part of the hinge and constant regions of an immunoglobulin light chain, heavy chain or both, have been substituted for the corresponding regions from another immunoglobulin light chain or heavy chain.
• characteristics evidence immune response directed against the graft (foreign) tissue include, for example, progressive infiltration of mononuclear cells, such as lymphocytes, into the foreign tissue,
• the methods of this invention are useful in improving tolerance in mammals, including humans, of transplanted allograft tissue or xenograft tissue.
• They comprise the steps of administering to the mammal a graft tissue and an LFA-3 or CD2 binding protein.
• Such grafts include allografts and xenografts of
• Such tissues include portions of the organs mentioned above and subtractions of blood.
• the methods of this invention are used for cardiac allografts and xenografts, and renal allografts and xenografts.
• the methods of the invention can be practiced on any mammal, preferably humans.
• graft tissue In selecting graft tissue, a variety of factors should be considered. These include, for example, a minimization of genetic disparity to the extent possible, ABO blood group compatibility, HLA compatibility, the availability of donor tissue, the immune status of the patient and size of the donor organ. Specifically, in the case of cardiac and renal allografts or xenografts, the donor organ should be anatomically compatible and physiologically competent to support the organ function requirements of the recipient. Surgical protocols used for various graft transplants are well known.
• LFA-3 and CD2 binding proteins used in the methods of this invention are prophylactic and therapeutic for inducing tolerance of the xenografts or allografts because they inhibit
• T cell activation This inhibition typically occurs when the LFA-3 or CD2 binding protein inhibits the LFA-3/CD2 interaction.
• certain LFA-3 and CD2 binding proteins used in this invention may inhibit T cell activation without inhibiting the LFA-3/CD2 interaction.
• Preferred LFA-3 and CD2 binding proteins for use in the methods of this invention are effective to inhibit T cell activation.
• the utility in the methods of this invention of specific LFA-3 or CD2 binding proteins may easily be determined by assaying their ability to inhibit the LFA-3/CD2 interaction, their ability to inhibit T cell activation or both.
• the ability to inhibit the LFA-3/CD2 may easily be determined by assaying their ability to inhibit the LFA-3/CD2 interaction, their ability to inhibit T cell activation or both.
• interaction may be assayed, for example, using a simple cell binding assay that permits visual (under
• binding proteins useful in this invention may be assayed in several known ways, such as by radiolabeling the binding protein (e.g., with 35 S or 125 I) and then contacting the labeled binding protein with CD2 + or LFA-3 + cells, as appropriate. Binding characteristics may also be assayed using an appropriate enzymatically labelled secondary antibody. Rosetting competition assays, such as those described in Seed et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 84, pp. 3365-69 (1987) may also be used.
• LFA-3 and CD2 binding proteins may be determined in any number of conventional T cell activation assays. These include, for example, assays which assess the ability of the binding protein to inhibit T cell proliferation or cytokine secretion in response to mitogens or
• LFA-3 and CD2 binding proteins are useful in the methods of this invention, including monoclonal antibodies, recombinant antibodies, chimeric recombinant antibodies, humanized recombinant antibodies, soluble LFA-3 and CD2 polypeptides and LFA-3 and CD2 mimetic agents, as well as derivatized (e.g., fused to another polypeptide) or truncated forms of any of the foregoing.
• monoclonal antibodies recombinant antibodies, chimeric recombinant antibodies, humanized recombinant antibodies, soluble LFA-3 and CD2 polypeptides and LFA-3 and CD2 mimetic agents, as well as derivatized (e.g., fused to another polypeptide) or truncated forms of any of the foregoing.
• derivatized e.g., fused to another polypeptide
• the LFA-3 and CD2 binding proteins useful in this invention include monoclonal antibodies,
• antibodies humanized recombinant antibodies, and antigen binding portions thereof.
• the antibodies are monoclonal antibodies.
• a monoclonal anti-LFA-3 antibody produced by a hybridoma selected from the group of hybridomas having accession numbers ATCC HB 10693 (1E6), ATCC HB 10694 (HC-lBll), ATCC HB 10695 (7A6), and ATCC HB 10696 (8B8), or the monoclonal antibody known as TS2/9 (Sanchez-Madrid et al., "Three Distinct Antigens Associated With Human T-Lymphocyte-Mediated Cytolysis: LFA-1, LFA-2 and LFA-3", Proc.
• the monoclonal anti-LFA-3 antibody is produced by the hybridoma having accession number ATCC HB 10693 (1E6).
• preferable monoclonal antibodies include monoclonal antibodies known as the Tll 1 epitope antibodies, including TS2/18 (Sanchez-Madrid et al., supra. (1982)).
• an immortal cell line typically myeloma cells
• lymphocytes typically splenocytes
• the culture supernatants of the resulting hybridoma cells are screened for antibodies against the antigen.
