EP0544739B1 - Hochauflösende bildrohre für geringe lichtintensität - Google Patents

Hochauflösende bildrohre für geringe lichtintensität Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0544739B1
EP0544739B1 EP91914906A EP91914906A EP0544739B1 EP 0544739 B1 EP0544739 B1 EP 0544739B1 EP 91914906 A EP91914906 A EP 91914906A EP 91914906 A EP91914906 A EP 91914906A EP 0544739 B1 EP0544739 B1 EP 0544739B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
light
fact
electron
imager according
tube
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP91914906A
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English (en)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0544739A1 (de
Inventor
Yves Charon
Jean-Marc Gaillard
Michel Leblanc
Roland Mastrippolito
Hervé Tricoire
Luc Valentin
Philippe Laniece
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique CNRS
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Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique CNRS
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Publication of EP0544739A1 publication Critical patent/EP0544739A1/de
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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J31/00—Cathode ray tubes; Electron beam tubes
    • H01J31/08—Cathode ray tubes; Electron beam tubes having a screen on or from which an image or pattern is formed, picked up, converted, or stored
    • H01J31/50—Image-conversion or image-amplification tubes, i.e. having optical, X-ray, or analogous input, and optical output
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J2231/00—Cathode ray tubes or electron beam tubes
    • H01J2231/50—Imaging and conversion tubes
    • H01J2231/50005—Imaging and conversion tubes characterised by form of illumination
    • H01J2231/5001—Photons
    • H01J2231/50015—Light
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J2231/00—Cathode ray tubes or electron beam tubes
    • H01J2231/50—Imaging and conversion tubes
    • H01J2231/50057—Imaging and conversion tubes characterised by form of output stage
    • H01J2231/50063—Optical
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J2231/00—Cathode ray tubes or electron beam tubes
    • H01J2231/50—Imaging and conversion tubes
    • H01J2231/50057—Imaging and conversion tubes characterised by form of output stage
    • H01J2231/50089—Having optical stage before electrical conversion
    • H01J2231/50094—Charge coupled device [CCD]
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J2231/00—Cathode ray tubes or electron beam tubes
    • H01J2231/50—Imaging and conversion tubes
    • H01J2231/501—Imaging and conversion tubes including multiplication stage
    • H01J2231/5013—Imaging and conversion tubes including multiplication stage with secondary emission electrodes
    • H01J2231/5016—Michrochannel plates [MCP]

