Classifications

• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F27—FURNACES; KILNS; OVENS; RETORTS
  • F27D—DETAILS OR ACCESSORIES OF FURNACES, KILNS, OVENS, OR RETORTS, IN SO FAR AS THEY ARE OF KINDS OCCURRING IN MORE THAN ONE KIND OF FURNACE
  • F27D99/00—Subject matter not provided for in other groups of this subclass
  • F27D99/0001—Heating elements or systems
  • F27D99/0006—Electric heating elements or system
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J8/00—Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particles; Apparatus for such processes
  • B01J8/18—Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particles; Apparatus for such processes with fluidised particles
  • B01J8/1836—Heating and cooling the reactor
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J8/00—Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particles; Apparatus for such processes
  • B01J8/18—Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particles; Apparatus for such processes with fluidised particles
  • B01J8/24—Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particles; Apparatus for such processes with fluidised particles according to "fluidised-bed" technique
  • B01J8/42—Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particles; Apparatus for such processes with fluidised particles according to "fluidised-bed" technique with fluidised bed subjected to electric current or to radiations this sub-group includes the fluidised bed subjected to electric or magnetic fields
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F27—FURNACES; KILNS; OVENS; RETORTS
  • F27B—FURNACES, KILNS, OVENS, OR RETORTS IN GENERAL; OPEN SINTERING OR LIKE APPARATUS
  • F27B15/00—Fluidised-bed furnaces; Other furnaces using or treating finely-divided materials in dispersion
  • F27B15/02—Details, accessories, or equipment peculiar to furnaces of these types
  • F27B15/14—Arrangements of heating devices
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
  • H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
  • H05B3/0033—Heating devices using lamps
  • H05B3/0038—Heating devices using lamps for industrial applications
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J2208/00—Processes carried out in the presence of solid particles; Reactors therefor
  • B01J2208/00008—Controlling the process
  • B01J2208/00017—Controlling the temperature
  • B01J2208/00026—Controlling or regulating the heat exchange system
  • B01J2208/00035—Controlling or regulating the heat exchange system involving measured parameters
  • B01J2208/00044—Temperature measurement
  • B01J2208/00061—Temperature measurement of the reactants
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J2208/00—Processes carried out in the presence of solid particles; Reactors therefor
  • B01J2208/00008—Controlling the process
  • B01J2208/00017—Controlling the temperature
  • B01J2208/00106—Controlling the temperature by indirect heat exchange
  • B01J2208/00168—Controlling the temperature by indirect heat exchange with heat exchange elements outside the bed of solid particles
  • B01J2208/00194—Tubes
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J2208/00—Processes carried out in the presence of solid particles; Reactors therefor
  • B01J2208/00008—Controlling the process
  • B01J2208/00017—Controlling the temperature
  • B01J2208/00433—Controlling the temperature using electromagnetic heating
  • B01J2208/0046—Infrared radiation

