EP0607071A1 - Wärmetauscher mit oben durch einen Überlauf gespeistes Sekundärfluid - Google Patents

Wärmetauscher mit oben durch einen Überlauf gespeistes Sekundärfluid Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0607071A1
EP0607071A1 EP94400047A EP94400047A EP0607071A1 EP 0607071 A1 EP0607071 A1 EP 0607071A1 EP 94400047 A EP94400047 A EP 94400047A EP 94400047 A EP94400047 A EP 94400047A EP 0607071 A1 EP0607071 A1 EP 0607071A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
weir
heat exchanger
wall
annular space
exchanger according
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP94400047A
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English (en)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0607071B1 (de
Inventor
Christophe Poussin
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Areva NP SAS
Original Assignee
Framatome SA
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority to FR9300170A priority Critical patent/FR2700383B1/fr
Application filed by Framatome SA filed Critical Framatome SA
Publication of EP0607071A1 publication Critical patent/EP0607071A1/de
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0607071B1 publication Critical patent/EP0607071B1/de
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F22—STEAM GENERATION
    • F22B—METHODS OF STEAM GENERATION; STEAM BOILERS
    • F22B37/00—Component parts or details of steam boilers
    • F22B37/02—Component parts or details of steam boilers applicable to more than one kind or type of steam boiler
    • F22B37/22—Drums; Headers; Accessories therefor
    • F22B37/228—Headers for distributing feedwater into steam generator vessels; Accessories therefor
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
    • F28D21/00—Heat-exchange apparatus not covered by any of the groups F28D1/00 - F28D20/00
    • F28D2021/0019—Other heat exchangers for particular applications; Heat exchange systems not otherwise provided for
    • F28D2021/0054—Other heat exchangers for particular applications; Heat exchange systems not otherwise provided for for nuclear applications

