EP0510247A2 - Procédé et appareil pour la transmission de signaux numériques audio depuis les studios audio vers les stations individuelles d'émission d'un réseau de radiodiffusion terrestre - Google Patents
Procédé et appareil pour la transmission de signaux numériques audio depuis les studios audio vers les stations individuelles d'émission d'un réseau de radiodiffusion terrestre Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP0510247A2 EP0510247A2 EP91113000A EP91113000A EP0510247A2 EP 0510247 A2 EP0510247 A2 EP 0510247A2 EP 91113000 A EP91113000 A EP 91113000A EP 91113000 A EP91113000 A EP 91113000A EP 0510247 A2 EP0510247 A2 EP 0510247A2
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- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- signals
- data
- dsr
- transmitted
- audio signals
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 230000005236 sound signal Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 58
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 45
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 49
- 230000001360 synchronised effect Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 12
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000004065 semiconductor Substances 0.000 description 2
- 101100167439 Arabidopsis thaliana CLPC1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101710130550 Class E basic helix-loop-helix protein 40 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102100025314 Deleted in esophageal cancer 1 Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 238000012937 correction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000018109 developmental process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007903 genomic in situ hybridization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000873 masking effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000717 retained effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005070 sampling Methods 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04H—BROADCAST COMMUNICATION
- H04H20/00—Arrangements for broadcast or for distribution combined with broadcast
- H04H20/02—Arrangements for relaying broadcast information
- H04H20/06—Arrangements for relaying broadcast information among broadcast stations
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04B—TRANSMISSION
- H04B7/00—Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field
- H04B7/14—Relay systems
- H04B7/15—Active relay systems
- H04B7/185—Space-based or airborne stations; Stations for satellite systems
- H04B7/18523—Satellite systems for providing broadcast service to terrestrial stations, i.e. broadcast satellite service
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04H—BROADCAST COMMUNICATION
- H04H20/00—Arrangements for broadcast or for distribution combined with broadcast
- H04H20/86—Arrangements characterised by the broadcast information itself
- H04H20/95—Arrangements characterised by the broadcast information itself characterised by a specific format, e.g. an encoded audio stream
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04H—BROADCAST COMMUNICATION
- H04H2201/00—Aspects of broadcast communication
- H04H2201/10—Aspects of broadcast communication characterised by the type of broadcast system
- H04H2201/19—Aspects of broadcast communication characterised by the type of broadcast system digital satellite radio [DSR]
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04H—BROADCAST COMMUNICATION
- H04H60/00—Arrangements for broadcast applications with a direct linking to broadcast information or broadcast space-time; Broadcast-related systems
- H04H60/02—Arrangements for generating broadcast information; Arrangements for generating broadcast-related information with a direct linking to broadcast information or to broadcast space-time; Arrangements for simultaneous generation of broadcast information and broadcast-related information
- H04H60/04—Studio equipment; Interconnection of studios
Definitions
- DAB network digital audio broadcasting, described in “Digital Audio Broadcasting” ITU-COM'89 Geneva, October 1989 and in “Future Systems of Digital Radio Transmission", Bayerischer Rundfunk, Nov. 1990
- COFDM signal Coded Orthogonal Frequency Division and Multiplexing
- DS1 -Coder-generated DS1 sound signals are then intermeshed using a data multiplexer using the so-called DSR (Digital Satellite Radio) method and, for example, fed to a satellite earth station in a 4-P SK modulator ("News from Rohde & Schwarz", booklet 114, page 14.)
- the satellite transmitter transmits, for example, to the satellite at 18 GHz, which transmits to the individual consumer satellite receivers at 12 GHz.
- a total of 16 digital audio signals can be extracted from the 4PSK-demodulated / decoder desired sound signals are selected again and made audible after digital-analog conversion.
- the invention is based on the fact that the DS1 / DSR method known per se for supplying consumer radio receivers via a satellite transmitter is best suited for the transmission of the sound signals from a sound studio to the individual transmitter stations of a radio transmitter network, since the one for execution The technology required for this process is very mature and has proven itself for a long time.
- the DS1 encoders and DSR multiplexers / modulators required to carry out this method are now commercially available devices, as are the DSR demodulators, demultiplexers and decoders required on the receiver side. With such a DS1 / DSR method, however, only sixteen individual programs can be transmitted, since the known DSR coder has only sixteen DS1 channels available.
- the combination with this DS1 / DSR method in accordance with the invention results in an additional data reduction of the sound signals to be transmitted in the recording studio, taking into account the psychoacoustic phenomena of humans Ear.
