EP0602572B1 - Distributeur de détergents pour des détergents liquides et/ou en poudre notamment pour des machines à laver - Google Patents

Distributeur de détergents pour des détergents liquides et/ou en poudre notamment pour des machines à laver Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0602572B1
EP0602572B1 EP93120020A EP93120020A EP0602572B1 EP 0602572 B1 EP0602572 B1 EP 0602572B1 EP 93120020 A EP93120020 A EP 93120020A EP 93120020 A EP93120020 A EP 93120020A EP 0602572 B1 EP0602572 B1 EP 0602572B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
dispenser device
dispenser
movable element
control
washing
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP93120020A
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German (de)
English (en)
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EP0602572A1 (fr
Inventor
Daniele Cerruti
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Eltek SpA
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Eltek SpA
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Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Eltek SpA filed Critical Eltek SpA
Publication of EP0602572A1 publication Critical patent/EP0602572A1/fr
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Publication of EP0602572B1 publication Critical patent/EP0602572B1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A47—FURNITURE; DOMESTIC ARTICLES OR APPLIANCES; COFFEE MILLS; SPICE MILLS; SUCTION CLEANERS IN GENERAL
    • A47L—DOMESTIC WASHING OR CLEANING; SUCTION CLEANERS IN GENERAL
    • A47L15/00—Washing or rinsing machines for crockery or tableware
    • A47L15/42—Details
    • A47L15/44—Devices for adding cleaning agents; Devices for dispensing cleaning agents, rinsing aids or deodorants
    • A47L15/4409—Devices for adding cleaning agents; Devices for dispensing cleaning agents, rinsing aids or deodorants by tipping containers or opening their lids, e.g. with the help of a programmer

