EP0492192A1 - Alloy for eyeglass frame wires and for electronic parts - Google Patents
Alloy for eyeglass frame wires and for electronic parts Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP0492192A1 EP0492192A1 EP91120797A EP91120797A EP0492192A1 EP 0492192 A1 EP0492192 A1 EP 0492192A1 EP 91120797 A EP91120797 A EP 91120797A EP 91120797 A EP91120797 A EP 91120797A EP 0492192 A1 EP0492192 A1 EP 0492192A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- alloy
- eyeglass
- alloys
- spectacle
- alloy according
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 44
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 44
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 22
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 12
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 12
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 6
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 6
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 6
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 abstract description 6
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 5
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 5
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 5
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 abstract description 5
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 5
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 abstract description 5
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910000679 solder Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 2
- PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold Chemical compound [Au] PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052737 gold Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010931 gold Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005304 joining Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005476 soldering Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910000906 Bronze Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910017755 Cu-Sn Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910016347 CuSn Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910017927 Cu—Sn Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 206010020751 Hypersensitivity Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 229910001096 P alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910007116 SnPb Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000007815 allergy Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000004888 barrier function Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005452 bending Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 1
- KUNSUQLRTQLHQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N copper tin Chemical compound [Cu].[Sn] KUNSUQLRTQLHQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000029142 excretion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002349 favourable effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001771 impaired effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000004437 phosphorous atom Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 238000001953 recrystallisation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003466 welding Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C9/00—Alloys based on copper
- C22C9/04—Alloys based on copper with zinc as the next major constituent
Definitions
- the invention relates to an alloy which is used on the one hand for the manufacture of eyeglass frames, in particular for the manufacture of temples and on the other hand as a connecting wire for electronic components. Furthermore, the invention relates to eyeglass frames, which were produced using the alloy, and eyeglass wire, which is used to produce the temples.
- the alloy according to the invention is easier to polish, as a result of which the overall appearance of the spectacle frame can be improved.
- the alloy has the following composition (in percent by weight): 64-68% copper, 4-5% nickel, 1-2% iron, 0.01-0.05 phosphorus, balance zinc. It can also prove to be particularly favorable if the alloy, also in percent by weight, is composed as follows: 65% copper, 4.6% nickel, 1.2% iron, 0.02% phosphorus, balance zinc.
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Eyeglasses (AREA)
- Conductive Materials (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Die Erfindung bezieht sich auf eine Legierung, die zum einen für die Herstellung von Brillengestellen, insbesondere zur Herstellung von Bügeln und zum anderen als Anschlußdraht für elektronische Bauteile dient. Weiterhin betrifft die Erfindung Brillengestelle, welche unter Verwendung der Legierung hergestellt wurden, sowie Brillendraht, welcher zur Herstellung der Bügel dient.The invention relates to an alloy which is used on the one hand for the manufacture of eyeglass frames, in particular for the manufacture of temples and on the other hand as a connecting wire for electronic components. Furthermore, the invention relates to eyeglass frames, which were produced using the alloy, and eyeglass wire, which is used to produce the temples.
Bei der Herstellung metallischer Brillengestelle ist es erforderlich, sowohl die Konstruktion als auch die Materialauswahl so zu wählen, daß das fertige Brillengestell ein Höchstmaß an Festigkeit aufweist und beim praktischen Gebrauch nicht verformt wird. Verformungen des Brillengestelles können sowohl im Bereich der Fassungen der Gläser als auch im Bereich der Bügel auftreten und führen stets zu dem Ergebnis, daß die Brille nicht mehr korrekt sitzt und der Benutzer versucht, durch Zurückbiegen die Brille wieder in die ursprüngliche Form zu bringen.In the manufacture of metallic eyeglass frames, it is necessary to choose both the construction and the choice of material in such a way that the finished eyeglass frame has maximum strength and is not deformed in practical use. Deformations of the glasses frame can occur both in the area of the frames of the glasses and in the area of the temples and always lead to the result that the glasses no longer fit correctly and the user tries to bring the glasses back into their original shape by bending them back.
Um derartige Verformungen des Brillengestelles auszuschliessen, wurden verschiedene Legierungen entwickelt, welche beispielsweise in den deutschen Offenlegungsschriften 26 26 251 und 38 34 186 beschrieben sind.In order to exclude such deformations of the spectacle frame, various alloys have been developed, which are described, for example, in German Offenlegungsschriften 26 26 251 and 38 34 186.
