EP0486912B1 - Closing and draining device for drums for electrolytic or chemical surface treatment of articles in bulk - Google Patents

Closing and draining device for drums for electrolytic or chemical surface treatment of articles in bulk Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0486912B1
EP0486912B1 EP91119141A EP91119141A EP0486912B1 EP 0486912 B1 EP0486912 B1 EP 0486912B1 EP 91119141 A EP91119141 A EP 91119141A EP 91119141 A EP91119141 A EP 91119141A EP 0486912 B1 EP0486912 B1 EP 0486912B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
drum
immersion
drainage
treatment
drums
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP91119141A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP0486912A3 (en
EP0486912A2 (en
Inventor
Heinz Strecke
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
MANZ GALVANO-TECHNIK GMBH.
Original Assignee
Manz Galvano-Technik GmbH
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Publication date
Application filed by Manz Galvano-Technik GmbH filed Critical Manz Galvano-Technik GmbH
Publication of EP0486912A2 publication Critical patent/EP0486912A2/en
Publication of EP0486912A3 publication Critical patent/EP0486912A3/xx
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Publication of EP0486912B1 publication Critical patent/EP0486912B1/en
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    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25DPROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25D17/00Constructional parts, or assemblies thereof, of cells for electrolytic coating
    • C25D17/16Apparatus for electrolytic coating of small objects in bulk
    • C25D17/18Apparatus for electrolytic coating of small objects in bulk having closed containers
    • C25D17/20Horizontal barrels

Definitions

  • the invention relates to devices for environmental protection to minimize the carry-over of treatment solutions in the rinsing and / or waste water circuit in the galvanic and / or chemical surface treatment of mass parts in submersible drums; after lifting the immersion drum from the treatment bath, the treatment solution is returned to the treatment bath by means of a locking and drainage system.
  • Methods are known in which compressed air and / or vacuum systems are intended to separate the treatment solution from the goods and the drum body. Methods are also known in which the submersible drums are sprayed with water in order to dilute the treatment solutions.
  • FIG. 1 shows a side view of the basic structure of a galvanic drum system, the details of which are assumed to be known.
  • FIG. 7 shows an example of the arrangement of the locking and drainage device on the cover of a submersible drum.
  • the immersion drum (1) is rotated in direction (B) by means of a rotary drum drive (16), the goods and the treatment solution can no longer slide off the inner jacket of the immersion drum (1) , Goods and treatment solution are taken through the locking bar (2) and the drainage bar (3); The treatment solution is forcibly separated from the immersion drum (1) via the drainage strip (3).
  • a drip tray (15) ensures that the emerging treatment solution is also separated from the outer jacket of the immersion drum (1).
  • the rotary movement of the immersion drum (1) can take place continuously or in order to prevent the treatment solution from overflowing via the blocking and drainage device.
  • the hole diameter (5) of the perforation of the drum jacket (4) is usually not sufficient to separate the treatment solution quickly and with high efficiency from the immersion drum (1).
  • the part of the drum jacket (4) that belongs to the drainage channel (DK) is provided with large openings (6). Furthermore, the outflow behavior of the treatment solution from the drainage channel (DK) can be improved through openings (7) on the two end faces (8) and (8 ') of the immersion drum (1).
  • the drum cover (4 ') can easily be equipped with a drainage channel (DK), or can be exchanged for one with a drainage channel (DK).
  • the immersion drums (1) are transported through the treatment baths (13) by the station (14) by means of a transport system (10) to which a collecting trough (11) which can be extended on two sides can be attached.
  • a transport system (10) to which a collecting trough (11) which can be extended on two sides can be attached.
  • the treatment solution still dripping from the immersion drum (1) can still be collected in the collecting trough (11).
  • the collecting trough (11) is returned to the treatment bath (13P) one or the other side extended from the transport system (10).
  • the treatment solution collected in the drip pan (11) is drained into the treatment bath (13P) via the controllable solenoid valve (12).

