EP0600011B1 - Wet electrostatic precipitator - Google Patents

Wet electrostatic precipitator Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0600011B1
EP0600011B1 EP92918939A EP92918939A EP0600011B1 EP 0600011 B1 EP0600011 B1 EP 0600011B1 EP 92918939 A EP92918939 A EP 92918939A EP 92918939 A EP92918939 A EP 92918939A EP 0600011 B1 EP0600011 B1 EP 0600011B1
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Prior art keywords
liquid
gas
electrodes
accumulator tank
stage
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP0600011A1 (en
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Charles Eyraud
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Ecoprocess SARL
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B03—SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS USING LIQUIDS OR USING PNEUMATIC TABLES OR JIGS; MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
    • B03C—MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
    • B03C3/00—Separating dispersed particles from gases or vapour, e.g. air, by electrostatic effect
    • B03C3/32—Transportable units, e.g. for cleaning room air
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B03—SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS USING LIQUIDS OR USING PNEUMATIC TABLES OR JIGS; MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
    • B03C—MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
    • B03C3/00—Separating dispersed particles from gases or vapour, e.g. air, by electrostatic effect
    • B03C3/01—Pretreatment of the gases prior to electrostatic precipitation
    • B03C3/014—Addition of water; Heat exchange, e.g. by condensation
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B03—SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS USING LIQUIDS OR USING PNEUMATIC TABLES OR JIGS; MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
    • B03C—MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
    • B03C3/00—Separating dispersed particles from gases or vapour, e.g. air, by electrostatic effect
    • B03C3/02—Plant or installations having external electricity supply
    • B03C3/16—Plant or installations having external electricity supply wet type
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B03—SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS USING LIQUIDS OR USING PNEUMATIC TABLES OR JIGS; MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
    • B03C—MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
    • B03C3/00—Separating dispersed particles from gases or vapour, e.g. air, by electrostatic effect
    • B03C3/34—Constructional details or accessories or operation thereof
    • B03C3/88—Cleaning-out collected particles

Definitions

  • the structural and operational elements of an electrostatic reactor according to the invention are: the gas treatment line, the spray field, the module, the hopper field, the accumulation tank, the extraction tank, the concentration field, residence time, transfer liquid, electric field, liquid processing line.
  • the "gas treatment line” or “effect line” is formed by the succession of spray fields at the level of which the transfers and reactions take place between the gas and the liquid mist, from entry to exit from the device.
  • a "spray field” is the space occupied by a group of electrodes sprayed frontally with a curtain of liquid finely dispersed by sprayer booms distributed in a plane perpendicular to the gas flow. It corresponds to an "effect" of the gas-liquid transfer.
  • additional spraying is carried out at the top of a group of flat electrodes using the same liquid as that of front spraying.
  • the composition of the spray liquid can be the same for all the spray fields flowing in the same accumulation tank. It can be different if an additional chemical reagent is brought directly to the injection ramps, or if the spraying is carried out totally or partially using a liquid coming either from the contiguous accumulation tank or from a tank any extraction after purification.
  • the first case offers the possibility of optimizing the treatment of gas with a particular reagent at a single spray field
  • the second case is a contribution to reflux by a route other than that of the direct transport of liquid from a accumulation tank to the next
  • the third case has the advantage of reducing entrainment by gases, from one spray field to another, pollutants contained in excessively concentrated liquid vesicles.
  • the “concentration field”, which ends with an extraction tank, is the section of apparatus to which the concentration of certain transfer pollutants by liquid-gas reflux contact with multiple stages is allocated. It therefore includes several hopper fields, that is to say several accumulation tanks materializing the stages.
  • the electrostatic reactor according to the invention necessarily has at least one concentration field.
  • a “sequential residence time” is the average time it takes the gas to travel through a particular section of the treatment line: spray field, hopper field, concentration field or gas treatment line.
  • spray field hopper field
  • concentration field or gas treatment line In the case of dusting it varies proportionally to the "volume area of electrodes of the corresponding section", ie of the area of electrodes contained in this section by normal cubic meters of gas passing through the device in one hour .
  • modular construction it can be varied by assigning more or less modules in series or in parallel to a particular processing sequence. If the residence time necessary to remove a gaseous pollutant is greater than that necessary for the electrostatic precipitation of the dust which accompanies it, a gas washer (not electrostatic) can be placed at the head or tail of the electric purifier. We thus have the number of degree of freedom necessary to adjust the characteristics of the purifier according to the speeds of the chemical reactions in question and the anti-pollution standards in force.
  • composition of the "transfer liquid”, in either a nebulized or a runoff state collected in accumulation tanks, varies along the gas treatment line due, on the one hand, to the specificity of the reactions in question.
  • other part of the multistage concentration and gas-liquid counter-current achieved either by direct transport of the liquid from one accumulation tank to the next or by continuous or discontinuous partial spraying of a group of electrodes by means of the liquid from the accumulation tank of the adjoining floor or from a racking and purification operation carried out at the level of an extraction tank; during the spraying sequence the end of the group of electrodes is properly washed, but part of the liquid mist and the pollutants it contains are entrained from one stage to the next by convection, an effect unfavorable to a high concentration of sludge and to a thorough purification of the gas; during the spraying stop sequence the drops are electrostatically precipitated on the floor where they are produced and therefore do not participate in the re-training of impurities conveyed by the liquid mist.
  • the composition can also vary from one spray field to another if reagents are introduced directly into the spray bars in addition to those introduced into the tanks.
  • the composition of the "spray liquid" is determined by the nature and kinetics of the transfer reactions which are assigned to a spray field, a hopper field, or a concentration field. It is most generally a water containing soluble reagents, reactive or inert solids in the dispersed state, catalysts, optionally ionic or nonionic surfactants or even oleophilic emulsified substances.
  • the "liquid processing line” is that of the physical and chemical operations carried out on the concentrated liquids drawn off at the level of the extraction tanks in view on the one hand to eliminate undesirable products on the other hand to partially or totally recycle, at suitably chosen points of the gas treatment line, washing liquids thus totally or partially purified, and optionally regenerated reagents.
  • Figure 1 is a longitudinal vertical sectional view of a wet electrofilter with liquid-gas counter-current.
  • Figure 2 is a top view of the electrostatic filter shown in the previous figure.
  • Figure 3 is a vertical sectional view of a spray field with vertical booms and horizontal booms, the runoff of the electrodes being collected by two hoppers in a single accumulation tank constituting one of the stages for concentrating a flat wet electrostatic precipitator against liquid-gas counter-current.
  • FIG. 1 and FIG. 2 show diagrammatically and in section, respectively vertical and horizontal, an apparatus with plane geometry with three "electric fields” 46, 47, and 48. It consists of an envelope 44, four spray fields 5, 6, 7, 8, three hopper fields 9, 10, 11, the first two 9 and 10 each consisting of a single spray field, the third 11 of two spray fields, 7 and 8. All the spray fields have three "streets” such as 12 and are each watered by vertical ramps such as 13. Other ramps such as 19 ensure the saturation in water vapor of the gas entering the device. These spray bars 19 can advantageously be part of a head stage assigned to the drying of the sludge by the sensible heat of the gas in order to finally obtain solid or pasty products.
  • Two accumulation tanks 17 and 18 participate in a two-stage concentration field, the reflux of which passes through the tube 30, the tank 17 being an extraction tank as well as the tank 16. Ceramic or silica pieces 33 support the emissive electrodes and isolate them from the earth 45.
  • 20 is the arrival of the gas.
  • 21 is the gas extractor.
  • 22 is the arrival of the recycled liquid after its purification in the liquid treatment line, or that of the process make-up liquid.
  • the reagents are introduced into the accumulation tanks at 23, and possibly and for some of them directly into the spray bars at 24. The undesirable products are eliminated in the liquid treatment line made up of the separation units 25 and 26 operating on the withdrawals from the extraction tanks 16 and 17.
  • the tanks 16 17 and 18 may possibly participate in the reflux concentration of certain pollutants not removed at 26 if the incompletely purified liquid is transported by the line 27 to the accumulation tank 16.
  • the three hopper fields represent a reflux concentration field for these particular pollutants.
  • the undesirable products are extracted from the liquid processing line at 31, and 32, in the form of solid precipitates which may be recoverable, highly concentrated sludge intended for landfill, industrially recyclable solutions, or purified liquid totally or partially recycled in the gas treatment line by pipes such as 22, 28, 27 or 29.
  • FIG. 3 represents the single spray field of a hopper field 10 (itself belonging to a reflux concentration field of at least three stages 16, 17, 18), including the ramps of spraying are of three types: vertical booms 13 disposed frontally in front of the group of planar electrodes 6, booms horizontal 14, watering the first part of the group of electrodes 6 from the top, and supplied with the same recycled liquid from the accumulation tank 17, horizontal ramps 15 watering, continuously or discontinuously, the second part of the group of electrodes 6 also from the top, but supplied by the liquid coming from the accumulation tank 18.
  • This third type of ramps when it exists, constitutes one of the ways of the liquid reflux from stage 11 to stage 9, the other reflux path being that of the pipe 30 which brings directly, by gravity or by means of a pump, the liquid from the tank 18 to the tank 16. 43 is the direction of the gas flow.
  • the reactor includes a hopper field or a final module intended for the cumulative analysis of traces of harmful products, the continuous dosing of which becomes impossible in the event of excessively strict standards
  • the reactor constitutes a mobile unit for cumulative analysis of industrial gaseous effluents.

