EP0573760B1 - Verfahren zum Identifizieren von Sprach- und Rufverlaufsignalen - Google Patents

Verfahren zum Identifizieren von Sprach- und Rufverlaufsignalen Download PDF

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EP0573760B1
EP0573760B1 EP93106482A EP93106482A EP0573760B1 EP 0573760 B1 EP0573760 B1 EP 0573760B1 EP 93106482 A EP93106482 A EP 93106482A EP 93106482 A EP93106482 A EP 93106482A EP 0573760 B1 EP0573760 B1 EP 0573760B1
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largest
speech
maxima
digitized signal
correlation
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French (fr)
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EP0573760A1 (de
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Drory Eatamar
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VMX Inc
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VMX Inc
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04Q—SELECTING
    • H04Q1/00—Details of selecting apparatus or arrangements
    • H04Q1/18—Electrical details
    • H04Q1/30—Signalling arrangements; Manipulation of signalling currents
    • H04Q1/44—Signalling arrangements; Manipulation of signalling currents using alternate current
    • H04Q1/444—Signalling arrangements; Manipulation of signalling currents using alternate current with voice-band signalling frequencies
    • H04Q1/46—Signalling arrangements; Manipulation of signalling currents using alternate current with voice-band signalling frequencies comprising means for distinguishing between a signalling current of predetermined frequency and a complex current containing that frequency, e.g. speech current