- MUSICAM method Mesking Universal Subband Integrated Coding And Multiplexing; described in "MUSICAM, An Universal Subband Coding System Description" from CCETT, IRT, Matsushita & Philips.
- a data reduction of a digital audio signal to, for example, 128 or 96 or even 64 kbit / s per mono signal can be achieved, so that several such data-reduced audio signals can be transmitted in one DS1 signal.
- this combination according to the invention it is achieved that a multiple of the digital signals which can be transmitted per se by the DS1 / DSR method can be transmitted, so that the system is optimally utilized and can also be constructed in a very economical manner from commercially available devices.
- a method according to the invention is particularly well suited for the supply of the individual transmitter stations of a future DAB network mentioned above, since depending on the degree of data reduction used, for example, three to seven times as many programs can be transmitted than according to the DS1 / DSR transmission technology, which yes one stereo program (or two monoprograms) per DS1 channel and limited to 16 stereo programs per DSR channel.
- the method according to the invention is also suitable for supplying a conventional terrestrial VHF-FM transmitter network or a so-called compatible DAB network, in which only a single digital program signal is emitted in the frequency band per transmitter as for a VHF-FM transmitter.
- a conventional satellite transmission system is preferably used as the broadband transmission system in the method according to the invention, but in the same way the transmission can also take place via a broadband cable network, such as is used by Swiss Post for digital radio broadcasting (report no VD14.1049 U of 24.1.91 of the Directorate General PTT).
- a broadband cable network such as is used by Swiss Post for digital radio broadcasting (report no VD14.1049 U of 24.1.91 of the Directorate General PTT).
- the transmission of the DSR signals could take place via a fiber optic distribution cable network or also via radio links.
- FIG. 1 and 2 show the block diagram of a device operating according to the inventive method for transmitting the sound signals P from one or more sound studios to the individual transmission stations S of a radio transmitter network.
- the transmission takes place according to the well-known DS1 / DSR method.
- Up to 16 DS1 encoders DCA 1 to DCA16 are provided on the source side, as well as a DSR multiplexer with subsequent 4-PSK modulator (SFP) with corresponding 16 inputs for connecting up to 16 DS1 encoders.
- SFP 4-PSK modulator
- n data-reduced audio signals M 1 to M n are transmitted per DS1 channel, so that each DS1 encoder is modified from the DS1 standard Tone signals DS1 / M are generated, which are composed of several n data-reduced tone signals and which are fed to the inputs of the DSR multiplexer SFP.
- the analog or digital mono or stereo sound signals P are each supplied to a coder C 1 to C n, for example operating according to the MUSICAM method.
- the originally, for example, 768 kbit / sP sound signals (16 bit, 48 kHz) are thereby reduced to, for example, 128, 96 or 64 kbit / s data.
- These data-reduced audio signals M 1 to M n are then fed to one of the 16 DS1 coders DCA 1 to DCA 16, in which these data-reduced audio signals M 1 to M n are encoded according to the DS1 method.
- the MUSICAM coding is preferably already carried out in the studio, the DS1 coding could also be carried out directly in the studio, but it is also possible to first transmit the signals M 1 to M n via digital lines to the satellite ground station and to transmit the DS1- Make coding there only.
- the outputs of the DS1 encoders DCA1 to DCA16 carry the signals DS1 / M1 to DS1 / M16, which correspond to the original DS1 signals in terms of frame structure and additional information.
- the 16 DS1 / M signals are intermingled and, together with frame synchronous words, a data stream is generated that is fed directly to the 4-PSK modulator.
- the error concealment at the input of the DSR multiplexer in accordance with the DS1 standard is used by application according to the invention shut down.
- the 4-PSK-modulated IF carrier is converted in a converter U 1 to the satellite transmission frequency position of, for example, 18 GHz and transmitted to the actual satellite SAT and from there, for example, again radiated at 12 GHz.
- Fig. 2 shows the block diagram of a DAB transmitter station.
- Each individual transmission station S of the transmission network to be supplied is assigned a conventional satellite receiving device E, in which the satellite signal received via the satellite antenna is converted into a frequency position suitable for the subsequent decoding after frequency conversion U2 (outdoor unit) and in a satellite converter DSRU.
- the output signal of this converter DSRU is fed to a digital sound receiver, DSRE, and decoded there in several (m) decoders DEC1 to DECm.
- DSRE digital sound receiver
- DEC1 to DECm decoded there in several (m) decoders
- up to 16 DS1 / M signals can be transmitted from up to 16 DS1 / M signals to be chosen.
- These DS1 / M 'signals correspond to the original DS1 / M signals on the source side, but they have a different frame structure.