Die bekannten Legierungen weisen den Nachteil auf, daß sie für bestimmte Anforderungszwecke nicht oder nur bedingt geeignet sind, da das Material nicht eine ausreichende Festigkeit oder Federungseigenschaften aufweist oder bei der Verarbeitung, beispielsweise bei Löt- oder Schweißvorgängen an Festigkeit verliert. Ein weiterer Nachteil liegt bei den bekannten Legierungen darin, daß diese einen sehr hohen Nickelanteil enthalten. Da der Prozentsatz der Bevölkerung, welche Allergien gegen Nickel haben, stark zugenommen hat, sind viele dieser Legierungen nicht oder nur mit erheblichem Aufwand, beispielsweise durch Aufbringen zusätzlicher Beschichtungen verwendbar. Zusätzliche Nachteile der bekannten Legierungen sind durch den relativ hohen Preis bedingt.The known alloys have the disadvantage that they are not or only partially suitable for certain requirements, since the material does not have sufficient strength or spring properties or loses strength during processing, for example during soldering or welding processes. Another disadvantage of the known alloys is that they contain a very high proportion of nickel. Since the percentage of the population who have allergies to nickel has increased significantly, many of these alloys cannot be used or can only be used with considerable effort, for example by applying additional coatings. Additional disadvantages of the known alloys are due to the relatively high price.
Anschlußdrähte für elektronische Bauteile müssen eine niedrige elektrische Leitfähigkeit und damit eine geringe Wärmeleitfähigkeit aufweisen, damit ein Temperaturschutz der elektronischen Bauteile bei Verbindungsarbeiten, wie z. B. Löten, erhalten wird.Lead wires for electronic components must have a low electrical conductivity and thus a low thermal conductivity, so that a temperature protection of the electronic components during connection work, such as. B. soldering is obtained.
Der Erfindung liegt die Aufgabe zugrunde, eine Legierung für Brillen oder Anschlußdrähte zu schaffen, welche bei kostengünstiger Herstellbarkeit und günstigen, hohen mechanischen Festigkeiten einen niedrigen Nickelgehalt und eine geringe Wärmeleitfähigkeit aufweist.The invention has for its object to provide an alloy for glasses or connecting wires, which has a low nickel content and low thermal conductivity with inexpensive to manufacture and inexpensive, high mechanical strengths.
Erfindungsgemäß wird die Aufgabe gelöst durch eine Legierung, welche, in Gewichtsprozenten, folgende Zusammensetzung aufweist: 63 - 78 % Kupfer, 3 - 7 % Nickel, 1 - 3 % Eisen, 0,01 - 0,20 % Phosphor, Rest Zink.According to the invention, the object is achieved by an alloy which, in percentages by weight, has the following composition contains: 63 - 78% copper, 3 - 7% nickel, 1 - 3% iron, 0.01 - 0.20% phosphorus, balance zinc.
Die erfindungsgemäße Legierung zeichnet sich durch eine Reihe erheblicher Vorteile aus. Im Gegensatz zu den aus dem Stand der Technik bekannten Legierungen weist die erfindungsgemäße Legierung einen sehr geringen Nickelgehalt von nur 3 - 7 % auf, während bei der Legierung, welche in der DE-OS 26 26 251 beschrieben ist, der Nickelgehalt bis 26 % betragen kann, ähnlich wie bei der Legierung gemäß der DE- 05 38 34 186, welche einen Nickelgehalt von 17 - 25 % vorsieht.The alloy according to the invention is distinguished by a number of considerable advantages. In contrast to the alloys known from the prior art, the alloy according to the invention has a very low nickel content of only 3-7%, while in the alloy which is described in DE-OS 26 26 251, the nickel content is up to 26% can, similar to the alloy according to DE-05 38 34 186, which provides a nickel content of 17-25%.
