EP0585724A2 - Apparatus and method for the recognition of printed images on documents - Google Patents
Apparatus and method for the recognition of printed images on documents Download PDFInfo
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- EP0585724A2 EP0585724A2 EP93113159A EP93113159A EP0585724A2 EP 0585724 A2 EP0585724 A2 EP 0585724A2 EP 93113159 A EP93113159 A EP 93113159A EP 93113159 A EP93113159 A EP 93113159A EP 0585724 A2 EP0585724 A2 EP 0585724A2
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- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 32
- 239000003086 colorant Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000005315 distribution function Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000012567 pattern recognition method Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 abstract description 4
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 abstract description 3
- 238000003909 pattern recognition Methods 0.000 abstract description 3
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000003595 spectral effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000018109 developmental process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000006399 behavior Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003111 delayed effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001771 impaired effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005389 magnetism Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000704 physical effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001681 protective effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000035945 sensitivity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001960 triggered effect Effects 0.000 description 1
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- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
- G03G21/00—Arrangements not provided for by groups G03G13/00 - G03G19/00, e.g. cleaning, elimination of residual charge
- G03G21/04—Preventing copies being made of an original
- G03G21/046—Preventing copies being made of an original by discriminating a special original, e.g. a bank note
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- G—PHYSICS
- G07—CHECKING-DEVICES
- G07D—HANDLING OF COINS OR VALUABLE PAPERS, e.g. TESTING, SORTING BY DENOMINATIONS, COUNTING, DISPENSING, CHANGING OR DEPOSITING
- G07D7/00—Testing specially adapted to determine the identity or genuineness of valuable papers or for segregating those which are unacceptable, e.g. banknotes that are alien to a currency
- G07D7/06—Testing specially adapted to determine the identity or genuineness of valuable papers or for segregating those which are unacceptable, e.g. banknotes that are alien to a currency using wave or particle radiation
- G07D7/12—Visible light, infrared or ultraviolet radiation
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- G—PHYSICS
- G07—CHECKING-DEVICES
- G07D—HANDLING OF COINS OR VALUABLE PAPERS, e.g. TESTING, SORTING BY DENOMINATIONS, COUNTING, DISPENSING, CHANGING OR DEPOSITING
- G07D7/00—Testing specially adapted to determine the identity or genuineness of valuable papers or for segregating those which are unacceptable, e.g. banknotes that are alien to a currency
- G07D7/20—Testing patterns thereon
- G07D7/202—Testing patterns thereon using pattern matching
- G07D7/206—Matching template patterns
Definitions
- the invention relates to a method for recognizing documents, securities, banknotes or the like, in which the printed images of the documents to be checked are electronically scanned in their entirety or in part, compared with reference values and, if predetermined criteria are present, specific measures are initiated and a device for carrying them out of the procedure.
- a similar device which also aims to provide the banknote with special features, is from the IBM Technical Disclosure Bulletin, Vol. 18, No. 3 known.
- the confidential document is printed with at least one color that has a strong absorption line in a narrow spectral range.
- Three detectors are arranged in the copier, which have a narrow spectral sensitivity in red, green or blue.
- the detectors measure the amount of light reflected from the document in the respective spectral range. If, due to the absorption by the dye, a signal value of the detectors is below the values of the other two, this is a sign that a confidential document should be copied. In this case, the copying process is also canceled.
- EP-OS 0 342 060 Another way to prevent the copying of confidential documents is proposed by EP-OS 0 342 060.
- the image data of the original are digitized and buffered.
- the copying process is prevented or enabled.
- the document to be protected ie not, as described at the beginning, is recognized on the basis of a defined physical property, but on the basis of the individual image content.
- the object of the invention is to provide a method for recognizing documents of value which is simple In this way, it is possible to recognize as many value documents as possible, regardless of their individual graphic design, and to specify a device for carrying out the method.
- the main basic idea of the invention lies in the knowledge that the printed images of the value documents usually contain individual structural elements that are characteristic of securities per se. A general class assignment is possible on the basis of these structural elements, which are present anyway or are to be provided for new securities to be designed. H. Even when such structural elements are present, it can be concluded that a security is present without the printed image being analyzed as a whole or being compared for identity with a stored printed image. In the simplest case, these structural elements are curved, colored lines with a certain minimum areal density. Usually, the intertwined line structures known in the securities sector, the so-called guilloches, are valued.
- Structural elements must always be selected which have a certain legality and which represent a larger number of securities or which are characteristic of a larger number of securities.
- the color copier is provided with an electronic unit which, with the aid of corresponding comparison programs, enables a comparison to be made between the currently scanned document and the stored legal data. Find yourself on the copy template this defined regularity, the copying process is interrupted or not initiated at all.
- the method according to the invention has the advantage that an overarching feature that is common to the documents of value is used for the recognition of documents of value, which results from the printed image itself and is therefore also still present on a photograph, but on the other hand the individual design of the documents to be protected is not impaired. Because the individual print image results from the color design and arrangement of the structural elements.
- the structural elements are guilloches.
