EP0516942B1 - Method and device for stabilising friction soils and bordering cohesive soils - Google Patents
Method and device for stabilising friction soils and bordering cohesive soils Download PDFInfo
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- EP0516942B1 EP0516942B1 EP92106036A EP92106036A EP0516942B1 EP 0516942 B1 EP0516942 B1 EP 0516942B1 EP 92106036 A EP92106036 A EP 92106036A EP 92106036 A EP92106036 A EP 92106036A EP 0516942 B1 EP0516942 B1 EP 0516942B1
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- soil
- nails
- pile
- compaction
- consolidation pile
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- 239000002689 soil Substances 0.000 title claims description 74
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 25
- 230000003019 stabilising effect Effects 0.000 title claims 2
- 238000007596 consolidation process Methods 0.000 claims description 11
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000017166 Bambusa arundinacea Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000017491 Bambusa tulda Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 241001330002 Bambuseae Species 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000015334 Phyllostachys viridis Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011425 bamboo Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011150 reinforced concrete Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000005056 compaction Methods 0.000 description 48
- 239000004576 sand Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000004927 clay Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000002349 favourable effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000010881 fly ash Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000006641 stabilisation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000011105 stabilization Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000000087 stabilizing effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 235000008733 Citrus aurantifolia Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000011941 Tilia x europaea Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000004873 anchoring Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012237 artificial material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004568 cement Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000006835 compression Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004567 concrete Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005553 drilling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011010 flushing procedure Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002440 industrial waste Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011900 installation process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004571 lime Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007774 longterm Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010297 mechanical methods and process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000035699 permeability Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011505 plaster Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000036316 preload Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003068 static effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
- E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
- E02D3/00—Improving or preserving soil or rock, e.g. preserving permafrost soil
- E02D3/02—Improving by compacting
- E02D3/046—Improving by compacting by tamping or vibrating, e.g. with auxiliary watering of the soil
- E02D3/054—Improving by compacting by tamping or vibrating, e.g. with auxiliary watering of the soil involving penetration of the soil, e.g. vibroflotation
Definitions
- the invention relates, on the one hand, to a method for stabilizing friction floor layers and adjacent cohesive floor layers, wherein a compaction screed having a substantially constant cross-section in the longitudinal direction is vibrated in at least one friction floor layer and an adjacent cohesion floor layer with the help of a vibration drive mounted on its upper end and then pulled again , and on the other hand a device for carrying out such a method, with a compaction screed having a substantially constant cross-section in the longitudinal direction and a vibration drive which can be placed on its upper end.
- Such measures are known from EP-B 0 203 137.
- pile foundations are therefore economical for large, concentrated building loads.
- lighter loads such as from medium-sized houses, industrial buildings or fillings for dams
- the high load-bearing capacity of piles is often not fully exploited. In these cases it would be more economical to improve the soil by other stabilization measures.
- the strength of fine-grained soils can be increased by adding material with better load-bearing properties, e.g. B. sand or gravel, as well as simultaneous mechanical processing, eg. B. by ramming or vibrating.
- various devices have been developed which can penetrate the layers to be consolidated by shaking, rinsing or other mechanical methods (pressing or screwing in), so that the consolidated floor columns can be produced there.
- Vibrating or vibrating methods cannot be used in cohesive or clay soils.
- stabilizing substances such as cement, fly ash or lime can be mixed into the soil, which react chemically with the surrounding soil and produce solidified soil columns. This method is particularly expensive with increasing compaction depth and is only suitable for certain fine-grained soil types.
- Drainage processes can also be used to improve fine-grained soils. Drainage elements (drains) are inserted vertically into the ground. These drainage elements generally have insufficient rigidity to be able to absorb loads or to stabilize the floor directly. They only serve to increase soil permeability. to compensate for any pore water overpressure faster to be able to. Therefore, the drainage must be combined with other methods, such as static preload, whereby the settlement of the soil is accelerated. The actual building can only be completed after it has subsided. This method is very time consuming, but relatively cheap. Drainage is made, for example, from coarse-grained soils (sand), industrial waste products such as plaster or fly ash, or from artificial material (plastic, stiffened cardboard). These drainage elements can be installed in the floor by pressing, vibrating, ramming, flushing or a combination of these measures.
- soil nailing which has so far been mainly used to stabilize slopes, slopes or construction pits. It is a ground consolidation method in which rigid steel or concrete elements with a small diameter are driven into or drilled into the ground. These ground nails are installed at a close distance of approximately 0.5 to 1.5 m.
- pile foundations in which building loads are caused by the compressible Soils are transferred to solid layers without stressing them, the aim is to reinforce or reinforce the floor. The load is borne partly by the floor and partly by the nailing.
- a new foundation material is created, namely soil with interacting nails, the properties of which can be better adapted to the given geotechnical and structural requirements.
- soil nailing has so far not been used for common foundation problems is the difficulty in carefully and precisely installing the up to 20 m long but slender soil nails with a diameter of 20 to 40 mm in the ground.
- the invention has for its object to provide how to effectively stabilize layered floors in a simple manner in the context of the measure mentioned.
- the solution to this problem is that the soil layers nailing together soil nails are drawn in by the compaction screed when it vibrates into the soil layers and are left in the soil layers when they are pulled.
