EP0485073A1 - Düse, Pfanne und Spritzverfahren - Google Patents

Düse, Pfanne und Spritzverfahren Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0485073A1
EP0485073A1 EP91309274A EP91309274A EP0485073A1 EP 0485073 A1 EP0485073 A1 EP 0485073A1 EP 91309274 A EP91309274 A EP 91309274A EP 91309274 A EP91309274 A EP 91309274A EP 0485073 A1 EP0485073 A1 EP 0485073A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
bore
insert
nozzle
diameter
vessel
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP91309274A
Other languages
English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
Thomas Francis Sawyer
Mark Gilbert Benz
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
General Electric Co
Original Assignee
General Electric Co
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by General Electric Co filed Critical General Electric Co
Publication of EP0485073A1 publication Critical patent/EP0485073A1/de
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F27—FURNACES; KILNS; OVENS; RETORTS
    • F27D—DETAILS OR ACCESSORIES OF FURNACES, KILNS, OVENS, OR RETORTS, IN SO FAR AS THEY ARE OF KINDS OCCURRING IN MORE THAN ONE KIND OF FURNACE
    • F27D3/00—Charging; Discharging; Manipulation of charge
    • F27D3/15—Tapping equipment; Equipment for removing or retaining slag
    • F27D3/1509—Tapping equipment
    • F27D3/1518—Tapholes
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
    • B22D41/00—Casting melt-holding vessels, e.g. ladles, tundishes, cups or the like
    • B22D41/50—Pouring-nozzles
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F9/00—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof
    • B22F9/02—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using physical processes
    • B22F9/06—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using physical processes starting from liquid material
    • B22F9/08—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using physical processes starting from liquid material by casting, e.g. through sieves or in water, by atomising or spraying
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C4/00—Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge
    • C23C4/12—Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge characterised by the method of spraying
    • C23C4/123—Spraying molten metal
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F9/00—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof
    • B22F9/02—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using physical processes
    • B22F9/06—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using physical processes starting from liquid material
    • B22F9/08—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using physical processes starting from liquid material by casting, e.g. through sieves or in water, by atomising or spraying
    • B22F9/082—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using physical processes starting from liquid material by casting, e.g. through sieves or in water, by atomising or spraying atomising using a fluid
    • B22F2009/0892—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using physical processes starting from liquid material by casting, e.g. through sieves or in water, by atomising or spraying atomising using a fluid casting nozzle; controlling metal stream in or after the casting nozzle
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F2998/00—Supplementary information concerning processes or compositions relating to powder metallurgy
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F2999/00—Aspects linked to processes or compositions used in powder metallurgy

Definitions

  • This invention relates to an apparatus for pouring molten metal from a crucible, and in particular to a nozzle for pouring molten metal at low flow rates.
  • the apparatus permits spray forming of molten metals at lower flow rates than previously achieved using conventional apparatus.
  • a ceramic-free melting process for forming molten metal is the Plasma Arc Melting process. Further information regarding Plasma Arc Melting can be obtained from "Proceedings of the 1986 Vacuum Metallurgy Conference on Specialty Metals Melting and Processing, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania” June 9-11, 1986 including Large Scale Plasma Melting and Remelting Tests by G. Sick and "Plasma Technology in Metallurgical Processing", including Ch. 7 Plasma Torches and Plasma Torch Furnaces , pp 77-87 (Iron & Steel Society, J. Feinman Edition 1987) all of which are hereby incorporated herein by reference.
  • a decisive advantage in using plasma melting is the capability to melt with a high working pressure, typically atmospheric pressure, which can be varied over a wide range to prevent selective evaporation of alloying elements. Melting operations that must operate in a vacuum are more susceptible to composition variation in a desired alloy composition due to such selective evaporation of alloying elements. This is of particular interest for the melting, refining, casting and atomization of superalloys and titanium-base alloys.
  • Superalloys are iron-base, colbalt-base, or nickel-base alloys which combine high-temperature mechanical properties, oxidation resistance, and creep resistance. Superalloys are useful for jet engine parts, turbo-superchargers, and extreme high-temperature applications.