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Electrochemistry (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Electroplating Methods And Accessories (AREA)
  • Electrolytic Production Of Non-Metals, Compounds, Apparatuses Therefor (AREA)
  • Chemical Treatment Of Metals (AREA)
  • Coating With Molten Metal (AREA)
  • Centrifugal Separators (AREA)
  • Cleaning And De-Greasing Of Metallic Materials By Chemical Methods (AREA)

Abstract

To minimise the entrainment losses, the treatment solutions are automatically removed from the immersion drum by means of a drainage channel (DK) and a drip strip (15) after the drums (1) have been lifted out of the treatment baths (13). When the drum (1) is rotated in the direction of rotation (B) by means of the drum rotary drive (16), a barrier strip (2) and a drainage strip (3) prevent the product conglomerate and the treatment solution dropping onto the inside casing of the drum (1). The treatment solution collected in front of the drainage channel (DK) drains via the openings (6) in the drum casing (4). A control system controls the sequence of transport, rotation and direction of rotation of the drum (1), and also the stop and go operation for the rotation of the drum (1) in order to optimise the separation phase for removing treatment solutions from the drum (1). <IMAGE>

Description

Die Erfindung betrifft Vorrichtungen für den Umweltschutz zur Minimierung der Verschleppung von Behandlungslösungen in den Spül- und/oder Abwasserkreislauf bei der galvanischen und/oder chemischen Oberflächenbehandlung von Massenteilen in Tauchtrommeln; dabei wird nach dem Ausheben der Tauchtrommel aus dem Behandlungsbad mittels Sperr- und Dränagesystem die Behandlungslösung in das Behandlungsbad zurückgeführt.The invention relates to devices for environmental protection to minimize the carry-over of treatment solutions in the rinsing and / or waste water circuit in the galvanic and / or chemical surface treatment of mass parts in submersible drums; after lifting the immersion drum from the treatment bath, the treatment solution is returned to the treatment bath by means of a locking and drainage system.

Es sind Methoden bekannt, bei denen Druckluft- und/oder Unterdrucksysteme die Behandlungslösung von der Ware und dem Trommelkörper trennen sollen. Weiter sind Methoden bekannt, bei denen die Tauchtrommeln mit Wasser abgespritzt werden um die Behandlungslösungen zu verdünnen.Methods are known in which compressed air and / or vacuum systems are intended to separate the treatment solution from the goods and the drum body. Methods are also known in which the submersible drums are sprayed with water in order to dilute the treatment solutions.

( Patentschrift DE 29 11 188 C2
( Patentschrift DE 30 29 520 C2
( Patentschrift DE 26 31 828 C2
Offenlegungsschrift DE 38 30 237 Al
Offenlegungsschrift DE 28 36 183 Al
Offenlegungsschrift DE 34 40 908 Al
Offenlegungsschrift DE 35 18 723 Al
Offenlegungsschrift OS 39 39 993
Gebrauchsmuster G 90 04 297.2
DE-Zeitschrift Galvanotechnik 79 (1988) Nr.12,
Seite 4039 bis 4041, Leuze Verlag )
(Patent DE 29 11 188 C2
(Patent specification DE 30 29 520 C2
(Patent specification DE 26 31 828 C2
Publication DE 38 30 237 Al
Publication DE 28 36 183 Al
Laid-open specification DE 34 40 908 Al
Publication DE 35 18 723 Al
OS 39 39 993
Utility model G 90 04 297.2
DE magazine Galvanotechnik 79 (1988) No. 12,
Pages 4039 to 4041, Leuze Verlag)

Bei den bekannten Methoden für die Trommeltechnik stellt die Kontaminierung von Luft und/oder Wasser mit Chemikalien ein Problem dar. Zusätzliche Reinigungsanlagen sind bei der Anwendung solcher Techniken notwendig. Trotz hohem gerätetechnischem Aufwand ist die direkte Rückführquote von unverdünnten Behandlungslösungen aus Tauchtrommeln in die Behandlungsbäder innerhalb einer Produktionslinie, wenn überhaupt, gering.In the known methods for drum technology, the contamination of air and / or water with chemicals is a problem. Additional cleaning systems are necessary when using such techniques. Despite the high expenditure on equipment, the direct return rate of undiluted treatment solutions from submersible drums into the treatment baths within a production line is low, if at all.