- These loop-shaped line patterns are printed in delicate colors in large parts of the banknotes of various currencies and their respective denominations. Guilloche is also found on most securities. Usually two patterns of different colors are artfully interwoven. If the image of such a banknote is broken down into pixels using a color scanner, it is relatively easy to identify the lines and their colors. For example, to identify the guilloches mean distance of the lines in one of the colors, the ratio of the mean distances between the lines of the two colors or the distribution function of the distance of the lines serve as parameters or a defined law.
- Document 1 can represent a security, a banknote or the like. This document 1 has a printed image which, at least in some areas, consists of individual structural elements which follow a defined law. Examples of such structural elements and their regularities are explained in more detail elsewhere.
- Document 1 is illuminated by two light sources 2.
- the reflected light is registered by a detector 3 and fully or partially converted into a digital data record, which is stored in the buffer memory 4.
- the signal analyzer 5 processes this data according to known mathematical pattern recognition methods, taking into account the structural elements stored in the feature memory 6.
- the result of this examination is, for example, a numerical value which indicates how often or with what density the specified values per unit area Structures are present in the print image of document 1.
- This numerical value is passed to a comparator 7, which determines whether the structural elements determined by the analyzer 5 correspond to the values that are specified in the evaluation memory 8. For example, tolerance ranges, lower or upper limit values, predetermined values or the like can be defined in the evaluation memory. If these requirements are met, the further processing or further processing of document 1 is prevented, as already explained.
- the modules 5 - 9 form an electronic evaluation and control unit 10, which of course can have a much more compact structure than that shown schematically in the figure for reasons of clarity.
- the processing unit 10 can be installed in any device in which it is necessary to recognize documents which have printed images with characteristic structures.
- preferred devices are copy, print and bank note checking devices.
- the processing unit 10 is inserted serially into the data processing path of the copier. This ensures that all data to be reproduced are checked for compliance with the specified structural elements.
- the unit 10 can also be used advantageously in printers, in particular with regard to developments in the field of multimedia systems.
- these systems will increasingly enable the image of any recording medium, e.g. B. a photo camera, a video camera or television sets. It is therefore important in this area as well to prevent the duplication of value documents.
- the recording of the printed image of a value document can hardly be prevented, but the printing out can be avoided by the unit 10 according to the invention.
- the printer converts the image data and outputs it to a print medium, it is checked for the presence of structural elements with a certain law and treated as described in the introduction.
- the method according to the invention and the associated device have the advantage in all the above-mentioned fields of application that a document can be recognized in a simple and relatively fast manner. No additional sensors are required for this. This also has the advantage that on those devices which contain a processing unit 10 according to the invention, No special structural changes need to be made, since the electronic processing unit 10 can be placed anywhere in the respective device.
- Guilloche is a structural element that is very often present on documents of value. Guilloches are delicate lines of protective lines that are entwined according to certain geometric laws, processed in one or more colors and produced on special guilloche machines.
- the guilloches can be in the form of positive or negative guilloches. They are produced in high pressure or in line gravure combined with high pressure processes.
- line structures can also be used, such as. B. parallel lines or line networks, if it is ensured that the evaluated regularities in "normal" original templates in the specified form, combination or area distribution are not available or almost not.
- Rotationally symmetrical figures are also particularly suitable for pattern recognition.
- the regularity that can be evaluated in these cases can also be, for example, the number of elements per unit area, the average distance between these elements or the distribution of the elements over the entire document.
- the color can be taken into account as an additional criterion, since very special colors are often chosen for securities, banknotes and the like, which are only used by authorized printers. Often, interwoven characters are printed in different colors, similar to the guilloches already described, so that in this case the analogous laws can be used for evaluation.
- the individual structures and properties can be selected and trained in a more targeted manner. As a rule, only relatively few separate properties are required in these cases, since these can be recognized relatively reliably and are included in the evaluation with high recognition values using the weighting already mentioned.
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- Inspection Of Paper Currency And Valuable Securities (AREA)
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Abstract
Description
Die Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren zum Erkennen von Dokumenten, Wertpapieren, Banknoten oder dergleichen, bei welchem die Druckbilder der zu prüfenden Dokumente in ihrer Gesamtheit oder in Teilbereichen elektronisch abgetastet, mit Referenzwerten verglichen und bei Vorliegen vorgegebener Kriterien spezifische Maßnahmen eingeleitet werden sowie eine Vorrichtung zur Durchführung des Verfahrens.The invention relates to a method for recognizing documents, securities, banknotes or the like, in which the printed images of the documents to be checked are electronically scanned in their entirety or in part, compared with reference values and, if predetermined criteria are present, specific measures are initiated and a device for carrying them out of the procedure.