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a high resolution imager with low light level according to the first part of claim 1.
  • CCD charge transfer devices
  • the scintillator 20 generates photons when it detects an electron from the sample or an equivalent source.
  • the light is amplified in the tube 30 then applied to the electronic camera 40.
  • This camera 40 is controlled in single shot mode, and not in video mode, by the module 42.
  • the frame cycles (each cycle being composed of a reset phase of the transfer device of loads, an image integration phase, then a reading phase) follow one another at a fixed rate.
  • each frame cycle is controlled independently of the previous cycle.
  • the camera 40 is controlled in repetitive single shot mode by the external trigger generator 60, that is to say that the camera 40 is controlled to present short and repetitive integration cycles, as opposed to a simple single shot mode consisting in integrating the image of the light source over a long period and then reading only at the end of acquisition.
  • Figure 2 shows the time distribution of a light source or sample.
  • FIG. 3 represents the corresponding response of a light amplifier tube 30.
  • the noise pulses will be noted in FIG. 3.
  • the cycles of the charge transfer device 41 are superimposed on the response of the tube 30, each comprising a phase for resetting the CCD to zero, a phase for integrating the image and a CCD reading phase, on the other hand, the signal triggering these cycles.
  • the technique of piloting the camera 30 in single shot mode repetitive overcomes in part the significant cooling required in a repetitive single shot mode due to the contribution of thermal noise from the light amplifier tube and the camera, which is proportional to the integration time.
  • the external trigger generator 60 is replaced by a photomultiplier 80, associated with a shaping card 81.
  • the photomultiplier 80 is arranged opposite the scintillator 20 relative to the sample holder 10. Thus, the photomultiplier recovers part of the photons generated by the scintillator 20, after these have passed through the sample and the sample holder 10, to generate a synchronized trigger pulse on the appearance of a light event.
  • the integration time can be adjusted to a minimum value solely as a function of the phosphorus decay period of the light amplifier tube 30 and the duration of the reset phase of the charge transfer device 41.
  • This system is first of all dependent on the thickness of the sample used. If the sample is too thick, the photonmultiplier 80 receives little or no light.
  • this system is essentially limited to the field of molecular biology experiments, but cannot for example be used in the field of astrophysics.
  • the object of the present invention is to improve the situation by eliminating the drawbacks of the prior art.
  • the imager according to the present invention shown in FIG. 7 appended comprises a light amplifier tube 300, an electronic camera 400, a control circuit 700 and a computer 500.
  • the light amplifier tube 300 is preferably of the proximity focusing type equipped with a double microchannel pancake giving a high gain.
  • This tube 300 essentially comprises, as shown in the appended FIG. 7: a photocathode 310, two wafers 330, 331 to microchannels serving as an electron amplifier, and a phosphor screen 340, forming an anode.
  • the phosphor screen 340 more precisely comprises a phosphor layer 341, covered, on the wafer side 330, 331, with a thin metallic layer 342, generally aluminum.
  • the spray of secondary electrons corresponding to the amplification of a photoelectron by the wafers 330, 331 is accelerated towards the screen 340.
  • the electrons are slowed down in this screen, there is production of light by the medium 341 excited, and the electrons are collected in a few ns on the metallized face 342 of the screen.
  • the electron / electron gain of a tube 300 with double wafers 330, 331 is typically of the order of 105.
  • the control circuit 700 comprises an amplifier 710 sensitive to the electrons collected on the metal layer of the screen 340 to control the integration cycles of the camera 400, via of a door 714.
  • the function of this door 714 is to transform the analog signal from the amplifier 710 into a logic signal.
  • Gate 714 essentially proceeds by integration and comparison with a threshold. It may, for example, be the integrating linear door sold by the company SEPH.
  • Gate 714 is placed between the output of amplifier 710 and the input of module 420.
  • the metal layer 342 of the screen is connected to ground through a resistor R712 and the metal layer 342 is connected to a first input of the operational amplifier 710 , while the second input of it is connected to ground.
  • This voltage is amplified by the voltage amplifier 710.
  • the latter is of the low noise and wide bandwidth type.
  • the signal is then integrated under load and then subjected to a voltage threshold, in gate 714, the validation of which constitutes the trigger signal applied to the module 420.
  • the electronic camera 400 used in the context of the present invention advantageously comprises a charge transfer device (CCD) 410, a pilot module 420 and a module 430 for shaping the signals picked up on the CCD, in a similar manner to the systems previously known, previously described with reference to FIGS. 1 and 5.
  • CCD charge transfer device
  • the trigger signal from gate 714 is then applied to the input of the pilot module 420, so that each trigger signal initiates a reset or "wash" cycle of the CCD, of integration of the image on the CCD, then read it via the module 430.
  • the signals thus obtained then pass through an interface card 720 before being directed to the computer 500 or they are processed in a manner known per se, as described in the prior documents previously described.
  • the phosphor screen 340 must have a period compatible with the duration of resetting the CCD 410. This screen must memorize the image during the resetting of the CCD which precedes each integration.
  • the imager according to the present invention makes it possible to produce an image of a very weak light source (sensitivity to the single photoelectron) with a resolution of the order of 20 ⁇ m.
  • CCD charge transfer device
  • a charge transfer device is a matrix network of around 104 small photosensitive cells (around 20x20 ⁇ m) capable of transforming each received photon into electron.
  • Each cell accumulates during the integration phase, a quantity of charges proportional to the illumination it receives.
  • the stage reading consists in sequentially transferring the content of each cell to an imaging device (in this case preferably the computer 500, via the interface card 720).
  • the charge transfer device 410 can be replaced by a CID type device known to those skilled in the art in which the charges accumulated in each cell are read directly without transfer .
  • the inventors notably carried out tests using an imager comprising a tube 300 light amplifier with proximity focusing equipped with a double microchannel wafer 330, 331 to obtain an electron / electron gain of the order of 105 and a fast phosphor screen (P47), a 400 CCD electronic camera, a low noise ( ⁇ 5 mV) wide bandwidth 710 voltage amplifier (of the order of 200 MHz) having a voltage gain of 100 , and an integrating linear door 714 sold by the company SEPH.
  • an imager comprising a tube 300 light amplifier with proximity focusing equipped with a double microchannel wafer 330, 331 to obtain an electron / electron gain of the order of 105 and a fast phosphor screen (P47), a 400 CCD electronic camera, a low noise ( ⁇ 5 mV) wide bandwidth 710 voltage amplifier (of the order of 200 MHz) having a voltage gain of 100 , and an integrating linear door 714 sold by the company SEPH.
  • the imager previously described is designed to detect incident light photons.
  • the imager can however easily be adapted to detect other types of incident rays, such as for example ⁇ ⁇ rays by placing a system for converting these incident rays into light, such as a scintillator 200, upstream of the tube 300 , as shown in broken lines in Figure 7.
  • a system for converting these incident rays into light such as a scintillator 200, upstream of the tube 300 , as shown in broken lines in Figure 7.