Definitions

• This invention pertains to improvements in controlled heat treating. More particularly, this invention pertains to an infrared hub treat source with controlled cooling.
• furnaces for heat treating a product.
• Such furnaces generate an extremely hot bed of fluidizing particles such as aluminum oxide.
• the furnaces can be used for both continuous processing of a product or batch processing of products.
• U.S. Patent No. 4,752,061 teaches a fluidized bed furnace which uses infrared radiation as the heating source.
• infrared radiation as the heating source is that it permits the use of inert gases to fluidize the particles in the furnace. As a result, a controlled atmosphere can be provided surrounding the product being heat treated in the furnace.
• an apparatus for heat treating a product.
• the apparatus includes an infrared lamp assembly having an infrared lamp disposed within an infrared transparent conduit.
• a cooling fluid is applied to the interior of the conduit to cool the conduit walls. The admission of the cooling fluid is controlled to minimize adverse effects of the fluid on the efficiency of the source of infrared radiation.
• III. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS Fig. 1 is a side elevation view of a fluidizing bed furnace according to the present invention, with a portion of an outer skin removed to expose certain interior elements of the furnace;
• Fig. 2 is an enlarged view of certain of the interior elements of the furnace of Fig. 1 , with bus plates shown removed;
• Fig. 3 is a side elevation view, shown partially in section, showing connection of infrared heating elements to bus plates;
• Fig. 4 is a side elevation schematic representation of the furnace of the present invention
• Fig. 5 is an end elevation view, shown schematically, of the furnace of the present invention.
• Fig. 6 is a top plan view, shown schematically, of the furnace of the present invention.
• the furnace 10 includes a retort 12, which is preferably formed of R330 stainless steel or the like.
• the retort 12 includes a bottom wall 14, end walls 15, 16 and side walls 17, 18. Walls 14-18 cooperate to define a retort interior 20.
• a cover (not shown in the Figures) may be provided to cover the top of the retort 12.
• the furnace 10 also includes an outer shell 22 shown best in Figs. 5 and 6.
• Outer shell 22 includes a first outer shell wall 24 covering wall 17, and a second outer shell wall 26 covering wall 18.
• a central portion of shell wall 24 has been removed to expose wall 17.
• Wall 24 and wall 17 cooperate to define an exhaust plenum 28.
• Walls 26 and 18 cooperate to define an inlet plenum 30.
• interior divider walls 31 and 32 are provided within the interior 20.
• Walls 31, 32 extend between side walls 17 and 18 and are parallel to end walls 15 and 16.
• the divider walls 31, 32 extend from floor 14 partially toward the top of the retort 12.
• Walls 31, 32 divide retort interior 20 into a fluidizing chamber 20a, a first overflow chamber 20b, and a second overflow chamber 20c (see Fig. 4) .
• a plurality of quartz tubes 36 are plurality extending between and through walls 17 and 18. As shown, the tubes 36 are disposed in parallel alignment, generally perpendicular to side walls 17, 18 and parallel to the floor 14 of the retort 12. The tubes 36 are disposed within the fluidizing portion 20a of interior 20, and are located beneath a predetermined elevation 38 (see Fig. 4) of fluidizing particles to be retained within the chamber 20a.
• Fig. 3 shows attachment of the tube 36 to side wall 17.
• the quartz tube 36 is similarly attached to side wall 18.
• the tube 36 extends through side wall 17, and is connected to the side wall 17 by a steel mounting clamp 40.
• the clamp 40 houses a plurality of ceramic washers 42.
• the clamp 40 is attached to side wall 17 by bolts 44.
• An infrared lamp 46 is disposed within each of tubes 36, as best shown in Figs. 2, 3, 5 and 6, (for clarity, lamps are not shown within the tubes 36 in Figs. 1 and 4).
• the lamp 46 is completely contained between walls 17, 18, and is retained in coaxial alignment within tube 36 by a mounting clip 48.
• bus bar plates 50 are provided. (For clarity bus bar plates are not shown in Figs. 1 and 4.) As shown in Fig. 2, nine bus bar plates are provided for each side 17, 18 of the retort 12. In the schematic representation of Fig. 6, eight bus bar plates are shown on each side.
• the bus bar plates 50 are electrically conductive plates of metal. Each plate 50 is connected to a separately controllable source (not shown) of electrical power to energize the plate 50.
• the plates 50 are secured to the walls 17, 18 by bus bar plate mounts 52 (see Fig. 3), which are preferably ceramic.
• a lead 54 connects the infrared lamp 46 to the bus bar plate 50.
• the lead 54 is connected to the bus bar plate 50 by a nut and bolt combination 56.
• a plurality of lamps 46 are covered by any given bus bar plate 50.
• each of the bus bar plates 50 is removed from covering the lamps 46 and tubes 36.
• the positioning of the bus bar plates 50 over the lamps 46 in Fig. 2 is shown in phantom lines.
• the length of the fluidizing chamber 20a can be divided into a plurality of zones.
• Each bus bar plate 50 with its associated lamps 46 constitutes a given zone.
• the intensity of the lamps connected to each bus bar plate 50 can be separately controlled. As a result, a temperature gradient can be created across the length of the chamber 20a.
• a stainless steel screen 60 is placed above the lamps 46 and quartz tubes 36.
• the screen 60 prevents a product that is being heat treated from falling onto the quartz tubes 36 and possibly damaging them.