- the floor nails preferably consist of rods made of steel, prestressed or slack-reinforced concrete, plastic, wood or bamboo.
- the soil nails should be provided with widenings at their upper and / or lower ends. In any case, it is advisable to make the arrangement so that the ground nails are automatically released when the compaction screed is pulled.
- the invention also relates to a device for carrying out the method.
- the invention consists in the fact that the compaction screed has holders for ground nails which take the ground nails with them when the compaction screed vibrates, but leave them in the ground when the compaction screed is pulled.
- the brackets can consist of closed or longitudinally slotted driving sleeves. In any case, they should be provided at least in the area of the lower end of the compaction screed. For optimal soil compaction, it is also recommended that the compaction screed has an open cross section formed by several arms.
- the compaction screed has a double V-shaped cross section with a crossbar connecting the V tips; the free ends of the V-arms then form an, as it were, rectangular envelope, which ensures a particularly uniform degree of compaction when the compaction screed vibrates in a grid pattern.
- the holders for the ground nails are provided on the free ends of the arms.
- the invention is based on the knowledge that in the friction soils that often occur in construction practice, such as gravel or sand, with layers of fine-grained soils, such as silt or clay, a new, effective combination of vibration compaction in the friction soil and nailing in the cohesive soil Opportunity to improve these difficult soil layers.
- Resonance compression is an effective method to improve the friction floor layers.
- the compaction screed z. B. vibrated in the form of a thin-walled steel plank by means of the vibration drive attached to the upper end.
- the friction floor is effectively compacted by the vibration energy generated.
- the screed also gives the possibility of drainage of pore water, which is of great advantage especially when layered soils occur.
- the fine-grained soil layers are hardly influenced by the vibration.
- the compaction screed and vibratory drive device developed for resonance compaction is also used to insert the slim nails into the deep soil layers by attaching the nails to the screed and then vibrating it into the ground.
- the length and position of the nails can be precisely adjusted to the respective soil layers using the compaction screed.
- the ground nails can also extend deeper into the ground than the compaction screed if, for example, a cohesive floor is located under a friction floor.
- the slender nails are pulled into the ground with great precision and simply and gently by the compaction screed and laterally fixed by the compaction screed. Of course, several nails can be installed when the compaction screed vibrates.
- the ground nails are released, which in the simplest case can be achieved simply by pulling the screed.
- the decoupling of the soil nails from the compaction screed can also be achieved by a variety of common anchoring methods.
- the bottom nails can be provided at the lower end with arrangements which enable them to be clamped to the compaction screed, for example by means of a fork-shaped arrangement.
- the compaction nails can be installed at the beginning, during or at the end of soil compaction. They can be round or flat, in any case their shape can vary within wide limits.
- the compaction nails can be clamped to the upper end of the screed to fix their position and reduce excessive tensile loads in the nail elements. In certain soil layers, the nails can be installed by a combination of vibrating, ramming and pressing the compaction screed. This installation method using the compaction screed makes it possible to optimally adapt the nail diameter to the technical foundations, regardless of the installation process.
- the shape of the compaction screed is of great importance in order to achieve effective soil compaction and nailing.
- the embodiments already described are particularly favorable.
- the shape of the compaction screed must be designed according to the geotechnical conditions in such a way that homogeneous or dense nailing is achieved.
- a compaction screed is particularly suitable in this respect, which has a double V-shaped cross section with a crossbar connecting the V tips;
- Such a compaction screed can also be used for soil compaction alone, i.e. H. can be used without simultaneous soil nailing.
- a compaction screed 2 is vibrated into the ground with the aid of an attached vibration drive 1.
- 2 soil nails 3 are attached to the compaction screed.
- the compaction screed 2 is pulled again, the soil nails 3 remaining.
- Fig. 3 shows that the ground nails 3 are inserted in sleeve-shaped brackets 4 and when vibrating the compaction screed 2 with the help of transverse ribs 5 attached to the lower nail end, which attach to the brackets 4 below, are also drawn in.
- Fig. 4 shows different cross-sectional shapes for the compaction screed 2 with longitudinally slotted or closed brackets 4 on screed arms.
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- Agronomy & Crop Science (AREA)
- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
- Soil Sciences (AREA)
- General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
- Paleontology (AREA)
- Civil Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Investigation Of Foundation Soil And Reinforcement Of Foundation Soil By Compacting Or Drainage (AREA)
Description
Die Erfindung betrifft einerseits ein Verfahren zum Stabilisieren von Reibungsbodenschichten und angrenzenden Kohäsionsbodenschichten, wobei eine in Längsrichtung im wesentlichen gleichbleibenden Querschnitt aufweisende Verdichtungsbohle mit Hilfe eines auf deren oberes Ende aufgesetzten Vibrationsantriebes an mehreren Stellen in zumindest eine Reibungsbodenschicht sowie eine benachbarte Kohäsionsbodenschicht einvibriert und anschließend wieder gezogen wird, und andererseits eine Vorrichtung zur Durchführung eines solchen Verfahrens, mit einer in Längsrichtung im wesentlichen gleichbleibenden querschnittaufweisenden Verdichtungsbohle und einem auf deren oberes Ende aufsetzbaren Vibrationsantrieb. - Derartige Maßnahmen sind aus EP-B 0 203 137 bekannt.The invention relates, on the one hand, to a method for stabilizing friction floor layers and adjacent cohesive floor layers, wherein a compaction screed having a substantially constant cross-section in the longitudinal direction is vibrated in at least one friction floor layer and an adjacent cohesion floor layer with the help of a vibration drive mounted on its upper end and then pulled again , and on the other hand a device for carrying out such a method, with a compaction screed having a substantially constant cross-section in the longitudinal direction and a vibration drive which can be placed on its upper end. Such measures are known from EP-B 0 203 137.
