EP0571780B1 - Screw top - Google Patents

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Publication number
EP0571780B1
EP0571780B1 EP93107061A EP93107061A EP0571780B1 EP 0571780 B1 EP0571780 B1 EP 0571780B1 EP 93107061 A EP93107061 A EP 93107061A EP 93107061 A EP93107061 A EP 93107061A EP 0571780 B1 EP0571780 B1 EP 0571780B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
closure
screw
thread
counter
inclined region
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP93107061A
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0571780A1 (en
Inventor
Albert Ebertsch
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Heinz Glas GmbH and Co KGaA
Original Assignee
Heinz Glas GmbH and Co KGaA
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Heinz Glas GmbH and Co KGaA filed Critical Heinz Glas GmbH and Co KGaA
Publication of EP0571780A1 publication Critical patent/EP0571780A1/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0571780B1 publication Critical patent/EP0571780B1/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65D—CONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
    • B65D41/00—Caps, e.g. crown caps or crown seals, i.e. members having parts arranged for engagement with the external periphery of a neck or wall defining a pouring opening or discharge aperture; Protective cap-like covers for closure members, e.g. decorative covers of metal foil or paper
    • B65D41/02—Caps or cap-like covers without lines of weakness, tearing strips, tags, or like opening or removal devices
    • B65D41/04—Threaded or like caps or cap-like covers secured by rotation
    • B65D41/0471—Threaded or like caps or cap-like covers secured by rotation with means for positioning the cap on the container, or for limiting the movement of the cap, or for preventing accidental loosening of the cap
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
    • B05B—SPRAYING APPARATUS; ATOMISING APPARATUS; NOZZLES
    • B05B11/00—Single-unit hand-held apparatus in which flow of contents is produced by the muscular force of the operator at the moment of use
    • B05B11/01—Single-unit hand-held apparatus in which flow of contents is produced by the muscular force of the operator at the moment of use characterised by the means producing the flow
    • B05B11/10—Pump arrangements for transferring the contents from the container to a pump chamber by a sucking effect and forcing the contents out through the dispensing nozzle
    • B05B11/1042—Components or details
    • B05B11/1043—Sealing or attachment arrangements between pump and container
    • B05B11/1045—Sealing or attachment arrangements between pump and container the pump being preassembled as an independent unit before being mounted on the container

