EP0519793A2 - Vorrichtung und Installation zur Reinigung von Dränrohren, insbesondere in Erdölproduktionsbohrungen - Google Patents

Vorrichtung und Installation zur Reinigung von Dränrohren, insbesondere in Erdölproduktionsbohrungen Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0519793A2
EP0519793A2 EP92401646A EP92401646A EP0519793A2 EP 0519793 A2 EP0519793 A2 EP 0519793A2 EP 92401646 A EP92401646 A EP 92401646A EP 92401646 A EP92401646 A EP 92401646A EP 0519793 A2 EP0519793 A2 EP 0519793A2
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
casing
conduit
fluid
concentric
annular
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP92401646A
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English (en)
French (fr)
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EP0519793A3 (en
EP0519793B1 (de
Inventor
Henri Cholet
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IFP Energies Nouvelles IFPEN
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IFP Energies Nouvelles IFPEN
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Publication of EP0519793A2 publication Critical patent/EP0519793A2/de
Publication of EP0519793A3 publication Critical patent/EP0519793A3/fr
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Publication of EP0519793B1 publication Critical patent/EP0519793B1/de
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Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B21/00—Methods or apparatus for flushing boreholes, e.g. by use of exhaust air from motor
    • E21B21/12—Methods or apparatus for flushing boreholes, e.g. by use of exhaust air from motor using drilling pipes with plural fluid passages, e.g. closed circulation systems
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B37/00—Methods or apparatus for cleaning boreholes or wells
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B41/00—Equipment or details not covered by groups E21B15/00 - E21B40/00
    • E21B41/0078—Nozzles used in boreholes