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  • Electrostatic Separation (AREA)
  • Treating Waste Gases (AREA)
  • Water Treatment By Electricity Or Magnetism (AREA)
  • Separation Using Semi-Permeable Membranes (AREA)
  • Gas Separation By Absorption (AREA)

Abstract

PCT No. PCT/FR92/00811 Sec. 371 Date Mar. 16, 1994 Sec. 102(e) Date Mar. 16, 1994 PCT Filed Aug. 20, 1992 PCT Pub. No. WO93/03849 PCT Pub. Date Mar. 4, 1993A gas is purified using both mechanically atomized liquid and liquid dispersed by electrostatic atomization at asperities arranged at surfaces of emitting electrodes. The concentration of washing liquid between the make-up pipeline and discharge pipeline is obtained, on the one hand, by recycling using atomization pipes of a group of electrodes for the run-off liquid collected by an accumulation tank and, on the other hand, using a back-flow of the liquid between successive accumulation tanks through interconnecting pipelines. A physical and/or chemical treatment line for the liquids and the sludges is also associated with the gas treatment line.

Description

On peut épurer très efficacement un gaz en dispersant un réactif liquide entre les électrodes d'un électrofiltre. Plusieurs méthodes ont été employées, proposées ou brevetées pour réaliser un brouillard liquide dans ce type de contacteur entre trois milieux, respectivement gazeux liquide et solide:

  • 1°) nébulisation électrostatique, aux aspérités des électrodes haute tension, d'un liquide provenant d'un réservoir en charge hydraulique et électrique (brevet français n° 1.406.086 du 05/06/1964)
  • 2°) nébulisation électrostatique, aux aspérités des électrodes au potentiel de la terre, d'un liquide amené par des canalisations au sommet de ces électrodes.
  • 3°) aspersion (primaire) au moyen de pulvérisateurs mécaniques, pneumatiques ou sous pression hydraulique au potentiel de la terre (U.S. patent n° 2,874,802 du 02/24/1959 et brevet français n° 73.18584 du 22/05/73)
  • 4°) nébulisation électrostatique, aux aspérités des électrodes haute tension, du ruissellement liquide alimenté par aspersion primaire au moyen de pulvérisateurs au potentiel de la terre (brevet français n° 2229468 du 16/05/74 qui divulgue le préambule des revendications 1 et 5)
  • 5°) nébulisations électrostatiques "va et vient", aux aspérités portées par les deux familles d'électrodes respectivement à la haute tension et au potentiel de la terre (U.S. patent n° 3,785,118 du 01/15/1974). Cette disposition dite "en champ bi-ionisé" favorise l'agglomération des particules en suspension, au détriment de leur sédimentation électrique. Elle n'est en général pas souhaitable car elle favorise la remise en suspension des boues dans le gaz.
A gas can be purified very effectively by dispersing a liquid reagent between the electrodes of an electrostatic precipitator. Several methods have been used, proposed or patented to produce a liquid mist in this type of contactor between three media, respectively gaseous liquid and solid:
  • 1 °) electrostatic nebulization, at the asperities of the high voltage electrodes, of a liquid coming from a hydraulic and electrically charged tank (French patent n ° 1.406.086 dated 06/05/1964)
  • 2) electrostatic nebulization, at the asperities of the electrodes at the earth potential, of a liquid brought by pipes to the top of these electrodes.
  • 3) spraying (primary) by means of mechanical, pneumatic or hydraulic pressure sprayers at earth potential (US patent n ° 2,874,802 of 02/24/1959 and French patent n ° 73.18584 of 22/05/73)
  • 4) electrostatic nebulization, at the asperities of the high-voltage electrodes, of the liquid runoff supplied by primary spraying by means of sprayers with earth potential (French patent n ° 2229468 of 05/16/74 which discloses the preamble of claims 1 and 5 )
  • 5) electrostatic nebulizations "back and forth", with the roughness carried by the two families of electrodes high voltage and earth potential respectively (US patent n ° 3,785,118 dated 01/15/1974). This so-called "bi-ionized field" arrangement promotes agglomeration of suspended particles, to the detriment of their electrical sedimentation. It is generally not desirable because it promotes the resuspension of sludge in the gas.