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a screw closure, in which a thread arranged at the screw mouth of a container has at least one ramp area, which cooperates with a counter surface on a closure for securing the closure against rotation.
  • DE-A 32 01 330 describes the provision of ramp areas for defining a central position of a lid on a container. This middle position enables a liquid to be poured out of the container. The ramp areas of the internal and external threads work together and get caught in the intermediate position, whereby this is clearly defined. The lid can only be turned forwards or backwards after overcoming resistance.
  • DE-A 28 45 743 describes the provision of a ramp area in the thread of a bottle.
  • the ramp area is used here to determine a tight closed position of the lid on the bottle, in that the ramp area engages in a cutout of the counter thread.
  • the cover is released from its closed position by an elastic expansion of the closure when pressed down, the ramp area emerging from the cutout.
  • DE-A 26 34 525 shows a safety closure for containers in which teeth and counter teeth are arranged on the threads of the closure, which cause the cover to be fixed in the closed position. This way the container is secured against unauthorized opening, for example by children.
  • the known screw closures with reverse rotation protection are all characterized by a relatively complex construction for determining a central or closed position.
  • the present invention finds particular application in glass bottles, the lids of which carry an atomizer pump.
  • This lid with the atomizing pump must be screwed onto the glass bottle once after filling the bottle.
  • the glass bottle has a screw mouth with an external thread, in which at least one ramp area is arranged. By cutting the radially outer edge of the ramp area into the softer plastic cover compared to the ramp area, it is permanently secured against turning back. After using the bottle, the lid can be twisted off the bottle for later separate recycling of the glass bottle and the cap against greater mechanical resistance.
  • the radially outwardly extending ramp area is preferably formed in the screw mouth of the container, for example a glass bottle.
  • the closure which is designed in particular as a carrier for an atomizer pump, is made of a softer material than the screw mouth, the corner or edge of the radially outer end of the ramp area cuts into the closure.
  • the counter surface of the closure therefore does not have to have any special properties.
  • the sharp edges of the ramp areas of the glass thread cut into the surface of the closure facing the thread, as a result of which the closure is deformed elastically or plastically.
  • the closure is reliably held in its closed position by this positive engagement.
  • the invention makes it possible to create a reliable anti-rotation lock.
  • ramp areas are arranged at equal angular intervals on the screw mouth of the container.
  • FIG. 1 shows the screw mouth 10 of a glass bottle 12.
  • the inside of the screw mouth 10 forms the pouring opening of the bottle 12.
  • the outside of the screw mouth 10 has an external thread 14 with two threads.
  • the thread 14 has ramp areas 16, 18 which extend radially outward from the center Z of the screw mouth 10. These ramp areas 16, 18 have at their radially outer ends a sharp edge 20, 22, which is provided for cutting into the areas A Cut the adjacent counter surface of a closure in the closed position.
  • the closure not shown, is preferably designed as a carrier for an atomizer pump, which only has to be screwed onto the bottle once after filling the bottle and is not removed again for the duration of use.
  • the closure or the closure part with the complementary thread is preferably made of a softer material, for example plastic, as a result of which the sharp edges 20, 22 of the ramp areas 16, 18 cut into the closure part without a special configuration of the closure or the Closure part would be necessary. It can thus be used for a screw mouth according to Figures 1 and 2 conventional closures with normal internal threads without a specially designed counter surface. The invention therefore enables an inexpensive and technically simple fixing of the closure in the closed position.
  • the direction in which the closure is screwed onto the screw mouth 10 is represented by arrows in FIG. 2. In this direction it is possible to unscrew the closure slightly. The turning against the direction of the arrow is hindered by the fact that the sharp edges 20, 22 cut into the comparatively softer surface of the closure. Thus, the closed position of the closure is positively secured.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Closures For Containers (AREA)
  • Seal Device For Vehicle (AREA)
  • Glass Compositions (AREA)
  • Control Of Motors That Do Not Use Commutators (AREA)
  • Dowels (AREA)
  • Heterocyclic Compounds That Contain Two Or More Ring Oxygen Atoms (AREA)
  • Acyclic And Carbocyclic Compounds In Medicinal Compositions (AREA)

Abstract

The invention relates to a screw closure, in particular for fastening a closure with a nebulizer pump on a glass bottle. Provided on the thread (14) of the threaded mouth of the glass bottle is at least one ramp region (16, 18) which interacts with a counter-surface of the closure to secure the closure against unscrewing. A safeguard of the closure in the closed position which is simple in design and therefore cost-effective is implemented in that the ramp region (16, 18) extends radially outwards from the thread (14), in that the ramp region (16, 18) has a corner or edge on its radially outer end (20, 22), and in that the counter-surface can be deformed by the corner or edge (20, 22). <IMAGE>

Description

Die Erfindung betrifft einen Schraubverschluß, bei dem ein an der Schraubmündung eines Behälters angeordnetes Gewinde wenigstens einen Rampenbereich aufweist, der mit einer Gegenfläche an einem Verschluß zur Rückdrehsicherung des Verschlusses zusammenwirkt.The invention relates to a screw closure, in which a thread arranged at the screw mouth of a container has at least one ramp area, which cooperates with a counter surface on a closure for securing the closure against rotation.

Aus der DE-A 27 26 338 ist es bekannt, mehrere Rampenbereiche im Bereich eines Gewindes vorzusehen. Diese Rampenbereiche wirken mit unterbrochenen Gewindeteilen zusammen, wobei eine Federvorrichtung für das Ineinanderverhaken von Rampenbereichen und den unterbrochenen Gewindeteilen sorgt. Diese Anordnung ist sehr aufwendig.From DE-A 27 26 338 it is known to provide several ramp areas in the area of a thread. These ramp areas interact with interrupted threaded parts, a spring device ensuring that ramp areas and the interrupted threaded parts are interlocked. This arrangement is very complex.