In vielen technischen Bereichen ist es notwendig, Dokumente zu erkennen, um abhängig von dieser Information spezifische Maßnahmen einleiten zu können. Im Hinblick auf die Erkennung von Wertpapieren, Banknoten und dergleichen ist das Gebiet der Farbkopierer von besonderer aktueller Bedeutung, da derartige Dokumente in verstärktem Maße mit Farbkopierern nachgeahmt bzw. dupliziert werden. Um solche Aktivitäten zu verhindern, wäre es beispielsweise wünschenswert, eine Möglichkeit zu haben, derartige Dokumente zu erkennen, sobald sie als Kopiervorlage in Farbkopierer eingelegt werden, um den anschließenden Kopiervorgang unterbinden zu können.In many technical areas, it is necessary to recognize documents so that specific measures can be initiated based on this information. With regard to the recognition of securities, banknotes and the like, the field of color copiers is of particular current importance, since such documents are increasingly imitated or duplicated with color copiers. In order to prevent such activities, it would be desirable, for example, to be able to recognize such documents as soon as they are inserted as a copy template in color copiers in order to be able to prevent the subsequent copying process.
Zur Durchführung derartiger Maßnahmen wurden bereits eine Reihe von Vorschlägen gemacht, die zum Teil darauf abzielen, im Wertdokument vorgesehene spezielle Merkmale zu erkennen bzw. das Vorhandensein derartiger Merkmale als Abbruchkriterium für den Kopiervorgang zu verwenden.A number of proposals have already been made for implementing such measures, some of which aim to recognize special features provided in the value document or to use the presence of such features as a termination criterion for the copying process.
Eine derartige Vorrichtung beschreibt beispielsweise die US-PS 4,723,149. Neben den für die übliche Funktionsweise nötigen Sensorvorrichtungen weist diese Kopiervorrichtung einen zusätzlichen magnetischen Sensor auf, der auf dem Original vorhandene magnetische Merkmale nachweist.Such a device is described, for example, in US Pat. No. 4,723,149. In addition to the sensor devices necessary for the normal functioning, this copying device has an additional magnetic sensor which detects existing magnetic features on the original.
Werden magnetische Merkmale erkannt, wird dies dem Vorhandensein eines Sicherheitsdokuments gleichgesetzt. In diesem Fall wird ein Steuersignal ausgelöst, welches den nachfolgenden Kopiervorgang verhindert.If magnetic features are recognized, this is equated to the presence of a security document. In this case, a control signal is triggered, which prevents the subsequent copying process.
Eine ähnliche Vorrichtung, die ebenfalls darauf abzielt, die Banknote mit besonderen Merkmalen zu versehen, ist aus dem IBM Technical Disclosure Bulletin, Vol. 18, No. 3 bekannt. Hier wird das vertrauliche Dokument mit wenigstens einer Farbe bedruckt, die in einem schmalen Spektralbereich eine starke Absorptionslinie aufweist. Im Kopierer werden drei Detektoren angeordnet, die eine schmale spektrale Empfindlichkeit im roten, grünen oder blauen besitzen. Bei Beleuchtung des Dokuments mit einer üblicherweise in Kopierern vorgesehenen Lichtquelle messen die Detektoren die im jeweiligen Spektralbereich vom Dokument reflektierte Lichtmenge. Liegt aufgrund der Absorption durch den Farbstoff ein Signalwert der Detektoren unter den Werten der anderen beiden, so ist dies ein Zeichen dafür, daß ein vertrauliches Dokument kopiert werden soll. In diesem Fall wird der Kopiervorgang ebenfalls abgebrochen.A similar device, which also aims to provide the banknote with special features, is from the IBM Technical Disclosure Bulletin, Vol. 18, No. 3 known. Here, the confidential document is printed with at least one color that has a strong absorption line in a narrow spectral range. Three detectors are arranged in the copier, which have a narrow spectral sensitivity in red, green or blue. When the document is illuminated with a light source usually provided in copiers, the detectors measure the amount of light reflected from the document in the respective spectral range. If, due to the absorption by the dye, a signal value of the detectors is below the values of the other two, this is a sign that a confidential document should be copied. In this case, the copying process is also canceled.
Obwohl mit einer derartigen Vorgehensweise das anfangs erwähnte Problem im Prinzip zu lösen wäre, weist sie aber auch einige Nachteile auf, die letztendlich die Verwendung derartiger Vorrichtungen ausschließt. So haben alle Vorrichtungen, die darauf ausgerichtet sind, spezielle und gegebenfalls zusätzliche Merkmale der zu schützenden Dokumente, wie Magnetismus, Absorptionsverhalten, Fluoreszenz usw., nachzuweisen, den Nachteil, daß sie versagen, wenn bei der Kopiervorlage die Merkmalseigenschaften neutralisiert oder völlig weggelassen werden. Im einfachsten Fall ist dies durch Verwendung einer Fotografie möglich. Da die Fotografie des Originals im Normalfall die Echtheitsmerkmale nicht mehr aufweist, wird diese von der Erkennungseinheit des Kopiergeräts auch nicht erkannt, wodurch sie als nicht geschütztes Dokument für den Kopiervorgang freigegeben wird.Although such a procedure would in principle solve the problem mentioned at the outset, it also has some disadvantages which ultimately preclude the use of such devices. Thus, all devices which are designed to detect special and, if necessary, additional features of the documents to be protected, such as magnetism, absorption behavior, fluorescence, etc., have the disadvantage that they fail if the feature properties are neutralized or completely omitted in the copy template. In the simplest case, this can be done by using a photograph. Since the photograph of the original normally no longer has the authenticity features, this is also recognized by the recognition unit of the copier not recognized, which releases it as an unprotected document for copying.