- Each of these altogether m DS1 / M 'signals is converted via a demultiplexer DEMUX into the original MUSICAM signals M1 to Mn, which are then fed as digital audio signals to the modulator COFDM of the transmitting station S.
- the programs desired for broadcasting can be selected and broadcast from a large number of the programs P offered by the source.
- the actual DS1-DSR satellite transmission technology starting on the source side with the DS1 coders DCA 1 to DCA 16 via multiplexers, satellite transmitting stations, satellites, satellite receiving stations including demultiplexers, is of a known type, as described, for example, in "News von Rohde & Schwarz "Issue 114, page 14.
- the DS1 coder used for example, are the coder DCA from Rohde & Schwarz, the multiplexer including 4-PSK modulator is, for example, an SFP device from Rohde & Schwarz, the satellite receiver is, for example a device combination of the digital audio converter DSRU and the digital audio receiver DSRE from Rohde & Schwarz.
- the additionally used MUSICAM encoders C 1 to C n are constructed from commercially available chips, the transmission system according to the invention can therefore be produced very economically.
- the difference compared to the known DSI / DSR transmission method is that only one left / right stereo signal is not transmitted per DS1 channel, which is coded according to the known 16/14 bit floating point arithmetic with a scale factor, but that several data-reduced sound signals M 1 to M n are transmitted via the net bit rate of 896 kbit / s of each individual DS1 signal, which are correspondingly data-reduced on the basis of psychoacoustic phenomena of the human ear.
- the baseband coding for example MUSICAM
- the table in FIG. 4 shows the number of program channels left / right and mono per DS1 channel and per DSR channel, a distinction being made between DSR and MUSICAM-protected and MUSICAM-protected channels.
- the table shows, for example, MUSICAM 64 for baseband coding with 64Kbit / sec / mono. The calculated channels are based on an integer number of L / R stereo signals per DS1 channel.
- Satellite receivers working according to the DSR process are now available in consumer technology and also in professional technology.
- a demultiplexer / decoder is used as a chip component (eg SAA7500 from Philips Semiconductor).
- SAA7500 from Philips Semiconductor
- each receiving station E can be constructed very easily and inexpensively from commercially available components.
- the Demultiplexer / decoder brings the DS1 / M 'data in bit-serial form to an output with uncorrected bit errors and to a second output with error correction according to the DSR standard. This data is tapped before the circuit function error concealment.
- each individual transmitting station S is also of a known type.
- the COFDM signals in the DAB single-frequency network must be both isochronous and word-synchronous (i.e., bit-synchronous). Isochronousness is given in that the DS1 coders are each synchronized by a clock signal CS1 of 1.024 MHz, so that all DS1 / M signals and the DSR signals are isochronous.
- part of the DS1 data channel AI with the net bit rate of 24 Kbit / sec the so-called U / V channel for additional information for the transmission of a corresponding word synchronization signal, or part of a still free part in the so-called special service, is used Main frame B of the DSR signal frame (special information SI of the DSR frame with 32 Kbit / sec).
- the word "synchronization signal" additionally transmitted in this way can then be used in each individual transmission station S for word synchronization of the programs broadcast.
- each individual FM transmitting station FM1 to FMn has additional D / A according to the individual MUSICAM decoders D 1 to D n according to FIG. Converters, which generate the analog audio signals from the digital audio signals, which are separated again via the demultiplexer and decoded again according to the MUSICAM method, and are to be emitted via the transmitter.
- the method according to FIG. 2 can also be used for DAB transmitters with only one digital program signal per transmitter.
- This so-called “Compatible DAB” is also based on MUSICAM and represents an in-band solution with the use of a VHF-FM bandwidth.
- RDS radio data systems
- program-dependent data which are generated, for example, in the recording studio
- RDS signals can also be transmitted to the RDS coder in the VHF-FM transmitter using the method according to the invention, the program-dependent RDS data A11 to Aln being addressed in the recording studio for each individual MUSICAM channel M1 to Mn and multiplexed into one separate information unit AI-MUX can be summarized and then transmitted in the additional information channel of the DS1 signal, which takes place in the DS1 encoder DCA 1 to DCA 16 in a known manner.
- 1, 2 and 3 can of course also be used together if, for example, a DAB transmitter network and an FM transmitter network operated in parallel are to be supplied with programs at the same time.
- not all DS1 channels of the transmission system have to be used for the purpose according to the invention for the composition of the DS1 / M signals from several additional data-reduced audio signals, it is quite possible to use a part of the 16 DS1 channels available in the usual way to feed pure, non-data-reduced digital DS1 audio signal and to use only the rest of these DS1 channels for the purpose according to the invention with different data rates.