AVANTAGES DE LA DISPERSION D'UN LIQUIDE DANS UN ELECTROFILTREADVANTAGES OF THE DISPERSION OF A LIQUID IN AN ELECTROFILTER

Les avantages escomptés de la dispersion d'une solution, d'une suspension aqueuse ou d'une émulsion entre les électrodes d'un électrofiltre sont les suivants:

  • 1°) lavage des électrodes collectrices quand le dépôt ne peut être éliminé par des moyens mécaniques;
  • 2°) diminution de la température des gaz traités, et par conséquent réduction de leur débit volumique dans l'électrofiltre;
  • 3°) agglomération des poussières par les gouttes liquides soit par effet de choc soit par attraction électrostatique mutuelle.
  • 4°) absorption et traitement chimique de constituants gazeux pouvant participer à la corrosion électrochimique des structures métalliques;
  • 5°) conduction ionique par le film liquide quand les structures de l'électrofiltre ne sont pas conductrices électroniques. C'est le cas par exemple lorsque l'enveloppe est une maçonnerie intérieurement recouverte d'un enduit et que les électrodes sont des plaques ou des tubes en matériaux polymères afin d'éviter la corrosion électrochimique de l'appareil;
  • 6°) élimination de gaz nocifs tels que: HCl, HF, SO2, NH3, NOx, odeurs, etc.., l'électrofiltre humide faisant alors fonction de réacteur di- ou triphasique.
The expected advantages of dispersing a solution, an aqueous suspension or an emulsion between the electrodes of an electrostatic precipitator are as follows:
  • 1) washing the collecting electrodes when the deposit cannot be removed by mechanical means;
  • 2) reduction of the temperature of the treated gases, and consequently reduction of their volume flow in the electrostatic precipitator;
  • 3) agglomeration of dust by liquid drops either by shock effect or by mutual electrostatic attraction.
  • 4) absorption and chemical treatment of gaseous constituents which can participate in the electrochemical corrosion of metallic structures;
  • 5) ionic conduction by the liquid film when the structures of the electrostatic precipitator are not electronic conductors. This is the case, for example, when the envelope is a masonry internally covered with a coating and the electrodes are plates or tubes made of polymeric materials in order to avoid electrochemical corrosion of the device;
  • 6) elimination of harmful gases such as: HCl, HF, SO 2 , NH 3 , NO x , odors, etc., the wet electrostatic precipitator then acting as a di- or three-phase reactor.

INCONVENIENTSDISADVANTAGES

Les électrofiltres humides n'ont cependant rencontré qu'un succès modéré jusqu'à ce jour pour les raisons suivantes:

  • 1°) Ils réalisent le transfert des substances polluantes d'un effluent gazeux a un effluent liquide, et de ce fait ne résolvent un problème qu'en en suscitant un autre;
  • 2°) Leur prix élevé est dissuasif tant que les normes de pollution restent peu contraignantes et la surveillance des installations industrielles peu sévère;
  • 3°) la consommation de liquide de lavage, de l'eau en général, est élevée et souvent incompatible avec les possibilités locales d'approvisionnement;
  • 4°) la technologie des appareils proposés ne tient compte ni de la spécificité de certains réactifs utilisés en aspersion, ni de la nécessaire dépollution de l'effluent liquide.
However, wet electrostatic precipitators have met with only moderate success to date for the following reasons:
  • 1 °) They carry out the transfer of polluting substances from a gaseous effluent to a liquid effluent, and therefore only solve one problem by causing another;
  • 2) Their high price is a deterrent as long as the pollution standards are not very restrictive and the surveillance of industrial installations is not severe;
  • 3) the consumption of washing liquid, of water in general, is high and often incompatible with local supply possibilities;
  • 4) the technology of the proposed devices takes into account neither the specificity of certain reagents used in spraying, nor the necessary depollution of the liquid effluent.

LA NOUVELLE DONNETHE NEW GAME

La levé des préventions concernant les électrofiltreslaveurs est due aux faits nouveaux suivants:

  • 1°) l'obligation faite à tout pollueur potentiel de se conformer désormais à des normes européennes beaucoup plus restrictives, et par conséquent d'investir dans des appareils plus performants;
  • 2°) en conséquence l'opportunité pour les équipementiers d'investir dans la recherche en vue de perfectionner les techniques actuellement les plus prometteuses, sans être tenus par des contraintes financières aussi sévères que par le passé;
  • 3°) les recherches, les investissements et les progrès actuels en matière de traitement des eaux, qui contribuent à minimiser les inconvénients liés au transfert de pollution;
  • 4°) le concept de "contacteur à étages multiples et à contre courant entre un gaz et un brouillard liquide", exploité dans le présent brevet sous la forme d'un réacteur électrostatique entre trois états respectivement liquide solide et gazeux, constitue une solution technologique appropriée au problème du traitement physico-chimique des milieux gazeux et liquides au sein d'un même procédé.
The lifting of the prejudices concerning the electrostatic washers is due to the following new facts:
  • 1) the obligation made to any potential polluter to comply from now on with much more restrictive European standards, and consequently to invest in more efficient devices;
  • 2 °) consequently the opportunity for the equipment manufacturers to invest in research with a view to perfecting the currently most promising techniques, without being held by financial constraints as severe as in the past;
  • 3) current research, investments and progress in water treatment, which help to minimize the disadvantages linked to the transfer of pollution;
  • 4 °) the concept of “multi-stage contactor and against current between a gas and a liquid mist”, exploited in this patent in the form of an electrostatic reactor between three states respectively solid liquid and gaseous, constitutes a technological solution appropriate to the problem of the physico-chemical treatment of gaseous and liquid media within the same process.

CARACTERISTIQUES FONCTIONNELLES D'UN REACTEUR ELECTROSTATIQUE SELON L'INVENTIONFUNCTIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF AN ELECTROSTATIC REACTOR ACCORDING TO THE INVENTION

Un réacteur électrostatique selon l'invention présente deux particularités fonctionnelles:

  • a) Il assure la purification d'un gaz et simultanément la concentration du ou des liquides de transfert selon un procédé de contact à étages multiples et à contre-courant gaz-liquide (reflux liquide). Les transferts de polluants s'effectuant au sein d'aérosols, le reflux est nécessairement réalisé à partir du liquide contenu dans des bacs d'accumulation qui recueillent par l'intermédiaire de trémies le ruissellement des électrodes planes de l'électrofiltre-laveur et le recycle en partie dans les champs d'aspersion correspondants;
  • b) Il associe à la ligne de traitement du gaz une ligne de traitement des liquides soutirés aux niveaux de bacs d'accumulations particuliers dits "bacs d'extraction", en vue d'une part d'éliminer totalement ou partiellement les constituants indésirables par des techniques de séparation appropriées, d'autre part de recycler au niveau d'étages particuliers un liquide de procédé partiellement ou totalement purifié, et éventuellement de renvoyer dans la ligne de traitement du gaz des réactifs régénérés ou des résidus liquides ou gazeux provenant du traitement des liquides et des boues.
An electrostatic reactor according to the invention has two functional features:
  • a) It ensures the purification of a gas and simultaneously the concentration of the transfer liquid (s) according to a multi-stage contact process and in gas-liquid counter-current (liquid reflux). Since pollutant transfers take place in aerosols, the reflux is necessarily carried out from the liquid contained in accumulation tanks which collect, via hoppers, the runoff from the flat electrodes of the electrostatic precipitator and the partially recycles in the corresponding spray fields;
  • b) It associates with the gas treatment line a line for treating liquids drawn off at the levels of particular storage tanks called "extraction tanks", with a view firstly to totally or partially eliminating the undesirable constituents by appropriate separation techniques, on the other hand to recycle at the level of particular stages a partially or completely purified process liquid, and optionally to return to the gas treatment line regenerated reagents or liquid or gaseous residues originating from the treatment liquids and sludge.