• lymphocytes typically splenocytes
• isununogens for the purpose of this invention include LFA-3-expressing or CD2-expressing cells, as well as cell free
• receptor-binding fragments thereof i.e., CD2 fragments that bind to LFA-3 or LFA-3 fragments that bind to CD2.
• CD2 fragments that bind to LFA-3 or LFA-3 fragments that bind to CD2 are also useful.
• derivatized forms of LFA-3, CD2 or portions thereof such as fusion proteins consisting of a soluble LFA-3 polypeptide fused to at least portions of immunoglobulin hinge and constant domains (e.g., LFA3TIP, described infra).
• Immunization may be accomplished using standard procedures.
• the unit dose and immunization regimen depend on the species of mammal inmunized, its immune status, the body weight of the mammal, etc.
• the immunized mammals are bled and the serum from each blood sample is assayed for particular antibodies using appropriate screening assays.
• useful anti-LFA-3 and anti-CD2 antibodies may be identified by testing the ability of the immune serum to block sheep red blood cell rosetting of Jurkat cells, which results from the presence of LFA-3 and CD2 on the respective surfaces of these cells, screening for the ability to inhibit T cell activation in vitro or screening for both.
• the lymphocytes used in the production of hybridoma cells typically are isolated from immunized mammals whose sera have already tested positive for the presence of the desired antibodies using such screening assays.
• the immortal cell line (e.g., a myeloma cell line) is derived from the same mammalian species as the lymphocytes.
• Preferred immortal cell lines are mouse myeloma cell lines that are sensitive to culture medium containing hypoxanthine, aminopterin and thymidine ("HAT medium").
• HAT-sensitive mouse myeloma cells are fused to mouse splenocytes using polyethylene glycol (PEG 3350).
• Hybridoma cells resulting from the fusion are then selected using HAT medium, which kills unfused and unproductively fused myeloma cells (unfused splenocytes die after several days because they are not transformed).
• Hybridomas producing a desired antibody are detected by screening the hybridoma culture
• supernatants for example, for the ability to bind to LFA-3 or CD2, or for their ability to block Jurkat cell adhesion to sheep red blood cells.
• Useful hybridomas may also be identified by screening for the ability to inhibit T cell activation. Subcloning of the hybridoma cultures by limiting dilution is typically performed to ensure monoclonality.
• hybridoma cells that tested positive in such screening assays are cultured in a nutrient medium under conditions and for a time sufficient to allow the hybridoma cells to secrete the monoclonal antibodies into the culture medium.
• Tissue culture techniques and culture media suitable for hybridoma cell culture are well known. The conditioned hybridoma culture
• supernatant may be collected and the desired antibodies optionally further purified by well known methods.
• the desired antibody may be produced by injecting the hybridoma cells into the peritoneal cavity of a Pristane-primed [2,6,10,14-tetramethylpentadecane (Aldridge Chemical Co.,
• the hybridoma cells proliferate in the peritoneal cavity and secrete the antibody which accumulates in ascites fluid.
• the antibody may be harvested by withdrawing the ascites fluid from the peritoneal cavity with a syringe.
• LFA-3 and CD2 binding proteins useful in the present invention may also be recombinant antibodies produced by host cells transformed with DNA encoding immunoglobulin light and heavy chains of a desired antibody, or LFA-3 or CD2-binding portions thereof.
• Recombinant antibodies may be produced by well known genetic engineering techniques. See, e.g.. United States patent 4,816,397, which is incorporated herein by reference.
• recombinant antibodies may be produced by cloning cDNA or genomic DNA encoding the immunoglobulin light and heavy chains of the desired antibody from a hybridoma cell that produces an
• the cDNA or genomic DNA encoding those polypeptides is then inserted into expression vectors so that both DNA sequences are operatively linked to one or more transcriptional and translational expression control sequences.
• the expression vector and expression control sequences are chosen to be compatible with the expression host cell used.
• both DNA sequences are inserted into the same expression vector, although the two DNA sequences may also be inserted into different expression vectors.
• Prokaryotic or eukaryotic host cells may be used as expression hosts. Expression in eukaryotic host cells is preferred because such cells are more likely than prokaryotic cells to assemble and secrete a properly folded and immunologically active antibody. However, any antibody produced that is inactive due to improper folding may be renaturable according to well known methods (Kim and Baldwin, "Specific Intermediates in the Folding Reactions of Small Proteins and the Mechanism of Protein Folding", Ann. Rev. Biochem., 51, pp. 459-89 (1982)). It is possible that the host cells will produce portions of intact antibodies useful in this invention, such as light chain dimers or heavy chain dimers.