Die DE-A 32 01 330 beschreibt das Vorsehen von Rampenbereichen zur Definierung einer Mittelstellung eines Deckels auf einem Behälter. Diese Mittelstellung ermöglicht ein Ausgießen einer Flüssigkeit aus dem Behälter. Die Rampenbereiche von Innen- und Außengewinde wirken zusammen und verhaken sich in der Zwischenstellung, wodurch diese eindeutig definiert ist. Ein Vor- oder Zurückdrehen des Deckels ist nur nach Überwindung eines Widerstands möglich.DE-A 32 01 330 describes the provision of ramp areas for defining a central position of a lid on a container. This middle position enables a liquid to be poured out of the container. The ramp areas of the internal and external threads work together and get caught in the intermediate position, whereby this is clearly defined. The lid can only be turned forwards or backwards after overcoming resistance.

In der DE-A 28 45 743 ist das Vorsehen eines Rampenbereichs im Gewindegang einer Flasche beschrieben. Der Rampenbereich dient hier zur Festlegung einer dichten Verschlußstellung des Deckels auf der Flasche, indem der Rampenbereich in einen Ausschnitt des Gegengewindes einrastet. Der Deckel wird durch eine elastische Aufweitung des Verschlusses beim Niederdrücken aus seiner Verschlußstellung gelöst, wobei der Rampenbereich aus dem Ausschnitt heraustritt.DE-A 28 45 743 describes the provision of a ramp area in the thread of a bottle. The ramp area is used here to determine a tight closed position of the lid on the bottle, in that the ramp area engages in a cutout of the counter thread. The cover is released from its closed position by an elastic expansion of the closure when pressed down, the ramp area emerging from the cutout.

Die DE-A 26 34 525 zeigt einen Sicherheitsverschluß für Behälter, bei dem Zähne und Gegenzähne an den Gewindegängen des Verschlusses angeordnet sind, die eine Festlegung des Deckels in Verschlußstellung bewirken. So ist der Behälter gegen unbefugtes Öffnen, z.B. durch Kinder gesichert.DE-A 26 34 525 shows a safety closure for containers in which teeth and counter teeth are arranged on the threads of the closure, which cause the cover to be fixed in the closed position. This way the container is secured against unauthorized opening, for example by children.

Die bekannten Schraubverschlüsse mit Rückdrehsicherung zeichnen sich alle durch eine relativ aufwendige Konstruktion zur Festlegung einer Mittel- oder Verschlußstellung aus.The known screw closures with reverse rotation protection are all characterized by a relatively complex construction for determining a central or closed position.

Es ist daher Aufgabe der Erfindung, einen Schraubverschluß der oben genannten Art zu schaffen, der auf einfache und kostengünstige Weise eine sichere Festlegung eines Verschlusses an einem Behälter, insbesondere einer Glasflasche ermöglicht, und der gegebenenfalls eine Loslösung des Verschlusses für eine spätere getrennte Wiederverwertung von Verschluß und Flasche ermöglicht.It is therefore an object of the invention to provide a screw cap of the type mentioned above, which enables a cap to be securely attached to a container, in particular a glass bottle, in a simple and cost-effective manner, and which may release the cap for later separate recycling of the cap and bottle allows.

Diese Aufgabe wird bei einem Schraubverschluß der obigen Art erfindungsgemäß dadurch gelöst, daß sich der Rampenbereich von dem Gewindegang radial nach außen erstreckt, daß der Rampenbereich an seinem radial äußeren Ende eine Ecke oder Kante zum Einschneiden in die Gegenfläche aufweist. Hierdurch wird die Gegenfläche elastisch oder plastisch verformt und der Verschluß ist formschlüssig gegen Losdrehen gesichert.This object is achieved according to the invention in a screw closure of the above type in that the ramp region extends radially outward from the thread, and that the ramp region has a corner or edge at its radially outer end for cutting into the counter surface. As a result, the counter surface is deformed elastically or plastically and the closure is positively secured against loosening.