CARACTERISTIQUES STRUCTURALES ET AVANTAGES D'UN REACTEUR ELECTROSTATIQUE SELON L'INVENTIONSTRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS AND ADVANTAGES OF AN ELECTROSTATIC REACTOR ACCORDING TO THE INVENTION

Les éléments structuraux et opérationnels d'un réacteur électrostatique selon l'invention sont: la ligne de traitement du gaz, le champ d'aspersion, le module, le champ de trémie, le bac d'accumulation, le bac d'extraction, le champ de concentration, le temps de séjour, le liquide de transfert, le champ électrique, la ligne de traitement du liquide. Ces mots auront dans le texte la définition qui leur est donnée ci-après.The structural and operational elements of an electrostatic reactor according to the invention are: the gas treatment line, the spray field, the module, the hopper field, the accumulation tank, the extraction tank, the concentration field, residence time, transfer liquid, electric field, liquid processing line. These words will have the definition given to them in the text below.

La "ligne de traitement du gaz" ou "ligne d'effets" est formée de la succession des champs d'aspersion au niveau desquels s'effectuent les transferts et les réactions entre le gaz et le brouillard liquide, de l'entrée à la sortie de l'appareil.The "gas treatment line" or "effect line" is formed by the succession of spray fields at the level of which the transfers and reactions take place between the gas and the liquid mist, from entry to exit from the device.

Un "champ d'aspersion" est l'espace occupé par un groupe d'électrodes arrosé frontalement grâce à un rideau de liquide finement dispersé par des rampes de pulvérisateurs répartis dans un plan perpendiculaire au flux gazeux. Il correspond à un "effet" du transfert gaz-liquide. Généralement une aspersion complémentaire est réalisée à la partie supérieure d'un groupe d'électrodes planes au moyen du même liquide que celui d'aspersion frontale. La composition du liquide d'aspersion peut être la même pour tous les champs d'aspersion s'écoulant dans le même bac d'accumulation. Elle peut être différente si un réactif chimique d'appoint est amené directement aux rampes d'injection, ou si l'aspersion est réalisée totalement ou partiellement au moyen d'un liquide provenant soit du bac d'accumulation contigu, soit d'un bac d'extraction quelconque après purification. Le premier cas offre la possibilité d'optimiser le traitement du gaz par un réactif particulier au niveau d'un seul champ d'aspersion, le deuxième cas est une contribution au reflux par une voie autre que celle du transport direct de liquide d'un bac d'accumulation au suivant, le troisième cas présente l'avantage de diminuer l'entraînement par les gaz, d'un champ d'aspersion à l'autre, des polluants contenus dans des vésicules liquides trop concentrés.A "spray field" is the space occupied by a group of electrodes sprayed frontally with a curtain of liquid finely dispersed by sprayer booms distributed in a plane perpendicular to the gas flow. It corresponds to an "effect" of the gas-liquid transfer. Generally, additional spraying is carried out at the top of a group of flat electrodes using the same liquid as that of front spraying. The composition of the spray liquid can be the same for all the spray fields flowing in the same accumulation tank. It can be different if an additional chemical reagent is brought directly to the injection ramps, or if the spraying is carried out totally or partially using a liquid coming either from the contiguous accumulation tank or from a tank any extraction after purification. The first case offers the possibility of optimizing the treatment of gas with a particular reagent at a single spray field, the second case is a contribution to reflux by a route other than that of the direct transport of liquid from a accumulation tank to the next, the third case has the advantage of reducing entrainment by gases, from one spray field to another, pollutants contained in excessively concentrated liquid vesicles.

La multiplication des champs d'aspersion présente deux avantages:

  • a) Le débit, la composition et la distribution spatiale du brouillard primaire peuvent être adaptés, au niveau de chaque champ d'aspersion, aux caractéristiques locales et temporelles de la veine gazeuse (température, hygrométrie, composition chimique des gaz, régime continu ou discontinu d'émission);
  • b) Il est possible de réaliser un film liquide continu à la surface des électrodes collectrices et émissives, en évitant d'une part un ruissellement excédentaire responsables de court-circuits trop fréquents par filet liquide ininterrompu entre le bas d'une électrode haute tension et l'enveloppe, d'autre part des zones d'assèchement responsables du brûlage local des électrodes quand celles-ci sont fabriquées en un matériau organique électriquement isolant.
The multiplication of spray fields has two advantages:
  • a) The flow rate, the composition and the spatial distribution of the primary mist can be adapted, at the level of each spray field, to the local and temporal characteristics of the gas stream (temperature, hygrometry, chemical composition of the gases, continuous or discontinuous regime resignation);
  • b) It is possible to produce a continuous liquid film on the surface of the collecting and emitting electrodes, on the one hand avoiding excess runoff responsible for too frequent short-circuits by uninterrupted liquid net between the bottom of a high voltage electrode and the envelope, on the other hand of the drying zones responsible for the local burning of the electrodes when the latter are made of an electrically insulating organic material.

Le "module" est une section d'une ligne de traitement du gaz. Il présente lui-même tous les attributs d'un électrofiltre-laveur à savoir une enveloppe contenant les électrodes, les entrées et sorties de fluides et les alimentations électriques. Un réacteur électrostatique selon l'invention peut être constitué d'un seul module, mais il comporte nécessairement au moins un champ de concentration à reflux et à étages multiples. Dans un appareil à géométrie plane un module peut comporter un ou plusieurs champs de concentration à reflux.
La construction modulaire présente de nombreux avantages:

  • a) l'appareil qui répond aux prescriptions du cahier des charges peut être avantageusement réalisé par association convenable de modules standards, disposés en série et/ou en parallèle.
  • b) les matériaux de construction de chaque module peuvent être choisis en fonction des compositions locales plus ou moins agressives du gaz et du liquide le long de la ligne de traitement des deux fluides.
  • c) en ce qui concerne les électrofiltres à géométrie plane, la conception modulaire palie dans une certaine mesure au renardage des gaz au sommet et à la base de l'enveloppe.
The "module" is a section of a gas processing line. It itself presents all the attributes of an electrostatic precipitator-washer, namely an envelope containing the electrodes, the inputs and outputs of fluids and the electrical supplies. An electrostatic reactor according to the invention may consist of a single module, but it necessarily includes at least one concentration field with reflux and with multiple stages. In a plane geometry device, a module can include one or more concentration fields at reflux.
Modular construction has many advantages:
  • a) the device which meets the specifications of the specifications can be advantageously produced by association suitable for standard modules, arranged in series and / or in parallel.
  • b) the construction materials of each module can be chosen as a function of the more or less aggressive local compositions of the gas and of the liquid along the treatment line for the two fluids.
  • c) in the case of flat geometry electrostatic precipitators, the modular design alleviates to some extent the gas flaring at the top and at the base of the envelope.