Definitions

  • the present invention refers to dispenser device for liquids and/or powder agents for a washing machine, in particular a dispenser device for a domestic dish-washing machine, of the type comprising a first and a second delivery device for washing agents which have to be introduced in a washing chamber during distinct moments and/or washing phases.
  • dispenser devices having two distinct compartments is very common, being able to deliver different washing agents, such as liquid and/or powder detergents and additives; such devices are provided for carrying out the delivery of the detergents, normally in powder form, and of the additives, generally a brightening liquid, at different predetermined times, under the control of the programmer, or timer, of the dish-washing machine.
  • washing agents such as liquid and/or powder detergents and additives
  • additives such devices are provided for carrying out the delivery of the detergents, normally in powder form, and of the additives, generally a brightening liquid, at different predetermined times, under the control of the programmer, or timer, of the dish-washing machine.
  • the dispenser device is normally composed by at least one container, housed in the front loading door of the machine, comprising a single-dose cell equipped with a small oscillating lid, which is made to open at the appropriate moment of the washing phase.
  • Certain devices in addition to the cited single-dose cell, which contains the powder detergent, also present a dosage tub for a liquid additive (connected to a tank reservoir); such dispensers of liquid agents exploit in general the opening and closure movement of the front loading door, which is horizontal when open and vertical when closed, for loading the liquid additive from the tank reservoir to the dosage tub; also in this case the timer of the machine provides to command the discharge, at the opportune moment, of the liquid additive from the dosage tub to the washing chamber of the dish-washing machine.
  • dispenser devices have been realised, being equipped with a plurality of actuators, each of which being able to command a delivery operation; such solutions therefore provide separate actuation devices for the delivery in the washing chamber of the detergent and of the brightening liquid, with high costs and with double the possibilities of breakdowns.
  • dispensers are equipped with means which provide for resetting the delivery cycle when the door is opened; said dispensers are therefore negatively effected by common operations carried out by the user (such as, for example, the addition of dishes in the machine after the beginning of the washing cycle, when the delivery of the powder detergent has already taken place): in this kind of situation, all the successive delivery phases in the same washing cycle result in being out of phase in respect to those provided for, with consequences which can be easily imagined.
  • a dispenser device being equipped with means which provide for resetting the detergent delivery cycle following the door opening is known for instance by FR-A-2.593.379.
  • the aim of the present invention is that of solving the cited drawbacks, and in particular to indicate a dispenser device having an actuating system which, together with its functionality, is of simple structure, low-cost and reliable in all the operating conditions.
  • a further aim of the present invention is then that of indicating a dispenser device the operation of which is not influenced by eventual openings of the loading door of the washing machine, during its operating cycle.
  • a dispenser device for liquid and/or powder agents for a washing machine having the characterising features of the annexed claim 1.
  • the dispenser device subject of the present invention is indicated as a whole, which presents a box-like body 2, which can be housed in the door lining of a dish-washing machine.
  • a tank reservoir 3 for a liquid additive (for example a brightening liquid) and a cell 4 for containing a determined quantity of powder detergent are defined.
  • a dosage tub of the liquid additive to be delivered is indicated, which is inside of tank 3, being substantially in correspondence with a charging opening, normally closed by a removable plug 6; such a dosage tub 5 of the liquid additive has a conduit 7, which is tilted for facilitating the conveyance of the additive in the direction of a discharge hole 8, which faces on the washing chamber of the dish-washing machine.
  • such a conduit 7 is subdivided into two sectors having different inclinations, indicated with A and B, being separated by an interception valve 9; such a valve 9 operates in closure of conduit 7 by means of a pin 11A, which blocks a passage hole 11B.
  • Cell 4 which presents a wall having a tilted profile in order to facilitate the release via gravity of the powder detergent, is closed by a small lid 12; with 13 a spring is indicated, reacting between the box-like body 2 and the small lid 12, and being able to bring such a small lid 12 in the opening position when a small releasing lever 14 frees a tilted hooking tooth 15, directly obtained in the small lid 12 (see figure 1b).