Ein weiterer, wesentlicher Vorteil der erfindungsgemäßen Legierung besteht darin, daß diese eine höhere Rekristallisationstemperatur hat, als die bisher bekannten Brillenlegierungen. Es ist somit möglich, die Legierung zu Schweißen oder zu Löten, ohne daß hierbei die elastischen Eigenschaften merklich beeinflußt werden. Das Federverhalten der Legierung, welches insbesondere bei Brillenbügeln von großer Wichtigkeit ist, bleibt somit auch im Bereich der Schweißoder Lötstellen bestehen. Derartige kritische Stellen liegen insbesondere in dem Bereich, an welchem der Brillenbügel mit dem Scharnierteil verbunden ist. Übliche Legierungen neigen dazu, in diesem Verbindungsbereich an Festigkeit zu verlieren, was zur Folge hat, daß das Brillengestell bei der praktischen Benutzung leicht verbiegt.Another essential advantage of the alloy according to the invention is that it has a higher recrystallization temperature than the previously known eyeglass alloys. It is therefore possible to weld or solder the alloy without significantly affecting the elastic properties. The spring behavior of the alloy, which is particularly important in the case of eyeglass temples, therefore also remains in the area of the weld or solder joints. Such critical points are in particular in the area at which the temple is connected to the hinge part. Conventional alloys tend to lose strength in this connection area, with the result that the eyeglass frame bends easily in practical use.
Weiterhin ist die erfindungsgemäße Legierung besser polierfähig, wodurch das Gesamtaussehen des Brillengestelles verbessert werden kann.Furthermore, the alloy according to the invention is easier to polish, as a result of which the overall appearance of the spectacle frame can be improved.
Die erfindungsgemäße Legierung zeichnet sich auch durch ein besseres optisches Aussehen aus und weist dabei insbesondere einen Goldeffekt auf, so daß evtl. bei Beschichtung mit Gold mit einer geringeren Auflage gearbeitet werden kann.The alloy according to the invention is also distinguished by a better optical appearance and in particular has a gold effect, so that it may be possible to work with a smaller edition when coating with gold.
Die erfindungsgemäße Legierung verfügt über hervorragende Federeigenschaften, der Eisen- und Phosphoranteil führt zu einer verstärkten Festigkeit, verglichen mit den bisher bekannten Legierungen.The alloy according to the invention has excellent spring properties, the iron and phosphorus content leads to increased strength compared to the previously known alloys.
Die erfindungsgemäße Legierung weist eine geringe elektrische Leitfähigkeit von 5,5 - 6,5 m/Ohm x mm² (Siemens) und eine niedrige Wärmeleitfähigkeit von 38 - 44 W/m x k auf.The alloy according to the invention has a low electrical conductivity of 5.5-6.5 m / ohm × mm² (Siemens) and a low thermal conductivity of 38-44 W / mxk .
Wesentlich für die Verwendung dieser Legierung ist zudem, daß eine Unternicklung als Sperrschicht gegenüber den bislang hauptsächlich hierfür verwendeten Cu-Sn + P-Legierungen wegen der dort sonst auftretenden Bildung versprödenden Whiskerwachstums in die verbindenden Lotschichten entfallen kann, da die beanspruchten Legierungen weniger P-Anteile als die handelsüblichen Cusn-Bronzelegierungen enthalten und offensichtlich eine geringere Beweglichkeit der P-Atome in den beanspruchten Legierungen wegen Bildung der als Ausscheidung vorliegenden Fe₃ P-Phase. Die "blanken" bzw. direkt mit Sn bzw. SnPb beschichteten Anschlußdrähte lassen sich unter weitgehend gleichen Bedingungen verbinden - verlöten, wie die bislang vornehmlich hierfür verwendeten CuSn-Drähte.It is also essential for the use of this alloy that a sub-nickel layer as a barrier layer compared to the Cu-Sn + P alloys previously mainly used for this purpose can be dispensed with in the connecting solder layers due to the formation of brittle whisker growth, which otherwise occurs there, since the alloys used have less P components contain as the commercially available Cusn bronze alloys and obviously a lower mobility of the P atoms in the claimed alloys due to formation of the Fe₃ P phase present as excretion. The "bare" or directly coated with Sn or SnPb connecting wires can be connected under largely the same conditions - solder as the CuSn wires previously used for this purpose.