Dasselbe Ergebnis erzielt man, wenn die zusätzlichen Meßeinrichtungen manipuliert oder außer Funktion gesetzt werden.The same result can be achieved if the additional measuring devices are manipulated or deactivated.
Einen anderen Weg, um das Kopieren von vertraulichen Dokumenten zu verhindern, schlägt die EP-OS 0 342 060 ein. In diesem Beispiel werden die Bilddaten des Originals digitalisiert und zwischengespeichert. Abhängig von einem Vergleich mit ebenfalls im Kopiergerät gespeicherten Referenzwerten wird der Kopiervorgang unterbunden oder freigegeben. Im vorliegenden Fall wird das zu schützende Dokument, also nicht, wie anfangs beschrieben, anhand einer definierten, physikalischen Eigenschaft erkannt, sondern anhand des individuellen Bildinhalts.Another way to prevent the copying of confidential documents is proposed by EP-OS 0 342 060. In this example, the image data of the original are digitized and buffered. Depending on a comparison with reference values also stored in the copying machine, the copying process is prevented or enabled. In the present case, the document to be protected, ie not, as described at the beginning, is recognized on the basis of a defined physical property, but on the basis of the individual image content.
Dieses Verfahren verhindert zwar Manipulationen der eingangs beschriebenen Art, es hat allerdings den Nachteil, daß es sehr aufwendig ist und einen hohen Bedarf an Speicherplatz aufweist, da nun die Druckbilder aller zu erkennenden Dokumente als Referenzwert elektronisch abgespeichert werden müssen. Unabhängig vom hohen elektronischen Aufwand können nur die aktuell abgespeicherten Dokumente erkannt werden. Ein derartiges Verfahren macht demnach eine ständige Aktualisierung der Daten notwendig, wodurch der jeweils notwendige Speicherbedarf ständig vergrößert wird. Vergleicht man jedes zu kopierende Dokument mit allen Referenzwerten, so verzögert sich selbstverständlich die Kopiergeschwindigkeit in erheblichem Maße, was eindeutig dem Streben nach kurzen Kopierzeiten entgegensteht.Although this method prevents manipulation of the type described at the outset, it has the disadvantage that it is very complex and requires a large amount of storage space, since the printed images of all documents to be recognized must now be stored electronically as a reference value. Regardless of the high electronic effort, only the currently saved documents can be recognized. Such a method therefore makes it necessary to constantly update the data, as a result of which the required storage space is constantly increased. If you compare each document to be copied with all reference values, the copying speed is of course significantly delayed, which clearly contradicts the striving for short copying times.
Ausgehend von diesem Stand der Technik besteht die Aufgabe der Erfindung darin, ein Verfahren zur Erkennung von Wertdokumenten bereitzustellen, welches es auf einfache Weise erlaubt, möglichst viele Wertdokumente, unabhängig von ihrer individuellen graphischen Gestaltung, zu erkennen sowie eine Vorrichtung zur Durchführung des Verfahrens anzugeben.Starting from this prior art, the object of the invention is to provide a method for recognizing documents of value which is simple In this way, it is possible to recognize as many value documents as possible, regardless of their individual graphic design, and to specify a device for carrying out the method.
Die Lösung dieser Aufgabe ergibt sich aus den unabhängigen Ansprüchen. Die Unteransprüche beinhalten Weiterbildungen der erfindungsgemäßen Lösungen.The solution to this problem results from the independent claims. The subclaims contain further developments of the solutions according to the invention.
Der wesentliche Grundgedanke der Erfindung liegt in der Erkenntnis, daß die Druckbilder der Wertdokumente meist einzelne Strukturelemente enthalten, die für Wertpapiere an sich charakteristisch sind. Anhand dieser ohnehin vorhandenen oder aber bei neu zu entwerfenden Wertpapieren vorzusehenden Strukturelementen ist eine allgemeine Klassenzuordnung möglich, d. h. bereits bei Vorhandensein derartiger Strukturelemente kann auf das Vorliegen eines Wertpapiers rückgeschlossen werden, ohne daß das Druckbild in Ganze analysiert oder mit einem gespeicherten Druckbild auf Identität verglichen wird. Im einfachsten Fall sind diese Strukturelemente in einer bestimmten minimalen Flächendichte vorliegende gekrümmte, farbige Linien. Im Normalfall bewertet man die auf dem Wertpapiersektor bekannten, ineinander verschlungenen Linienstrukturen, die sogenannten Guillochen.The main basic idea of the invention lies in the knowledge that the printed images of the value documents usually contain individual structural elements that are characteristic of securities per se. A general class assignment is possible on the basis of these structural elements, which are present anyway or are to be provided for new securities to be designed. H. Even when such structural elements are present, it can be concluded that a security is present without the printed image being analyzed as a whole or being compared for identity with a stored printed image. In the simplest case, these structural elements are curved, colored lines with a certain minimum areal density. Usually, the intertwined line structures known in the securities sector, the so-called guilloches, are valued.