  • Titanium-base alloys are considerably stronger than aluminum alloys and superior to most alloy steels in several aspects. Constituents of titanium-base alloys include vanadium, tin, copper, molybdenum and chromium, among other elements. Titanium alloys and superalloys are well suited for Plasma Arc Melting because they can be plasma melted without contamination, for example by water or oxygen, or change in composition, when a suitably designed plasma hearth process is utilized. The Plasma Arc Melting process excludes such contamination, such as humidity emitted from the inert plasma gas, because of the internal cooling circuit inside the plasma hearth. The water-cooling of the plasma torch makes it necessary that the plasma gas be sealed vacuum-tight against the water circuit.
  • a high-voltage surge strikes an arc between the electrode and nozzle inside the plasma torch to start ionization of the plasma gas, e.g., argon; the nozzle inside the torch is a means to deliver the plasma gas.
  • the torch operates briefly in the so-called non-transferable mode. A few seconds later, the potential is transferred to the melt via microprocessor control now operating in the transferred mode.
  • the desired voltage gradient is adjusted by selecting the distance between the torch and the metal pieces in the vessel or crucible.
  • the torch moving device starts circularly rotating with a pre-selected varying diameter. The diameter increases until a completed liquified melt surface is attained.
  • the stirring action in the melt can be controlled via current, gas flow and torch-melt distance.
  • the melt is then poured into a mold chamber by a bottom pouring crucible nozzle.
  • molten metal is usually contained in a water-cooled copper hearth as opposed to a ceramic crucible.
  • a ceramic crucible may also be used.
  • a crucible, ceramic or otherwise, is formed from a heat-resistant material employed to hold another material, that in itself is at high temperature, or is subjected to high temperature.
  • the crucibles are roughly cup or barrel-shaped and are made of materials such as clay, platinum, iron, and ceramic; platinum and ceramic crucibles are used in laboratories. Ceramic crucibles also have industrial applications.
  • a crucible can act as the intermediate reservoir between the furnace and the mold.
  • the crucible receives the molten metal produced elsewhere and conveys it from the point of melting to the point of casting or spray forming.
  • the crucible can be used to hold a material being melted or burned, as in some processes for making steel, where the raw material is placed in the crucible and then sent into a hot furnace until the contents are melted by a method such as the Plasma Arc Melting process.
  • Ceramic defects originate from the refracting melting systems used in both the original melt stock preparation and in the spray forming process.
  • a spray forming process that provides a reduction in the size and frequency of ceramic inclusions in the sprayed deposit is, therefore, of major importance.
  • the conventional spray forming process is carried out at a flow rate of 50 to 100 lbs per minute, which is about five to ten times faster than the melting rate for the Plasma Arc Melting process.
  • the flow rate of the spray forming process must be reduced in order for the Plasma Arc Melting process to be utilized with spray forming.
  • Prior attempts to reduce the spray forming process flow rate to 10 to 15 lbs per minute by reducing the diameter of the pouring nozzle have failed because the metal tends to freeze (solidify) at the nozzle tip.
  • the standard pouring nozzle used in the metallurgic industry provides for a flow regulating bore in a section located at the bottom of the nozzle, furthest from the crucible, and having a melt plug located at the top of the nozzle, at the base of the crucible.
  • the melt plug at the top of the nozzle is formed so that a melt superheat of approximately 70-80°C is achieved before pouring initiates.
  • the metal flow rate is controlled by the flow regulating bore diameter at the bottom of the conventional nozzle. At flow rates in excess of about 30 lbs per minute, the molten metal passes through the flow regulating diameter without difficulty because the volume of molten metal is sufficient to keep the bore of the nozzle at a melt superheat temperature, i.e., the volume of molten metal is sufficient to prevent "freeze-off" or solidification within the nozzle.
  • a nozzle which can be used at lower molten metal flow rates, e.g., 10 to 15 lbs/minute, without suffering from the problems of previous nozzles.
  • Such a nozzle is also desired because it can be used in the Plasma Arc Melting process.
  • a principal object of the present invention is to develop a clean molten metal spray process, that combines clean melting processes having low melting rates with controlled bottom pouring of a molten metal stream at low flow rates.
  • low flow rate means flow rates below about 30 lbs. per minute.