Un "champ de trémies" est la section d'appareil à laquelle est affectée un bac d'accumulation qui recueille au moyen d'une ou de plusieurs trémies les boues ou les solutions concentrées qui s'écoulent à la base d'un champ ou de plusieurs champs d'aspersion. Le liquide recueilli est en partie recyclé par aspersion dans le même champ de trémies moyennant d'éventuelles adaptations de sa composition chimique, en partie prélevé pour réaliser le reflux liquide d'étage en étage, et en partie soutiré aux bacs d'extraction en vue d'éliminer les produits de transfert indésirables au moyen de méthodes de séparation appropriées (précipitation, sédimentation, filtration, centrifugation, ajustement du pH, réactions chimiques,...etc).
La multiplication des champs de trémies, c'est à dire des bacs d'accumulation, présente plusieurs avantages que nous allons préciser:

  • a) La possibilité de soumettre le gaz à des traitements successifs et en ligne par des liquides de compositions différentes, qui constitue l'une des originalités de l'appareil, répond au souci de traiter le gaz le plus chargés par les réactifs les moins couteux, d'adapter la composition du réactif liquide à la composition locale et temporelle du gaz et de réserver aux derniers champs d'aspersion l'emploi de réactifs très spécifiques du transfert de certains polluants gazeux résiduels;
  • b) La concentration des polluants jusqu'à des bacs d'extraction, obtenue en jouant à la fois sur deux mécanismes d'une part le recyclage du liquide d'aspersion au niveau d'un même champ de trémies d'autre part le reflux à multiples étages réalisé par transport du liquide d'un bac d'accumulation au suivant, qui constitue également une originalité de l'appareil, permet d'optimiser les traitements spécifiques des gaz et ceux des liquides en vue de l'élimination des produits indésirables sous la forme soit de solides soit de solutions concentrées valorisables. Le reflux de liquide peut emprunter deux voies, celle du transport direct d'un bac d'accumulation au suivant, ou celle qui consiste à prélever du liquide d'un bac d'accumulation pour réaliser une aspersion complémentaire partielle, continue ou discontinue, s'écoulant dans le bac d'accumulation contigu.
A "hopper field" is the section of apparatus to which is assigned an accumulation tank which collects by means of one or more hoppers the sludge or the concentrated solutions which flow at the base of a field or several spray fields. The collected liquid is partly recycled by sprinkling in the same hopper field with possible adaptations of its chemical composition, partly withdrawn to carry out the liquid reflux from stage to stage, and partly withdrawn from the extraction tanks in view eliminate unwanted transfer products by means of appropriate separation methods (precipitation, sedimentation, filtration, centrifugation, pH adjustment, chemical reactions, etc.).
The multiplication of hopper fields, that is to say accumulation tanks, has several advantages that we will specify:
  • a) The possibility of subjecting the gas to successive on-line treatments with liquids of different compositions, which constitutes one of the original features of the apparatus, responds to the concern of treating the most loaded gas with the least expensive reagents to adapt the composition of the liquid reagent to the local and temporal composition of the gas and to reserve the use of very specific reagents for the transfer of certain residual gaseous pollutants to the last spray fields;
  • b) The concentration of pollutants up to extraction tanks, obtained by playing at the same time on two mechanisms on the one hand the recycling of the spraying liquid at the same hopper field on the other hand the reflux to multiple stages carried out by transporting the liquid from one accumulation tank to the next, which also constitutes an originality of the device, makes it possible to optimize the specific treatments of gases and those of liquids with a view to eliminating undesirable products under the forms either solids or concentrated solutions which can be upgraded. The reflux of liquid can take two ways, that of direct transport from one accumulation tank to the next, or that which consists in withdrawing liquid from an accumulation tank to carry out a partial additional spraying, continuous or discontinuous, s '' flowing into the adjoining accumulation tank.

Le "champ de concentration", qui se termine par un bac d'extraction, est la section d'appareil à laquelle est dévolue la concentration de certains polluants de transfert par contact liquide-gaz à reflux à étages multiples. Il comprend donc plusieurs champs de trémies, c'est à dire plusieurs bacs d'accumulation matérialisant les étages. Le réacteur électrostatique selon l'invention a nécessairement au moins un champ de concentration.The "concentration field", which ends with an extraction tank, is the section of apparatus to which the concentration of certain transfer pollutants by liquid-gas reflux contact with multiple stages is allocated. It therefore includes several hopper fields, that is to say several accumulation tanks materializing the stages. The electrostatic reactor according to the invention necessarily has at least one concentration field.

Un "temps de séjour séquentiel" est le temps moyen que met le gaz à parcourir une section particulière de la ligne de traitement: champ d'aspersion, champ de trémies, champ de concentration ou ligne de traitement du gaz. Dans le cas du dépoussiérage il varie proportionnellement à la "surface volumique d'électrodes de la section correspondante", c'est à dire de la surface d'électrodes contenues dans cette section par normaux mètres cubes de gaz traversant l'appareil en une heure. En réalisation modulaire on peut le faire varier en affectant plus ou moins de modules en série ou en parallèle à une séquence particulière de traitement. Si le temps de séjour nécessaire pour éliminer un polluant gazeux est plus élevé que celui nécessaire à la précipitation électrostatique des poussières qui l'accompagnent, un laveur (non électrostatique) du gaz peut être placé en tête ou en queue de l'épurateur électrique. On dispose ainsi du nombre de degré de liberté nécessaires pour ajuster les caractéristiques de l'épurateur en fonction des vitesses des réactions chimiques en cause et des normes anti-pollution en vigueur.A "sequential residence time" is the average time it takes the gas to travel through a particular section of the treatment line: spray field, hopper field, concentration field or gas treatment line. In the case of dusting it varies proportionally to the "volume area of electrodes of the corresponding section", ie of the area of electrodes contained in this section by normal cubic meters of gas passing through the device in one hour . In modular construction, it can be varied by assigning more or less modules in series or in parallel to a particular processing sequence. If the residence time necessary to remove a gaseous pollutant is greater than that necessary for the electrostatic precipitation of the dust which accompanies it, a gas washer (not electrostatic) can be placed at the head or tail of the electric purifier. We thus have the number of degree of freedom necessary to adjust the characteristics of the purifier according to the speeds of the chemical reactions in question and the anti-pollution standards in force.