Bauwerkslasten werden oft durch Pfahlgründungen von der Oberfläche in tiefergelegene, tragfähige Schichten übertragen. Die dazu verwendeten Pfahlelemente können beispielsweise durch Bohren, Rammen oder Vibrieren in den Boden eingebracht werden. Da in vielen Fällen die Pfähle während des Rammvorganges am stärksten belastet werden, ist diese kurze Belastungsphase oft für die Dimensionierung und die Materialwahl der Pfähle ausschlaggebend und nicht die Langzeitbelastung durch das Bauwerk. Pfahlgründungen sind daher bei großen konzentrierten Bauwerkslasten ökonomisch. Bei oft vorkommenden leichteren Belastungen, wie durch mittlere Wohnhäuser, Industriebauten oder Schüttungen für Dämme, wird die hohe Tragfähigkeit von Pfählen dagegen oft nicht voll ausgenutzt. In diesen Fällen wäre es ökonomischer, den anstehenden Boden durch andere Stabilisierungsmaßnahmen zu verbessern.Building loads are often transferred from the surface to lower, stable layers through pile foundations. The pile elements used for this can be introduced into the ground, for example, by drilling, ramming or vibrating. Since in many cases the piles are subjected to the greatest load during the ramming process, this short loading phase is often for the dimensioning and the material selection of the piles decisive and not the long-term stress caused by the structure. Pile foundations are therefore economical for large, concentrated building loads. In the case of frequently occurring lighter loads, such as from medium-sized houses, industrial buildings or fillings for dams, the high load-bearing capacity of piles is often not fully exploited. In these cases it would be more economical to improve the soil by other stabilization measures.
Bei der Bodenverbesserung wird zwischen feinkörnigen, wasserundurchlässigen Böden, sogenannten Kohäsionsböden, und grobkörnigen, wasserdurchlässigen Böden, sogenannten Reibungsböden unterschieden. Während sich im feinkörnigen Boden bei der Belastung die Setzungen über einen langen Zeitraum (mehrere Jahre) erstrecken, treten in grobkörnigen Böden die Setzungen innerhalb von kurzer Zeit (Minuten bis Tage) ein. Diese unterschiedlichen Bodeneigenschaften haben großen Einfluß auf die Wahl der optimalen Methode der Bodenverbesserung.When improving soil, a distinction is made between fine-grained, water-impermeable soils, so-called cohesive soils, and coarse-grained, water-permeable soils, so-called friction floors. While the settling in fine-grained soil takes a long time (several years), the settling occurs in coarse-grained soils within a short time (minutes to days). These different soil properties have a great influence on the choice of the optimal method of soil improvement.
Zur Bodenstabilisierung sind entsprechend den Anforderungen unterschiedliche Methoden entwickelt worden. In Reibungsböden werden hauptsächlich Ramm-, Vibrier- oder Rüttelverfahren angewendet. Die erhöhte Tragfähigkeit von solchen Böden wird durch die dynamischen Kräfte erzielt, die z. B. mittels Tiefenrüttler oder Resonanzverdichtung im Boden erzeugt werden. Bei der Resonanzverdichtung wird eine besonders ausgeführte Bohle vertikal in den Boden einvibriert. Die Schwingungsenergie am aufgesetzten Vibrationsantrieb wird den Resonanzfrequenzen des Bodens angepaßt, um eine möglichst effektive Bodenverdichtung zu erreichen.Different methods have been developed for soil stabilization according to the requirements. Ramming, vibrating or vibrating processes are mainly used in friction floors. The increased load-bearing capacity of such floors is achieved by the dynamic forces which, for. B. generated by deep vibrators or resonance compaction in the ground. With resonance compaction, a specially designed screed is vibrated vertically into the ground. The vibration energy on the vibratory drive is adapted to the resonance frequencies of the soil in order to achieve the most effective soil compaction.
Die Festigkeit von feinkörnigen Böden, wie Schluff oder Feinsand, kann durch Zuführen von Material mit besseren Tragfähigkeitseigenschaften, z. B. Sand oder Kies, sowie gleichzeitige mechanische Bearbeitung, z. B. durch Rammen oder Vibrieren, erhöht werden. Dabei entstehen pfahlähnliche Säulen aus Kies oder Sand, sogenannte Rüttelsäulen, deren Tragfähigkeit jedoch begrenzt ist. Um Böden größerer Mächtigkeit mit diesem Verfahren herstellen zu können, wurden verschiedene Geräte entwickelt, die durch Rütteln, Spülen oder andere mechanische Verfahren (Einpressen oder Einschrauben) in die zu verfestigenden Schichten eindringen können, so daß dort die verfestigten Bodensäulen hergestellt werden können.The strength of fine-grained soils, such as silt or fine sand, can be increased by adding material with better load-bearing properties, e.g. B. sand or gravel, as well as simultaneous mechanical processing, eg. B. by ramming or vibrating. This creates piling-like columns made of gravel or sand, so-called vibrating columns, but their load-bearing capacity is limited. In order to be able to produce floors of greater thickness using this method, various devices have been developed which can penetrate the layers to be consolidated by shaking, rinsing or other mechanical methods (pressing or screwing in), so that the consolidated floor columns can be produced there.