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to apparatus and installations for cleaning horizontal drains in oil production wells.
  • US-A-4744420 discloses an apparatus for cleaning such horizontal drains, which comprises at the end of two concentric casings a body provided with spray nozzles for cleaning fluid, this body delimiting a path of supply of cleaning fluid, connected to said nozzles, as well as a return path of this fluid charged with solid particles of sand or other sediments, these two paths being respectively connected to one of the two conduits delimited by the two concentric casings.
  • the projection nozzles for cleaning fluid are arranged at the end of the body and oriented substantially parallel to the axis of the drain. Such an arrangement tends to expel in front of the device the sand and the other sediments accumulated in the drain.
  • the invention proposes to solve, so as to achieve more effective cleaning of such horizontal drains.
  • European application 417009 discloses an apparatus comprising deflector means adapted to direct the jet of cleaning fluid leaving a nozzle in the direction of the wall of the drain.
  • the deflector can be a mechanically fragile part in certain dimensions of the device.
  • the apparatus does not make it possible to adjust the distance between the turbulence zone of the cleaning fluid at the outlet of the nozzle and the suction zone.
  • the adjustment of this distance is important because it conditions the good return circulation towards the suction of the fluid loaded with sediments.
  • the fluid gushing from the outlet orifices has the function of agitating and entraining the sediment towards the suction.
  • the outlet openings are arranged relative to the openings suction, so that the agitation turbulence is sufficiently distant from the suction orifices not to obstruct the direction of circulation of the fluid intended to entrain sediments, and at the same time close enough for the effect of 'suction acts effectively on the fluid loaded with sediments suspended by said turbulence.
  • the parameters influencing this distance can be in particular the available flow rate of circulation of the fluid, the average viscosity of the fluid loaded with sediments, the diameter of the drain, the density of the sediments or also the rheology of the cleaning fluid.
  • the subject of the invention is an apparatus for cleaning a horizontal or gently sloping drain adapted to be disposed at the lower end of two concentric casings, delimiting two equally concentric conduits
  • this apparatus comprises a body which is provided with at least one fluid outlet orifice and at least one fluid return orifice, said body delimiting on the one hand a path for supplying cleaning fluid and on the other hand a return path for the fluid charged with solid particles, these two paths being intended to be connected respectively to the two conduits delimited by the casings.
  • the outlet port is located a predetermined distance from the return port and the outlet port is directed toward the wall of the drain.
  • the apparatus may include means for adjusting the distance between the outlet and return ports.
  • the outlet orifices can be inclined at an angle between 10 and 80 degrees relative to the longitudinal axis of the body and in the direction of the return orifice.
  • the device may have three outlet openings distributed at 120 ° relative to the longitudinal axis of said body and located between the return opening and the bottom of the drain.
  • the return port may open at the periphery of the body.
  • the end of the body having the outlet openings can be rotatable.
  • the adjustment means may include a set of spacers stacked between the two orifices.
  • the fluid supply path can comprise, from upstream to downstream, in the body an annular conduit, at least one radial passage, and an axial conduit
  • the path of return of the particle-laden fluid may comprise, from downstream to upstream, at least one conduit opening out of the body through the return orifice, an annular conduit surrounding an injector of working fluid and an axial conduit.
  • the annular duct and the axial duct can form a venturi which constitutes with the injector a suction device.
  • the injector can be supplied with working fluid from the radial passage and the axial duct, the fluid flow being distributed in the axial duct in two opposite flows directed respectively towards the outlet orifices and towards the injector.
  • the passage section of the injector may be greater than the sum of the sections of the outlet orifices.
  • the body of the device can be connected at its rear or upstream part to a connector comprising two sets of conduits which communicate respectively an upstream axial conduit with a downstream annular conduit and an upstream annular conduit with a downstream axial conduit.
  • the invention also relates to an installation for cleaning horizontal or gently sloping drains, in particular in an oil production well, comprising: two concentric casings delimiting two also concentric conduits; an apparatus for spraying a cleaning fluid and means for discharging the charged fluid, respectively connected to one of said concentric conduits.
  • the apparatus of the installation being such as that defined above in any of the configurations.