• Fluidizing tubes 62 are provided disposed between the floor 14 and the quartz tubes 36.
• the tubes 62 are connected via conduit 64 to a source (not shown) of a fluidizing gas.
• the fluidizing gas may be air or any inert gas such as nitrogen.
• the fluidizing tubes 62 may be such as those shown and described in U.S. Patent No. 4,752,061 and indicated by reference numerals 98 in Fig. of that patent.
• a coolant mechanism is provided to pass a cooling fluid (preferably air) through the tubes 36 to cool the infrared lamps 46.
• a blower 70 is provided connected to inlet plenum 30.
• An exhaust fan (not shown) may be connected through an exhaust conduit 72 to exhaust plenum 28. As a result, cooling air may be forced from plenum 30 through each of tubes 36 into plenum 28 and out exhaust conduit 72.
• a bed of fluidizing particles (preferably granular aluminum oxide) is provided within the retort 12.
• a first layer 80 of coarse particle (preferably of 12 grit size) is provided covering the fluidizing tubes 62 and terminating beneath the quartz tubes 36.
• Finer aluminum oxide sand (preferably of 100 grit size) rests on top of the coarser sand 80, and terminates at level 38. The coarser sand 80 diffuses the fluidizing gas from the fluidizing tubes 62, and distributes it evenly to the quartz tubes 36.
• the infrared lamps 46 may heat from 0°-4000°F.
• the aluminum oxide will heat from 0°- 2100°F.
• a controller 100 (schematically shown in Fig. 2) is connected through control lines 102 to each of bus plates 50. Through operation of controller 100, the potential on each of bus plates 50 may be separately controlled. Accordingly, the plurality of infrared lamps 46 are divided into a plurality of separately controllable zones.
• the lamps 46 heat the aluminum oxide.
• the fluidizing gas from tubes 62 fluidizes the aluminum oxide.
• the divider walls 31, 32 capture within chambers 20b and 20c any aluminum oxide which spills out of the fluidizing chamber 20a.
• Each of lamps 46 and tubes 36 comprise a lamp assembly 37 (shown numbered in Figs. 3, 5 and 6). As previously indicated, a cooling gas is passed through the lamp assemblies 37.
• the temperature of the apparatus can be quite high. For example, the temperature surrounding the assemblies 37 will commonly exceed 2,100 ° F.
• the quartz tubes 36 may deteriorate. For example, from 1,500 to 1,800 ° F, quartz softens and sags.
• the air passing through the quartz tubes 36 cools the quartz tubes 36 to prevent sagging.
• the air flow can adversely effect the efficiency of the infrared lamps 46. Accordingly, air flow through the quartz tubes 36 must be balanced to provide sufficient cooling to prevent the quartz tubes 36 from sagging while minimizing the adverse impact on the efficiency of the lamps 46.
• air flow through quartz tubes 36 is preferably only provided when the temperature of fluidized the bed 38 exceeds a predetermined temperature in a preferred embodiment, the predetermined temperature is 1,500 F.
• the amount of air flow through the tubes 36 is selected to balance the thermal energy on the tubes 36. Namely, the bed 38 draws thermal energy from the tubes 36. If the thermal energy drawn from the tubes 36 is insufficient to keep the temperature of the tubes 36 below the predetermined temperature, air flow is passed through the tubes 36 at a rate selected to draw energy away from the tubes 36.
• the amount of air flow is a function of the length of the tubes 36, the voltage across the lamps 46 and the ambient temperature (i.e., the temperature of the bed in the immediate vicinity of the tubes 36). The actual amount of air flow is empirically derived for a given apparatus 10 and will vary with the operating process in which it is used. To achieve the balancing, a thermocouple 100
• Thermocouple 100 provides a signal to a controller 102.
• the controller 102 also receives an input from a voltage sensor 104 which senses a voltage across the lamps 46. Comparing the voltage on the lamps 46 and the temperature within bed 38, the controller 102 operates blower 70 to force coolant gas through the quartz tubes 36 when the temperature within the bed 38 exceeds the predetermined temperature.
• the air flow through the quartz tubes 36 is selected to be an increasing function of the voltage across the lamps 46 and to be increasing with the increased temperature measured by thermocouple 100.
• the increasing function is selected for the air flow to be the minimum air flow necessary to prevent deterioration of the quartz tubes 36.

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• Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
• Organic Chemistry (AREA)
• Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
• Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
• General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Dispersion Chemistry (AREA)
• Physical Or Chemical Processes And Apparatus (AREA)
• Furnace Details (AREA)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Publications (1)

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ID=24395368

Family Applications (1)

Country Status (4)

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• 1991
  • 1991-10-15 EP EP19920902576 patent/EP0553303A1/de not_active Ceased
  • 1991-10-15 JP JP50070092A patent/JPH06501059A/ja not_active Withdrawn
  • 1991-10-15 CA CA002093632A patent/CA2093632C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
  • 1991-10-15 WO PCT/US1991/007537 patent/WO1992006780A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation

Non-Patent Citations (1)

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