In Kohäsions- bzw. Tonböden sind Rüttel- oder Vibrierverfahren nicht anwendbar. Es können jedoch stabilisierende Substanzen, wie Zement, Flugasche oder Kalk, in den Boden eingemischt werden, die mit dem umgebenden Boden chemisch reagieren und verfestigte Bodensäulen erzeugen. Diese Methode ist vor allem bei zunehmender Verdichtungstiefe teuer und außerdem nur für gewisse feinkörnige Bodenarten geeignet.Vibrating or vibrating methods cannot be used in cohesive or clay soils. However, stabilizing substances such as cement, fly ash or lime can be mixed into the soil, which react chemically with the surrounding soil and produce solidified soil columns. This method is particularly expensive with increasing compaction depth and is only suitable for certain fine-grained soil types.
Auch Dränageverfahren können zur Verbesserung von feinkörnigen Böden verwendet werden. Dabei werden dränierende Elemente (Dräns) vertikal in den Boden eingebracht. Diese Dränelemente haben im allgemeinen unzureichende Steifigkeit, um selbst Belastungen aufnehmen zu können oder den Boden direkt zu stabilisieren. Sie dienen nur zur Erhöhung der Bodendurchlässigkeit. um einen eventuellen Porenwasserüberdruck schneller ausgleichen zu können. Daher muß die Dränage mit anderen Verfahren, wie der statischen Vorbelastung, kombiniert werden, wobei die Bodensetzung beschleunigt wird. Erst nach deren Abklingen kann das eigentliche Bauwerk ausgeführt werden. Diese Methode ist sehr zeitraubend, aber relativ billig. Dräns werden beispielsweise aus grobkörnigen Böden (Sand), Abfallprodukten der Industrie, wie Gips oder Flugasche, oder aus künstlichem Material (Kunststoff, versteifter Karton) hergestellt. Diese Dränelemente können durch Einpressen, Einvibrieren, Rammen, Einspülen oder eine Kombination dieser Maßnahmen im Boden installiert werden.Drainage processes can also be used to improve fine-grained soils. Drainage elements (drains) are inserted vertically into the ground. These drainage elements generally have insufficient rigidity to be able to absorb loads or to stabilize the floor directly. They only serve to increase soil permeability. to compensate for any pore water overpressure faster to be able to. Therefore, the drainage must be combined with other methods, such as static preload, whereby the settlement of the soil is accelerated. The actual building can only be completed after it has subsided. This method is very time consuming, but relatively cheap. Drainage is made, for example, from coarse-grained soils (sand), industrial waste products such as plaster or fly ash, or from artificial material (plastic, stiffened cardboard). These drainage elements can be installed in the floor by pressing, vibrating, ramming, flushing or a combination of these measures.
In der Baupraxis kommen jedoch oft Mischböden vor, die sowohl aus grob- als auch feinkörnigen Bodenschichten bestehen. In diesen Fällen ist es regelmäßig sehr schwierig, mit Hilfe einer einzigen Methode technisch und ökonomisch optimale Baugrundverbesserungen durchzuführen. Als Beispiel kann das Rüttelverfahren angeführt werden, das zwar Sandschichten effektiv verstärkt, aber dazwischenliegende Ton- oder Schluffschichten nicht oder nur ungenügend verbessert.In practice, mixed soils are often found, which consist of both coarse and fine-grained layers of soil. In these cases it is regularly very difficult to carry out technically and economically optimal subsoil improvements using a single method. As an example, the shaking process can be mentioned, which effectively strengthens sand layers, but does not improve or only insufficiently improves clay or silt layers in between.