• Chimeric recombinant antibodies may be produced by transforming a host cell with a suitable expression vector comprising DNA encoding the desired immunoglobulin light and heavy chains in which all or some of the DNA encoding the hinge and constant regions of the heavy and/or the light chain have been
• exemplary chimeric recombinant antibody has mouse variable regions and human hinge and constant regions. See generally. United States patent 4,816,397 and Morrison et al., "Chimeric Human Antibody Molecules: Mouse Antigen-Binding Domains With Human Constant Region Domains", Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 81, pp. 6851-55 (1984).
• Humanized recombinant anti-LFA-3 or anti-CD2 antibodies may be produced by transforming a host cell with a suitable expression vector comprising DNA encoding the desired nonhuman immunoglobulin light and heavy chains in which all or some of the DNA encoding amino acids not involved in antigen binding have been substituted with DNA from the corresponding region of a desired human immunoglobulin light or heavy chain. See generally, Jones et al., "Replacing The
• Anti-LFA-3 and anti-CD2 antibodies that are not intact are also useful in this invention, and may be derived from any of the antibodies described above.
• antigen-binding fragments, as well as full-length monomeric, dimeric or trimeric polypeptides derived from the above-described antibodies are also useful in this invention, and may be derived from any of the antibodies described above.
• antigen-binding fragments, as well as full-length monomeric, dimeric or trimeric polypeptides derived from the above-described antibodies are also useful in this invention, and may be derived from any of the antibodies described above.
• antigen-binding fragments, as well as full-length monomeric, dimeric or trimeric polypeptides derived from the above-described antibodies are also useful in this invention, and may be derived from any of the antibodies described above.
• antigen-binding fragments, as well as full-length monomeric, dimeric or trimeric polypeptides derived from the above-described antibodies are also useful in this invention, and may be
• Useful binding proteins of this type include Fab fragments. Fab' fragments, F(ab') 2 fragments, F(v) fragments, heavy chain monomers or dimers, light chain monomers or dimers, dimers
• Antibody fragments may also be produced by chemical methods, e.g., by cleaving an intact antibody with a protease, such as pepsin or papain, and
• Heavy and light chain monomers may be produced by treating an intact antibody with a reducing agent, such as dithiothreitol, followed by purification to separate the chains. Heavy and light chain monomers may also be produced by host cells transformed with DNA encoding either the desired heavy chain or light chain, but not both. See, e.g., Ward et al., "Binding Activities Of A Repertoire Of Single Immunoglobulin Variable Domains Secreted From
• Catalytic Antibodies Construction Of A Heavy Chain Variable Region-Specific cDNA Library", Proc. Natl.
• LFA-3 and CD2 binding proteins useful in the methods of the present invention include soluble CD2 and LFA-3 polypeptides. Soluble LFA-3 polypeptides are preferred.
• Soluble LFA-3 polypeptides may be derived from the transmembrane form of LFA-3, particularly the extracellular domain (e.g., AA 1 -AA 187 of SEQ ID NO:2). Such polypeptides are described in United States patent 4,956,281 and co-pending, commonly assigned United States patent applications 07/667,971 and 07/770,967, which are herein incorporated by reference. Preferred soluble LFA-3 polypeptides include polypeptides
• a bacteriophage comprising a DNA sequence encoding SEQ ID NO: 2 (i.e., SEQ ID NO:1) is deposited with American Type Culture Collection, Rockville,
• Soluble LFA-3 polypeptides may also be derived from the PI-linked form of LFA-3, such as those described in PCT patent application WO 90/02181.
• a vector comprising a DNA sequence encoding Pi-linked LFA-3 i.e., SEQ ID NO: 3 is deposited with American Type Culture Collection, Rockville, Maryland, under the accession number ATCC 68788. Since the PI-linked form of LFA-3 and the transmembrane form of LFA-3 have identical amino acid sequences through the entire extracellular domain, the preferred soluble LFA-3 polypeptides derived from PI-linked LFA-3 are the same as those derived from the transmembrane form of LFA-3.
• Soluble CD2 polypeptides may be derived from full length CD2, particularly the extracellular domain (e.g., AA 1 -AA 185 of SEQ ID NO: 6). Such polypeptides may comprise all or part of the extracellular domain of CD2. Suitable soluble CD2 polypeptides are described in PCT WO 90/08187, which is herein incorporated by reference.
• polypeptides may be derived from intact transmembrane LFA-3 or CD2 molecules or an intact PI-linked LFA-3 molecule by proteolysis using specific endopeptidases in combination with exopeptidases, Edman degradation, or both.
• the intact LFA-3 molecule or the intact CD2 molecule may be purified from its natural source using conventional methods.