Die vorliegende Erfindung findet insbesondere bei Glasflaschen Anwendung, deren Deckel eine Zerstäuberpumpe trägt. Dieser Deckel mit der Zerstäuberpumpe muß nach dem Befüllen der Flasche einmal auf die Glasflasche aufgeschraubt werden. Die Glasflasche weist eine Schraubmündung mit einem Außengewinde auf, in dem zumindest ein Rampenbereich angeordnet ist. Durch das Einschneiden der radial äußeren Kante des Rampenbereichs in den, verglichen mit dem Rampenbereich, weicheren Kunststoffdeckel ist dieser dauerhaft gegen ein Rückdrehen gesichert. Nach der Benutzung der Flasche kann der Deckel für eine spätere getrennte Wiederverwertung der Glasflasche und des Verschlusses gegen größeren mechanischen Widerstand von der Flasche abgedreht werden.The present invention finds particular application in glass bottles, the lids of which carry an atomizer pump. This lid with the atomizing pump must be screwed onto the glass bottle once after filling the bottle. The glass bottle has a screw mouth with an external thread, in which at least one ramp area is arranged. By cutting the radially outer edge of the ramp area into the softer plastic cover compared to the ramp area, it is permanently secured against turning back. After using the bottle, the lid can be twisted off the bottle for later separate recycling of the glass bottle and the cap against greater mechanical resistance.

Erfindungsgemäß wird der sich radial nach außen erstreckende Rampenbereich vorzugsweise in der Schraubmündung des Behälters, z.B. einer Glasflasche, ausgebildet.According to the invention, the radially outwardly extending ramp area is preferably formed in the screw mouth of the container, for example a glass bottle.

Wenn der Verschluß, der insbesondere als Träger für eine Zerstäuberpumpe ausgebildet ist, aus einem weicheren Material als die Schraubmündung hergestellt ist, schneidet sich die Ecke oder Kante des radial äußeren Endes des Rampenbereichs in den Verschluß ein. Die Gegenfläche des Verschlusses muß daher keine besonderen Eigenschaften aufweisen. Die scharfen Kanten der Rampenbereiche des Glasgewindes schneiden sich in die dem Gewinde zugewandte Oberfläche des Verschlusses, wodurch dieser elastisch oder plastisch verformt wird. Der Verschluß wird durch diesen formschlüssigen Eingriff zuverlässig in seiner Verschlußstellung gehalten. Durch die Erfindung ist es möglich, eine zuverlässige Rückdrehsicherung zu schaffen.If the closure, which is designed in particular as a carrier for an atomizer pump, is made of a softer material than the screw mouth, the corner or edge of the radially outer end of the ramp area cuts into the closure. The counter surface of the closure therefore does not have to have any special properties. The sharp edges of the ramp areas of the glass thread cut into the surface of the closure facing the thread, as a result of which the closure is deformed elastically or plastically. The closure is reliably held in its closed position by this positive engagement. The invention makes it possible to create a reliable anti-rotation lock.

Vorzugsweise sind mehrere Rampenbereiche in gleichen Winkelabständen an der Schraubmündung des Behälters angeordnet.Preferably, several ramp areas are arranged at equal angular intervals on the screw mouth of the container.

Vorteilhafte Weiterbildungen der Erfindung sind Gegenstand der Unteransprüche.Advantageous developments of the invention are the subject of the dependent claims.