  • the means for supplying cleaning fluid can be connected to the duct delimited by the inner casing.
  • the installation may include a connection box connected to the two concentric casings and comprising in particular a sealing means between the outside of said box and the walls of the well, said box being connected to the surface by an operating casing, said sealing means and said operating casing delimiting an inner conduit and an annular conduit.
  • Said box is adapted to put in communication either said conduit of the inner casing with the inner conduit of the operating casing, the annular of the operating casing being connected to the other conduit of the concentric casings, or said inner casing conduit with the of the operating casing, the interior of the operating casing being connected to the other conduit of the concentric casings.
  • FIG. 1 shows a horizontal or substantially horizontal drain section 10 connected to a main casing 12 (FIG. 4A).
  • This device comprises a body 20 comprising several parts, in this case three, produced and arranged so as to fulfill several functions which will be described in more detail below. These three parts are: an external part 22, a front central part 24 and a rear central part 26.
  • the outer part 22 is received in a sheath 28 and is in longitudinal support on a stop 29 integral with this sheath.
  • the latter is fixed in any suitable known manner to the end of the casing 16, the fixing not being shown here for reasons of readability of the figure.
  • this fixing can be by threaded connection.
  • This outer part is hollow and has at its end directed downstream of the device a head 32 which is pierced with an axial duct 34 and three conduits 35, separated from the conduit 34 and which open from the head 32 by the orifices 30.
  • the conduits 35 are arranged at 120 ° relative to each other. Depending on the size of the device, a greater number of such conduits may be provided, for example 6.
  • the conduit 34 communicates with a cavity 36, which opens out through orifices 38 for projecting fluid.
  • the head of the external part 22 of the body 20 comprises a housing 48 in which is received the central part 24 of the body which delimits on the one hand a central conduit 50 disposed in the extension of conduit 34, at least one radial passage 52 communicating this central conduit with an annular conduit 54 delimited between the central parts of the body and the external part, and at least one longitudinal conduit 56, which forms part of the return path of the fluid charged with solid particles.
  • a central conduit 50 disposed in the extension of conduit 34
  • at least one radial passage 52 communicating this central conduit with an annular conduit 54 delimited between the central parts of the body and the external part
  • at least one longitudinal conduit 56 which forms part of the return path of the fluid charged with solid particles.
  • three conduits 56 are provided, arranged in the extension of the three conduits 35.
  • the external part of the body has a tubular shape connected to a connector 60 by a thread 40.
  • the rear central part is connected to the connector 60 by the thread 42.
  • the connector 60 is connected to the casing 14 by a thread 44.
  • the part 26 forms a venturi and delimits a converging cone 68, a neck 70 then a diverging cone 72 to constitute, with an injector 74 fixed in the central body, a suction device whose function will be specified below.
  • the rear central part 26 is also fixed to the front central part 24 of the body, the fixing is not shown in FIG. 1.
  • the outer casing is kept centered in the drain 10 by a centering device 76 of known construction.
  • sealing means 78 are interposed between the fitting 60 and the outer casing 16.
  • the outside diameter of the device is less than the inside diameter of the outer casing 16.
  • the device can be lowered inside the casing outside by operating the inner concentric casing to which said device is fixed by means of the connector 60.
  • the device is stopped by the stop 29 and the sealing of the annular duct 17 is completed by the sealing means 78.
  • FIG. 2 An alternative construction is proposed and illustrated in FIG. 2 in the case where it is not possible to operate the device in the external casing, in particular because the internal diameter of the external casing is small.
  • FIG. 2 represents the rear part of the fitting 60 of the device, the front part not shown in this figure being identical to that of FIG. 1.
  • the connector 60 is in rear or upstream abutment on a shoulder 80 and is therefore immobilized in translation by the play of the two stops 80 and 29.
  • a guide sleeve 81 comprising at least two longitudinal grooves in which are arranged locking fingers 82.
  • the fixing 83 of these fingers is adapted so that they can deform radially to hang the casing 14 at its end comprising a hooking fitting 84.
  • the hooking fitting 84 comprises a retaining part 85, adapted to cooperate with the locking fingers, and a downstream extension 86 adapted to cooperate with the means of seal 87 carried by the interior of the fur 81.
  • FIG. 2 allows the device to be lowered at the same time as the outer casing 16 is lowered, then the inner casing 14, concentrically lowered, equipped with the connector 84, and the inner casing 14 to be connected to the device to delimit conduits 17 and 19.