Verdünnungs-Methoden lösen nicht die Umweltschutz-Probleme, sondern verlagern sie nur von der Produktionslinie in den Bereich der Abwasseraufbereitung.Dilution methods do not solve the environmental problems, but only move them from the production line to the area of wastewater treatment.

Hier schafft die Erfindung Abhilfe.
Die Erfindung, wie sie in den Ansprüchen gekennzeichnet ist, lößt die Aufgabe, durch ein Sperr- und Dränagesystem, ohne Verwendung von Luft und/oder Wasser, nach dem Ausheben der Tauchtrommel aus einem Behandlungsbad die Behandlungslösung direkt in das Behandlungsbad zurückzuführen. Die Rotation der Tauchtrommel, die Drehrichtung, die Positionierung der Sperr- und Dränagevorrichtung im Stop- und Go-Betrieb, sowie die Transportabfolge werden von einem Steuersystem gesteuert, wobei die Programmabfolgen frei wählbar sind.Ein Positionselement an der Tauchtrommel ermöglicht es in Verbindung mit dem Steuersystem, die Stop-Position der Sperr- und Dränagevorrichtung bereits im Behandlungsbad und/oder während dem Ausheben der Tauchtrommel aus einem Behandlungsbad, zu fixieren.
The invention provides a remedy here.
The invention, as characterized in the claims, solves the problem of returning the treatment solution directly to the treatment bath by means of a blocking and drainage system without using air and / or water after the immersion drum has been lifted out of a treatment bath. The rotation of the submersible drum, the direction of rotation, the positioning of the locking and drainage device in stop and go mode, as well as the transport sequence are controlled by a control system, whereby the program sequences are freely selectable Control system to fix the stop position of the blocking and drainage device already in the treatment bath and / or while the diving drum is being lifted out of a treatment bath.

Die durch die Erfindung erreichten Vorteile sind im wesentlichen darin zu sehen, daß Chemikalien eingespart werden, die Spülwassermenge reduziert und der Energieverbrauch gesenkt wird, teure Abwasseraufbereitungsanlagen vermieden werden und die Spülwasserkreislaufführung für eine abfallarme/abfallose Galvanik ermöglicht wird. Erreicht werden diese Vorteile dadurch, daß Behandlungslösungen, zur Abfallvermeidung, bereits innerhalb der Produktionslinie in die jeweiligen Behandlungsbäder zurückgeführt werden. Weitere Vorteile sind die einfache Ausrüstung von Tauchtrommeln mit einer Sperr- und Dränagevorrichtung, sowie die Möglichkeit der einfachen Nachrüstung vorhandener Anlagen und die Zeitensparung beim Trocknungsprozeß der Ware in Trockenöfen.The advantages achieved by the invention are essentially to be seen in the fact that chemicals are saved, the amount of flushing water is reduced and the energy consumption is reduced, expensive wastewater treatment plants are avoided and the flushing water circuit is made possible for low-waste / waste-free electroplating. These advantages are achieved in that treatment solutions for avoiding waste are returned to the respective treatment baths within the production line. Further advantages are the simple equipping of submersible drums with a locking and drainage device, the possibility of simply retrofitting existing systems and saving time during the drying process of the goods in drying ovens.

Die Erfindung wird an einigen schematisch dargestellten Beispielen beschrieben und erläutert. Dem Fachmann bekannte und geläufige Konstruktionselemente wurden zeichnerisch nicht berüchsichtigt.The invention is described and explained using some schematically illustrated examples. Construction elements known and familiar to the person skilled in the art were not taken into account in the drawing.

Fig.1 zeigt in einer Seitenansicht den prinzipiellen Aufbau einer Galvano-Trommelanlage, deren Einzelheiten als bekannt vorausgesetzt werden.1 shows a side view of the basic structure of a galvanic drum system, the details of which are assumed to be known.

Fig.2 zeigt schematisch die Frontansicht einer Tauchtrommel.Fig. 2 shows schematically the front view of a submersible drum.