• the intact LFA-3 or CD2 may be produced by known
• the soluble polypeptides useful in the present invention are produced directly, thus eliminating the need for obtaining an entire LFA-3 molecule or an entire CD2 molecule as a starting material. This may be achieved by conventional chemical synthesis techniques or by well-known
• DNA sequence which encodes the desired soluble LFA-3 polypeptide or soluble CD2 polypeptide may be
• oligonucleotide synthesizer synthesized by chemical means using an oligonucleotide synthesizer.
• Such oligonucleotides are designed based on the amino acid sequence of the desired soluble LFA-3 polypeptide or soluble CD2 polypeptide.
• Specific DNA sequences coding for the desired polypeptide also can be derived from the full length DNA sequence by
• the soluble LFA-3 and CD2 polypeptides may be isolated from the fermentation or culture of
• transfected host cells and purified using any of a variety of conventional methods.
• One of skill in the art may select the most appropriate isolation and purification techniques.
• polypeptides useful in this invention can be any polypeptides useful in this invention.
• LFA-3 and CD2 binding proteins useful in the methods of this invention are LFA-3 and CD2 mimetic agents. These agents are peptides, semi-peptidic compounds or non-peptidic compounds which bind to CD2 (LFA-3 mimetic) or to LFA-3 (CD2 mimetic) and inhibit the CD2/LFA-3 interaction, inhibit T cell activation or both.
• Such mimetic agents may be produced by synthesizing a plurality of peptides (e.g., 5-20 amino acids in length), semi-peptidic compounds or non- peptidic, organic compounds, and then screening those compounds for their ability to inhibit the CD2/LFA-3 interaction or for their ability to inhibit T cell activation or both. See generally United States patent 4,833,092; Scott and Smith, "Searching for Peptide Ligands with an Epitope Library", Science. 249,
• LFA-3 and CD2 binding proteins are also useful in the methods of this invention.
• derivatized forms including fusions or hybrids, of the foregoing LFA-3 and CD2 binding proteins in which, for example, any of the LFA-3 or CD2 binding proteins described herein are functionally linked (by chemical coupling, genetic fusion or otherwise) to one or more of the same or different LFA-3 and CD2 binding
• One type of derivatized binding protein is produced by crosslinking two or more LFA-3 or CD2 binding proteins (of the same type or of different types).
• Suitable crosslinkers include those that are heterobifunctional, having two distinctly reactive groups separated by an appropriate spacer (e.g., m-maleimidobenzoyl-N-hydroxysuccinimide ester) or homobifunctional (e.g., disuccinimidyl suberate).
• Such linkers are available from Pierce Chemical Company, Rockford, Illinois.
• PI linkage signal sequence in PI- linked LFA-3, or fragments thereof.
• DNA encoding the Pi-linkage signal sequence e.g., AA 162 -AA 212 of SEQ ID NO:4
• DNA encoding a desired polypeptide preferably a soluble LFA-3 polypeptide. If this construct is expressed in an appropriate eukaryotic cell, the cell will recognize the PI linkage signal sequence and will covalently link PI to the polypeptide. The hydrophobic property of the PI may then be exploited to form micellar aggregates of the polypeptides.
• proteins linked to one or more pharmaceutical agents e.g., a fusion or hybrid protein.
• pharmaceutical agents include biologically active peptides, polypeptides and proteins, such as antibodies specific for a polypeptide other than LFA-3 or CD2.
• immunosuppressants for example, cyclosporine A, prednisone, FK506, methotrexate, steroids, and
• Preferred derivatized binding proteins include recombinantly produced polypeptides in which a soluble LFA-3 polypeptide, soluble CD2 polypeptide, or a peptidyl CD2 or peptidyl LFA-3 mimetic agent is fused to all or part of an immunoglobulin heavy chain hinge region and all or part of an immunoglobulin heavy chain constant region.
• fusion proteins are expected to exhibit prolonged serum half-lives and to facilitate binding protein dimerization.
• Preferred polypeptides for preparing such fusion proteins are soluble LFA-3 polypeptides, most preferably a soluble LFA-3 polypeptide selected from the group consisting of AA 1 -AA 92 of SEQ ID NO:2, AA 1 -AA 80 of SEQ ID NO: 2, AA 50 -AA 65 of SEQ ID NO:2 and AA 20 -AA 80 of
• a bacteriophage comprising a DNA sequence encoding SEQ ID NO:2 (i.e., SEQ ID NO:1) is deposited with the American Type Culture Collection, Rockville, Maryland, under the accession number ATCC 75107.
• the most preferred fusion proteins of this type contain the amino terminal 92 amino acids of mature LFA-3, the C-terminal 10 amino acids of a human IgG 1 hinge region containing the two cysteine residues thought to participate in interchain disulfide bonding, and the C H 2 and C H 3 regions of a human IgG 1 heavy chain constant domain (e.g., SEQ ID NO:8).