Eine in der Bauindustrie neue Entwicklung der Bodenverbesserung ist die sogenannte Bodenvernagelung, die bisher hauptsächlich zur Stabilisierung von Böschungen, Hängen oder Baugruben angewendet worden ist. Dabei handelt es sich um eine Bodenverfestigungsmethode, bei der steife Elemente aus Stahl oder Beton mit kleinem Durchmesser in den Boden eingerammt oder eingebohrt werden. Diese Bodennägel werden in dichtem Abstand von etwa 0,5 bis 1,5 m eingebaut. Im Unterschied zu konventionellen Pfahlgründungen, bei denen Bauwerkslasten durch die kompressiblen Böden in feste Schichten übertragen werden, ohne diese dabei zu belasten, wird beim Bodenvernageln ein Armierungseffekt bzw. eine Bodenbewehrung angestrebt. Die Belastung wird teilweise durch den Boden und teilweise durch die Vernagelung getragen. Es entsteht ein neues Gründungsmaterial, nämlich Boden mit zusammenwirkenden Nägeln, dessen Eigenschaften den gegebenen geotechnischen und bautechnischen Erfordernissen besser angepaßt werden können. Die Hauptursache, warum die Bodenvernagelung bisher überhaupt nicht für übliche Gründungsprobleme angewendet worden ist, liegt in der Schwierigkeit, die bis zu 20 m langen, aber schlanken Bodennägel mit einem Durchmesser von 20 bis 40 mm schonungsvoll und mit Präzision in den Boden einzubauen.A new development in soil improvement in the construction industry is the so-called soil nailing, which has so far been mainly used to stabilize slopes, slopes or construction pits. It is a ground consolidation method in which rigid steel or concrete elements with a small diameter are driven into or drilled into the ground. These ground nails are installed at a close distance of approximately 0.5 to 1.5 m. In contrast to conventional pile foundations, in which building loads are caused by the compressible Soils are transferred to solid layers without stressing them, the aim is to reinforce or reinforce the floor. The load is borne partly by the floor and partly by the nailing. A new foundation material is created, namely soil with interacting nails, the properties of which can be better adapted to the given geotechnical and structural requirements. The main reason why soil nailing has so far not been used for common foundation problems is the difficulty in carefully and precisely installing the up to 20 m long but slender soil nails with a diameter of 20 to 40 mm in the ground.
Der Erfindung liegt die Aufgabe zugrunde, anzugeben, wie man im Rahmen der eingangs genannten Maßnahme geschichtete Böden auf einfache Weise wirkungsvoll zu stabilisieren.The invention has for its object to provide how to effectively stabilize layered floors in a simple manner in the context of the measure mentioned.
Diese Aufgabe wird durch die Merkmale der Ansprüche 1 und 5 gelöst.This object is solved by the features of
In verfahrensmäßiger Hinsicht besteht die Lösung dieser Aufgabe darin, daß die Bodenschichten miteinander vernagelnde Bodennägel von der Verdichtungsbohle bei deren Einvibrieren in die Bodenschichten mit eingezogen und bei deren Ziehen in den Bodenschichten belassen werden. Vorzugsweise bestehen die Bodennägel aus Stangen aus Stahl, vorgespanntem oder schlaff bewehrtem Beton, Kunststoff, Holz oder Bambus. Um eine günstige Krafteinleitung in den festeren Bodenschichten in die weicheren Böden zu ermöglichen, sollten die Bodennägel an ihrem oberen und/oder unteren Ende mit Verbreiterungen versehen sein. Auf jeden Fall empfiehlt es sich, die Anordnung so zu treffen, daß die Bodennägel beim Ziehen der Verdichtungsbohle selbsttätig freigekoppelt werden.From a procedural point of view, the solution to this problem is that the soil layers nailing together soil nails are drawn in by the compaction screed when it vibrates into the soil layers and are left in the soil layers when they are pulled. The floor nails preferably consist of rods made of steel, prestressed or slack-reinforced concrete, plastic, wood or bamboo. In order to enable a favorable introduction of force in the firmer soil layers into the softer soils, the soil nails should be provided with widenings at their upper and / or lower ends. In any case, it is advisable to make the arrangement so that the ground nails are automatically released when the compaction screed is pulled.
Wie oben bereits ausgeführt worden ist, ist Gegenstand der Erfindung auch eine Vorrichtung zur Durchführung des Verfahrens. Hier besteht die Erfindung darin, daß die Verdichtungsbohle Halterungen für Bodennägel aufweist, welche die Bodennägel beim Einvibrieren der Verdichtungsbohle mitnehmen, beim Ziehen der Verdichtungsbohle aber im Boden belassen. Die Halterungen können aus geschlossenen oder auch längsgeschlitzten Mitnahmehülsen bestehen. Sie sollten jedenfalls zumindest im Bereich des unteren Endes der Verdichtungsbohle vorgesehen sein. Für eine optimale Bodenverdichtung empfiehlt es sich ferner, wenn die Verdichtungsbohle einen durch mehrere Arme gebildeten offenen Querschnitt aufweist. In diesem Zusammenhang hat sich in der Praxis eine Ausführungsform als besonders günstig herausgestellt, bei der die Verdichtungsbohle einen gedoppelt V-förmigen Querschnitt mit die V-Spitzen verbindendem Quersteg aufweisen; die freien Enden der V-Arme bilden dann eine gleichsam rechteckige Umhüllende, die bei rasterförmigem Einvibrieren der Verdichtungsbohle einen besonders gleichmäßigen Verdichtungsgrad sicherstellt. Die Halterungen für die Bodennägel sind nach bevorzugter Ausführungsform an den freien Enden der Arme vorgesehen.As has already been explained above, the invention also relates to a device for carrying out the method. Here, the invention consists in the fact that the compaction screed has holders for ground nails which take the ground nails with them when the compaction screed vibrates, but leave them in the ground when the compaction screed is pulled. The brackets can consist of closed or longitudinally slotted driving sleeves. In any case, they should be provided at least in the area of the lower end of the compaction screed. For optimal soil compaction, it is also recommended that the compaction screed has an open cross section formed by several arms. In this context, an embodiment has proven to be particularly favorable in practice, in which the compaction screed has a double V-shaped cross section with a crossbar connecting the V tips; the free ends of the V-arms then form an, as it were, rectangular envelope, which ensures a particularly uniform degree of compaction when the compaction screed vibrates in a grid pattern. According to a preferred embodiment, the holders for the ground nails are provided on the free ends of the arms.