Fig.3 zeigt den Querschnitt einer Tauchtrommel.3 shows the cross section of a submersible drum.

Fig.4 zeigt als Beispiel die Anordnung einer Sperr- und Dränagevorrichtung in einer Tauchtrommel; und ein an einer Stirnseite der Tauchtrommel angebrachtes Positionselement.Figure 4 shows an example of the arrangement of a locking and drainage device in a submersible drum; and a position element attached to an end face of the immersion drum.

Fig.5 zeigt die Teilansicht einer Tauchtrommel im Querschnitt, mit einer Sperr- und Dränagevorrichtung.5 shows the partial view of a submersible drum in cross section, with a locking and drainage device.

Fig.6 zeigt die Teilansicht einer Tauchtrommel im Querschnitt, als Beispiel von Gestaltungsmöglichkeiten von Sperr- und Dränagevorrichtungen.6 shows the partial view of a submersible drum in cross section, as an example of design options for locking and drainage devices.

Fig.7 zeigt als Beispiel die Anordnung der Sperr- und Dränagevorrichtung am Deckel einer Tauchtrommel.7 shows an example of the arrangement of the locking and drainage device on the cover of a submersible drum.

Fig.8, Fig.9 und Fig.10 zeigen Beispiele mit einer Badgruppe von drei Behandlungsstationen und einem Hub- und Transportwagen, aus denen die Abfolge für das Ausheben der Tauchtrommel aus dem Behandlungsbad und der Weitertransport zu einem nächsten Behandlungsbad ersichtlich ist.Fig. 8, Fig. 9 and Fig. 10 show examples with a bath group of three treatment stations and a lifting and transport carriage, from which the sequence for lifting the submersible drum out of the treatment bath and the further transport to a next treatment bath can be seen.

Fig.11 zeigt eine Anlage im Querschnitt; zur galvanischen und/oder chemischen Behandlung von Massenteilen in Tauchtrommeln, die durch Transporteinheiten (Hub- und Transportwagen) durch die Prozeßstationen transportiert werden.11 shows a plant in cross section; for the galvanic and / or chemical treatment of mass parts in submersible drums which are transported through the process stations by transport units (lifting and transport vehicles).

In den Abbildungen, Fig.1 bis Fig.11, sind die für den Wirkmechanismus der Sperr- und Dränagevorrichtung relevanten Einzelteile; und die mit dem Funktionsablauf verbundenen Transportabfolgen dargestellt. Sperrleiste (2), Dränageleiste (3) und der Trommelmantel (4) bilden den geraden Dränagekanal (DK) oder den gebogenen Dränagekanal (DK'). Bevor eine Tauchtrommel (1) aus einem Behandlungsbad (13) ausgehoben wird ist es vorteilhaft, den Dränagekanal (DK) an einer bestimmten Stelle des Kreisumfang mittels Positionselement (9), im zusammenwirken mit dem Steuersystem, zu positionieren.In the figures, Fig.1 to Fig.11, the individual parts relevant to the mechanism of action of the locking and drainage device; and the transport sequences associated with the functional sequence are shown. Blocking strip (2), drainage strip (3) and the drum casing (4) form the straight drainage channel (DK) or the curved drainage channel (DK '). Before an immersion drum (1) is lifted out of a treatment bath (13), it is advantageous to position the drainage channel (DK) at a certain point on the circumference by means of a positioning element (9) in cooperation with the control system.

Wird nach dem Ausheben der Tauchtrommel (1) aus einem Behandlungsbad (13) die Tauchtrommel (1) mittels Trommel-Drehantrieb (16) in Richtung (B) gedreht, kann die Ware und die Behandlungslösung nicht mehr am Innenmantel der Tauchtrommel (1) abgleiten, Ware und Behandlungslösung werden durch die Sperrleiste (2) und die Dränageleiste (3) mitgenommen; über die Dränageleiste (3) wird die Behandlungslösung zwangsweise aus der Tauchtrommel (1) abgeschieden. Eine Abtropfleiste (15) sorgt dafür, daß die austretende Behandlungslösung auch vom Außenmantel der Tauchtrommel (1) getrennt wird.If, after lifting the immersion drum (1) out of a treatment bath (13), the immersion drum (1) is rotated in direction (B) by means of a rotary drum drive (16), the goods and the treatment solution can no longer slide off the inner jacket of the immersion drum (1) , Goods and treatment solution are taken through the locking bar (2) and the drainage bar (3); The treatment solution is forcibly separated from the immersion drum (1) via the drainage strip (3). A drip tray (15) ensures that the emerging treatment solution is also separated from the outer jacket of the immersion drum (1).