Die Erfindung wird nachfolgend beispielsweise anhand der schematischen Zeichnung beschrieben. In dieser zeigen:

Fig. 1
eine Seitenansicht auf die Schraubmündung einer Glasflasche und
Fig. 2
eine Aufsicht II auf die Schraubmündung aus Fig. 1.
The invention is described below, for example, using the schematic drawing. In this show:
Fig. 1
a side view of the screw mouth of a glass bottle and
Fig. 2
a top view II of the screw mouth of Fig. 1st

Fig. 1 zeigt die Schraubmündung 10 einer Glasflasche 12. Die Innenseite der Schraubmündung10 bildet die Ausgußöffnung der Flasche 12. Die Außenseite der Schraubmündung 10 weist ein Außengewinde 14 mit zwei Gewindegängen auf. In zwei um 180 Grad versetzten und mit A bezeichneten Bereichen weist das Gewinde 14 Rampenbereiche 16, 18 auf, die sich radial vom Zentrum Z der Schraubmündung 10 nach außen erstrecken. Diese Rampenbereiche 16, 18 haben an ihren radial äußeren Enden eine scharfe Kante 20, 22, die dazu vorgesehen ist, in die an diesen Bereichen A anliegende Gegenfläche eines Verschlusses in Verschlußstellung einzuschneiden. Der nicht dargestellte Verschluß ist vorzugsweise als Träger für eine Zerstäuberpumpe ausgebildet ,die nach der Befüllung der Flasche nur einmal auf die Flasche aufgeschraubt werden muß und für die Dauer der Benutzung nicht wieder entfernt wird. Der Verschluß bzw. das Verschlußteil mit dem komplementären Gewinde ist vorzugsweise aus einem weicherem Material, z.B. Kunststoff, hergestellt, wodurch sich die scharfen Kanten 20, 22 der Rampenbereiche 16, 18 in das Verschlußteil einschneiden, ohne daß eine spezielle Ausgestaltung des Verschlusses bzw. des Verschlußteiles notwendig wäre. Es können somit für eine Schraubmündung nach den Figuren 1 und 2 herkömmliche Verschlüsse mit normalen Innengewinden ohne speziell ausgestaltete Gegenfläche verwendet weden. Die Erfindung ermöglicht daher eine kostengünstige und technisch einfache Festlegung des Verschlusses in Verschlußstellung.1 shows the screw mouth 10 of a glass bottle 12. The inside of the screw mouth 10 forms the pouring opening of the bottle 12. The outside of the screw mouth 10 has an external thread 14 with two threads. In two areas offset by 180 degrees and designated by A, the thread 14 has ramp areas 16, 18 which extend radially outward from the center Z of the screw mouth 10. These ramp areas 16, 18 have at their radially outer ends a sharp edge 20, 22, which is provided for cutting into the areas A Cut the adjacent counter surface of a closure in the closed position. The closure, not shown, is preferably designed as a carrier for an atomizer pump, which only has to be screwed onto the bottle once after filling the bottle and is not removed again for the duration of use. The closure or the closure part with the complementary thread is preferably made of a softer material, for example plastic, as a result of which the sharp edges 20, 22 of the ramp areas 16, 18 cut into the closure part without a special configuration of the closure or the Closure part would be necessary. It can thus be used for a screw mouth according to Figures 1 and 2 conventional closures with normal internal threads without a specially designed counter surface. The invention therefore enables an inexpensive and technically simple fixing of the closure in the closed position.

Die Aufschraubrichtung des Verschlusses auf die Schraubmündung 10 ist in Fig. 2 mit Pfeilen dargestellt. In dieser Richtung ist ein leichtes Aufschrauben des Verschlusses möglich. Das Aufdrehen gegen die Pfeilrichtung wird dadurch behindert, daß sich die scharfen Kanten 20, 22 in die vergleichsweise weichere Oberfläche des Verschlusses einschneidet. Somit wird die Verschlußstellung des Verschlusses formschlüssig gesichert.The direction in which the closure is screwed onto the screw mouth 10 is represented by arrows in FIG. 2. In this direction it is possible to unscrew the closure slightly. The turning against the direction of the arrow is hindered by the fact that the sharp edges 20, 22 cut into the comparatively softer surface of the closure. Thus, the closed position of the closure is positively secured.