  • a small shaft is indicated, which passes through body 2 of the device 1; the first end of such small shaft 16 is an integral part of the small releasing lever 14, while the opposite end is integral to a first lever 17, being placed in the rear part of body 2.
  • a second lever is also arranged, indicated as a whole with 18, being able to interact with first lever 17.
  • the small shaft 16 constitutes the fulcrum of lever 17: the first arm of such a lever 17 is arranged under the piston 19 of an electric actuator 20, being provided with terminals 21 for the electric supply; piston 19 is able to operate in thrust on the first arm of lever 17, in opposition to the force F1 generated by a spring 22, being fixed between body 2 and lever 17; on the other arm of lever 17, in proximity of its end, a pin 23 is present, comprising an element, for example of metallic material, being inserted partially in the lever 17 (such a pin 23 can also be obtained directly, as a protrusion of the lever 17 itself).
  • Second lever 18 is realised by a single piece in thermoplastic material, being substantially L-shaped, which has between its vertical part and its horizontal part an elastic hinge 24.
  • lever 18 The force F2 generated by a spring 25 acts on lever 18, being fixed between body 2 and lever 18; lever 18 is hinged in a point 10, in its horizontal part; on such a horizontal part of lever 18 the cited pin 11A being part of valve 9, is hooked in a point 18C (see figure 1a); said pin 11A can slide through an elastic membrane 26 and is maintained in the closure position of passage 11B by means of spring 25.
  • the functioning of the dispenser device according to invention is the following.
  • the user Before washing the dishes, the user provides to load in the opening 4 of the device 1 with the powder detergent: during the normal manual closing operation of the lid 12, upon the filling with a dose of the powder detergent, the particular inclined form of the hooking tooth 15 causes a partial rotation of the release lever 14; in such manner a partial rotation of the shaft 16 is produced and therefore of the lever 17; the mentioned movement of the lever 17 results in being calibrated in such a way that, if the pin 23 results in being erroneously positioned for the beginning of the washing cycle (as could be the case for example in figure 4), such pin 23 is automatically moved to the correct initial delivery position (that being seen in figure 2) vice versa, in the case in which the pin 23 is already positioned correctly (figure 2), the operation of closing the lid 12 does not cause any repositioning.
  • the user thus, after having filled the cell 4 with the powder detergent and closed the lid 12, can close the door of the washing machine.
  • a determined quantity of brightening liquid contained in the tank 3 is withheld in the dosage tub 5. Note the illustrated condition in the figures 2, 2a and 2b.
  • the user after having closed the door of the washing machine starts the washing program: in a determined successive moment, the programmer of the machine energises for the first time the electroactuator 20.
  • the pin 23 runs along in a counter clockwise sense the right side of the cam profile 27, from the bottom upwards, without meeting obstacles: the particular flat cam profile 27 therefore allows the lever 18 to remain motionless, because the lever 17 and the pin 23 can move freely, without interesting the lever 18.
  • the piston 19 withdraws until reaching its original position: under the action of the spring 22, which operates in traction, also the lever 17 returns to its original position and the pin 23 moves in the cam profile 27, running along the left side from the top downwards, until assuming the position visible in figure 4b.
  • the profile 27 is shaped in a such a way that the pin 23, before arriving to the top dead center during the first actuation of the actuator 20, it presses on the same profile making the lever 18 bend in correspondence with the elastic hinge 24; descending along the left branch, the pin 23 presses against the profile 27, making the lever 18 bend towards the right, until it reaches the bottom dead center of the lever 17.
  • the powder detergent is thus introduced in the washing chamber as in the illustrated condition of Figures 4, 4a and 4b.
  • the programmer of the dish-washing machine commands a new supply to the electroactuator 20: the piston 19 moves once again downwards, deplacing the lever 17.
  • the pin 23 transmits the push of the lever 17 to the lever 18, in a longitudinal sense if compared to the bending point, or the hinge 24.
  • the horizontal portion of the lever 18 is also made to move, which, rotating around its fulcrum 10, causes the pin 11A to raise: the opening 11B is opened and the brightening liquid can flow down by way of gravity from the tub 5 to the washing tub of the washing machine, through the discharge opening 8; the elastic membrane 26 ensures the sealing, thus avoiding liquid losses from the tank 3 towards the exterior of the body 2.
  • the dispenser device according to the invention has a noticeable embodiment simplicity, high functionality and reliability in all conditions of use and an industrial cost being very contained.