Es sind stets Strukturelemente auszuwählen, die eine bestimmte Gesetzmäßigkeit aufweisen und die stellvertretend für eine größere Zahl von Wertpapieren stehen bzw. die für eine größere Zahl von Wertpapieren charakteristisch sind.Structural elements must always be selected which have a certain legality and which represent a larger number of securities or which are characteristic of a larger number of securities.
Im konkreten Anwendungsfall wird der Farbkopierer mit einer elektronischen Einheit versehen, welche mit Hilfe entsprechender Vergleichsprogramme einen Vergleich ermöglicht zwischen dem aktuell abgetasteten Dokument und den abgespeicherten Gesetzmäßigkeitsdaten. Findet sich auf der Kopiervorlage diese definierte Gesetzmäßigkeit, so wird der Kopiervorgang unterbrochen bzw. überhaupt nicht eingeleitet.In the specific application, the color copier is provided with an electronic unit which, with the aid of corresponding comparison programs, enables a comparison to be made between the currently scanned document and the stored legal data. Find yourself on the copy template this defined regularity, the copying process is interrupted or not initiated at all.
Das erfindungsgemäße Verfahren hat den Vorteil, daß für die Erkennung von Wertdokumenten ein übergreifendes, den Wertdokumenten gemeinsames Merkmal verwendet wird, das sich aus dem Druckbild selbst ergibt und daher auch auf einer Fotografie noch vorhanden ist, andererseits jedoch die individuelle Gestaltung der zu schützenden Dokumente nicht beeinträchtigt. Denn das individuelle Druckbild ergibt sich aus der farblichen Gestaltung und Anordnung der Strukturelemente.The method according to the invention has the advantage that an overarching feature that is common to the documents of value is used for the recognition of documents of value, which results from the printed image itself and is therefore also still present on a photograph, but on the other hand the individual design of the documents to be protected is not impaired. Because the individual print image results from the color design and arrangement of the structural elements.
Darüber hinaus sind keine zusätzlichen Meßvorrichtungen notwendig, die stillgelegt oder umgangen werden könnten, da die Kopiervorlage, wie bei jedem normalen Kopiervorgang, abgetastet wird und die Identifizierung der Strukturelemente mit Hilfe der elektronischen Mustererkennung erfolgt.In addition, no additional measuring devices are necessary, which could be shut down or bypassed, since the copy template is scanned, as with any normal copying process, and the structural elements are identified with the aid of electronic pattern recognition.
Ein weiterer Vorteil ist darin zu sehen, daß lediglich wenige Referenzwerte gespeichert werden müssen und dennoch eine Vielzahl verschiedener Wertdokumente erkannt und vor unberechtigtem Kopieren geschützt werden können.Another advantage can be seen in the fact that only a few reference values have to be stored and yet a large number of different value documents can be recognized and protected against unauthorized copying.
In einer bevorzugten Ausführungsform stellen die Strukturelemente Guillochen dar. Diese schlingenförmigen Linienmuster werden in zarten Farben in großen Teilen der Banknoten verschiedenster Währungen und ihrer jeweiligen Stückelungen aufgedruckt. Aber auch auf den meisten Wertpapieren befinden sich Guillochen. Meist werden zwei Muster unterschiedlicher Farbe kunstvoll ineinander verwoben. Wenn das Bild einer solchen Banknote mit Hilfe eines Farbscanners in Pixel zerlegt wird, ist es relativ einfach, die Linien und ihre Farben zu identifizieren. Beispielsweise kann zur Erkennung der Guillochen der mittlere Abstand der Linien in einer der Farben, das Verhältnis der mittleren Abstände der Linien der beiden Farben oder die Verteilungsfunktion des Abstands der Linien als Parameter bzw. definierte Gesetzmäßigkeit dienen.In a preferred embodiment, the structural elements are guilloches. These loop-shaped line patterns are printed in delicate colors in large parts of the banknotes of various currencies and their respective denominations. Guilloche is also found on most securities. Usually two patterns of different colors are artfully interwoven. If the image of such a banknote is broken down into pixels using a color scanner, it is relatively easy to identify the lines and their colors. For example, to identify the guilloches mean distance of the lines in one of the colors, the ratio of the mean distances between the lines of the two colors or the distribution function of the distance of the lines serve as parameters or a defined law.
Selbstverständlich können auch andere Strukturelemente herangezogen werden. Besonders bequem zu analysieren sind z. B. auch spezielle rotationssymmetrische Figuren oder Druckbilder, die spezielle Farbkombinationen enthalten, die vorzugsweise im Wertpapier-Druck Verwendung finden, usw.Of course, other structural elements can also be used. Z. B. also special rotationally symmetrical figures or printed images that contain special color combinations, which are preferably used in security printing, etc.
Weitere Ausführungsformen und ihre Vorteile werden im folgenden anhand der Figur näher erläutert, in welcher das Funktionsschema einer möglichen Ausführungsform der erfindungsgemäßen Vorrichtung zum Erkennen von Wertdokumenten dargestellt ist.Further embodiments and their advantages are explained in more detail below with reference to the figure, in which the functional diagram of a possible embodiment of the device according to the invention for recognizing documents of value is shown.