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a heat exchanger such as a steam generator fitted to a nuclear power plant. It relates more precisely to a heat exchanger comprising a cylindrical outer envelope with a substantially vertical axis, inside which is coaxially arranged a cylindrical bundle envelope containing a bundle of heat exchange tubes.
  • the primary fluid generally circulates inside the bundle tubes, while the secondary fluid circulates outside these tubes. More specifically, the secondary fluid is injected into the annular space formed between the outer envelope and the bundle envelope, generally in the upper part of this space, so as to descend into the abovementioned annular space, then to ascend to inside the bundle envelope, benefiting from the heat supplied by the primary fluid which circulates in the tubes.
  • a known solution for injecting the secondary fluid into the upper part of the annular space formed between the outer envelope and the bundle envelope is illustrated by the document FR-A-2 477 265.
  • the secondary fluid enters the generator. steam by a supply pipe which is tightly connected to a closed supply manifold, of toric or semi-toric shape, arranged circumferentially in the top of the annular space.
  • This toroidal or semi-toroidal manifold has, on its upper generatrix, holes to which tubes of inverted J shape are connected, ensuring the injection of the secondary fluid into the annular space.
  • the particular shapes of the secondary fluid injection tubes and of the upper part of the annular space, in which these tubes are housed, as well as the high speed of the jets of secondary fluid leaving the tubes have the consequence that vortices occur in the upper part of the annular space. These vortices are annoying because they reduce the thermal efficiency of the heat exchanger, especially when it is a preheating exchanger.
  • the present invention specifically relates to a heat exchanger in which the injection of the secondary fluid is carried out in the upper part of the annular space by an injection structure whose manufacture and integration are simple, rapid and inexpensive. costly and whose operation does not cause vortices, or the risk of mechanical parts breaking under the effect of differential expansions or the risk of water hammer.
  • the secondary fluid falls from the weir onto the deflecting wall, then flows along the latter, down the annular space.
  • This particularly simple arrangement ensures a better circumferential distribution of the flow over the periphery of the annular space, in particular for low flow supply regimes.
  • the controlled flow of the fluid prevents the formation of vortices, so that the thermal efficiency of the exchanger is preserved.
  • the supply pipe is mechanically dissociated from the supply means formed by the weir and the deflecting wall.
  • this mechanical dissociation is obtained by the fact that the supply piping crosses with play this horizontal upper wall and has no rigid mechanical connection with the weir.
  • the horizontal upper edge is formed on a side wall of the weir, facing outward relative to the vertical axis common to the outer casing and to the bundle casing.
  • One or more devices for trapping migrant bodies are advantageously associated with the means for supplying secondary liquid.
  • Such a device can be placed between the external lateral wall of the weir and the deflecting wall.
  • two devices for trapping migrant bodies are placed in the weir, on either side of the supply piping, the weir being closed between these two devices, so that all of the secondary fluid admitted by the piping feed through the traps of migrant bodies.
  • Each device for trapping migrant bodies is in the form of a grid or an equivalent structure. It prevents objects such as that welding rods, screws, bolts, etc., inadvertently introduced into the secondary circuit of the exchanger during manufacture and entering the exchanger through the supply piping, get caught between the tubes exchange, risking damaging them.
  • the dimensions of the through holes formed in the device for trapping migrant bodies are therefore at most equal to the minimum spacing between two adjacent tubes of the bundle.
  • venting perforations may possibly be made on the horizontal upper wall of the weir.
  • one of the side walls of the weir is advantageously formed either by the bundle envelope, or by this intermediate skirt.
  • FIG. 1 shows a steam generator of the preheating type, to which the invention is particularly suitable. It will however be observed that the invention can also be used in a steam generator of the boiler type or in any other heat exchanger having a neighboring structure.
  • the reference 10 designates the outer envelope of revolution, of vertical axis, of a steam generator intended to ensure the transfer of heat between the primary water circuit and the secondary water-steam circuit of a pressurized water nuclear reactor. More specifically, this outer casing 10 comprises a lower part 10a, of relatively small diameter, an upper part 10b, of relatively large diameter, and an intermediate part 10c, of frustoconical shape.