- the method according to the invention can also be used directly to expand the known digital radio system DSR (Extended DSR: EDSR).
- DSR Extended DSR: EDSR
- the known DSR transmission system can thus be expanded to a multiple of the programs previously offered.
- FIG. 5 shows on the basis of a block diagram of a DSR satellite radio receiver FT990 from Philips how such a commercial consumer receiver can be easily supplemented for the direct reception of digital audio signals transmitted according to the invention.
- This consumer receiver according to FIG. 5 ent speaks in principle of the device combination DSRU combined with a digital sound receiver DSRE from Rohde & Schwarz, as shown and described in FIG. 2.
- the signal received via satellite antenna is converted to an intermediate frequency of 118MHz in a tuner with subsequent frequency converter and then fed into the 4-PSK demodulator.
- the demodulated signal is fed to the DSR decoder SAA 7500.
- the decoded signal is fed to a D / A converter via a digital filter, and the stereo sound signal received via satellite is then available for further processing at the output of an analog filter.
- This commercial structure of a consumer receiver can be converted in a simple manner only by adding a demultiplexer DEMUX and a program selection logic M-select into a receiver which is suitable for the direct reception of digital audio signals transmitted according to the inventive method over a satellite link.
- the outputs TFKN and DIE or DEC of the DSR decoder are connected to the demultiplexer DEMUX, the output TFKN supplies a clock signal with 160 bits / frame (31.25 us), the output DIE supplies the DS1 / M 'signal in 77 bits / blocks in DSR-corrected form, the output DEC carries the DS1 / M 'signal in 63 bit BCH blocks in DSR-corrected form.
- the DS1 / M 'signals fed from the outputs DEC or DIE to the demultiplexer DEMUX are converted back into the original MUSICAM signals M 1 to M n , via the selection logic M-select assigned to the output of the demultiplexer, the MUSICAM desired by the user Signal selected, the selected MUSICAM signal is fed to the subsequent MUSICAM decoder, which in turn is, for example, a commercially available chip, for example from Philips Semiconductor, the decoded signal of this MUSICAM decoder is then sent to the input of the D / A converter via a selector switch fed.
- the customer can select and listen to any MUSICAM signal that is fed in on the source side via the satellite link.
- the selector switch it is possible to use the consumer receiver either in its original mode of operation, i.e. up to per DSR 16 stereo signals are transmitted, in the other switch position of this switch the MUSICAM-coded sound signals are evaluated, so that in each individual DS1 channel several sound signals can be transmitted and selected by the user.
- the range of programs for a user can be expanded from 16 programs to date to e.g. 64 stereo programs when using MUSICAM with 96kBit / s / mono signal.
- the MUSICAM decoder and the demultiplexer are simple, commercially available LSI chips, so that, for example, the range of programs can be expanded by a factor of 4 in a very economical manner.
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Signal Processing (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Astronomy & Astrophysics (AREA)
- Aviation & Aerospace Engineering (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
- Multimedia (AREA)
- Compression, Expansion, Code Conversion, And Decoders (AREA)
- Reduction Or Emphasis Of Bandwidth Of Signals (AREA)
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP7941392A JPH05122176A (ja) | 1991-04-25 | 1992-02-14 | 放送網内のデイジタルオーデイオ信号伝送方法 |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE4113584 | 1991-04-25 | ||
DE4113584A DE4113584A1 (de) | 1991-04-25 | 1991-04-25 | Verfahren und einrichtung zum uebertragen der digitalen tonsignale von tonstudios zu den einzelnen sendestationen eines rundfunk-sendernetzes |
Publications (3)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP0510247A2 true EP0510247A2 (fr) | 1992-10-28 |
EP0510247A3 EP0510247A3 (en) | 1992-12-09 |
EP0510247B1 EP0510247B1 (fr) | 1996-06-12 |
Family
ID=6430369
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP91113000A Expired - Lifetime EP0510247B1 (fr) | 1991-04-25 | 1991-08-02 | Procédé et appareil pour la transmission de signaux numériques audio depuis les studios audio vers les stations individuelles d'émission d'un réseau de radiodiffusion terrestre |