Die Erfindung geht von der Erkenntnis aus, daß bei den in der Baupraxis oft vorkommenden Reibungsböden, wie Kies oder Sand, mit Schichten aus feinkörnigen Böden, wie Schluff oder Ton, durch eine Kombination von Vibrationsverdichtung im Reibungsboden und Bodenvernageln im Kohäsionsboden sich eine neue, effektive Möglichkeit eröffnet, diese schwierigen Bodenschichten zu verbessern. Die Resonanzverdichtung ist eine effektive Methode zur Verbesserung der Reibungsbodenschichten. Bei der Resonanzverdichtung wird die Verdichtungsbohle z. B. in Form einer dünnwandigen Stahlbohle mittels des am oberen Ende befestigten Vibrationsantriebes in den Boden einvibriert. Durch die dabei erzeugte Schwingungsenergie wird der Reibungsboden effektiv verdichtet. Die Bohle gibt außerdem die Möglichkeit der Dränage von Porenwasser, was vor allem bei Vorkommen von geschichteten Böden von großem Vorteil ist. Die feinkörnigen Bodenschichten werden durch die Vibration jedoch kaum beeinflußt. In diesen Bodenschichten ist dagegen die Bodenvernagelung effektiv. Das für die Resonanzverdichtung entwickelte Gerät aus Verdichtungsbohle und Vibrationsantrieb wird auch zum Einbringen eben der schlanken Nägel in die tiefen Bodenschichten verwendet, indem die Nägel an der Bohle befestigt und dann in den Boden einvibriert werden. Die Länge und Position der Nägel kann mittels der Verdichtungsbohle den jeweiligen Bodenschichten genau angepaßt werden. Die Bodennägel können in gewissen Fällen auch tiefer in den Boden reichen als die Verdichtungsbohle, wenn sich beispielsweise ein Kohäsionsboden unter einem Reibungsboden befindet. Die schlanken Nägel werden durch die Verdichtungsbohle mit hoher Präzision sowie einfach und schonungsvoll in den Boden eingezogen und durch die Verdichtungsbohle seitlich fixiert. Beim Einvibrieren der Verdichtungsbohle können selbstverständlich mehrere Nägel eingebaut werden. Wenn die erforderliche Tiefe erreicht ist, werden die Bodennägel freigekoppelt, was im einfachsten Fall einfach durch Ziehen der Bohle erreicht wird. Das Auskoppeln der Bodennägel von der Verdichtungsbohle kann aber auch durch eine Vielzahl von üblichen Verankerungsmethoden erreicht werden. Außerdem können die Bodennägel am unteren Ende mit Anordnungen versehen sein, die das Anklemmen derselben an der Verdichtungsbohle, beispielsweise durch eine gabelförmige Anordnung ermöglichen. Die Verdichtungsnägel können entsprechend den geologischen Erfordernissen zu Beginn, während oder am Ende der Bodenverdichtung eingebaut werden. Sie können rund oder flach ausgebildet sein, ihre Form kann jedenfalls innerhalb weiter Grenzen variieren. Die Verdichtungsnägel können am oberen Bohlenende angeklemmt werden, um ihre Lage zu fixieren und zu hohe Zugbelastungen in den Nagelelementen zu verringern. In gewissen Bodenschichten können die Nägel durch eine Kombination von Vibrieren, Rammen und Drücken der Verdichtungsbohle eingebaut werden. Diese Einbaumethode mittels der Verdichtungsbohle ermöglicht es, den Nageldurchmesser unabhängig vom Einbauvorgang optimal an die gründungstechnischen Verhältnisse anzupassen.The invention is based on the knowledge that in the friction soils that often occur in construction practice, such as gravel or sand, with layers of fine-grained soils, such as silt or clay, a new, effective combination of vibration compaction in the friction soil and nailing in the cohesive soil Opportunity to improve these difficult soil layers. Resonance compression is an effective method to improve the friction floor layers. In the resonance compaction, the compaction screed z. B. vibrated in the form of a thin-walled steel plank by means of the vibration drive attached to the upper end. The friction floor is effectively compacted by the vibration energy generated. The screed also gives the possibility of drainage of pore water, which is of great advantage especially when layered soils occur. The fine-grained soil layers are hardly influenced by the vibration. In contrast, soil nailing is effective in these soil layers. The compaction screed and vibratory drive device developed for resonance compaction is also used to insert the slim nails into the deep soil layers by attaching the nails to the screed and then vibrating it into the ground. The length and position of the nails can be precisely adjusted to the respective soil layers using the compaction screed. In certain cases, the ground nails can also extend deeper into the ground than the compaction screed if, for example, a cohesive floor is located under a friction floor. The slender nails are pulled into the ground with great precision and simply and gently by the compaction screed and laterally fixed by the compaction screed. Of course, several nails can be installed when the compaction screed vibrates. When the required depth is reached, the ground nails are released, which in the simplest case can be achieved simply by pulling the screed. The decoupling of the soil nails from the compaction screed can also be achieved by a variety of common anchoring methods. also The bottom nails can be provided at the lower end with arrangements which enable them to be clamped to the compaction screed, for example by means of a fork-shaped arrangement. Depending on the geological requirements, the compaction nails can be installed at the beginning, during or at the end of soil compaction. They can be round or flat, in any case their shape can vary within wide limits. The compaction nails can be clamped to the upper end of the screed to fix their position and reduce excessive tensile loads in the nail elements. In certain soil layers, the nails can be installed by a combination of vibrating, ramming and pressing the compaction screed. This installation method using the compaction screed makes it possible to optimally adapt the nail diameter to the technical foundations, regardless of the installation process.