  • This envelope 10 defines an enclosed interior space which is separated into a primary lower zone and a secondary upper zone by a horizontal tube plate 12 tightly connected to the envelope 10, at the junction between the lower part 10a and the hemispherical bottom. of the envelope.
  • a vertical partition 14 divides the primary lower zone, usually called a water box, into an intake manifold 16 and an evacuation manifold 18 of the water circulating in the primary circuit of the reactor.
  • a bundle of inverted U-shaped tubes 24 is tightly connected to the tube plate 12, in the secondary upper zone delimited by the latter. More precisely, the two ends of each of the tubes 24 open respectively into the intake manifold 16 and into the discharge manifold 18.
  • the bundle of tubes 24 is surrounded and capped by a bundle casing 26, arranged coaxially inside the outer casing 10.
  • the upper wall of this bundle casing 26 is situated substantially at the junction between the upper part 10b and the intermediate part 10c of the outer casing 10. This upper wall is traversed by passages which communicate with water-steam separators and with drying devices (not shown) housed in the upper part 10b and which lead to the 'upper end of the outer casing 10 by a steam outlet pipe 28.
  • This pipe 28 connects the steam generator to a secondary circuit (not shown).
  • the bundle casing 26 defines with the outer casing 10 an annular space 30.
  • means 32 for supplying secondary water are placed in the upper part of the annular space 30.
  • a piping 44 d secondary water supply connects the supply means 32 to the aforementioned secondary circuit, passing through the envelope exterior 10. Different embodiments of these supply means 32 will be described in detail below.
  • the lower edge of the bundle casing 26 is spaced from the tube plate 12, so that the secondary water injected into the top of the annular space 30 by the device 32 descends into this annular space and then rises around the tubes 24, in a space 33 delimited inside the bundle envelope 26.
  • the secondary water heats up under the effect of the heat exchange which then takes place between the water primary and secondary water through the walls of the tubes 24. Consequently, when the secondary water arrives in the upper part of the space 33, it is in the state of vapor.
  • the water vapor thus formed then passes through the water-steam separators and the drying devices located at the top of the outer casing 10, before leaving the steam generator through the piping 28.
  • a skirt 34 In the case, illustrated in FIG. 1, of a preheating steam generator, a skirt 34, of semi-circular section, surrounds the part of the bundle casing 26 situated vertically of the exhaust manifold 18 and in which are placed the descending branches, called “cold branches", of the tubes 24. More precisely, the skirt 34 is terminated at each of its circumferential ends by two radial partitions 35 (FIG. 3) which are tightly connected to the bundle envelope 26. The skirt 34 extends over most of the height of the bundle envelope 26 and its lower edge is connected to the tube plate 12 by a semi-sealed connection (not shown).
  • This supply space 36 communicates at its base with the space 33 delimited inside the bundle envelope 26 by a passage formed between the lower edge of the bundle envelope and the tube plate 12.
  • the upper part 34a of the skirt 34 has a frustoconical shape flared upwards, so as to remain parallel to the frustoconical intermediate part 10c of the outer casing 10.
  • a vertical plate 40 is fixed to the tube plate 12, between the hot and cold branches of the tubes 24, in the lower part of the interior space 33.
  • the steam generator illustrated in FIG. 1 further comprises a number of horizontal spacer plates (not shown) making it possible, conventionally, to hold the tubes 24 inside the bundle envelope 26.
  • the means 32 for supplying secondary water in accordance with the invention essentially comprise a weir 62 and a deflecting wall 54.
  • the supply pipe 44 passes radially through the upper part 10b of the outer casing 10 of the steam generator, immediately above the intermediate part 10c.
  • the supply pipe 44 includes an elbow 44a oriented 90 ° downwards, then an inverted tee 44b, the vertical branch of which is connected to the elbow 44a and the horizontal lower branch of which opens out through its two ends inside the weir 62 along two substantially opposite horizontal directions.
  • This lower horizontal branch of the inverted tee 44b has an axis in an arc centered on the vertical axis of the envelopes 10 and 26, as illustrated in FIG. 3.
  • the supply piping 44 enters the steam generator at a location situated on the side of the cold branches of the tubes 24 and, more precisely, along an axis oriented perpendicular to the median plane of the steam generator , separating the hot branches and the cold branches of the tubes 24.