• This fusion protein is referred to herein as "LFA3TIP.”
• a plasmid, pSAB152, encoding an exemplary LFA3TIP is deposited with American Type Culture Collection, Rockville,
• the DNA sequence of the pSAB152 insert is SEQ ID NO:7.
• conditioned culture medium of COS7 cells transfected with pSAB152 was concentrated using an AMICON S1Y30 spiral cartridge system (AMICON, Danvers, Massachusetts) and subjected to Protein A-Sepharose 4B (Sigma, St. Louis, Missouri)
• the methods according to this invention improve tolerance of transplanted allograft tissue or xenograft tissue by administering to a mammal the graft tissue and one or more LFA-3 or CD2 binding proteins, including derivatized forms thereof.
• the LFA-3 or CD2 binding proteins may alternatively be administered as part of a pharmaceutical composition.
• Useful pharmaceutical compositions will comprise one or more LFA-3 or CD2 binding proteins, including derivatized forms thereof, typically in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
• pharmaceutically acceptable carrier is meant a carrier that does not cause an allergic reaction or other untoward effect in patients to whom it is
• Suitable pharmaceutically acceptable carriers include, for example, one or more of water, saline, phosphate buffered saline, dextrose, glycerol, ethanol and the like, as well as combinations thereof.
• Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers may further comprise minor amounts of auxiliary substances such as wetting or emulsifying agents, preservatives or buffers, which enhance the shelf life or effectiveness of the LFA-3 or CD2 binding protein.
• auxiliary substances such as wetting or emulsifying agents, preservatives or buffers, which enhance the shelf life or effectiveness of the LFA-3 or CD2 binding protein.
• the LFA-3 or CD2 binding proteins or
• compositions useful in this invention will preferably be administered in an "effective amount,” meaning an amount capable of improving tolerance to an allograft or xenograft as defined herein.
• administration schedule the unit dose administered, whether the LFA-3 or CD2 binding protein is
• compositions may further be used in conjunction with general immunosuppressive agents.
• general immunosuppressive agents include, for example, cyclosporine, azathioprine and steroids, such as Depo-Medrol
• cyclosporine may be administered at 2-25 mg/kg/day p.o. starting the day before surgery
• azathioprine may be administered at 50-200 mg/day
• Solumederol may be administered at 125 mg i.v. at the time of
• prednisone may be administered at 1 mg/kg/day p.o. starting on the second post-operative day or
• Depo-Medrol may be administered at 0.8 mg/kg/day i.m. starting on the second post-operative day.
• the above dosages will, of course, be varied by the practitioner depending upon factors well known to those of skill in the art. In general, when used in conjunction with an LFA-3 or CD2 binding protein, it will be desired to use the lowest possible effective concentration of such immunosuppressive agents.
• the pharmaceutical compositions may further comprise other therapeutic or prophylactic agents.
• the LFA-3 or CD2 binding protein and the other active agent may be in the form of a single conjugated molecule. Conjugation of the two components may be achieved by standard cross-linking techniques well known in the art. A single molecule may also take the form of a recombinant fusion protein.
• the additional immunosuppressive, therapeutic or prophylactic agents may be administered in single dosage form with the LFA-3 or CD2 binding protein, in a multiple dosage form separately from the LFA-3 or CD2 binding protein, but contemporaneously, or in a
• combination therapies may advantageously utilize lower dosages of the immunosuppressive, therapeutic or prophylactic agents.
• compositions or LFA-3 or CD2 binding proteins may be in a variety of forms.
• solid, semi-solid and liquid dosage forms such as tablets, pills, powders, liquid solutions, dispersions or suspensions,
• liposomes liposomes, suppositories, injectable and infusible solutions.
• the preferred form depends on the intended mode of administration and therapeutic application.
• the preferred form is injectable or infusible
• the LFA-3 or CD2 binding protein will be suspended in a sterile saline solution for therapeutic uses.
• the pharmaceutical compositions may alternatively be formulated to control release of the active ingredients or to prolong their presence in a recipient's system.
• suitable drug delivery systems include, e.g., hydrogels, hydroxymethylcellulose, microcapsules, liposomes, microemulsions, microspheres, and the like.
• a mammal that is to receive transplanted graft tissue and an LFA-3 binding protein is administered a dose between about 0.01 and about 10 mg LFA-3 binding protein per kg body weight, more preferably between about 0.1 and about 5 mg LFA-3 binding protein per kg body weight, and most preferably between about 0.1 and about 2 mg LFA-3 binding protein per kg body weight.
• a mammal that is to receive transplanted graft tissue and a CD2 binding protein is administered a dose between about 0.01 and about 10 mg CD2 binding protein per kg body weight, more preferably between about 0.01 and about 2 mg CD2 binding protein per kg body weight, and most preferably between about 0.01 and about 1 mg CD2 binding protein per kg body weight.