Die Form der Verdichtungsbohle hat große Bedeutung, um eine effektive Bodenverdichtung und Bodenvernagelung zu erzielen. Besonders günstig sind die bereits beschriebenen Ausführungsformen. Jedenfalls muß die Form der Verdichtungsbohle entsprechend den geotechnischen Verhältnissen so ausgeführt werden, daß eine homogene bzw. dichte Vernagelung erreicht wird. Besonders geeignet ist insoweit eine Verdichtungsbohle, die einen gedoppelt V-förmigen Querschnitt mit die V-Spitzen verbindendem Quersteg aufweist; eine solche Verdichtungsbohle kann auch allein zur Bodenverdichtung, d. h. ohne gleichzeitige Bodenvernagelung eingesetzt werden.The shape of the compaction screed is of great importance in order to achieve effective soil compaction and nailing. The embodiments already described are particularly favorable. In any case, the shape of the compaction screed must be designed according to the geotechnical conditions in such a way that homogeneous or dense nailing is achieved. A compaction screed is particularly suitable in this respect, which has a double V-shaped cross section with a crossbar connecting the V tips; Such a compaction screed can also be used for soil compaction alone, i.e. H. can be used without simultaneous soil nailing.
Im folgenden wird die Erfindung anhand einer Zeichnung näher erläutert; es zeigen
- Fig. 1
- das Einvibrieren einer Verdichtungsbohle,
- Fig. 2
- die Verdichtungsbohle gemäß Fig. 1 nach dem Einvibrieren,
- Fig. 3
- einen Abschnitt der Verdichtungsbohle und
- Fig. 4a, b, c
- verschiedene Querschnittsformen der Verdichtungsbohle.
- Fig. 1
- vibrating a compaction screed,
- Fig. 2
- 1 after vibrating,
- Fig. 3
- a section of the compaction screed and
- 4a, b, c
- different cross-sectional shapes of the compaction screed.
Wie sich aus einer vergleichenden Betrachtung der Fig. 1 und 2 ergibt, wird eine Verdichtungsbohle 2 mit Hilfe eines aufgesetzten Vibrationsantriebes 1 in den Boden einvibriert. Dabei sind an der Verdichtungsbohle 2 Bodennägel 3 befestigt. Nach dem Erreichen der Absenktiefe im feinkörnigen Boden wird die Verdichtungsbohle 2 wieder gezogen, wobei die Bodennägel 3 zurückbleiben. Fig. 3 entnimmt man, daß die Bodennägel 3 in hülsenförmige Halterungen 4 eingesetzt sind und beim Einvibrieren der Verdichtungsbohle 2 mit Hilfe von am unteren Nagelende befestigten Querrippen 5, die sich an die Halterungen 4 unten anlegen, mit eingezogen werden.As can be seen from a comparative examination of FIGS. 1 and 2, a
Fig. 4 zeigt verschiedene Querschnittsformen für die Verdichtungsbohle 2 mit längsgeschlitzten bzw. geschlossenen Halterungen 4 an Bohlenarmen.Fig. 4 shows different cross-sectional shapes for the
Claims (7)
- Method for stabilising friction soil layers and bordering cohesive soil layers, wherein by means of a vibration drive (1) attached onto its upper end, a consolidation pile (2) with an essentially constant cross-section in longitudinal direction is vibrated at several places into at least one friction soil layer and an adjacent cohesive soil layer and is then withdrawn again, characterised in that the soil nails (3) nailing the adjacent soil layers to one another, with a length corresponding approximately to that of the consolidation pile (2), are driven in by the consolidation pile (2) when it is vibrated into the soil layers, and are left in the soil layers when the pile is withdrawn.
- Method according to Claim 1, characterised in that the soil nails (3) consist of rods made of steel, prestressed or loosely reinforced concrete, plastic, wood or bamboo.
- Method according to Claim 1 or 2, characterised in that the soil nails (3) are provided with broader sections at their upper and/or lower end.
- Method according to one of Claims 1 to 3, characterised in that the soil nails (3) are automatically disengaged when the consolidation pile (2) is withdrawn.
- Device for conducting the method according to one of Claims 1 to 4, with a consolidation pile (2) with an essentially constant cross-section in longitudinal direction and a vibration drive (1) which may be attached onto its upper end, wherein the consolidation pile (2) has holding elements (4) for the soil nails (3) which carry the soil nails (3) with them when the consolidation pile (2) is vibrated in, but leave them in the soil when the consolidation pile (2) is withdrawn; wherein the consolidation pile (2) has an open cross-section formed by one or several arms, in particular a double V-shaped cross-section with a transverse web connecting the points of the Vs, the holding elements (4) being provided on the free ends of the arms.