  • FIG. 3 is an enlarged view of an embodiment of the head 32 of the external part 22 of the body 20.
  • the head has two parts 90 and 91 secured by screws 93 distributed over the circumference.
  • a spacer 92 is interposed between the two parts.
  • the spacer is drilled in its center to leave the continuity of the duct 34 towards the cavity 36.
  • Seals 94a and 94b complete the mounting of this system for adjusting the distance between the orifices 38 and the return orifices 30. Indeed it suffices to have a set of spacers to vary this distance by adding or removing a determined thickness spacers. It may also be necessary to have a set of screws 93 of different lengths.
  • the orifices 38 are drilled in the end piece 96, the direction of these holes is in the direction of the wall of the drain 10 and preferably inclined upstream of the device or towards the orifices 30 for return of fluid.
  • This angle A can be variable between 10 and 80 degrees, but will preferably be 60 degrees. It will not depart from the scope of this invention if these orifices 38 are the orifices of the tubes mounted on the head 96 according to the arrangement described above. In this case it will be possible to change the diameter of the fluid outlet orifices without changing the end 96 of the head 32.
  • the end 96 carrying the orifices 38 is preferably stationary relative to the device, but it will be possible for it to be rotary thanks to the assembly shown in FIG. 3.
  • the head 96 is free to rotate thanks to the bearing 97, the sealing being ensured by the means 98.
  • the rotation which can be obtained in particular thanks to the construction where the axes of the orifices are not concurrent on the longitudinal axis of the device.
  • the operation of the device is as follows:
  • the inner casing 14 is supplied with fluid, in this case water, from the surface.
  • This fluid, arriving in the connector 60 passes from the axial conduit 19 through the conduits 62 towards the annular conduit 64 delimited between the central and external parts of the body, to reach the radial passage 52.
  • the working fluid is divided into two directed flows, one towards the orifices 38 and the other towards the injector 74.
  • the respective sections of the orifices 38 or of the nozzle 95 and of the injector are chosen so as to obtain a determined distribution of the flow rate, which can for example be 3/5 of the incident flow rate in the direction of the injector and 2/5 in the direction of the orifices 38.
  • the jets of fluid emitted by the orifices 38 are in the direction of the wall of the drain and cause effective agitation of solid particles of sand or other sediments accumulated in the drain.
  • the fluid charged with these particles is sucked in at the orifices 30 through the conduits 35, this suction effect being caused in the venturi 68-72 by the second flow of working liquid, emitted by the injector 74.
  • the suction orifices 30 open out substantially at the periphery of the body of the apparatus, thus being located as close as possible to the wall of the drain where the charged fluid preferably flows from the outlet orifices.
  • the sufficient distance between the orifices 38 and 30 ensures that the directions of the velocities of the solid particles are substantially unidirectional and parallel to the longitudinal axis in the vicinity of the openings 30, which favors the entry of the particles into the channels 35 through the orifices 30
  • the determination of this distance takes into account the energy of the turbulence created by the orifices 38 and the section of the annular space between the head 32 and the walls of the drain.
  • the working fluid and the liquid charged with particles mix in the part 70, 72 of the body and are directed towards the surface by crossing the connection 60 by the conduits 66 and by traversing the annular conduit 17 delimited between the two casings.
  • the distance between the two outlet and return ports will be adjusted to adapt the device to the cleaning conditions of a particular site, in particular by taking into account the pumping available on the site and the internal dimension of the drain.
  • the device can be the subject of many other variants, both in the production of the parts that compose it and in the number and arrangement of the various supply and return conduits for the cleaning fluid.
  • the fluid loaded with solid particles rises to the surface via the annular conduit 17, while the working fluid is injected through the axial conduit 19. It will not depart from the scope of this invention if it is the reverse, provided that the speed of the charged fluid is sufficient to avoid sedimentation of the particles in the conduit. In addition, it is preferable to choose to raise the charged fluid in the pipe of larger section in order to limit the pressure losses downstream of the venturi which limit the suction effect.
  • FIG. 4a represents a main casing 12 which extends from the surface and which comprises a vertical part, then a curved part, to be extended by the substantially horizontal drain 10.
  • the outside casing 16 is introduced into this main casing comprising at its end the sheath 28 and the centering device 76.
  • the casings 14 and 16 can be formed either by rigid tubes screwed on each other, or by continuous elements unwound from the surface.