  • Another principal object of the present invention is to provide an improved nozzle for pouring molten metal from the bottom of a crucible at low flow rates.
  • a further object of the present invention is to provide a bore insert at the upper portion of the nozzle which will preheat and maintain heat in the nozzle, particularly at the flow regulating bore of the nozzle, prior to and during metal flow into the nozzle; the insert acting as a conduction heater which minimizes the occurrence of metal freeze-off in the nozzle.
  • the present invention provides a nozzle comprising: a member having length, a top portion, and a bottom portion and means defining an axial bore through the top and bottom portions, an insert comprising a conduction heater, and having a first axial bore which is generally concentric with the bore of the member, and means for retaining the insert in the bore of the member, so that the insert is positioned at the top portion of the member, and the first bore of the insert is in communication with the bore of the member.
  • the present invention also provides a vessel having such a nozzle; and, the present invention provides a method for melting and pouring metal or of spray forming employing such a nozzle.
  • the standard pouring means for a crucible 10 is a nozzle 11 assembly having a flow rate controlling bore diameter 12 at the bottom tip of the nozzle.
  • the nozzle also has a melt plug cavity 13 at the base 15 of the crucible. Flow is then controlled by the flow regulating bore diameter at the bottom of the nozzle.
  • FIG. 2 is a graph showing flow rate in pounds per minute, lbs./min., plotted on the ordinate versus diameter in millimeters, mm., or nozzle bore area in square millimeters, mm2, plotted on the abscissa.
  • Figure 2 shows that a larger nozzle bore area provides an increase in the flow rate. However, as nozzle bore area decreases producing lower flow rates of 30 lbs.
  • metal freeze-off occurs at the tip of the conventional nozzle shown in Fig. 1, because the temperature in the nozzle tip drops below the temperature of the molten metal inside the crucible due to the decrease in volume of the molten metal contained in the small nozzle area.
  • Spray deposition is a high flow rate process compared to conventional pouring techniques. Spray forming is typically carried out at a flow rate of 50 to 100 lbs./minute. Hence, early attempts to reduce the spray forming flow rate to 10-15 lbs./minute by reducing the pouring nozzle flow regulating bore diameter were not successful because the reduction in molten metal at the tip of the nozzle, causes the metal to cool to its freezing point.
  • metal flow rate in the range of 10 to 15 lbs./minute has been non-existent.
  • metal flow rate in order to achieve uniform and consistent spray forming coupled with low melting rate processes, metal flow rate must be lower. It is generally believed that crucible nozzle modification appears to be the only method of obtaining such low metal flow rate conditions.
  • the present invention attempts to combine the advantages of a spray forming process with the benefits of a ceramic-free melting process in order to avoid such disadvantages as ceramic inclusions in a final spray formed product such as a jet engine rotor disk. Note, however, that a ceramic crucible can be used with the nozzle and method of this invention.
  • the Plasma Arc Melting process utilizes continuous feed of molten metal into a series of skull lined hearths to avoid introduction of ceramics. Multiple hearths provide sufficient residence time for inclusion flotation, or sinking and entrapment in the skull. Bottom pouring from the final hearth is then utilized to regulate the liquid metal feed into the atomization zone of a spray forming apparatus.
  • the inability to maintain a stream of molten metal at these low melting rates due to metal freeze-off occurring at the standard pouring nozzle tip (See FIG. 1) is costly in terms of both inefficient use of equipment and material loss. Consistent initiation of metal flow from the hearth, and continuation of flow are essential for successful processing by metal atomization.
  • the present invention provides a new nozzle design which avoids metal freeze-off at the nozzle tip yet permits pouring at low metal flow rates.
  • Shown in Figure 3 is crucible 20 (See also FIG. 3A for sectional view of crucible without nozzle) having a nozzle 21 (See also FIG. 3B for sectional view of nozzle without the bore insert) at the base 25 of crucible 20 for pouring molten metal.
  • Nozzle orifice 21A is generally circular and is shown in cross section.
  • Nozzle orifice 21A has steps 22 and 23 at the junction 24 of the crucible base 25. Steps 22 and 23 on the interior of nozzle 21 to provide support for insert 27A (See also FIG. 6).