• the LFA-3 or CD2 binding protein or composition should be administered about once per day until, within the judgment of the practitioner, the danger of rejection of the allograft or xenograft tissue has diminished.
• the length of administration of the LFA-3 or CD2 binding protein or composition is dependent upon the mammal's acceptance of the graft tissue.
• General clinical indications of rejection will vary with the particular organ transplanted. However, fever, malaise and organ dysfunction are typical clinical indications of rejection. Symptoms of organ dysfunction depend upon the organ transplanted, but are characterized by well known and recognized indicia to those of skill in the art.
• the success of the treatment may be measured by a variety of methods including biopsies, such as incisional myocardial biopsy or percutaneous
• the method of the present invention in a preferred embodiment for allograft tissue, comprises administering the LFA-3 or CD2 binding protein once per day for two consecutive days before the transplant and once per day for one to ten consecutive days after the transplant. More preferably, the LFA-3 or CD2 binding protein is administered once per day for two
• the method of the present invention in a preferred embodiment for xenograft tissue, comprises administering, before the transplant, an LFA-3 or CD2 binding protein contemporaneously with tissue from the xenograft source.
• an LFA-3 or CD2 binding protein contemporaneously with tissue from the xenograft source.
• the binding protein is bound to the tissue from the xenograft source at saturating levels.
• administration of one occurs within approximately zero to six hours of the other.
• the tissue from the xenograft source and the LFA-3 or CD2 binding protein are administered within approximately zero to one hour of each other. Either may be administered first. It is preferable, however, that the binding protein be administered prior to tissue from the xenograft source.
• the contemporaneous administration is followed by the administration of LFA-3 or CD2 binding protein before the transplant.
• the LFA-3 or CD2 binding protein is administered before the xenograft transplant once per day for two consecutive days, then
• the xenograft source species and recipient species are unusually discordant, it may be necessary to administer the LFA-3 or CD2 binding protein contemporaneously with tissue from the xenograft source once per day for two consecutive days according to the above schedules.
• the binding protein is administered once per day for five to ten consecutive days after the contemporaneous administration and before the transplant according to the above schedules.
• the contemporaneous administration of the LFA-3 or CD2 binding protein and tissue from the xenograft source is simultaneous.
• tissue from the xenograft source to the mammal contemporaneously with LFA-3 or CD2 binding protein with the intent of inhibiting the development of a population of activated cells
• contemporaneous administration of LFA-3 or CD2 binding proteins induces tolerance to the specific subset of antigens carried by cells from the specific xenograft source.
• any tissue from the xenograft source may be appropriate, however blood cells from the xenograft source are preferred. Such tissue should be administered in an amount sufficient to elicit an immune response.
• the preferred method of administration of tissue from the xenograft source is intravenous. The administration of between about 1 ⁇ 10 6 to about 1 ⁇ 10 8 whole blood cells most preferably will serve as the tissue from the xenograft source. It will be recognized, however, that lower or higher dosages and other administration schedules may be employed.
• the LFA-3 or CD2 binding protein or pharmaceutical composition may be administered
• the graft tissue is perfused with an effective amount of LFA-3 or CD2 binding protein before implantation into the mammal.
• the graft tissue is perfused with enough LFA-3 or CD2 binding protein to saturate all CD2 or LFA-3 sites on the graft tissue before implantation into the mammal.
• 1E6 hybridoma cells (ATCC HB 10693) were grown in RPMI 1640 medium supplemented with 2% fetal calf serum, 150 ⁇ g/ml streptomycin and 50 ⁇ g/ml gentamicin (GIBCO Life Technologies, Gaithersburg, Maryland) in three 40 liter stirred glass vessels (Bellco, # 196536000) at 37°C for 7 - 10 days.
• the conditioned media was pooled and collected into 100 liter carboys (NALGENE) .
• Sodium azide was added to make the pooled suspension 0.02% final concentration.
• the cell debris was removed through a 5 ⁇ filter cartridge (Polygard, #CN5001E06, Millipore, Bedford, Massachusetts) followed by a 0.3 ⁇ filter cartridge (Polygard, #CN0301E06, Millipore, Bedford,
• the clarified supernatant was concentrated 50 to 100 fold using a YM30 S10 spiral filter cartridge (AMICON, Danvers, Massachusetts) at 4°C.