Landscapes

  • Washing And Drying Of Tableware (AREA)
  • Detergent Compositions (AREA)
  • Detail Structures Of Washing Machines And Dryers (AREA)

Claims (19)

  1. Dispositif distributeur pour des produits de lavage liquides et / ou en poudre pour une machine à laver, en particulier dispositif distributeur (1) pour un lave-vaisselle domestique, du type comprenant un premier (4) et un deuxième (3, 5) dispositifs de délivrance de produits de lavage qui doivent être introduits dans une chambre de lavage à des instants et / ou des phases de lavage distincts et un système de commande, lesdits dispositifs de délivrance étant commandés par ledit système de commande comprenant :
    un dispositif d'actionnement unique (19, 20) et
    un ensemble cinématique (17, 18, 23, 27) pour l'actionnement à différentes instants du premier (4) et du deuxième (3, 5) dispositifs de délivrance, ledit ensemble cinématique comprenant au moins deux organes de commande mobiles interagissant l'un avec l'autre (17, 18), au moins un premier actionnement du dispositif d'actionnement (19, 20), qui détermine un mouvement de l'ensemble cinématique (17, 18, 23, 27) pouvant provoquer le fonctionnement du premier dispositif de délivrance (4) sans provoquer le fonctionnement du deuxième dispositif de délivrance (3, 5), et un deuxième actionnement du dispositif d'actionnement (19, 20), qui détermine un mouvement de l'ensemble cinématique (17, 18, 23, 27) pouvant provoquer le fonctionnement du deuxième dispositif de délivrance (3, 5), dans lequel lesdits organes de commande mobiles interagissants (17, 18) interagissent au moyen d'un système à came (23, 27) caractérisé en ce que ledit système à came comprend un circuit fermé (27), associé à l'un desdits organes de commande (18) pour diriger un élément mobile (23) associé à l'autre desdits organes de commande (17); ledit circuit fermé (27) étant parcouru par ledit élément mobile (23), d'une position de départ à une position finale, ladite position finale correspondant à la position de départ dans ledit circuit fermé, en suivant une suite d'actionnements dudit dispositif de d'actionnement (19, 20).
  2. Dispositif distributeur, selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que ledit élément mobile (23) est conçu de façon à parcourir ledit circuit fermé (27) dans un seul sens.
  3. Dispositif distributeur selon la revendication 1 ou 2, caractérisé en ce que ledit élément mobile (23) est conçu de façon à parcourir ledit circuit fermé (27) dans le sens opposé à celui des aiguilles d'une montre.
  4. Dispositif distributeur selon la revendication 1 ou 2, caractérisé en ce que des parties successives dudit circuit fermé (27) sont parcourues par ledit élément mobile (23) suivant des actionnements successifs dudit dispositif d'actionnement (19, 20).
  5. Dispositif distributeur selon au moins une des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que ledit élément mobile (23) est disposé sensiblement à une extrémité d'un premier desdits organes de commande (17) tandis que ledit profil de came est disposé sensiblement à une extrémité d'un deuxième desdits organes de commande (18).
  6. Dispositif distributeur selon au moins une des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce qu'au moins un desdits organes de commande (17, 18), en particulier ledit deuxième organe de commande (18), comprend un élément de charnière (24).
  7. Dispositif distributeur selon la revendication 6, caractérisé en ce que ledit élément de charnière (24) est pliable élastiquement.
  8. Dispositif distributeur selon la revendication 5, caractérisé en ce que ledit élément mobile est un goujon (23) qui dépasse au moins partiellement dudit premier organe de commande (17) et est introduit à l'intérieur dudit circuit fermé (27).
  9. Dispositif distributeur selon au moins une des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que ledit au moins un desdits organes de commande (17, 18) peut être déplacé à l'encontre de la force (F1, F2) d'un élément élastique, en particulier d'un ressort (22, 25).
  10. Dispositif distributeur selon au moins une des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que ledit premier dispositif de délivrance comprend une cellule (4) servant à contenir un produit de lavage en poudre et fermée par un petit couvercle mobile (12), ledit petit couvercle (12) possédant un élément de fermeture (15) coopérant avec un moyen d'accrochage (14) commandé par un desdits organes de commande (17, 18), en particulier ledit premier organe de commande (17).