In einer bevorzugten Weiterbildung der Erfindung ist vorgesehen, daß die Legierung folgende Zusammensetzung (in Gewichtsprozent) aufweist: 64 - 68 % Kupfer, 4 - 5 % Nickel, 1 - 2 % Eisen, 0,01 - 0.05 Phosphor, Rest Zink. Als besonders günstig kann es sich auch erweisen, wenn die Legierung, ebenfalls in Gewichtsprozent, folgendermaßen zusammengesetzt ist: 65 % Kupfer, 4,6 % Nickel, 1,2 % Eisen, 0,02 % Phosphor, Rest Zink.In a preferred development of the invention it is provided that the alloy has the following composition (in percent by weight): 64-68% copper, 4-5% nickel, 1-2% iron, 0.01-0.05 phosphorus, balance zinc. It can also prove to be particularly favorable if the alloy, also in percent by weight, is composed as follows: 65% copper, 4.6% nickel, 1.2% iron, 0.02% phosphorus, balance zinc.
Die Aufgabe wird auch gelöst durch eine Legierung, welche folgende Zusammensetzung, in Gewichtsprozent, aufweist: 74 - 78 % Kupfer, 3,5 - 4,5 % Nickel, 1 - 2 % Eisen, 0,01 - 0,05 % Phosphor, Rest Zink.The object is also achieved by an alloy which has the following composition, in percent by weight: 74-78% copper, 3.5-4.5% nickel, 1-2% iron, 0.01-0.05% phosphorus, Balance zinc.
Die letztgenannte erfindungsgemäße Legierung zeichnet sich ebenfalls durch die eingangs genannten Vorteile aus.The latter alloy according to the invention is also distinguished by the advantages mentioned at the outset.
Die erfindungsgemäßen Legierungen können bevorzugterweise zu Drahtmaterial unterschiedlichen Querschnitts verarbeitet werden, aus welchem in bekannter Weise Einzelteile für ein Brillengestell gefertigt werden können. Es ist somit problemlos möglich, die erfindungsgemäße Legierung zur Herstellung üblicher Brillengestelle zu verwenden. Insbesondere können die erforderlichen Fügeverfahren und Fügeschritte vorgenommen werden, ohne daß die vorteilhaften Eigenschaften der erfindungsgemäßen Legierungen beeinträchtigt werden.The alloys according to the invention can preferably be processed to wire material of different cross-section, from which individual parts for an eyeglass frame can be manufactured in a known manner. It is therefore easily possible to use the alloy according to the invention for the production of conventional spectacle frames. In particular, the required joining processes and joining steps can be carried out without the advantageous properties of the alloys according to the invention being impaired.
Die Erfindung ist nicht auf die gezeigten Ausführungsbeispiele beschränkt, vielmehr ergeben sich für den Fachmann im Rahmen der Erfindung vielfältige Abwandlungs- und Modifikationsmöglichkeiten.The invention is not limited to the exemplary embodiments shown, rather there are various modification and modification possibilities for the person skilled in the art within the scope of the invention.
Claims (6)
Cu 63 - 78 %
Ni 3 - 7 %
Fe 1 - 3 %
P 0,01 - 0,20 %
Rest Zn.Alloy, in particular for the manufacture of eyeglass frames, characterized by the following composition in percent by weight:
Cu 63 - 78%
Ni 3 - 7%
Fe 1 - 3%
P 0.01 - 0.20%
Rest Zn.
Cu 64 - 68 %
Ni 4 - 5 %
Fe 1 - 2 %
P 0,01 - 0,05 %
Rest Zn.Alloy according to claim 1, characterized by the following composition in percent by weight:
Cu 64 - 68%
Ni 4 - 5%
Fe 1 - 2%
P 0.01 - 0.05%
Rest Zn.
Cu 65 %
Ni 4,6 %
Fe 1,2 %
P 0,02 %
Rest Zn.Alloy according to claim 2, characterized by the following composition in percent by weight:
Cu 65%
Ni 4.6%
Fe 1.2%
P 0.02%
Rest Zn.