Le composition du "liquide de transfert", à l'état soit nébulisé soit de ruissellement recueilli dans des bacs d'accumulation, varie le long de la ligne de traitement du gaz du fait d'une part de la spécificité des réaction en cause d'autre part de la concentration à étages multiples et contre-courant gaz-liquide réalisée soit par transport direct du liquide d'un bac d'accumulation au suivant soit par aspersion partielle continue ou discontinue d'un groupe d'électrodes au moyen du liquide issu du bac d'accumulation de l'étage contigu ou issu d'une opération de soutirage et de purification effectuée au niveau d'un bac d'extraction; pendant la séquence d'aspersion l'extrémité du groupe d'électrodes est correctement lavée, mais une partie du brouillard liquide et les polluants qu'il contient sont entrainés d'un étage au suivant par convection, effet défavorable à une concentration poussée des boues et à une épuration poussée du gaz; pendant la séquence d'arrêt de l'aspersion les gouttes sont précipitées électrostatiquement à l'étage où elles sont produites et ne participent donc pas au réentrainement d'impuretés véhiculées par la brouillard liquide. La composition peut également varier d'un champ d'aspersion à l'autre si des réactifs sont introduits directement dans les rampes d'arrosage en complément de ceux introduits dans les bacs. La composition du "liquide d'aspersion" est déterminée par la nature et les caractères cinétiques des réactions de transfert qui sont affectées à un champ d'aspersion, un champ de trémie, ou un champ de concentration. Il s'agit le plus généralement d'une eau contenant des réactifs solubles, des solides réactifs ou inertes à l'état dispersé, des catalyseurs, éventuellement des produits tensioactifs ioniques ou non ioniques ou encore des substances oléophyles émulsionnées.The composition of the "transfer liquid", in either a nebulized or a runoff state collected in accumulation tanks, varies along the gas treatment line due, on the one hand, to the specificity of the reactions in question. other part of the multistage concentration and gas-liquid counter-current achieved either by direct transport of the liquid from one accumulation tank to the next or by continuous or discontinuous partial spraying of a group of electrodes by means of the liquid from the accumulation tank of the adjoining floor or from a racking and purification operation carried out at the level of an extraction tank; during the spraying sequence the end of the group of electrodes is properly washed, but part of the liquid mist and the pollutants it contains are entrained from one stage to the next by convection, an effect unfavorable to a high concentration of sludge and to a thorough purification of the gas; during the spraying stop sequence the drops are electrostatically precipitated on the floor where they are produced and therefore do not participate in the re-training of impurities conveyed by the liquid mist. The composition can also vary from one spray field to another if reagents are introduced directly into the spray bars in addition to those introduced into the tanks. The composition of the "spray liquid" is determined by the nature and kinetics of the transfer reactions which are assigned to a spray field, a hopper field, or a concentration field. It is most generally a water containing soluble reagents, reactive or inert solids in the dispersed state, catalysts, optionally ionic or nonionic surfactants or even oleophilic emulsified substances.

Un "champ électrique", selon sa définition classique, est l'espace occupé par un ou plusieurs groupes d'électrodes alimentés par un même générateur électrique. La multiplication des champs électriques présente des avantages bien connus:

  • a) Elle évite l'arrêt de la précipitation des particules simultanément dans toutes les sections de l'appareil. L'interruption temporaire de la sédimentation, consécutive à un amorçage électrique local, ne concerne que les électrodes alimentées par un même transformateur, c'est à dire qu'un seul champ électrique.
  • b) Il est possible de régler la tension électrique aussi près que possible de la tension locale de claquage, afin d'optimiser la vitesse de sédimentation des particules solides ou liquides en suspension dans le gaz. Cette tension disruptive est en effet fonction de nombreux facteurs tels que: densité de particules en suspension dans le gaz, distribution de la taille de ces particules, composition chimique, température et homogénéité du gaz, anomalies de centrage ou de parallélisme des électrodes, configuration des arrêtes et des pointes émissives. Dans un réacteur électrostatique triphasique la composition chimique du gaz peut varier considérablement entre l'entrée et la sortie de l'appareil. Dans le cas d'un champ électrique unique c'est la section de la veine gazeuse qui présente la plus basse tension de claquage qui impose cette tension à toutes les autres sections au détriment du rendement global de l'appareil. On sait par exemple qu'une forte teneur en SO2 abaisse notablement la tension disruptive. Le (ou les) premier champ d'aspersion aura donc pour fonction d'arrêter la plus grande partie de SO2 au moyen d'un réactif approprié mais sous une tension électrique relativement basse, alors que les champs suivants supporteront des tensions plus élevées adaptées à des efficacités locales optimales. Une "rue" est l'espace compris entre deux électrodes collectrices de part et d'autre d'une électrode émissive dans le cas d'un électrofiltre à géométrie plane.
An "electric field", according to its classic definition, is the space occupied by one or more groups of electrodes powered by the same electric generator. The multiplication of electric fields has well-known advantages:
  • a) It avoids stopping the precipitation of particles simultaneously in all sections of the device. The temporary interruption of sedimentation, following a local electrical ignition, only concerns the electrodes supplied by the same transformer, ie only one electric field.
  • b) It is possible to adjust the electrical voltage as close as possible to the local breakdown voltage, in order to optimize the rate of sedimentation of solid or liquid particles suspended in the gas. This disruptive voltage is indeed a function of many factors such as: density of particles in suspension in the gas, distribution of the size of these particles, chemical composition, temperature and homogeneity of the gas, anomalies of centering or parallelism of the electrodes, configuration of the stops and emissive points. In a three-phase electrostatic reactor the chemical composition of the gas can vary considerably between the inlet and the outlet of the device. In the case of a single electric field, it is the section of the gas stream which has the lowest breakdown voltage which imposes this voltage on all the other sections to the detriment of the overall efficiency of the device. We know, for example, that a high SO 2 content significantly lowers the breakdown voltage. The function of the first spray field will therefore be to stop most of the SO 2 by means of an appropriate reagent but at a relatively low electrical voltage, while the following fields will support higher adapted voltages. to optimal local efficiencies. A "street" is the space between two collecting electrodes on either side of an emissive electrode in the case of an electrostatic precipitator with plane geometry.

La "ligne de traitement des liquides" est celle des opérations physiques et chimiques effectuées sur les liquides concentrés soutirés au niveau des bacs d'extraction en vue d'une part d'éliminer des produits indésirables d'autre part de recycler partiellement ou totalement, en des points convenablement choisis de la ligne de traitement du gaz, des liquides de lavage ainsi totalement ou partiellement épurés, et éventuellement des réactifs régénérés.The "liquid processing line" is that of the physical and chemical operations carried out on the concentrated liquids drawn off at the level of the extraction tanks in view on the one hand to eliminate undesirable products on the other hand to partially or totally recycle, at suitably chosen points of the gas treatment line, washing liquids thus totally or partially purified, and optionally regenerated reagents.

ENONCE DES FIGURESSTATEMENT OF FIGURES

Figure 1: est une vue en coupe verticale longitudinale d'un électrofiltre humide à contre-courant liquide-gaz.Figure 1: is a longitudinal vertical sectional view of a wet electrofilter with liquid-gas counter-current.

Figure 2: est une vue de dessus de l'électrofiltre représenté par la figure précédente.Figure 2: is a top view of the electrostatic filter shown in the previous figure.

Figure 3: est une vue en coupe verticale d'un champ d'aspersion avec des rampes verticales et des rampes horizontales d'aspersion, le ruissellement des électrodes étant recueilli par deux trémies dans un bac d'accumulation unique constituant l'un des étages de concentration d'un électrofiltre humide plan à contre-courant liquide-gaz.Figure 3: is a vertical sectional view of a spray field with vertical booms and horizontal booms, the runoff of the electrodes being collected by two hoppers in a single accumulation tank constituting one of the stages for concentrating a flat wet electrostatic precipitator against liquid-gas counter-current.