Die Drehbewegung der Tauchtrommel (1) kann kontinuierlich, oder um ein überlaufen der Behandlungslösung über die Sperrund Dränagevorrichtung zu verhindern, schrittweise erfolgen. Der Lochdurchmesser (5) der Perforation des Trommelmantels (4) reicht meistens nicht aus, um die Behandlungslösung schnell und mit hohem Wirkungsgrad aus der Tauchtrommel (1) abzuscheiden. Erfindungsgemäß ist deshalb der Teil des Trommelmantels (4), der zum Dränagekanal (DK) gehört, mit großen Öffnungen (6) versehen. Weiter kann noch durch Öffnungen (7) an den zwei Stirnseiten (8) und (8') der Tauchtrommel (1) das Abflußverhalten der Behandlungslösung aus dem Dränagekanal (DK) verbessert werden.The rotary movement of the immersion drum (1) can take place continuously or in order to prevent the treatment solution from overflowing via the blocking and drainage device. The hole diameter (5) of the perforation of the drum jacket (4) is usually not sufficient to separate the treatment solution quickly and with high efficiency from the immersion drum (1). According to the invention, the part of the drum jacket (4) that belongs to the drainage channel (DK) is provided with large openings (6). Furthermore, the outflow behavior of the treatment solution from the drainage channel (DK) can be improved through openings (7) on the two end faces (8) and (8 ') of the immersion drum (1).

Im Verlauf der Drehbewegung fällt das Warenkonglomerat, das sich in der Tauchtrommel (1) befindet, auseinander und in den Innenraum der Tauchtrommel (1) zurück. Die Massenware erschüttert dabei den Trommelmantel (4) stoßartig; als Folge wird noch Behandlungslösung aus der Perforation (5) des Trommelmantels (4) abgestoßen. Zur Umrüstung vorhandener Anlagen können ganz einfach die Trommeldeckel (4') mit einem Dränagekanal (DK) ausgerüstet, oder gegen einen solchen mit Dränagekanal (DK) ausgetauscht werden.In the course of the rotary movement, the goods conglomerate, which is located in the immersion drum (1), falls apart and falls back into the interior of the immersion drum (1). The mass-produced goods shake the drum jacket (4) abruptly; as a result, treatment solution is still expelled from the perforation (5) of the drum casing (4). To convert existing systems, the drum cover (4 ') can easily be equipped with a drainage channel (DK), or can be exchanged for one with a drainage channel (DK).

Für die Verfahrensabfolgen werden die Tauchtrommeln (1) von der Station (14) mittels Transportsystem (10), an das eine nach zwei Seiten ausfahrbare Auffangwanne (11) angebracht werden kann, durch die Behandlungsbäder (13) transportiert. Während dem Transport der Tauchtrommel (1) von einem Behandlungsbad (13) zum nächsten Behandlungsbad (13), kann die aus der Tauchtrommel (1) noch abtropfende Behandlungslösung noch in der Auffangwanne (11) aufgefangen werden. Je nach Transportrichtung der Tauchtrommel (11), von Behandlungsbad (13P) nach Behandlungsbad (13S) oder von Behandlungsbad (13P) nach Behandlungsbad (13S), wird zur Rückführung der aufgefangenen Behandlungslösung in das Behandlungsbad (13P) die Auffangwanne (11) nach der einen oder anderen Seite aus dem Transportsystem (10) ausgefahren. Die in der Auffangwanne (11) gesammelte Behandlungslösung wird über das steuerbare Magnetventil (12) in das Behandlungsbad (13P) abgelassen.For the process sequences, the immersion drums (1) are transported through the treatment baths (13) by the station (14) by means of a transport system (10) to which a collecting trough (11) which can be extended on two sides can be attached. During the transport of the immersion drum (1) from one treatment bath (13) to the next treatment bath (13), the treatment solution still dripping from the immersion drum (1) can still be collected in the collecting trough (11). Depending on the direction of transport of the immersion drum (11), from treatment bath (13P) to treatment bath (13S) or from treatment bath (13P) to treatment bath (13S), the collecting trough (11) is returned to the treatment bath (13P) one or the other side extended from the transport system (10). The treatment solution collected in the drip pan (11) is drained into the treatment bath (13P) via the controllable solenoid valve (12).