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to digital signal processing and to methods for identifying speech and tone energy on a signal line. More particularly, the present invention relates to methods for identifying and discriminating between tones, such as DTMF tones, dial tones, busy signals and other tones used in telephone systems, and speech energy on a signal line.
  • tones such as DTMF tones, dial tones, busy signals and other tones used in telephone systems, and speech energy on a signal line.
  • DE 31 01 851 A1 discloses a method for sampling speech wherein a zero order autocorrelation coefficient and a partial first order autocorrelation coefficient are derived from a speech signal. If either a first state, wherein the zero order autocorrelation coefficient exceeds a first threshold value, or a second state, wherein the zero order autocorrelation coefficient exceeds a second threshold value and the partial first order autocorrelation coefficient is smaller than a third threshold value are present for a predetermined number of extraction intervals, the beginning of a speech signal has been detected. If a state is detected, which is neither the first state nor the second state, the end of a speech signal is detected. This method is used to discriminate between speech signals and noise signals.
  • US 4,439,639 B1 discloses a digital circuit and a method for the detection of call progress tones in telephone systems.
  • the PCM signal is linearized and normalized and the level of the linear signal is measured. Then the number of zero level passes are counted. Moreover, the envelope frequency of the signal is detected. The results of the level measurement, the zero level pass counts and the envelope frequency are then evaluated to provide an output signal representing the identity of the input PCM signal.
  • US 3,944,753 B1 discloses an apparatus for distinguishing voice and other noise signals from legitimate multi-frequency tone signals present on telephone or similar communication lines.
  • a frequency drop detector is used to detect data and control signals, voice and other noise signals, as they appear on the line. Upon the occurence of any signal on the line, the frequency drop detector provides a output, which terminates only if the frequency of that signal rapidly drops at a predetermined amount. Depending on the duration of the output signal, the signal on the line is defined as noise or as a legitimate signal.
  • a method as claimed in claim 1 for real-time identification of electrical energy on a signal line as human speech or as call-progression tone energy achieves a higher degree of accuracy than is possible using prior art techniques.
  • a method for real-time recognition of speech and call-progression tone energy includes the steps of digitizing an analog signal present on a signal line, correlating N neighboring portions of the digitized signal, performing frequency analysis using fast fourier transform (FFT) analysis on the digitized signal, identifying the three largest frequency-domain maxima, determining whether the two largest maxima are above a threshold frequency, and determining whether the ratio of the largest to the third largest maxima exceeds a predetermined value.
  • the steps of the method may be performed in real time using fixed-point hardware by approximating the correlation and FFT functions.
  • Fig. 1 is a functional block diagram of apparatus for performing the method of the present invention.
  • FIG. 2 is a flow diagram showing the steps of a method according to a presently preferred embodiment of the invention.
  • FIG. 3 is a block diagram illustrating a presently preferred method for sharpening the FFT maxima.
  • Speech may be divided into two components.
  • a first voiced component comprises the English language vowel sounds, and consonants such as "m” "n” etc.
  • a second unvoiced component comprises sounds such as "sh” "th” "p” and "t”. While the unvoiced sounds are characterized by little or no correlation, the voiced sounds in speech are highly correlated in the intervals of their pitch. Such a feature recommends the use of correlation techniques as a component of a speech identification method.
  • Certain applications notably telecommunications, require reliable detection and identification of both speech sounds and tones, such as call progression tones. Because call progression tones, usually unmodulated sinusoidal tones, are ideally perfectly correlated and practically highly correlated, correlation techniques alone cannot be used to discriminate between speech sounds and tones such as call-progression signals on communications lines.
  • a combination of digital real-time signal processing techniques implemented in fixed-point hardware may be employed to readily differentiate between speech sounds and call progression tones.
  • the method of the present invention provides a reliable and economically viable solution to the speech recognition problem. From the description presented herein, those of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that the method of the present invention could be performed by an appropriately programmed personal computer, such as an IBM compatible computer equipped with a 386 processor. Particular software coded instruction routines for carrying out an actual embodiment of the present invention may be easily provided by those of ordinary skill in the art as a routine exercise.
  • a signal line 10 to be monitored carries a digitized signal which is to be identified.
  • this digitized signal may be in PCM format, sampled at a rate of 8,000 samples/sec.
  • Codec apparatus for creating such signals from analog signals is well known and widely used in the art and consequently need not be disclosed herein.
  • low-pass digital filter 12 may have a linear rolloff characteristic curve in which attenuation begins at 700 Hz and is complete at 800 Hz. Digital filter technology for provision of such a filter is conventional and well understood.
  • the filtered digital signal is then decimated in circuit block 14 using conventional decimation techniques, preferably by taking every fifth sample, resulting in a data sample rate out of block 14 of 1,600 samples/sec.
  • data samples may be placed in a register 16 for holding while they are processed according to the present method.
  • the digital signal is then subjected to both correlation (block 18) and FFT analysis (block 20).
  • correlation block 18
  • FFT analysis block 20
  • Both of these forms of digital signal processing are well known to those of ordinary skill in the art and are described in texts such as L. R. Rabiner and R. W. Schafer, Digital Processing of Speech Signals, Prentice Hall, 1978, and R. E. Blahut, Fast Algorithms for Digital Signal Processing, Addison Wesley, 1987. Both of these works are expressly incorporated by reference herein.
  • the results of both the correlation and FFT signal processing steps are evaluated to determine if the energy represented by the digital signal on line 12 comprises speech, tone energy, or noise.
  • FIG. 2 A flow diagram representing a method according to a presently preferred embodiment of the invention is depicted in FIG. 2.
  • correlation is performed on a first block of the data samples.
  • Correlation R xx (k) of two signal samples may be expressed as:
  • the correlation lag k is chosen to be within the range of human pitch, i.e., between about 2.5 to 20 msec.
  • the correlation length is chosen to be at least as long as the maximum human pitch, i.e., about 20 msec. At a sample rate of 1,600 samples/sec., the correlation length should be preferably at least 32 samples.
  • the maximum R is first determined by employing only the numerator of eq. [1].
  • the function R(k) may be estimated by taking the arithmetic mean rather than the geometric mean specified by the denominator of eq. [1], thus significantly simplifying the amount of processing necessary.
  • the correlation result is compared with a predetermined threshold ⁇ to determine if there is a possibility that the energy on the line comprises speech.
  • the threshold may be between about 0.6 and 0.8.
  • Steps 36 and 38 illustrate the repetition of the correlation step for N blocks. As previously stated, the presently preferred value for N is 3.
  • the results of the correlation operation indicate the possibility of speech energy, but can also indicate the presence of call-progression tone energy. Therefore, according to the present energy, the digital signal is also subjected to FFT analysis at step 40 to make the final determination regarding whether speech or tone energy is present on the line.
  • FFT analysis of digital signals is well known.
  • the FFT analysis results may be "sharpened” according to a presently preferred embodiment of the invention under some conditions. Because of the overlapping band coverage of the FFT process, the frequency response at frequencies between the center bandwidth points defined by the FFT are attenuated and may introduce some ambiguity into the determination. According to this aspect of the invention, the maxima are "sharpened” before the maxima are evaluated.
  • the three highest frequency maxima M1, M2, and M3 are identified at step 44. If the largest or second largest maxima are found to fall below 300 Hz at step 46, speech is identified at step 48 because call progression tones having a frequency of less than 300 Hz are not likely to be employed. If none of the two highest maxima M1 and M2, fall below 300 Hz, the largest maxima M1 is compared with the third highest maxima M3 at step 50. If the ratio exceeds the threshold, the third maxima is significantly lower energy than the first maxima and the energy is identified as a dual tone at step 52. If the ratio of the first and third maxima is below a preselected threshold (i.e., about 8-10 db) the energy may be identified as speech.
  • a preselected threshold i.e., about 8-10 db
  • FIG. 3 a block diagram illustrates a presently preferred method for sharpening the FFT maxima.
  • the amplitude of the FFT results in adjacent frequency bands are evaluated in groups of three selected in step 60.
  • the magnitude of each band is compared with its right and left hand neighbors in step 62. If, at step 64, it is determined that the center bandwidth has the largest magnitude and the ratio of the center bandwidth to one of its right or left hand immediate neighbors is greater than 9 db and the ratio to the other immediate neighbor is less than 6 db, then the amplitude of the second highest value is added to the amplitude of the highest value and then that second highest band is zeroed out in step 66.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
  • Mobile Radio Communication Systems (AREA)
  • Selective Calling Equipment (AREA)
  • Telephonic Communication Services (AREA)