  • the installation can of course be completed by connecting the inner casing to a pump supplying pressurized water, and by connecting the outer casing to known means for extracting the liquid loaded with particles.
  • These known means can in particular be elements of rigid tubes comprising two concentric tubes, the conduit of the inner tube being connected to the conduit 19 and the annular between the inner tube and the outer tube being connected to the conduit 17. The advancement of the cleaning is then done by adding these elements on top of each other.
  • connection box 100 shown in FIG. 5A or 5B is used.
  • the connection box is mounted on the surface on the end of the casing 16.
  • the casing 14 is lowered either of the configurations numbered 1 and 2.
  • the end of the casing 14 is fixed in the box connection 100.
  • the box has a sealing cup 102 sealing between the body of the box and the main casing 12, that the upper part of the box has a thread 105 adapted to connect an operating casing 106 and that it is adapted to put the conduit 19 in communication with the inner conduit 107 of the operating casing and the conduit 17 with the annular conduit 108 between the operating casing and the well 12, or vice versa in the second variant of FIG. 6.
  • FIG. 4B therefore represents the two casings 14 and 16 connected to the box 100 and to which a first section of operating casing 106 is connected.
  • the body 20 of the device protrudes from the casing 16.
  • the device is lowered to the drain to be cleaned.
  • FIG. 4C illustrates the start of the cleaning operation, after the interior 107 of the casings 106 is connected to a circulation pump 109, the return circulation of the fluid loaded with sediment going up into the annular 108 to be collected by the chute 110 to a separation installation.
  • Figure 4D shows the progress of cleaning.
  • the device When the cleaning operation is completed, the device is raised by dismantling the operating casings 106, by reassembling the casing 14, either with the device fixed at its end according to configuration 2, or according to configuration 1 after rupture of the retaining piece 85, in particular by pulling from the casing 14.
  • the connection box is then dismantled, then the casings 16.
  • FIG. 5A represents the connection box 100 screwed onto the casing 16 by a connection 101.
  • the box comprises a sealing cup 102, for example a test-cup cup from the company Cameron Iron Works. Ports 103 put the inside of the box in communication with the outside, above the cup 102.
  • the casing 14 is maintained by a fastening system 104 blocked in translation downwards by a constriction 111.
  • the fastening system 104 also comprises a sealing means for isolating the ring finger 17 from the interior 107 of the operating casing.
  • the attachment system 104 is fixed on a length of casing 14 located above the box, then the casing 14 is lowered to suspend it by means of the system 104 stopped by the constriction 111.
  • FIG. 5B represents a variant of the box to enable the conduit 19 to be connected to the annular conduit 108 and the annular conduit 17 to the axial conduit 107 of the operating casing 106.
  • the end fasteners 101 and 105, as well as the cup 102 can be common to both variants.
  • a suspension part 112 is fixed to the end of the casing 14 by a fastening system 113 comprising a set of jaws tightened by radial screws on the casing 14 and a sealing packer 115 on the casing 14. This part 112 is blocked downwards by the constriction 114. In this position, the seals 117 and 116 carried by the part 112 delimit the communications of the various conduits.
  • a cavity 118 of the part 112 cooperates with the orifice 119 to put the conduit 19 in communication with the conduit 108.
  • Conduits 120 pierced longitudinally in the part 112 put the conduit 17 in communication with the axial conduit 107.
  • the use of one or the other versions of the box 100 will be conditioned in particular by the rate of ascent of the fluid loaded with solid particles. In fact, in certain cases it will be possible to adjust this speed by using maneuvering casings of sufficiently large diameter to reduce the section of the annular 108 and thus increase the rate of ascent of the fluid. When this is not possible, in particular for reasons of weight or bulk, the return fluid will be raised through the interior of the operating casing.
  • annular sealing means on the surface, for example a BOP.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Geology (AREA)
  • Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
  • Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Geochemistry & Mineralogy (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Cleaning In General (AREA)
  • Cleaning By Liquid Or Steam (AREA)
  • Electrical Discharge Machining, Electrochemical Machining, And Combined Machining (AREA)
  • Apparatuses For Bulk Treatment Of Fruits And Vegetables And Apparatuses For Preparing Feeds (AREA)
  • Removal Of Floating Material (AREA)
EP92401646A 1991-06-21 1992-06-15 Vorrichtung und Installation zur Reinigung von Dränrohren, insbesondere in Erdölproduktionsbohrungen Expired - Lifetime EP0519793B1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR9107638A FR2678021B1 (fr) 1991-06-21 1991-06-21 Appareil et installation pour le nettoyage de drains, notamment dans un puits de production petroliere.
FR9107638 1991-06-21