  11. Dispositif distributeur selon au moins une des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que ledit deuxième dispositif de délivrance comprend :
    un réservoir (3) servant à contenir un produit de lavage liquide, et / ou un bac (5) pour le dosage d'une quantité déterminée dudit produit liquide à introduire dans ladite chambre de lavage;
    une ouverture pour le chargement dudit produit liquide dans ledit réservoir (3) et / ou ledit bac (5);
    un conduit (7, 8) par lequel ledit produit liquide peut s'écouler dans ladite chambre de lavage;
    un moyen (9) pour arrêter l'écoulement dudit produit liquide provenant dudit réservoir (3) et / ou bac (5) vers ladite chambre de lavage, en particulier une vanne (9) disposée sur ledit conduit (7, 8) et présentant un passage d'ouverture (11B) et un obturateur (11A) dudit passage d'ouverture (11B).
  12. Dispositif distributeur selon la revendication 11, caractérisé en ce que ledit obturateur (11A) est commandé par l'un desdits organes de commande (17, 18), en particulier ledit deuxième organe de commande (18).
  13. Dispositif distributeur selon la revendication 10, caractérisé en ce que ledit moyen d'accrochage (14) est relié audit organe de commande (17) au moyen d'un arbre (16) traversant le corps (2) du dispositif distributeur (1), l'arbre (16) étant en particulier d'un seul tenant avec ledit organe de commande (17).
  14. Dispositif distributeur selon au moins une des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que ledit élément de fermeture (15) et ledit moyen d'accrochage (14) sont conformés de façon à garantir, à la suite d'une opération de fermeture manuelle dudit couvercle (12) qui précède le commencement d'un cycle de délivrance, le positionnement dudit élément mobile (23) dans sa position de départ dans ledit circuit fermé (27).
  15. Dispositif distributeur selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que ledit dispositif d'actionnement (19, 20) assure, lors dudit premier actionnement, le déplacement d'un premier desdits organes de commande (17), par quoi, suite à ce mouvement dudit premier organe de commande (17), ledit élément mobile (23) parcourt une première partie dudit circuit fermé (27), en particulier de la partie inférieure vers le haut, sans rencontrer d'obstacles, d'une façon telle que l'autre desdits organes de commande (18) reste sensiblement immobile.
  16. Distributeur selon la revendication précédente, caractérisé en ce que, lors de l'achèvement dudit premier actionnement, le premier organe de commande (17) revient à sa position initiale, et en ce que, du fait d'un tel mouvement dudit premier organe de commande (17), ledit élément mobile (23) parcourt une deuxième partie dudit circuit fermé (27), en particulier de la partie supérieure vers le bas.
  17. Distributeur selon la revendication précédente, caractérisé en ce que ledit dispositif d'actionnement (19, 20) assure, lors dudit deuxième actionnement, le déplacement dudit premier organe de commande (17) de telle façon que ledit élément mobile (23) parcoure une troisième partie dudit circuit fermé (27), en particulier de la partie inférieure vers le haut, jusqu'à ce que ledit élément mobile (23) finisse par être engagé dans un siège intermédiaire défini le long dudit circuit fermé (27) et en ce que lors de l'engagement dudit élément mobile (23) dans ledit siège le mouvement dudit premier organe de commande (17) est transmis audit deuxième organe de commande (18).
  18. Distributeur selon la revendication précédente caractérisé en ce que, lors de l'achèvement dudit deuxième actionnement, le premier organe de commande (17) revient à sa position initiale, de telle façon que ledit élément mobile (23) parcoure une quatrième partie dudit circuit fermé (27), en particulier de la partie supérieure vers le bas, pour revenir dans la même position dans ledit circuit fermé (27) que celle qu'il avait avant ledit premier actionnement dudit dispositif d'actionnement (19, 20).
  19. Machine à laver, en particulier lave-vaisselle, comprenant une chambre de lavage et un dispositif distributeur pour des produits de lavage liquides et / ou en poudre, ledit dispositif distributeur présentant les caractéristiques définies dans l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes.
EP93120020A 1992-12-16 1993-12-11 Distributeur de détergents pour des détergents liquides et/ou en poudre notamment pour des machines à laver Expired - Lifetime EP0602572B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
ITAL920004 1992-12-16
IT92AL000004A IT1265750B1 (it) 1992-12-16 1992-12-16 Dispositivo dispensatore di sostanze liquide e/o in polvere, in particolare per macchine di lavaggio