- Device according to Claim 5, characterised in that the holding elements (4) consist of carrier sleeves.
- Device according to Claim 6, characterised in that the holding elements (4) are provided at least in the area of the lower end of the consolidation pile (2).
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE4114193 | 1991-05-01 | ||
DE4114193A DE4114193A1 (en) | 1991-05-01 | 1991-05-01 | METHOD AND DEVICE FOR STABILIZING FRICTION FLOOR LAYERS AND ADJUSTING COHESION FLOOR LAYERS |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP0516942A1 EP0516942A1 (en) | 1992-12-09 |
EP0516942B1 true EP0516942B1 (en) | 1996-12-11 |
Family
ID=6430727
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP92106036A Expired - Lifetime EP0516942B1 (en) | 1991-05-01 | 1992-04-08 | Method and device for stabilising friction soils and bordering cohesive soils |
Country Status (5)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US5192168A (en) |
EP (1) | EP0516942B1 (en) |
JP (1) | JPH05302318A (en) |
DE (2) | DE4114193A1 (en) |
HK (1) | HK1004006A1 (en) |
Families Citing this family (10)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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WO2004081295A1 (en) * | 2003-03-11 | 2004-09-23 | Roger Ericsson | A support element, a support element positioning device, a method of positioning a support element and a fixed construction |
US7708502B2 (en) * | 2003-11-17 | 2010-05-04 | Joseph D. Carte | System and method for stabilizing landslides and steep slopes |
US9273442B2 (en) | 2003-12-18 | 2016-03-01 | R&B Leasing, Llc | Composite self-drilling soil nail and method |
US20070172315A1 (en) * | 2003-12-18 | 2007-07-26 | Barrett Robert K | Method and Apparatus for Creating Soil or Rock Subsurface Support |
US8851801B2 (en) | 2003-12-18 | 2014-10-07 | R&B Leasing, Llc | Self-centralizing soil nail and method of creating subsurface support |
CA2609968A1 (en) * | 2007-11-08 | 2009-05-08 | Craig Roberts | Method and apparatus for vertical preloading using containers for fluid |
US8376661B2 (en) | 2010-05-21 | 2013-02-19 | R&B Leasing, Llc | System and method for increasing roadway width incorporating a reverse oriented retaining wall and soil nail supports |
DE102015213341A1 (en) * | 2015-07-16 | 2017-01-19 | DR. SPANG Ingenieurgesellschaft für Bauwesen, Geologie und Umwelttechnik mbH | Device for activating the skin friction of post-like support members |
CN112281842A (en) * | 2020-10-22 | 2021-01-29 | 陈远 | Construction method of static pressure pipe pile |
CN114411685B (en) * | 2022-01-29 | 2024-01-30 | 中电建振冲建设工程股份有限公司 | Device and method for controlling encryption quality of vibroflotation gravel pile |
Citations (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
FR1503302A (en) * | 1966-12-06 | 1967-11-24 | Device for driving anchors or piles into the ground |
Family Cites Families (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4080792A (en) * | 1970-03-31 | 1978-03-28 | William D. Simmons | Soil compaction system |
US3722600A (en) * | 1971-05-28 | 1973-03-27 | Asahi Giken K K | Method for driving piles and like elements into the ground |
CH586327A5 (en) * | 1973-03-10 | 1977-03-31 | Klammt Baugesellschaft Kg | |
US3865501A (en) * | 1973-07-09 | 1975-02-11 | Int Tech Handelsonderneming En | Method and device for soil compacting |
US3975917A (en) * | 1974-08-22 | 1976-08-24 | Kingo Asayama | Flanged foundation pile group and method of constructing a foundation by means of the same |
SE456507B (en) * | 1984-11-12 | 1988-10-10 | Pieux Armes Int | PROCEDURE AND DEVICE FOR MIDDLE VIBRATIONS PACKING AN EARTH STORE |
JPS63308115A (en) * | 1987-06-08 | 1988-12-15 | Kumagai Naoki | Drain pipe and execution thereof |
-
1991
- 1991-05-01 DE DE4114193A patent/DE4114193A1/en not_active Withdrawn
-
1992
- 1992-04-08 EP EP92106036A patent/EP0516942B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1992-04-08 DE DE59207648T patent/DE59207648D1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1992-04-22 JP JP4102769A patent/JPH05302318A/en active Pending
- 1992-04-30 US US07/876,232 patent/US5192168A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1998
- 1998-04-16 HK HK98103200A patent/HK1004006A1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
Patent Citations (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
FR1503302A (en) * | 1966-12-06 | 1967-11-24 | Device for driving anchors or piles into the ground |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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JPH05302318A (en) | 1993-11-16 |
US5192168A (en) | 1993-03-09 |
DE59207648D1 (en) | 1997-01-23 |
HK1004006A1 (en) | 1998-11-13 |
DE4114193A1 (en) | 1992-11-05 |
EP0516942A1 (en) | 1992-12-09 |
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