Das Dokument 1 kann ein Wertpapier, eine Banknote oder dergleichen darstellen. Dieses Dokument 1 weist ein Druckbild auf, das zumindest in Teilbereichen aus einzelnen Strukturelementen besteht, die einer definierten Gesetzmäßigkeit folgen. Beispiele für derartige Strukturelemente und ihre Gesetzmäßigkeiten werden an anderer Stelle noch näher erläutert.Document 1 can represent a security, a banknote or the like. This document 1 has a printed image which, at least in some areas, consists of individual structural elements which follow a defined law. Examples of such structural elements and their regularities are explained in more detail elsewhere.
Das Dokument 1 wird von zwei Lichtquellen 2 beleuchtet. Das reflektierte Licht wird von einem Detektor 3 registriert und vollständig oder teilweise in einen digitalen Datensatz umgesetzt, der im Zwischenspeicher 4 abgelegt wird. Der Signalanalysator 5 bearbeitet diese Daten nach bekannten mathematischen Mustererkennungsverfahren unter Berücksichtigung der im Merkmalsspeicher 6 gespeicherten Strukturelemente. Das Ergebnis dieser Untersuchung ist beispielsweise ein Zahlenwert, der angibt, wie oft oder mit welcher Dichte pro Flächeneinheit die vorgegebenen Strukturen beim Druckbild des Dokuments 1 vorhanden sind. Dieser Zahlenwert wird auf einen Komparator 7 gegeben, der feststellt, ob die vom Analysator 5 ermittelten Strukturelemente den Werten entsprechen, die im Bewertungsspeicher 8 vorgegeben sind. Im Bewertungsspeicher können beispielsweise Toleranzbereiche, untere oder obere Grenzwerte, festvorgegebene Werte oder dergleichen festgelegt werden. Bei Erfüllung dieser Vorgaben wird, wie bereits erläutert, die Weiterverarbeitung bzw. Weiterbehandlung des Dokuments 1 unterbunden.Document 1 is illuminated by two
Die Bausteine 5 - 9 bilden eine elektronische Auswerte- und Steuereinheit 10, die selbstverständlich einen wesentlich kompakteren Aufbau als den aus Gründen der Anschaulichkeit in der Figur schematisch dargestellten aufweisen kann.The modules 5 - 9 form an electronic evaluation and
Die Verarbeitungseinheit 10 kann in jede Vorrichtung eingebaut werden, in der es nötig ist, Dokumente zu erkennen, die Druckbilder mit charakteristischen Strukturen aufweisen. Bevorzugte Vorrichtungen sind allerdings Kopier-, Druck- und Banknotenprüfgeräte.The
Im Normalfall wird die Verarbeitungseinheit 10 seriell in den Datenverarbeitungspfad des Kopierers eingefügt. Auf diesem Wege ist sichergestellt, daß alle zu vervielfältigenden Daten auf Übereinstimmung mit den vorgegebenen Strukturelementen geprüft werden.In the normal case, the
Bei Kopiergeräten kann im Modus "Mehrfachkopie" die wiederholte Prüfung derselben Vorlage vermieden werden, wenn sichergestellt ist, daß ein Austauschen des Originals während der Erstellung der Mehrfachkopien nicht möglich ist oder nicht zum Erfolg führen kann. Dies ist einerseits erfüllt, wenn die Originalvorlage während des Kopiervorganges fest fixiert ist oder aber wenn nach Einleiten der Mehrfachkopien die anfangs erstellten (und auf Zuverlässigkeit geprüften) Daten für alle gleichen Kopien verwendet werden. Auf diese Weise sind die jeweils zweiten und folgenden Duplikate in der dem Kopiergerät eigenen Kopiergeschwindigkeit erstellbar. Eine Verzögerung des Vorganges durch die Zulässigkeitsprüfung entfällt in diesen Fällen.In the case of copying machines in the "multiple copy" mode, the repeated checking of the same original can be avoided if it is ensured that an exchange of the original during the making of the multiple copies is not possible or cannot lead to success. This is fulfilled on the one hand if the original is firmly fixed during the copying process or if the initially created (and open) after the multiple copies have been initiated Reliability checked) data can be used for all identical copies. In this way, the second and subsequent duplicates can be created at the copying speed specific to the copier. In these cases there is no delay in the process due to the admissibility check.
Ebenso ist es natürlich auch möglich, die abgetasteten Signale bereits während der Prüfung an die elektrofotografische Einheit weiterzugeben, so daß der Kopiervorgang beim Erkennen eines geschützten Dokuments unterbrochen wird.Likewise, it is of course also possible to pass the scanned signals on to the electrophotographic unit during the test, so that the copying process is interrupted when a protected document is recognized.