  • the horizontal lower branch of the tee 44b by which this supply pipe 44 opens into the weir 62 extends circumferentially on either side of the aforementioned axis, on the same circumferential length corresponding to an angle of about 30 °.
  • the horizontal lower branch of the tee 44b, as well as the weir 62 and the deflecting wall 54 are located in the annular space 32, mainly at a level slightly lower than that of the upper edge of the skirt 34, which coincides approximately with the junction between the upper part 10b and the frustoconical intermediate part 10c of the outer envelope 10.
  • the overflow 62 constitutes a chute or a gutter which has a U-shaped cross section.
  • the weir 62 is then closed at each of its circumferential ends by a vertical wall advantageously merged with the radial partitions 35 (FIG. 3) which delimit at this level the supply space 36.
  • the weir 62 has a vertical inner side wall 52, a horizontal bottom 53 and an outer side wall 62a.
  • the inner side wall 52 has the shape of a half-cylinder centered on the vertical axis of the exchanger and whose diameter is constant over its entire height. It is located in the immediate vicinity of the bundle envelope 26 and extends, in the case illustrated in the figures of a preheating steam generator, over the half-circumference corresponding to the supply space 36.
  • the inner side wall 52 extends downward beyond the bottom 53 of the weir. It also extends upwards to a level higher than that of a horizontal upper edge 64 of the external side wall 62a, so as to support a horizontal upper wall 50 of the weir 62.
  • This horizontal upper wall 50 is situated at a level slightly higher than that of the upper edge of the skirt 34. In addition, it completely covers the weir 62 and extends radially outwards, beyond the external lateral wall 62a of the weir, to support the deflecting wall 54.
  • the horizontal upper edge 64 of the outer side wall 62a is spaced from this horizontal upper wall, so as to provide a passage for the secondary water admitted into the weir 62 by the piping. food 44.
  • the horizontal upper wall 50 has a circular passage 56 which crosses the vertical branch of the tee 44b of the supply piping. More specifically, this circular passage 56 has a diameter substantially greater than the outside diameter of this vertical branch, so as to provide a clearance between these two structures. Since there is, moreover, no rigid mechanical connection between the supply piping 44 and the overflow 62, this clearance makes it easier to assemble and to take into account the differential expansions which occur during operation of the steam generator. In addition, it allows a limited passage of the fluid which is in operation inside the weir 62, in order to allow venting of this weir. Perforations 58 ( Figure 3) can also be made on the horizontal upper wall 50 of the weir 62, to also contribute to the venting of this weir.
  • the tee 44b through which the supply pipe 44 opens into the weir 62 is located inside the latter, the mouths of the tee 44b being located entirely at a level below that of the horizontal upper edge 64. More precisely , the upper generatrix of the horizontal lower branch of the tee 44b is situated at a level lower than that of the edge 64.
  • the secondary water admitted into the steam generator through the supply pipe 44 first fills the weir 62, before flowing over the edge 64.
  • the deflecting wall 54 extends downward from the outer peripheral edge of the wall horizontal upper 50.
  • this deflecting wall 54 has, over most of its height, the shape of a half truncated cone oriented substantially parallel to the truncated cones formed at this level by the intermediate part 10c of the envelope outer 10 and by the upper part 34a of the skirt 34.
  • the angle of the half truncated cone formed by the wall 54 is however slightly smaller than that formed by the outer casing 10 and by the skirt 34, so that the passage formed between the deflecting wall 54 and the upper part 34a of the skirt 34 has a section which decreases progressively while going downwards.
  • the upper part 54a of the deflecting wall 54 is of cylindrical shape and has a uniform diameter over its entire height.
  • the deflecting wall 54 is situated outside the external lateral wall 62a of the weir 62 and at a certain distance from this wall 62a. In other words, the deflecting wall 54 is located opposite the horizontal upper edge 64 of the external side wall 62a of the weir, and it extends downward and obliquely below this edge.
  • the secondary water which flows by pouring over the horizontal upper edge 64 falls towards the deflecting wall 54, to flow downwards, along the latter. wall, in the supply space 36.
  • this characteristic makes it possible to inject almost all of the secondary water flow on the side of the cold branches tubes, which ensures optimal performance of the steam generator.
  • the secondary water supply device according to the invention can be easily mounted in the factory, so that its integration during assembly of the steam generator can be carried out easily and without loss of time.