FIGURESFIGURES

A titre d'exemple non limitatif la figure 1 et la figure 2 représentent schématiquement et en coupe, respectivement verticale et horizontale, un appareil à géométrie plane à trois "champs électriques" 46, 47, et 48. Il est constitué d'une enveloppe 44, quatre champs d'aspersion 5, 6, 7, 8, trois champs de trémie 9, 10, 11, les deux premiers 9 et 10 étant constitués chacun d'un seul champ d'aspersion, le troisième 11 de deux champs d'aspersion, 7 et 8. Tous les champs d'aspersion comportent trois "rues" telles que 12 et sont arrosés chacun par des rampes verticales telles que 13. D'autres rampes telles que 19 assurent la saturation en vapeur d'eau du gaz entrant dans l'appareil. Ces rampes d'aspersion 19 peuvent avantageusement faire partie d'un étage de tête affecté au séchage des boues par la chaleur sensible du gaz pour obtenir finalement des produits solides ou pateux. Deux bacs d'accumulation 17 et 18 participent à un champ de concentration à deux étages dont le reflux passe par la tubulure 30, le bac 17 étant un bac d'extraction de même que le bac 16. Des pièces 33 en céramique ou en silice supportent les électrodes émissives et les isolent de la terre 45. 20 est l'arrivée du gaz. 21 est l'extracteur de gaz. 22 est l'arrivée du liquide recyclé après sa purification dans la ligne de traitement des liquides, ou celle du liquide d'appoint du procédé. Les réactifs sont introduits dans les bacs d'accumulation en 23, et éventuellement et pour certains d'entre eux directement dans les rampes d'aspersion en 24. Les produits indésirables sont éliminés dans la ligne de traitement des liquides constituée des unités de séparation 25 et 26 opérant sur les soutirages des bacs d'extraction 16 et 17. Dans l'exemple fourni les bac 16 17 et 18 peuvent éventuellement participer à la concentration à reflux de certains polluants non éliminés en 26 si le liquide incomplètement purifié est transporté par la canalisation 27 au bac d'accumulation 16. Dans ce cas les trois champs de trémie représentent un champ de concentration à reflux pour ces polluants particuliers. Les produits indésirables sont extraits de la ligne de traitement des liquides en 31, et 32, sous forme de précipités solides éventuellement valorisables, de boues très concentrées destinées à la décharge, de solutions industriellement recyclables, ou de liquide purifié totalement ou partiellement recyclé dans la ligne de traitement du gaz par des canalisations telles que 22, 28, 27 ou 29.By way of nonlimiting example, FIG. 1 and FIG. 2 show diagrammatically and in section, respectively vertical and horizontal, an apparatus with plane geometry with three "electric fields" 46, 47, and 48. It consists of an envelope 44, four spray fields 5, 6, 7, 8, three hopper fields 9, 10, 11, the first two 9 and 10 each consisting of a single spray field, the third 11 of two spray fields, 7 and 8. All the spray fields have three "streets" such as 12 and are each watered by vertical ramps such as 13. Other ramps such as 19 ensure the saturation in water vapor of the gas entering the device. These spray bars 19 can advantageously be part of a head stage assigned to the drying of the sludge by the sensible heat of the gas in order to finally obtain solid or pasty products. Two accumulation tanks 17 and 18 participate in a two-stage concentration field, the reflux of which passes through the tube 30, the tank 17 being an extraction tank as well as the tank 16. Ceramic or silica pieces 33 support the emissive electrodes and isolate them from the earth 45. 20 is the arrival of the gas. 21 is the gas extractor. 22 is the arrival of the recycled liquid after its purification in the liquid treatment line, or that of the process make-up liquid. The reagents are introduced into the accumulation tanks at 23, and possibly and for some of them directly into the spray bars at 24. The undesirable products are eliminated in the liquid treatment line made up of the separation units 25 and 26 operating on the withdrawals from the extraction tanks 16 and 17. In the example provided the tanks 16 17 and 18 may possibly participate in the reflux concentration of certain pollutants not removed at 26 if the incompletely purified liquid is transported by the line 27 to the accumulation tank 16. In this case the three hopper fields represent a reflux concentration field for these particular pollutants. The undesirable products are extracted from the liquid processing line at 31, and 32, in the form of solid precipitates which may be recoverable, highly concentrated sludge intended for landfill, industrially recyclable solutions, or purified liquid totally or partially recycled in the gas treatment line by pipes such as 22, 28, 27 or 29.

A titre d'exemple non limitatif la figure 3 représente le champ d'aspersion unique d'un champ de trémies 10 (appartenant luimême à un champ de concentration à reflux d'au moins trois étages 16, 17, 18), dont les rampes de pulvérisation sont de trois types: des rampes verticales 13 disposées frontalement en avant du groupe d'électrodes planes 6, des rampes horizontales 14, arrosant la première partie du groupe d'électrodes 6 par le sommet, et alimentées par le même liquide recyclé du bac d'accumulation 17, des rampes horizontales 15 arrosant, de façon continue ou discontinue, la deuxième partie du groupe d'électrodes 6 également par le sommet, mais alimentées par le liquide provenant du bac d'accumulation 18. Ce troisième type de rampes, quand il existe, constitue l'une des voies du reflux liquide de l'étage 11 à l'étage 9, l'autre voie du reflux étant celle de la canalisation 30 qui amène directement, par gravité ou au moyen d'une pompe, le liquide du bac 18 au bac 16. 43 est le sens du flux gazeux.By way of nonlimiting example, FIG. 3 represents the single spray field of a hopper field 10 (itself belonging to a reflux concentration field of at least three stages 16, 17, 18), including the ramps of spraying are of three types: vertical booms 13 disposed frontally in front of the group of planar electrodes 6, booms horizontal 14, watering the first part of the group of electrodes 6 from the top, and supplied with the same recycled liquid from the accumulation tank 17, horizontal ramps 15 watering, continuously or discontinuously, the second part of the group of electrodes 6 also from the top, but supplied by the liquid coming from the accumulation tank 18. This third type of ramps, when it exists, constitutes one of the ways of the liquid reflux from stage 11 to stage 9, the other reflux path being that of the pipe 30 which brings directly, by gravity or by means of a pump, the liquid from the tank 18 to the tank 16. 43 is the direction of the gas flow.

Le réacteur comporte un champ de trémies ou un module final destiné à l'analyse cumulative de traces de produits nocifs, dont le dosage continu devient impossible en cas de normes trop sévèresThe reactor includes a hopper field or a final module intended for the cumulative analysis of traces of harmful products, the continuous dosing of which becomes impossible in the event of excessively strict standards

Le réacteur constitue une unité mobile d'analyse cumulative d'effluents gazeux industriels.The reactor constitutes a mobile unit for cumulative analysis of industrial gaseous effluents.