Wie bereits erwähnt, kann die Einheit 10 auch in Druckern vorteilhaft eingesetzt werden, insbesondere im Hinblick auf die Entwicklungen im Bereich der Multimediasysteme. Diese Systeme werden es in Zukunft in zunehmendem Maße ermöglichen, das Bild eines beliebigen Aufnahmemittels, z. B. einer Fotokamera, einer Videokamera oder von Fernsehgeräten, auszugeben. Es ist daher auch auf diesem Gebiet wichtig, das Duplizieren von Wertkokumenten zu verhindern. Das Aufnehmen des Druckbildes eines Wertdokuments kann kaum verhindert werden, das Ausdrucken dagegen kann durch die erfindungsgemäße Einheit 10 vermieden werden. Bevor der Drucker die Bilddaten umsetzt und auf ein Druckmedium ausgibt, werden diese auf das Vorhandensein von Strukturelementen mit einer bestimmten Gesetzmäßigkeit überprüft und, wie einleitend beschrieben, behandelt.As already mentioned, the
Das erfindungsgemäße Verfahren sowie die zugehörige Vorrichtung haben in allen obengenannten Anwendungsgebieten den Vorteil, daß auf einfache und relativ schnelle Weise ein Dokument erkannt werden kann. Hierfür sind keine zusätzlichen Sensoren notwendig. Dies hat darüber hinaus den Vorteil, daß an denjenigen Vorrichtungen, die eine Verarbeitungseinheit 10 gemäß der Erfindung enthalten, keine besonderen baulichen Veränderungen vorgenommen werden müssen, da die elektronische Verarbeitungseinheit 10 in der jeweiligen Vorrichtung räumlich gesehen beliebig plaziert werden kann.The method according to the invention and the associated device have the advantage in all the above-mentioned fields of application that a document can be recognized in a simple and relatively fast manner. No additional sensors are required for this. This also has the advantage that on those devices which contain a
Im folgenden werden einige Beispiele für Strukturelemente und ihre Gesetzmäßigkeiten angegeben, die in dem erfindungsgemäßen Verfahren verwendet werden können. Für Wertpapiere können derartige Gesetzmäßigkeiten unter anderem auch den sogenannten Börsenrichtlinien (Gemeinsame Grundsätze der deutschen Wertpapierbörsen für den Druck von Wertpapieren) entnommen werden, welche die formalen Randbedingungen festlegen, die für die Wertpapiererstellung zu beachten sind. Die nachfolgende Aufzählung ist nicht erschöpfend, d. h. es können auch andere Strukturelemente verwendet werden, die eine gut überprüfbare Gesetzmäßigkeit aufweisen.In the following some examples of structural elements and their regularities are given, which can be used in the method according to the invention. For securities, such legalities can also be found in the so-called stock exchange guidelines (Common Principles of the German Stock Exchanges for the Printing of Securities), which define the formal conditions that must be observed for the creation of securities. The following list is not exhaustive, i. H. it is also possible to use other structural elements that have a regularity that is easy to check.
Ein bereits sehr häufig auf Wertdokumenten vorhandenes Strukturelement sind Guillochen. Guillochen sind zarte, nach bestimmten geometrischen Gesetzen verschlungene Schutzlinienwerke, die ein- oder mehrfarbig verarbeitet und auf speziellen Guillochiermaschinen hergestellt werden. Die Guillochen können als Positiv- oder Negativ-Guillochen vorliegen. Sie sind im Hochdruck oder im Linientiefdruck kombiniert mit Hochdruckverfahren hergestellt.Guilloche is a structural element that is very often present on documents of value. Guilloches are delicate lines of protective lines that are entwined according to certain geometric laws, processed in one or more colors and produced on special guilloche machines. The guilloches can be in the form of positive or negative guilloches. They are produced in high pressure or in line gravure combined with high pressure processes.
Als Bewertungsfaktor für diese Guillochen kann beispielsweise der mittlere Abstand der Linien in der ersten Farbe, der charakteristische Linienverlauf, die Linienstruktur (Linienbreite), die Flächendeckung bzw. die flächige Anordnung, die Liniendichte, die Zahl der Verschlingungen und/oder Kreuzungen der Linien pro Flächeneinheit, der mittlere Abstand der Linien unterschiedlicher Farbe, das Verhältnis der mittleren Abstände der Linien beider Farben oder die Verteilungsfunktion (Histogramm), die Konturenschärfe im Verhältnis zur Linienbreite, die Schärfe der Verschlingungs- und Kreuzungspunkte im Verhältnis zur Linienbreite etc. verwendet werden.As an evaluation factor for these guilloches, for example, the mean distance between the lines in the first color, the characteristic line profile, the line structure (line width), the area coverage or the area arrangement, the line density, the number of interlacing and / or intersections of the lines per unit area , the mean distance between the lines of different colors, the ratio of the mean distances between the lines of both colors or the distribution function (histogram), the sharpness of the contour in relation to the line width, the sharpness of the interlacing and crossing points in relation to the line width etc. are used.
Natürlich können auch andere Linienstrukturen herangezogen werden, wie z. B. parallel verlaufende Linien oder Liniennetzwerke, wenn sichergestellt ist, daß die bewerteten Gesetzmäßigkeiten in "normalen" Originalvorlagen in der festgelegten Form, Kombination oder Flächenverteilung nicht oder nahezug nicht vorliegen.Of course, other line structures can also be used, such as. B. parallel lines or line networks, if it is ensured that the evaluated regularities in "normal" original templates in the specified form, combination or area distribution are not available or almost not.