Claims (7)

  1. Apparatus for minimising environmental pollution in the galvanic and/or chemical surface treatment of mass-produced articles in immersion drums (1) by recycling treatment solutions after the immersion drum (1) has been lifted out of treatment stations (13) characterised in that the immersion drums (1) are provided with one or more arresting and drainage devices (DK) and have one or more drip bars (15) as well as a positioning element (9), and that the arresting and drainage device (DK/DK') is arranged in the immersion drum (1) in a straight or arcuate configuration.
  2. Apparatus according to claim 1 characterised in that the drainage channel (DK) is formed by the arresting bar (2), the drum casing (4) and the drainage bar (3) or only by the arresting bar (2) and the drum casing (4).
  3. Apparatus according to claims 1 and 2 characterised in that the diameter of the drum wall perforations (6) of the drainage channel (DK) is greater than the perforations (5) of the drum casing (4).
  4. Apparatus according to claims 1 to 3 characterised in that both drum end discs (8 and 8') have openings (7) in line with the drainage channel (DK).
  5. Apparatuses according to claims 1 to 4 characterised in that arresting and drainage devices are mounted both on polygonal and also on round drums.
  6. Apparatus according to claims 1 to 5 characterised in that a control system controls the rotary drum drive (16).
  7. Apparatus according to claims 1 to 6 characterised in that the transportation system (10) for the immersion drums has a catch trough (11) with solenoid valve (12), which trough can be moved out towards both sides.
EP91119141A 1990-11-19 1991-11-11 Closing and draining device for drums for electrolytic or chemical surface treatment of articles in bulk Expired - Lifetime EP0486912B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE4036836 1990-11-19
DE4036836 1990-11-19

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0486912A2 EP0486912A2 (en) 1992-05-27
EP0486912A3 EP0486912A3 (en) 1994-03-23
EP0486912B1 true EP0486912B1 (en) 1996-02-07

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Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP91119141A Expired - Lifetime EP0486912B1 (en) 1990-11-19 1991-11-11 Closing and draining device for drums for electrolytic or chemical surface treatment of articles in bulk

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EP (1) EP0486912B1 (en)
AT (1) ATE134002T1 (en)
DK (1) DK0486912T3 (en)
ES (1) ES2082908T3 (en)

Families Citing this family (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB9226729D0 (en) * 1992-12-22 1993-02-17 Wellcome Found Therapeutic combination
CN110923794B (en) * 2019-12-30 2020-12-15 温州拓日工业设计有限公司 Small-size environmental protection sealing barrel-plating device

Family Cites Families (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE2801508A1 (en) * 1978-01-12 1979-07-19 Schering Ag DEVICE FOR SUPPLYING LIQUIDS OR GASES INTO THE INTERIORS OF DRUMS FOR GALVANIZING OR CHEMICAL TREATMENT
SU1305201A2 (en) * 1985-12-10 1987-04-23 Центральное Конструкторское Бюро Оборудования Гальванопокрытий При Тамбовском Заводе Гальванического Оборудования Apparatus for electroplating small articles

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ES2082908T3 (en) 1996-04-01
EP0486912A3 (en) 1994-03-23
DK0486912T3 (en) 1996-03-18
EP0486912A2 (en) 1992-05-27
ATE134002T1 (en) 1996-02-15

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