Cu 74 - 78 %
Ni 3,5 - 4,5 %
Fe 1 - 2 %
P 0,01 - 0,05 %
Rest Zn.Alloy, in particular for the manufacture of eyeglass frames, characterized by the following composition in percent by weight:
Cu 74 - 78%
Ni 3.5 - 4.5%
Fe 1 - 2%
P 0.01 - 0.05%
Rest Zn.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE9017408U DE9017408U1 (en) | 1990-12-22 | 1990-12-22 | Eyeglass wire alloy |
DE9017408U | 1990-12-22 |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP0492192A1 true EP0492192A1 (en) | 1992-07-01 |
EP0492192B1 EP0492192B1 (en) | 1994-07-27 |
Family
ID=6860655
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP91120797A Expired - Lifetime EP0492192B1 (en) | 1990-12-22 | 1991-12-04 | Alloy for eyeglass frame wires and for electronic parts |
Country Status (9)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US5259898A (en) |
EP (1) | EP0492192B1 (en) |
JP (1) | JPH04293744A (en) |
AT (1) | ATE109213T1 (en) |
BR (1) | BR9105516A (en) |
DE (2) | DE9017408U1 (en) |
ES (1) | ES2057721T3 (en) |
HK (1) | HK49995A (en) |
TW (1) | TW209251B (en) |
Families Citing this family (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE4131426A1 (en) * | 1991-09-20 | 1993-03-25 | Berkenhoff Gmbh | ALLOY, ESPECIALLY FOR USE FOR THE PRODUCTION OF JEWELRY, EYE GLASSES ETC. |
JP2807398B2 (en) * | 1993-08-03 | 1998-10-08 | 和明 深道 | Magnetoresistance effect material, method of manufacturing the same, and magnetoresistance element |
DE19624732A1 (en) * | 1996-06-21 | 1998-01-02 | Berkenhoff Gmbh | Alloy, especially for the manufacture of eyeglass frames, jewelry, etc. |
DE19624731A1 (en) * | 1996-06-21 | 1998-01-02 | Berkenhoff Gmbh | Alloy, especially for the manufacture of eyeglass frames, jewelry, etc. |
Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
FR501870A (en) * | 1919-06-24 | 1920-04-28 | Knut Eenberg | New alloy and its production process |
US2224095A (en) * | 1940-02-15 | 1940-12-03 | Scovill Manufacturing Co | Tube for heat exchanging apparatus |
US4452757A (en) * | 1981-11-13 | 1984-06-05 | Nihon Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha | Copper alloy for radiators |
Family Cites Families (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4171972A (en) * | 1978-02-21 | 1979-10-23 | Olin Corporation | Corrosion resistant copper base alloys for heat exchanger tube |
US5045411A (en) * | 1990-01-10 | 1991-09-03 | P.M. Refining, Inc. | Alloy compositions |
-
1990
- 1990-12-22 DE DE9017408U patent/DE9017408U1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1991
- 1991-12-04 DE DE59102355T patent/DE59102355D1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1991-12-04 ES ES91120797T patent/ES2057721T3/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1991-12-04 AT AT91120797T patent/ATE109213T1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1991-12-04 EP EP91120797A patent/EP0492192B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1991-12-13 US US07/808,026 patent/US5259898A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1991-12-19 BR BR919105516A patent/BR9105516A/en unknown
- 1991-12-20 TW TW080109998A patent/TW209251B/zh active
- 1991-12-20 JP JP3338074A patent/JPH04293744A/en active Pending
-
1995
- 1995-04-06 HK HK49995A patent/HK49995A/en not_active IP Right Cessation
Patent Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
FR501870A (en) * | 1919-06-24 | 1920-04-28 | Knut Eenberg | New alloy and its production process |
US2224095A (en) * | 1940-02-15 | 1940-12-03 | Scovill Manufacturing Co | Tube for heat exchanging apparatus |
US4452757A (en) * | 1981-11-13 | 1984-06-05 | Nihon Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha | Copper alloy for radiators |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
JPH04293744A (en) | 1992-10-19 |
TW209251B (en) | 1993-07-11 |
US5259898A (en) | 1993-11-09 |
DE59102355D1 (en) | 1994-09-01 |
ES2057721T3 (en) | 1994-10-16 |
ATE109213T1 (en) | 1994-08-15 |
HK49995A (en) | 1995-04-13 |
DE9017408U1 (en) | 1991-03-07 |
EP0492192B1 (en) | 1994-07-27 |
BR9105516A (en) | 1992-09-29 |
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