Selbstverständlich gibt es keinen Grund, die Strukturelemente auf linienhafte Strukturen zu beschränken. Ebensogut können andere geometrische Figuren oder Strukturen, wie z. B. Dreiecke, Vierecke, Kreise, sternförmige Gebilde, symbolhafte Figuren oder beliebige Kombinationen dieser Figuren, verwendet werden.Of course there is no reason to limit the structural elements to linear structures. Other geometric figures or structures, such as e.g. B. triangles, squares, circles, star-shaped structures, symbolic figures or any combination of these figures can be used.
Für die Mustererkennung eignen sich insbesondere auch rotationssymmetrische Figuren.Rotationally symmetrical figures are also particularly suitable for pattern recognition.
Die in diesen Fällen auswertbare Gesetzmäßigkeit kann beispielsweise auch die Zahl der Elemente pro Flächeneinheit, der mittlere Abstand dieser Elemente oder die Verteilung der Elemente auf dem gesamten Dokument sein.The regularity that can be evaluated in these cases can also be, for example, the number of elements per unit area, the average distance between these elements or the distribution of the elements over the entire document.
Im Zusammenhang mit dem bereits obengenannten Strukturelementen kann als zusätzliches Kriterium die Farbe berücksichtigt werden, da für Wertpapiere, Banknoten und dergleichen häufig ganz spezielle Farbtöne gewählt werden, die nur von autorisierten Druckereien verwendet werden. Häufig werden auch ineinander verwobene Zeichen in unterschiedlichen Farbtönen gedruckt, ähnlich den bereits beschriebenen Guillochen, so daß in diesem Fall die analogen Gesetzmäßigkeiten zur Bewertung herangezogen werden können.In connection with the structural elements already mentioned, the color can be taken into account as an additional criterion, since very special colors are often chosen for securities, banknotes and the like, which are only used by authorized printers. Often, interwoven characters are printed in different colors, similar to the guilloches already described, so that in this case the analogous laws can be used for evaluation.
Ermittelt man die Gesetzmäßigkeiten bereits existierender Dokumente, so kann das Problem auftreten, daß zwar mehrere Gesetzmäßigkeiten vorliegen, jede für sich aber nicht völlig eindeutig meßbar oder zuordenbar ist. In diesen Fällen kann es hilfreich sein, das jeweilige Vorhandensein mehrerer Gesetzmäßigkeiten zu prüfen und zu bewerten. Zur Erhöhung der Erkennungssicherheit können dabei einzelne Charakteristika unterschiedlich gewichtet werden, so daß die Erkennung bei Vorliegen einer vorgegebenen Mindestpunktzahl signalisiert wird. In gleicher Weise kann aber auch das Vorliegen von einer vorgegebenen Zahl von Eigenschaften/Strukturen aus einer größeren zur Auswahl stehenden Menge zum gewünschten Bewertungsergebnis führen. In diesem Sinne wäre die Kombination oder die Gewichtung verschiedener Gesetzmäßigkeiten ein zusätzliches Bewertungskriterium.If one ascertains the regularities of already existing documents, the problem can arise that, although there are several regularities, each one cannot be measured or assigned completely unambiguously. In these cases, it can be helpful to check and assess the existence of several regularities. To increase the detection reliability, individual characteristics can be weighted differently so that the detection is signaled when a predetermined minimum number of points is present. In the same way, however, the presence of a predetermined number of properties / structures from a larger quantity available for selection can lead to the desired evaluation result. In this sense, the combination or weighting of different laws would be an additional evaluation criterion.
Berücksichtigt man die auszuwertenden Gesetzmäßigkeiten bereits beim Entwurf eines entsprechenden Dokuments, so können die einzelnen Strukturen und Eigenschaften gezielter ausgewählt und ausgebildet werden. In der Regel benötigt man in diesen Fällen nur relativ wenige getrennte Eigenschaften, da diese relativ sicher erkannt werden können und über die bereits erwähnte Gewichtung mit hohen Erkennungswerten in die Bewertung eingehen.If the legalities to be evaluated are already taken into account when drafting a corresponding document, the individual structures and properties can be selected and trained in a more targeted manner. As a rule, only relatively few separate properties are required in these cases, since these can be recognized relatively reliably and are included in the evaluation with high recognition values using the weighting already mentioned.
Claims (21)
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DE4227613 | 1992-08-20 | ||
DE4227613A DE4227613A1 (en) | 1992-08-20 | 1992-08-20 | Method and device for recognizing printed images on documents |
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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DE4227613A1 (en) | 1994-02-24 |
ES2138608T3 (en) | 2000-01-16 |
DE59309880D1 (en) | 1999-12-30 |
EP0585724B1 (en) | 1999-11-24 |
SG65600A1 (en) | 1999-06-22 |
DK0585724T3 (en) | 2000-04-17 |
US5483602A (en) | 1996-01-09 |
JP3689436B2 (en) | 2005-08-31 |
EP0585724A3 (en) | 1996-07-24 |
GR3032464T3 (en) | 2000-05-31 |
ATE187003T1 (en) | 1999-12-15 |
JPH06318282A (en) | 1994-11-15 |
PT585724E (en) | 2000-04-28 |
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