Landscapes

  • Image-Pickup Tubes, Image-Amplification Tubes, And Storage Tubes (AREA)
  • Transforming Light Signals Into Electric Signals (AREA)
  • Common Detailed Techniques For Electron Tubes Or Discharge Tubes (AREA)
  • Measurement Of Radiation (AREA)
  • Nuclear Medicine (AREA)

Claims (12)

  1. Hochauflösendes Bildgerät für geringe Lichtintensität, welches umfaßt:
    - eine Photovervielfacherröhre (300), welche eine Photokathode (310), mindestens eine Mikrokanalscheibe (330, 331), welche als Elektronenverstärker dient, und einen lumineszierenden Phosphorschirm (340) umfaßt, der mit einer Metallschicht (342) versehen ist,
    - eine elektronische Kamera (400), welche ein lichtempfindliches Matrixgitter (410) enthält, welches in der Lage ist, ein empfangenes Photon in ein Elektron umzuwandeln, und
    - eine Einrichtung (700) zum Steuern der elektronischen Kamera (400),
    dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Steuereinrichtung (700) einen Verstärker (710) enthält, der für die auf der Metallschicht (342) des lumineszierenden Phosphorschirms (340) gesammelten Elektronen empfindlich ist, um die Integrationszyklen des lichtempfindlichen Matrixgitters (410) in einem repetitiven Einzelbildmodus zu steuern, der mit dem Auftreten von Photonen am Eingang der Photovervielfacherröhre (300) synchronisiert ist.
  2. Bildgerät nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Photovervielfacherröhre (300) zwei Mikrokanalscheiben (330, 331) umfaßt.
  3. Bildgerät nach Anspruch 1 oder 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Verstärkung Elektron/Elektron der Photovervielfacherröhre (300) von der Größenordnung 10⁵ ist.
  4. Bildgerät nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß das lichtempfindliche Matrixgitter (410) der elektronischen Kamera (400) ein CCD-Element ist.
  5. Bildgerät nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 4, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die metallische Schicht (342) des Phosphorschirms (340) einerseits über einen Widerstand (R712) mit der Masse und andererseits mit dem Eingang des Steuerverstärkers (710) verbunden ist.
  6. Bildgerät nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 5, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß ein Gatter (714) zum Umwandeln in eine logische Form zwischen dem Ausgang des Steuerverstärkers (710) und der elektronischen Kamera (400) zwischengeschaltet ist.
  7. Bildgerät nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 6, dadurch gekennzeichent, daß ein System (200), das in der Lage ist, eine einfallende Strahlung in Licht umzuwandeln, oberhalb der Photovervielfacherröhre (300) angeordnet ist.
  8. Bildgerät nach Anspruch 7, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß ein Szintillator (200) oberhalb der Photovervielfacherröhre (300) angeordnet ist.
  9. Bildgerät nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 8, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Photovervielfacherröhre (300) eine Nahfokussierungsröhre ist.
  10. Bildgerät nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 8, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Photovervielfacherröhre (300) eine Röhre mit elektrostatischer Fokussierung ist.
  11. Bildgerät nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 10, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die metallische Schicht (342) der Photovervielfacherröhre (300) Aluminium als Basis hat.
  12. Bildgerät nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß das lichtempfindliche Matrixgitter (410) vom CID-Typ ist.
EP91914906A 1990-08-23 1991-08-21 Hochauflösende bildrohre für geringe lichtintensität Expired - Lifetime EP0544739B1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR9010593 1990-08-23
FR9010593A FR2666170B1 (fr) 1990-08-23 1990-08-23 Imageur haute resolution a bas niveau de lumiere.
PCT/FR1991/000680 WO1992003836A1 (fr) 1990-08-23 1991-08-21 Imageur haute resolution a bas niveau de lumiere