  • the horizontal upper wall 50 of the overflow 62 further forms a floor allowing workers to more easily make the final joint for joining the upper and lower parts of the outer casing 10, before exit the steam generator through the manholes provided for this purpose. Maintenance of the steam generator is also facilitated by the simplicity of the structure of the secondary water supply device according to the invention.
  • a device for trapping migrant bodies can advantageously be integrated into the device for supplying secondary water according to the invention.
  • This device for trapping migrant bodies is constituted by a grid 60 or by any equivalent device such as a perforated plate.
  • the grid 60 or the equivalent device delimits passages whose dimensions are at most equal to those which separate the tubes 24 closest to the bundle of tubes.
  • the migrant bodies possibly present in the secondary circuit and whose dimensions would risk entraining them between the tubes 24 and, consequently, damaging the latter, are thus automatically trapped by the grid 60.
  • this grid or the equivalent device are chosen in order to reduce as little as possible the passage section for secondary water.
  • the grid 66 (or a device equivalent) is placed horizontally in the annular space separating the external lateral wall 62a from the deflecting wall 54, and it occupies all this space.
  • the grid 60 can also be placed below the weir 62, between the walls 52 and 54 and between the radial partitions 35.
  • the weir 62 and the deflecting wall 54 are fixed by means of supports which are mounted as appropriate either on the bundle casing 26 or on the skirt 34.
  • the structure of secondary water supply 32 can however be further simplified either by directly forming the internal lateral wall of the overflow 62 on the bundle casing 26, as illustrated in FIG. 4, or by directly forming the deflecting wall 54 on the skirt 34, as shown in Figure 5.
  • FIG. 4 constitutes the preferred embodiment of the invention, because it combines the simplicity of structure due to the removal of the supports for the recovery of the recirculating water in the preheating space and the removal of any risk of dewatering the end of the supply piping 44 which opens into the weir 62.
  • the deflecting wall is formed directly on the frustoconical upper part 34a of the skirt 34.
  • This upper part 34 then comprises a part high 34b, cylindrical in shape.
  • the horizontal upper wall 50 is fixed directly to the skirt 34.
  • the inverted tee through which the supply pipe 44 opens into the weir 62 can, in certain cases, be eliminated.
  • the piping 44 then opens vertically downwards into the weir 62. It should be noted that this arrangement can be applied to any of the embodiments illustrated in FIGS. 2 to 5.
  • the external lateral wall 62a of the overflow 62 can be provided, on its horizontal upper edge 64a, with regularly spaced tabs 65, welded by their upper end to the horizontal upper wall 50. These tabs 65 contribute to the mechanical rigidity of the structure. They can be replaced by any mechanically equivalent connecting element.
  • FIG. 7 also shows a variant of the installation of the device for trapping migrant bodies.
  • this device comprises two grids 60 placed directly in the weir 62, on either side of the end (for example in tee shape 44b) of the supply piping 44.
  • the external lateral wall 62a of the overflow 62 rises up to the horizontal upper wall 50, to create in the chute a region d closed supply, from which secondary water can escape only through the grids 60.
  • a section 50a of the horizontal upper wall 50 closing the aforementioned supply region, can be dissociated from the rest of this wall and, on the contrary, associated with the supply piping 44.
  • the functional clearance usually provided between the piping 44 and the wall 50 is then transferred between the section 50a and the rest of the horizontal upper wall 50.
  • the invention is not limited to the various embodiments described above, but covers all variants.
  • the invention can also be used on a steam generator of the boiler type without preheating space or with directed supply, or also on any heat exchanger of neighboring structure.
  • the weir 62 instead of extending only over half of the circumference of the annular space 32, the weir 62 can extend over the whole of this circumference.
  • the elbow 44a formed in the supply pipe 44 can be omitted, the latter then crossing with clearance the deflecting wall 54a at the tee 44b through which the supply pipe opens into the weir.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Heat-Exchange Devices With Radiators And Conduit Assemblies (AREA)
EP94400047A 1993-01-11 1994-01-07 Wärmetauscher mit oben durch einen Überlauf gespeistes Sekundärfluid Expired - Lifetime EP0607071B1 (de)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR9300170A FR2700383B1 (fr) 1993-01-11 1993-01-11 Echangeur de chaleur dans lequel l'alimentation en fluide secondaire s'effectue en partie haute par un boîtier d'alimentation ouvert vers le bas.