• the concentrate from 50 liters of conditioned media was diluted with two volumes of equilibration buffer (3 M glycine, 1.5 M sodium
• the column was washed with equilibration buffer and the bound proteins were subsequently eluted with 100 mM sodium citrate, pH 3.0. The eluted
• Protein A-purified 1E6 was prepared from a total of about 200 liters of conditioned media. The various pools were thawed, combined and concentrated to about 10 mg/ml protein in a 2 liter Amicon stirred cell using a YM30 filter
• MOPC21 was purified from ascites purchased from the Sigma Chemical Corporation (St. Louis,
• Protein A loading buffer 3 M glycine, 1.5 M sodium chloride, pH 8.9, and passing it over 25 ml of Protein A-Sepharose (Schleicher and Schuell, Keene, New
• the column was washed with the loading buffer until the optical density at 280 nm returned to a baseline level.
• the bound IgG was eluted with 50 mM sodium acetate, pH 3.0, at room temperature and dialyzed overnight against 50 volumes of phosphate buffered saline at 4°C. After dialysis, the MOPC21 was passed through a 1 liter Superose-6 gel filtration column (Pharmacia, Piscataway, New Jersey) developed in phosphate buffered saline at room
• Anti-LFA-3 Monoclonal Antibody 1E6 The general toxicity of anti-LFA-3 monoclonal antibody 1E6 and the potential effect on the physical condition, hematology and blood chemistry of baboons was evaluated. The general physical condition of the baboons remained unchanged throughout the study. No obvious or immediate side effects could be observed. Hematology and blood chemistries generally remained normal. In particular, Na + , Cl-, K + , creatine, blood urea nitrogen and liver enzymes AST and ALT levels all remained with normal limits. In addition, blood cell counts, including hematocrit, white blood cells, lymphocytes, monocytes, segmented neutrophils and eosinophils, generally stayed within normal ranges.
• Serum was prepared from blood drawn four hours after antibody injection. For the baboons injected with 1E6 (baboons A and B), additional serum was collected at the 24 hour time point, just before the antibody injections on days one to five. Serum was also collected on days 8, 11 and 14. Serum levels of MOPC21 and 1E6 were determined by measurement of mouse IgG levels with an ELISA using microtiter plates coated with goat anti-mouse IgG (Jackson Immunoresearch,
• Example 1 Serum levels of 1E6 capable of binding to LFA-3 (i.e., "active” 1E6) were measured with an ELISA using microtiter plates coated with a soluble LFA-3 polypeptide consisting of AA 1 -AA 184 of LFA-3 (see U. S. patent 4 , 956, 281, which is herein incorporated by reference) .
• This ELISA was also standardized with 1E6 purified as described in Example 1.
• binding of 1E6 or MOPC21 to microtiter plates was detected using a second goat anti-mouse antibody that was labelled with alkaline phosphatase (Jackson Immunoresearch, Malvern,
• the bound immunoglobulin was quantified by the colorimetric conversion of the alkaline
• Thermomax (Molecular Devices, Palo Alto, California) .
• the ELISA reader was at a wavelength of 405 nm. (Data not shown. )
• Serum levels of 1E6 and MOPC21 peaked between day four and day five (about 40-80 ⁇ g/ml antibody) and returned to pre- injection levels between day eight and day eleven. Serum levels of 1E6, 24 hours after injection, consistent y decreased between 50% and 80% of the level at four hours after injection for serum collected on days 1-5. In comparison, MOPC21 levels decreased only between 10% and 20% after 24 hours. The percentage of active 1E6 in serum varied between 40% and 70%. 1E6 serum levels were higher in baboon B as compared to baboon A (9.5 kg compared to 12 kg body weight) , possibly as a result of different tissue space distribution.
• the titer of anti-1E6 antibodies in the treated baboon serum was determined by ELISA. Purified 1E6 was coupled to microtiter plates and serum from each bleed was assayed at increasing dilutions . (Data not shown. )
• lymphocytes were isolated from antibody-injected baboons and assayed for T cell dependent B cell
• peripheral blood lymphocytes were isolated on Ficoll-Hypaque (Pharmacia, Piscataway, New Jersey), according to the
• Peripheral blood lymphocytes were stored overnight in tissue culture medium containing 10% fetal calf serum at room
• T cell Dependent B-Cell Activation Assay The T cell dependent B cell activation to immunoglobulin secretion can be blocked by anti-LFA-3 antibodies (MOPC21 is used as a control).
• Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were purified from whole blood on Ficoll Hypaque density medium (Pharmacia, Piscataway, New Jersey), according to the manufacturer's instructions.
• Ficoll Hypaque density medium Pharmacia, Piscataway, New Jersey
• physiologically compatible culture medium RPMI 1640, GIBCO Life Technologies, Gaithersburg, Maryland
• FACStar Becton Dickinson Corporation, Mountainview, California
• fluorescently labelled antibodies specific for macrophage/monocyte cell surface antigens and cultured in 96-well round bottom plates (RPMI 1640 supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum, 2 mM glutamine, 5 ⁇ 10-5 M ß-mercaptoethanol and nonessential amino acids (GIBCO Life Technologies, Gaithersburg, Maryland)).