Claims (10)

  1. Screw top, wherein a screw thread (14) arranged on the screwed mouth (10) of a container (12) and/or on a top has at least one inclined region (16, 18) which cooperates with a counter-surface on the top and/or the screwed mouth (10) to secure the top against unscrewing,
    characterised in that
    the inclined region (16, 18) extends radially outwardly from the thread, and that
    the inclined region (16, 18) has a corner or edge (20, 22) on its radially outer end, to cut into the counter-surface.
  2. Screw top according to Claim 1,
    characterised in that
    the counter-surface is elastically deformable.
  3. Screw top according to Claim 1 or 2,
    characterised in that
    the screwed mouth (10) of the container (12) and the top are formed from materials of different hardness.
  4. Screw top according to Claim 3,
    characterised in that
    the container (12) is designed as a glass bottle and that the top is of plastic.
  5. Screw top according to one of the preceding claims,
    characterised in that
    several inclined regions (16, 18) are arranged at equal angular spacings on the thread (14).
  6. Screw top according to one of the preceding claims,
    characterised in that
    the top is designed as a carrier for a spray pump.
  7. Screw top according to one of the preceding claims,
    characterised in that
    the corner or edge (20, 22) is sharp.
  8. Screw top according to one of the preceding claims,
    characterised in that
    the inclined region (16, 18,) has a triangular cross-section, with one corner directed radially outwards.
  9. Bottle, particularly a glass bottle, with a screwed mouth (10), which has a screw thread (14) with at least one inclined region (16, 18) for cooperation with the counter-surface of a top,
    characterised in that
    the inclined region (16, 18) extends radially outwardly from the thread (14), and that
    the radially outer end (20, 22) of the inclined region (16, 18) has a sharp corner or edge.
  10. Bottle according to Claim 9,
    characterised in that
    two inclined regions (16, 18), displaced by 180 degrees and rising in the same (angular) direction, are provided.
EP93107061A 1992-05-23 1993-04-30 Screw top Expired - Lifetime EP0571780B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE4217213 1992-05-23
DE4217213A DE4217213A1 (en) 1992-05-23 1992-05-23 Screw cap

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0571780A1 EP0571780A1 (en) 1993-12-01
EP0571780B1 true EP0571780B1 (en) 1996-03-20

Family

ID=6459650

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP93107061A Expired - Lifetime EP0571780B1 (en) 1992-05-23 1993-04-30 Screw top

Country Status (5)

Country Link
EP (1) EP0571780B1 (en)
AT (1) ATE135652T1 (en)
DE (2) DE4217213A1 (en)
DK (1) DK0571780T3 (en)
ES (1) ES2085072T3 (en)

Families Citing this family (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
SI2829208T1 (en) 2013-07-26 2017-10-30 Joma Kunststofftechnik Gmbh & Co. Kg Spice grinder
FR3133842A1 (en) * 2022-03-25 2023-09-29 L'oreal Notch conditioning device

Family Cites Families (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB361687A (en) * 1930-01-31 1931-11-26 Remy & Cie P Improvements relating to bayonet joint closing devices for bottles and the like
DE811919C (en) * 1948-10-03 1951-08-23 Fritz Gronbach Lid closure
US3682345A (en) * 1970-06-15 1972-08-08 Ethyl Dev Corp Threaded container closure
US4464316A (en) * 1982-07-23 1984-08-07 Baxter Travenol Laboratories, Inc. Non-refillable humidifier container
CA2034704C (en) * 1990-12-24 1994-12-13 Robert E. Crisci Container and closure with cooperating threaded portions having fastening configurations

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
ES2085072T3 (en) 1996-05-16
DK0571780T3 (en) 1996-04-29
ATE135652T1 (en) 1996-04-15
DE59301932D1 (en) 1996-04-25
EP0571780A1 (en) 1993-12-01
DE4217213A1 (en) 1993-11-25

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