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR9300170A FR2700383B1 (fr) 1993-01-11 1993-01-11 Echangeur de chaleur dans lequel l'alimentation en fluide secondaire s'effectue en partie haute par un boîtier d'alimentation ouvert vers le bas.
FR9300170 1993-01-11

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0607071A1 true EP0607071A1 (de) 1994-07-20
EP0607071B1 EP0607071B1 (de) 1997-04-16

Family

ID=9442933

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP94400047A Expired - Lifetime EP0607071B1 (de) 1993-01-11 1994-01-07 Wärmetauscher mit oben durch einen Überlauf gespeistes Sekundärfluid

Country Status (8)

Country Link
US (1) US5396948A (de)
EP (1) EP0607071B1 (de)
KR (1) KR100308868B1 (de)
CN (1) CN1061139C (de)
CA (1) CA2113046A1 (de)
DE (1) DE69402565T2 (de)
FR (1) FR2700383B1 (de)
TW (1) TW229318B (de)

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2778222A1 (fr) * 1998-05-04 1999-11-05 Framatome Sa Dispositif de filtration et d'arret de corps etrangers vehicules par l'eau d'alimentation d'un generateur de vapeur

Families Citing this family (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2778224B1 (fr) 1998-05-04 2000-07-28 Framatome Sa Generateur de vapeur comportant un dispositif d'alimentation en eau perfectionne
US7974713B2 (en) 2005-10-12 2011-07-05 Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft Zur Foerderung Der Angewandten Forschung E.V. Temporal and spatial shaping of multi-channel audio signals
US7434546B2 (en) * 2006-11-28 2008-10-14 Westinghouse Electric Co. Llc Steam generator loose parts collector weir
US8953735B2 (en) 2006-11-28 2015-02-10 Westinghouse Electric Company Llc Steam generator dual system sludge and loose parts collector
CN109443465B (zh) * 2018-12-28 2024-05-31 深圳衡伟环境技术有限公司 一种溢流流量在线监测装置及施工方法
US10576443B1 (en) * 2019-02-15 2020-03-03 Uop Llc Sealing apparatus for a catalyst regenerator

Citations (2)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2210273A5 (de) * 1972-12-06 1974-07-05 Gutehoffnungshuette Sterkrade
EP0045034A1 (de) * 1980-07-21 1982-02-03 Kraftwerk Union Aktiengesellschaft Einrichtung zur Vermeidung von Rissbildungen an den Innenflächen von in Druckbehälter mündenden Speisewasserleitungsstutzen

Family Cites Families (8)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3683866A (en) * 1970-11-20 1972-08-15 Combustion Eng Superheating steam generator
US3923007A (en) * 1972-12-19 1975-12-02 Siemens Ag Emergency water-cooling system for a steam generator for a pressurized-water coolant nuclear reactor
FR2215863A5 (de) * 1973-01-26 1974-08-23 Siemens Ag
US3913531A (en) * 1974-06-20 1975-10-21 Combustion Eng Sediment blowdown arrangement for a shell and tube vapor generator
US3906905A (en) * 1974-08-20 1975-09-23 Commissariat Energie Atomique Steam generator
DE2612081A1 (de) * 1976-03-22 1977-10-20 Kraftwerk Union Ag Dampferzeuger fuer druckwasser- kernreaktoren
FR2477265A1 (fr) * 1980-02-29 1981-09-04 Framatome Sa Generateur de vapeur a prechauffage
US4429739A (en) * 1980-08-29 1984-02-07 Phillips Petroleum Company Heat exchanger

Patent Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2210273A5 (de) * 1972-12-06 1974-07-05 Gutehoffnungshuette Sterkrade
EP0045034A1 (de) * 1980-07-21 1982-02-03 Kraftwerk Union Aktiengesellschaft Einrichtung zur Vermeidung von Rissbildungen an den Innenflächen von in Druckbehälter mündenden Speisewasserleitungsstutzen

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2778222A1 (fr) * 1998-05-04 1999-11-05 Framatome Sa Dispositif de filtration et d'arret de corps etrangers vehicules par l'eau d'alimentation d'un generateur de vapeur

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DE69402565T2 (de) 1997-11-13
FR2700383A1 (fr) 1994-07-13
FR2700383B1 (fr) 1995-02-10
KR100308868B1 (ko) 2001-12-15
CA2113046A1 (en) 1994-07-12
TW229318B (de) 1994-09-01
DE69402565D1 (de) 1997-05-22
CN1093459A (zh) 1994-10-12
US5396948A (en) 1995-03-14
CN1061139C (zh) 2001-01-24
EP0607071B1 (de) 1997-04-16
KR940018644A (ko) 1994-08-18

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