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0544739A1 EP0544739A1 (de) 1993-06-09
EP0544739B1 true EP0544739B1 (de) 1994-12-14

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EP91914906A Expired - Lifetime EP0544739B1 (de) 1990-08-23 1991-08-21 Hochauflösende bildrohre für geringe lichtintensität

Country Status (7)

Country Link
US (1) US5294788A (de)
EP (1) EP0544739B1 (de)
JP (1) JP3141205B2 (de)
AT (1) ATE115769T1 (de)
DE (1) DE69105983T2 (de)
FR (1) FR2666170B1 (de)
WO (1) WO1992003836A1 (de)

Families Citing this family (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2706635B1 (fr) * 1993-06-11 1995-07-21 Eprest Jumelle de vision nocturne à imagerie électronique.
US9273548B2 (en) 2012-10-10 2016-03-01 Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. Fiberoptic systems and methods detecting EM signals via resistive heating
US9091785B2 (en) 2013-01-08 2015-07-28 Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. Fiberoptic systems and methods for formation monitoring
US9513398B2 (en) 2013-11-18 2016-12-06 Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. Casing mounted EM transducers having a soft magnetic layer
WO2016085511A1 (en) 2014-11-26 2016-06-02 Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. Onshore electromagnetic reservoir monitoring
US10793772B1 (en) 2020-03-13 2020-10-06 Accelovant Technologies Corporation Monolithic phosphor composite for sensing systems
US11359976B2 (en) 2020-10-23 2022-06-14 Accelovant Technologies Corporation Multipoint surface temperature measurement system and method thereof
CA3137183C (en) 2020-11-05 2024-02-20 Accelovant Technologies Corporation Optoelectronic transducer module for thermographic temperature measurements

Family Cites Families (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3742224A (en) * 1972-02-29 1973-06-26 Litton Systems Inc Light amplifier device having an ion and low energy electron trapping means
US3777201A (en) * 1972-12-11 1973-12-04 Litton Systems Inc Light amplifier tube having an ion and low energy electron trapping means
JPS61296289A (ja) * 1985-06-25 1986-12-27 Hamamatsu Photonics Kk α線像検出装置
JPS63155534A (ja) * 1986-12-18 1988-06-28 Toshiba Corp Ｘ線螢光増倍管
FR2615654B1 (fr) * 1987-05-22 1989-07-28 Sodern Tube analyseur d'image a compensation de file
US5235191A (en) * 1992-03-06 1993-08-10 Miller Robert N Real-time x-ray device

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
ATE115769T1 (de) 1994-12-15
EP0544739A1 (de) 1993-06-09
JP3141205B2 (ja) 2001-03-05
DE69105983T2 (de) 1995-07-20
US5294788A (en) 1994-03-15
WO1992003836A1 (fr) 1992-03-05
FR2666170B1 (fr) 1992-12-11
FR2666170A1 (fr) 1992-02-28
JPH06500424A (ja) 1994-01-13
DE69105983D1 (de) 1995-01-26

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