• T cells activate B cells to secrete immunoglobulin.
• the B cells are not activated in the absence of T cells.
• the immunoglobulin secreted into the culture medium was measured by sampling culture medium on day seven and day twelve after the initiation of the culture.
• the supernatant (cell free) samples were analyzed for baboon immunoglobulin using an ELISA in which the assay plates were coated with goat anti-human immunoglobulin (Jackson Immunoresearch, Malvern, Pennsylvania), which also recognizes baboon immunoglobulin, but does not bind to immunoglobulin present in the fetal calf serum or to mouse
• immunoglobulins The immunoglobulins from the culture supernatants that were bound to the goat anti-human immunoglobulin-coated plates were detected using a second goat anti-human immunoglobulin reagent to which an enzyme, alkaline phosphatase, had been coupled
• the bound immunoglobulin was quantified by the colorimetric conversion of the alkaline phosphatase substrate pNPP (para-nitrophenylphosphate) to its colored product.
• Figure 1 displays relative absorbance units at 405 nm from the ELISA assay for assays
• T cell dependent B cell Ig production decreased on the second day of 1E6
• Ig production was higher on days 1-11 as compared to the level before the
• peripheral blood lymphocytes showed increased levels of Ig production between days two and eleven as compared to the level on day zero.
• PHA phytohemagglutinin
• Peripheral blood lymphocytes from baboon A responded to anti-CD2 monoclonal antibodies and PHA. After day four, proliferation in response to those agents was inhibited about nine fold and remained low until at least day fourteen.
• Hematology and blood chemistries generally remained normal.
• Na + , Cl-, K + , creatine, blood urea nitrogen and liver enzymes AST and ALT levels all remained within normal limits.
• blood cell counts including hematocrit, white blood cells, lymphocytes, monocytes, segmented neutrophils, and eosinophils, generally stayed within normal ranges.
• the ratio of CD4/CD8 expressing cells also stayed within normal ranges.
• Plasma levels of LFA3TIP 10 days after the last injection were still about 32% of the LFA3TIP levels immediately following the last injection, which indicates a much longer half-life than generally observed with murine monoclonal antibodies.
• Fluorescent labeling of CD4 and CD8 expressing cells indicated that about 10% of CD4 + cells and about 90% of CD8 + cells were still coated with LFA3TIP 10 days after the last injection.
• Purified 1E6 prepared as described above was injected into one adult baboon (weight 32 kg) at a dose of 5 mg/kg, starting on day one, for 2 consecutive days before the transplant.
• a cardiac heterotopic allograft transplant was performed with a heart from a young, 3 kg baboon.
• One dose of 5 mg/kg of 1E6 was injected on the day of the transplant and then once a day for ten consecutive days.
• Blood samples were collected two days before transplantation, prior to injection. Blood samples were also collected coincident with transplantation and on the fifth, tenth, sixteenth, nineteenth and twenty-first day after transplantation.
• the graft was palpated on a daily basis and monitored by palpation and visual assessment of heart beat. Electrocardiograms were performed on a weekly basis. A percutaneous endomyocardial biopsy was
• Murine hybridoma cells and antibodies useful in the present invention are exemplified by cultures deposited under the Budapest Treaty with American Type Culture Collection, Rockville, Maryland, U.S.A., on March 5, 1991, and identified as:
• E. coli JA221 transformed with plasmid pSAB152 (encoding LFA3TIP) was deposited under the Budapest Treaty with American Type Culture Collection on October 1, 1991 and identified as:
• a bacteriophage carrying a plasmid encoding transmembrane LFA-3 was deposited under the Budapest Treaty with In Vitro International, Inc., Linthicum, Maryland, U.S.A., on May 28, 1987. This deposit was transferred to American Type Culture Collection on June 20, 1991 and identified as:
• E. coli transformed with a plasmid encoding PI-linked LFA-3 was deposited under the Budapest Treaty with In Vitro International, Inc. on July 22, 1988. This deposit was transferred to American Type Culture Collection on June 20, 1991 and identified as:
• SEQ ID NO: 1 DNA sequence of transmembrane LFA-3
• AAA GGA AAA AAT GTG TTG GAA AAA ATA TTT GAT TTG AAG ATT CAA GAG 384 Lys Gly Lys Asn Val Leu Glu Lys Ile Phe Asp Leu Lys Ile Gln Glu
• GCT ACT GAA GAA AGG GGC CGG AAG CCC CAC CAA ATT CCA
• CCA AAA CCC AAG GAC ACC CTC ATG ATC TCC CGG ACC CCT GAG GTC ACA 480 Pro Lys Pro Lys Asp Thr Leu Met Ile Ser Arg Thr Pro Glu Val Thr

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