Country Status (3)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP0510247B1 (fr) |
AT (1) | ATE139391T1 (fr) |
DE (2) | DE4113584A1 (fr) |
Cited By (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP0738440A1 (fr) * | 1993-04-16 | 1996-10-23 | REBEC, Mihailo V. | Systemes globaux de communications video |
US6778649B2 (en) | 1995-04-10 | 2004-08-17 | Starguide Digital Networks, Inc. | Method and apparatus for transmitting coded audio signals through a transmission channel with limited bandwidth |
US7792068B2 (en) | 1998-04-03 | 2010-09-07 | Robert Iii Roswell | Satellite receiver/router, system, and method of use |
IT201700115787A1 (it) * | 2017-10-13 | 2019-04-13 | Itel Elettr E Telecomunicazioni S N C | Metodo di trasmissione da terra di un segnale audio radiofonico verso un satellite, e di rilevazione di disturbi nel segnale audio radiofonico che è stato successivamente ri-trasmesso dal satellite e ricevuto a terra, e sistema che attua tale metodo |
Families Citing this family (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE4239509A1 (de) * | 1992-11-25 | 1994-05-26 | Daimler Benz Ag | Verfahren und Empfänger für die terrestrische digitale Rundfunkübertragung |
DE4241857A1 (de) * | 1992-12-11 | 1994-06-16 | Thomson Brandt Gmbh | Rundfunkempfänger mit einem Zusatzdatendecoder |
DE4341211C1 (de) * | 1993-12-03 | 1995-04-20 | Grundig Emv | Verfahren und Schaltungsanordnung zum Einfügen von Daten in ein Übertragungssignal |
DE4343629C2 (de) * | 1993-12-21 | 1997-05-28 | Grundig Emv | System zur Erzeugung von digitalen Signalen für eine Satellitenübertragung |
US7194757B1 (en) | 1998-03-06 | 2007-03-20 | Starguide Digital Network, Inc. | Method and apparatus for push and pull distribution of multimedia |
US8284774B2 (en) | 1998-04-03 | 2012-10-09 | Megawave Audio Llc | Ethernet digital storage (EDS) card and satellite transmission system |
-
1991
- 1991-04-25 DE DE4113584A patent/DE4113584A1/de not_active Withdrawn
- 1991-08-02 EP EP91113000A patent/EP0510247B1/fr not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1991-08-02 DE DE59107932T patent/DE59107932D1/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1991-08-02 AT AT91113000T patent/ATE139391T1/de active
Non-Patent Citations (4)
Title |
---|
IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMMUNICATIONS, INCLUDING SUPERCOMM TECHNICAL SESSIONS Bd. 3, 1990, NEW YORK, US Seiten 937 - 941 G STOLL ET AL. 'High quality audio bit-rate reduction system family for different applications' * |
PROCEEDINGS - 7TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON DIGITAL SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS Mai 1986, BERLIN, DE Seiten 41 - 48 W SCHREITMÜLLER ET AL. 'DSR - A digital sound broadcasting system for DBS and its possible extension to multiple access' * |
RUNDFUNKTECHNISCHE MITTEILUNGEN Bd. 33, Nr. 1, Januar 1989, NORDERSTEDT, DE Seiten 1 - 7 , XP579 U ASSMUS 'Datenübertragung im DSR' * |
RUNDFUNKTECHNISCHE MITTEILUNGEN Bd. 35, Nr. 2, März 1991, NORDESTEDT, DE Seiten 45 - 66 , XP229902 G PLENGE 'DAB - Ein neues Hörrundfunksystem - Stand der Entwicklung und Wege zu seiner Einführung' * |
Cited By (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP0738440A1 (fr) * | 1993-04-16 | 1996-10-23 | REBEC, Mihailo V. | Systemes globaux de communications video |
EP0738440A4 (fr) * | 1993-04-16 | 1997-08-06 | Mihailo V Rebec | Systemes globaux de communications video |
US6778649B2 (en) | 1995-04-10 | 2004-08-17 | Starguide Digital Networks, Inc. | Method and apparatus for transmitting coded audio signals through a transmission channel with limited bandwidth |
US7792068B2 (en) | 1998-04-03 | 2010-09-07 | Robert Iii Roswell | Satellite receiver/router, system, and method of use |
IT201700115787A1 (it) * | 2017-10-13 | 2019-04-13 | Itel Elettr E Telecomunicazioni S N C | Metodo di trasmissione da terra di un segnale audio radiofonico verso un satellite, e di rilevazione di disturbi nel segnale audio radiofonico che è stato successivamente ri-trasmesso dal satellite e ricevuto a terra, e sistema che attua tale metodo |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP0510247B1 (fr) | 1996-06-12 |
DE59107932D1 (de) | 1996-07-18 |
ATE139391T1 (de) | 1996-06-15 |
DE4113584A1 (de) | 1992-10-29 |
EP0510247A3 (en) | 1992-12-09 |
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