Claims (10)

  1. Ein Verfahren zum Ausführen einer Echtzeit-Erkennung von Sprache und Rufweiterleitungssignalen aus elektrischer Energie in einer Signalleitung (10) mit folgenden Schritten:
    - Bereitstellen eines digitalisierten Signals, das die Energie wiedergibt;
    - Korrelieren (18) N benachbarter Abschnitte des digitalisierten Signals und "keine Sprache vorhanden"-Ausgeben falls die Korrelation (R) eine vorherbestimmte Schwelle (α) nicht überschreitet;
    - Ausführen einer FFT-Analyse (20) an dem digitalisierten Signal und Identifizieren größter (M1), zweitgrößter (M2) und drittgrößter (M3) Maxima im Frequenzbereich;
    - Bestimmen ob das größte (M1) und das zweitgrößte (M2) Maximum oberhalb einer Schwellenfrequenz liegen und "Sprache vorhanden"-Ausgeben, falls entweder das größte (M1) oder das zweitgrößte (M2) Maximum unterhalb der Schwellenfrequenz liegen und
    - Bestimmen, ob das Verhältnis des größten (M1) zu den drittgrößten (M3) Maximum einen vorbestimmten Wert überschreitet, "Ton vorhanden"-Ausgeben, falls das Verhältnis größer als der vorbestimmte Wert (Th) ist, und "Rauschen vorhanden"-Ausgeben, falls das Verhältnis kleiner ist als der vorbestimmte Wert (Th).
  2. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1, bei dem das digitalisierte Signal im PCM-Format mit einer Abtastrate von 8000 Proben/sec. vorliegt.
  3. Verfahren nach Anspruch 2, bei dem das digitalisierte Signal durch ein Tiefpaßfilter (12) verarbeitet wird, das eine lineare Abfall-Kennkurve hat, in der die Dämpfung bei 700 Hz beginnt und bei 800 Hz vollständig ist.
  4. Verfahren nach Anspruch 2 oder 3, bei dem das digitalisierte Signal verringert (14) wird, indem jede fünfte Probe genommen wird, um eine Abtastrate von 1600 Proben/sec. zu erzielen.
  5. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1 bis 4, bei dem der Schritt des Korrelierens von N benachbarten Abschnitten des digitalisierten Signals das Ausführen der folgenden Berechnung umfaßt:
    Figure imgb0003
     wobei die Korrelationsverschiebung k zwischen 2,5 und 20 msec und die Korrelationslänge N als wenigstens 32 Proben gewählt wird.
  6. Verfahren nach einem der Ansprüche nach Anspruch 1 bis 5, bei dem das "keine Sprache vorhanden" Ausgeben ausgeführt wird, falls die Korrelation eine vorbestimmte Schwelle (α) von 0,6 bis 0,8 nicht überschreitet.
  7. Verfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 6, bei dem die FFT-Analyse mit einer Abtastrate von 1600 Proben/sec. bei einer FFT-Länge von 128 ausgeführt wird.
  8. Verfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 7, bei dem das Ergebnis der FFT-Analyse durch die folgenden Schritte schärfer gemacht wird:
    - die Amplitude der FFT-Ergebnisse in aneinander angrenzenden Frequenzbändern werden in drei Gruppen bewertet;
    - für alle Gruppen von drei aneinander angrenzenden Maxima werden die folgenden Vergleichsschritte ausgeführt:
    - die Größe jedes Frequenzbandes C wird mit seinen rechten (R) und linken (L) Nachbarn verglichen;
    - falls bestimmt wird, daß das mittlere Frequenzband (C) die größte Größe hat und das Verhältnis des mittleren Frequenzbandes (C) zu einem seiner angrenzenden linken oder rechten (L, R) Nachbarn größer als 9 dB ist und das Verhältnis von dem mittleren Frequenzband (C) zu seinem anderen angrenzenden linken oder rechten Nachbar (L, R) weniger als 6 dB beträgt, dann wird die Amplitude des zweitgrößten Wertes zu der Amplitude des größten Wertes addiert und das zweitgrößte Frequenzband wird ausgelöscht.
  9. Verfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 8, bei dem die Schwellenfrequenz 300 Hz beträgt.
  10. Verfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 9, bei dem der vorbestimmte Verhältniswert etwa 8 - 10 dB beträgt.
EP93106482A 1992-05-26 1993-04-21 Verfahren zum Identifizieren von Sprach- und Rufverlaufsignalen Expired - Lifetime EP0573760B1 (de)

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US889513 1986-07-25
US07/889,513 US5319703A (en) 1992-05-26 1992-05-26 Apparatus and method for identifying speech and call-progression signals

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EP0573760A1 (de) 1993-12-15
ATE127303T1 (de) 1995-09-15
DE69300413T2 (de) 1996-02-01
US5319703A (en) 1994-06-07
DE69300413D1 (de) 1995-10-05

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