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0519793A2 true EP0519793A2 (de) 1992-12-23
EP0519793A3 EP0519793A3 (en) 1993-03-10
EP0519793B1 EP0519793B1 (de) 1996-03-27

Family

ID=9414122

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Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP92401646A Expired - Lifetime EP0519793B1 (de) 1991-06-21 1992-06-15 Vorrichtung und Installation zur Reinigung von Dränrohren, insbesondere in Erdölproduktionsbohrungen

Country Status (6)

Country Link
US (1) US5280825A (de)
EP (1) EP0519793B1 (de)
CA (1) CA2071683C (de)
DK (1) DK0519793T3 (de)
FR (1) FR2678021B1 (de)
NO (1) NO306634B1 (de)

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EP2450113A2 (de) * 2009-06-28 2012-05-09 Urakami LLC Vorrichtung und verfahren zur durchführung von arbeiten in rohrleitungen
CN110566144A (zh) * 2019-09-27 2019-12-13 中石化石油工程技术服务有限公司 防漏失冲砂方法及冲砂管柱

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CA2193923C (en) 1996-12-24 2007-01-23 Tadeus Sudol Method of oil/gas stimulation
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US6607607B2 (en) * 2000-04-28 2003-08-19 Bj Services Company Coiled tubing wellbore cleanout
US7677579B2 (en) * 2002-05-31 2010-03-16 Technip France Sa Seal assembly for dividing an annular space in a double-walled pipeline
TW540858U (en) * 2002-08-28 2003-07-01 Hon Hai Prec Ind Co Ltd Electrical contact
ES2251874B1 (es) * 2004-10-21 2007-03-16 Catalana De Perforacions, S.A. Procedimiento de instalacion de drenes horizontales para la captacion de agua marina.
GB0509962D0 (en) * 2005-05-17 2005-06-22 Specialised Petroleum Serv Ltd Device and method for retrieving debris from a well
GB2441246B (en) * 2006-05-12 2009-05-06 Specialised Petroleum Serv Ltd Device and method for retrieving debris from a well
US20090120633A1 (en) * 2007-11-13 2009-05-14 Earl Webb Method for Stimulating a Well Using Fluid Pressure Waves
US8109331B2 (en) * 2009-04-14 2012-02-07 Baker Hughes Incorporated Slickline conveyed debris management system
US8056622B2 (en) * 2009-04-14 2011-11-15 Baker Hughes Incorporated Slickline conveyed debris management system
MX2010012619A (es) * 2010-11-19 2012-03-06 Avantub S A De C V Sistema artificial de produccion y mantenimientio simultaneo asistido por bombeo mecanico para extraccion de fluidos.
US8931558B1 (en) * 2012-03-22 2015-01-13 Full Flow Technologies, Llc Flow line cleanout device
CN103277059B (zh) * 2013-05-30 2015-11-18 中国石油天然气股份有限公司 负压联合冲砂、强制排砂装置
US9371716B2 (en) * 2014-05-09 2016-06-21 Chevron U.S.A. Inc. Self-extendable hydraulic wellbore cleaning tool
CN106285523A (zh) * 2015-05-12 2017-01-04 中国石油天然气股份有限公司 一种水平井负压抽砂器
CN105041243B (zh) * 2015-07-14 2017-08-04 中国石油天然气股份有限公司 一种水平井同心油管连续负压抽砂工艺管柱
US10480275B2 (en) * 2016-07-06 2019-11-19 Oil & Gas Tech Enterprises C.V. Coiled tubing spiral venturi tool
CN113882819A (zh) * 2021-11-02 2022-01-04 克拉玛依市恩能胜石油科技有限公司 一种深井清砂系统

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Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP2450113A2 (de) * 2009-06-28 2012-05-09 Urakami LLC Vorrichtung und verfahren zur durchführung von arbeiten in rohrleitungen
EP2450113A4 (de) * 2009-06-28 2014-08-13 Urakami Llc Vorrichtung und verfahren zur durchführung von arbeiten in rohrleitungen
CN110566144A (zh) * 2019-09-27 2019-12-13 中石化石油工程技术服务有限公司 防漏失冲砂方法及冲砂管柱
CN110566144B (zh) * 2019-09-27 2021-08-17 中石化石油工程技术服务有限公司 防漏失冲砂方法及冲砂管柱

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
FR2678021A1 (fr) 1992-12-24
NO922449L (no) 1992-12-22
EP0519793A3 (en) 1993-03-10
DK0519793T3 (da) 1996-07-08
CA2071683A1 (fr) 1992-12-22
US5280825A (en) 1994-01-25
NO306634B1 (no) 1999-11-29
NO922449D0 (no) 1992-06-19
CA2071683C (fr) 2002-10-29
EP0519793B1 (de) 1996-03-27
FR2678021B1 (fr) 1999-01-15

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