Claims (12)

  1. Process for purifying gaseous effluents in a reactor, such as those discharged by the chemical or metallurgical industries, power stations, heat treatment stations or agricultural or domestic waste incinerators, putting the gaseous effluents into circulation in a chamber, and putting the gas into intimate contact with a highly divided absorbent liquid, consisting generally of an aqueous medium containing chemical reagents, sprayed on the one hand mechanically by means of nozzles at the periphery of sets of flat electrodes arranged in parallel passageways constituting a wet electrofilter, and on the other hand electrostatically between facing emitting and collecting electrodes, at a high voltage (preferably negative) and at earth potential respectively, and collecting the liquid streams formed by precipitation, by a corona effect, on the collecting electrodes along the path taken by the gas, of liquid droplets which are generated and ionized, as well as dust suspended in the polluted gas, characterized in that, on the one hand, the liquid streams are collected in distinct accumulator tanks, each corresponding to, and arranged below, one stage of the reactor, each accumulator tank supplying wash liquid to the mechanical means for spraying the periphery of the electrodes of this stage and receiving liquid streams coming from it and, on the other hand, liquid flowing back in the opposite direction to the direction of the gas flow, by pumping or by gravity, from one accumulator tank into the adjacent accumulator tank, the last accumulator tank being an extraction tank from which liquid is withdrawn for recycling.
  2. Process according to claim 1, characterized in that it consists, in addition, of refluxing wash liquid counter-current to the gas, by spraying, continuously or discontinuously, the end of the flat electrodes, with liquid from the accumulator tank of the stage adjacent to that corresponding to the sprayed electrodes, and containing liquid which is less concentrated in polluting substances.
  3. Process according to either of claims 1 or 2, characterized in that wash liquid is withdrawn from extraction tanks to be subjected to chemical treatments and/or separation operations within units forming a liquid treatment line, with the aim either of removing certain undesirable constituents, or of converting the effluent from an accumulator tank into permitted products in a controlled discharge, or into products to be recycled in industry or in the electro-filter itself.
  4. Process according to any one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that the liquid medium carrying chemical reagents present in the dissolved state and/or as divided solids consists either of water, or of an emulsion of the oil-in-water type combining the dissolving and capturing abilities peculiar to the different liquid phases present, some oleophilic and the others hydrophilic.
  5. Device for putting the process of claim 1 into practice, for the purification of a gas in a reactor, comprising successive sections (5, 6, 7, 8) of flat electrodes arranged in passageways (12), a concentration section with multi-stage reflux (9, 10, 11) contained in an envelope (44), each section consisting of flat suspended collecting electrodes (3) at earth potential (45), facing emitting electrodes (1) attached to girders (36) connected to a high voltage, preferably negative, and suspended from insulators (33) each enclosed in a chamber (38) swept by a current of gas or dry air, pointed asperities and/or edges (35) regularly distributed on emitting electrodes and having the function of electrostatically nebulizing the liquid resulting from the interception of part of the droplets emitted by the banks of sprays (13) at earth potential arranged in the path of the gas and of mechanically providing a primary spray of liquid in the direction of the gas flow (43) and/or banks of sprays (14) placed above the electrodes and providing a spray of the same nature but directed downwards, a fan (21) causing the gas to circulate, advantageously at reduced pressure in the electrofilter, banks of sprays (19) saturating and cooling if necessary the gaseous effluent before it reaches the first set of electrodes, characterized in that it comprises distinct accumulator tanks (16, 17, 18) for the wash liquid, each corresponding to one stage (9, 10, 11) of the reactor and arranged below it, each one of which supplies the banks of sprays (13, 14) of this stage by means of individual pumps and receives the liquid trickling from it, ducting for introducing a top-up liquid, ducting for removing a concentrated liquid effluent or thick sludge, as well as ducting (27, 30) connecting each accumulator tank (16, 17, 18) to an adjacent tank, so as to enable the wash liquid to pass from accumulator tank to accumulator tank by gravity or with the aid of pumps, in the opposite direction to the gas flow.
  6. Device according to claim 5, characterized in that it comprises additional banks of sprays (15), supplied with liquid from an accumulator tank (17, 18) and arranged at the top and at the downstream end of a set of flat electrodes (5) of the adjoining stage and situated upstream from that corresponding to the accumulator tank in question.
  7. Device according to either of claims 5 or 6, characterized in that successive accumulator tanks (16, 17, 18) are provided with ducting (23) for the controlled introduction of the appropriate chemical reagents, if possible specific to the nature of the pollutants to be removed in the corresponding stages, and that the banks of sprays (13) may possibly be provided with connections (24) for introducing these reagents more directly with a view to responding in real time to the non-stationary regimes of the gas flow and/or composition.
  8. Device according to any one of claims 5 to 7, characterized in that the wash liquid from an intermediate tank (17) is diverted into a treatment unit (26) intended to remove certain undesirable substances from it without interrupting the reflux which remains ensured by the piping (27), the products of this separation being extracted in the form of a liquid to be recycled in the purifier, of solids to be recycled in industry or to be accepted for controlled discharge, or as a polluting gas to be treated in the same purifier.
  9. Device according to any one of claims 5 to 8, characterized in that the electrofilter consists of one or more concentration sections and one or more independent stages in series in the same gas treatment line.
  10. Device according to any one of claims 5 to 9, characterized in that the electrofilter comprises several electric fields, namely several independent high voltage sources (46, 47, 48), each of these being supplied with a single set of electrodes (5, 6), or several sets (7, 8) with a view to adjusting separately the supply voltages of the successive stages so that each of them has an optimum yield.
  11. Device according to any one of claims 5 to 10, characterized in that the electrofilter comprises a stage at the top for drying sludges by means of the sensible heat of the gas to be purified.
  12. Device according to any one of claims 5 to 11, characterized in that the electrofilter is assisted by an electrostatic washer at the inlet or outlet.
EP92918939A 1991-08-21 1992-08-20 Wet electrostatic precipitator Expired - Lifetime EP0600011B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR9110616A FR2680474B1 (en) 1991-08-21 1991-08-21 ELECTROSTATIC REACTOR HAVING SOLID LIQUID GAS CONTACTS WITH LIQUID GAS COUNTER-CURRENT AND MULTI-STAGE FOR PURIFYING GAS AND TRANSFER LIQUIDS.
FR9110616 1991-08-21
PCT/FR1992/000811 WO1993003849A1 (en) 1991-08-21 1992-08-20 Wet electrostatic precipitator

Publications (2)

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EP0600011A1 EP0600011A1 (en) 1994-06-08
EP0600011B1 true EP0600011B1 (en) 1996-11-13

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EP92918939A Expired - Lifetime EP0600011B1 (en) 1991-08-21 1992-08-20 Wet electrostatic precipitator

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US (1) US5624476A (en)
EP (1) EP0600011B1 (en)
JP (1) JPH06509976A (en)
AT (1) ATE145157T1 (en)
CA (1) CA2115987C (en)
DE (1) DE69215229T2 (en)
ES (1) ES2094368T3 (en)
FR (1) FR2680474B1 (en)
OA (1) OA09886A (en)
WO (1) WO1993003849A1 (en)

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Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
CA2115987C (en) 1998-11-03
FR2680474A1 (en) 1993-02-26
EP0600011A1 (en) 1994-06-08
FR2680474B1 (en) 1995-09-08
WO1993003849A1 (en) 1993-03-04
DE69215229D1 (en) 1996-12-19
OA09886A (en) 1994-09-15
US5624476A (en) 1997-04-29
JPH06509976A (en) 1994-11-10
CA2115987A1 (en) 1993-03-04
DE69215229T2 (en) 1997-03-06
ES2094368T3 (en) 1997-01-16
ATE145157T1 (en) 1996-11-15

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