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0602572A1 EP0602572A1 (fr) 1994-06-22
EP0602572B1 true EP0602572B1 (fr) 2002-07-17

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EP93120020A Expired - Lifetime EP0602572B1 (fr) 1992-12-16 1993-12-11 Distributeur de détergents pour des détergents liquides et/ou en poudre notamment pour des machines à laver

Country Status (3)

Country Link
EP (1) EP0602572B1 (fr)
DE (1) DE69332114T2 (fr)
IT (1) IT1265750B1 (fr)

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US8166984B2 (en) 2007-11-23 2012-05-01 Eltek S.P.A. Dispenser of washing agents for a household washing machine, in particular a dishwasher
US8261581B2 (en) 2007-11-23 2012-09-11 Eltek S.P.A. Dispenser of washing agents for a household washing machine, in particular a dishwasher
US9795274B2 (en) 2012-12-18 2017-10-24 Whirlpool Corporation Dishwasher detergent dispensing method
US11253135B2 (en) * 2016-06-01 2022-02-22 Illinois Tool Works Inc. Motor driven in-door dishwasher aid dispenser

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IT1271120B (it) * 1994-12-06 1997-05-26 Tecnolplastica Prealpina S P A Cassetto dosatore per macchine lavastoviglie utilizzabile come dosatore a doppio o a singolo scatto
DE19548105A1 (de) 1995-12-21 1997-06-26 Bosch Siemens Hausgeraete Vorrichtung zur Zugabe von Reinigungsmitteln, insbesondere für Geschirrspülmaschinen
IT1320649B1 (it) * 2000-03-29 2003-12-10 Eltek Spa Dispositivo dispensatore di agenti di lavaggio per una macchina dilavaggio domestica, in particolare una lavastoviglie.
ITTO20010078A1 (it) * 2001-01-26 2002-07-26 Eltek Spa Dispositivo dispensatore di agenti di lavaggio per una macchina di lavaggio domestica, in particolare una lavastoviglie.
ITTO20050554A1 (it) 2005-08-05 2007-02-06 Eltek Spa Dispensatore di agenti di lavaggio per una macchina di lavaggio domestica, in particolare una lavastoviglie
ITTO20050555A1 (it) 2005-08-05 2007-02-06 Eltek Spa Dispositivo e metodo di attuazione
US7832417B2 (en) 2006-04-20 2010-11-16 Maytag Corporation Dispenser for a drawer-type dishwasher
KR101268756B1 (ko) * 2006-04-25 2013-05-29 엘지전자 주식회사 식기 세척기, 식기 세척기의 린스투입장치 및 방법
IT1404247B1 (it) * 2011-01-24 2013-11-15 T&P S P A Dispositivo dispensatore di agenti di lavaggio per una macchina di lavaggio di uso domestico, in particolare una lavastoviglie, e relativa macchina di lavaggio
IT1404048B1 (it) 2011-02-08 2013-11-08 Bitron Spa Dispositivo erogatore integrato di agenti di lavaggio per una macchina lavatrice, in particolare una macchina lavastoviglie.
PL223690B1 (pl) 2011-03-02 2016-10-31 Bitron Poland Spółka Z Ograniczoną Odpowiedzialnością Zintegrowane urządzenie do dozowania środków myjących do maszyny myjącej, zwłaszcza do zmywarki do naczyń
EP2976983B1 (fr) 2014-07-24 2022-05-11 Whirlpool EMEA S.p.A. Distributeur de substance pour lave-vaisselle
IT201900015746A1 (it) 2019-09-06 2021-03-06 Eltek Spa Dispositivo dispensatore di agenti di lavaggio per lavastoviglie
WO2021098167A1 (fr) * 2019-11-19 2021-05-27 佛山市顺德区美的洗涤电器制造有限公司 Distributeur et appareil de lavage électrique

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US3827600A (en) * 1972-01-10 1974-08-06 Whirlpool Co Apparatus for dispensing a liquid and another material
GB1578717A (en) * 1978-05-31 1980-11-05 Eaton S Washing machine dispensers
FR2489858A1 (fr) * 1980-09-05 1982-03-12 Esswein Sa Ensemble distributeur de lessive et distributeur-doseur de produit liquide et machine a laver munie d'un tel ensemble
DE3304037A1 (de) * 1983-01-10 1984-07-12 Aweco Apparate- und Gerätebau GmbH & Co KG, 7995 Neukirch Vorrichtung fuer die zugabe bzw. dosierung von zwei detergentien
FR2593379B1 (fr) * 1986-01-29 1989-11-17 Elbi Int Spa Dispositif de distribution d'agents detergent et de rincage pour machine a laver la vaisselle
SE8803361L (sv) * 1988-09-22 1990-03-23 Electrolux Ab Manoeveranordning

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US8166984B2 (en) 2007-11-23 2012-05-01 Eltek S.P.A. Dispenser of washing agents for a household washing machine, in particular a dishwasher
US8261581B2 (en) 2007-11-23 2012-09-11 Eltek S.P.A. Dispenser of washing agents for a household washing machine, in particular a dishwasher
US9795274B2 (en) 2012-12-18 2017-10-24 Whirlpool Corporation Dishwasher detergent dispensing method
US11253135B2 (en) * 2016-06-01 2022-02-22 Illinois Tool Works Inc. Motor driven in-door dishwasher aid dispenser

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
IT1265750B1 (it) 1996-12-02
EP0602572A1 (fr) 1994-06-22
ITAL920004A1 (it) 1994-06-17
ITAL920004A0 (it) 1992-12-16
DE69332114T2 (de) 2003-03-20
DE69332114D1 (de) 2002-08-22

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