  • Portion 21D of nozzle 21 has a first diameter 21B.
  • Steps 22 and 23 have a second and third diameter larger than the diameter of portion 21D.
  • Insert 27A is preferably made a material resistant to reaction with the molten metal, for example, boron nitride. Insert 27A has a flow controlling insert bore 27. Insert 27A controls the melt flow rate, and insert bore 27 acts as the flow controlling section in the nozzle.
  • Insert 27A acts as a conduction heater, and is preferably designed so that the flow orifice 26 is in the shape of a truncated cone, i.e., it has a smaller diameter at its upper portion (where it contacts insert bore 27) and it becomes wider to where the insert is in contact with nozzle wall 21C, wall 21C contacts crucible 20.
  • Insert bore 27 has generally parallel sides and preferably has a length of about 8.1 to 8.6 mm. and a diameter of about 3.0 to 3.5 mm for low molten metal flow rates.
  • Insert bore 27, at its upper portion is in communication with orifice 29; orifice 29 can have a slightly larger diameter than that of insert bore 27.
  • Orifice 29 is in communication with insert bore 27, and flow orifice 26 preferably varies in diameter from that of insert bore 27 to that of portion 21D or discharge orifice 28.
  • Discharge orifice 28 is the opening at the bottom terminus of portion 21D.
  • Nozzle orifice 21A accordingly runs from discharge orifice 28 to portion 21D to flow orifice 26 (of insert 27A) to insert bore 27 (of insert 27A) to orifice 29.
  • Flow orifice 26, portion 21D and orifice 28 are configured to have a diameter large enough to minimize, or preferably, prevent contact with the molten metal stream exiting bore 27.
  • portion 21D (from discharge orifice 28 to flow orifice 26) can be about 40 mm. in length and about 7.0 mm in diameter. Portion 21D is also suitably designed to have a diameter 21B corresponding to the wider section of flow orifice 26.
  • Low molten metal flow rates can be attributed to the novel design of the bottom pour nozzle of the present invention which has a decrease in the nozzle area.
  • the low flow rates achieved in nozzles of this invention are shown in FIG. 4.
  • Low flow rates of about 12 and 20 lbs. per minute were produced without freeze-off in the nozzle.
  • flow rates of 12 to 20 lbs. per minute are significantly lower than the lowest flow rates that could be produced in standard nozzles without freeze-off of the molten metal stream in the nozzle.
  • Nozzle assembly 31 is located in the base 25 of the melting crucible 30.
  • the upper portion of the nozzle 31 contains insert 37A, having a dome 39 which extends above inside base 25 of melt crucible 30 and into an admission cavity 32 drilled into the bottom face of a solid charge 34 in crucible 30.
  • Insert 37A has a flow controlling insert bore 33 having the same diameter and length to diameter ratio requirements explained above for the nozzle in Figure 3.
  • a small nickel or superalloy plug can be placed in insert bore 33 prior to melting of charge 34, so that pouring is not initiated until the plug is melted by the molten metal charge in the crucible 30.
  • the molten metal charge can be additionally superheated up to about 200°C, preferably charges are superheated to about 80° to 140°C.
  • the remaining bore sections in insert 37A and nozzle 31 are configured to have a diameter large enough to minimize, or preferably, prevent contact with the molten metal stream exiting flow controlling bore 33.
  • Spray forming with nickel based superalloys was performed with a series of standard pouring nozzles (FIG. 1) having a flow regulating diameter at the bottom of the nozzle and a melt plug cavity at the top of the nozzle using flow rates in excess of and below 30 lb/min.
  • the flow regulating bore diameters in the nozzles ranged from about 3.0 mm to 7 mm.
  • a metal charge was melted by induction in a ceramic crucible, with melt superheats of 70-80°C achieved before pouring was initiated.
  • Spray forming occurred successfully at flow rates in excess of 30 lbs per minute for nozzles having bore diameters of 4 mm. or greater. Nozzles having 3 and 3.5 mm.
  • the three unsuccessful runs (where the melt crucible did not completely empty) can be attributed to human error in performing the runs, and not to the design of the nozzle.
  • metal freeze-off did not occur at the nozzle tip of the present invention when lower melt temperatures and lower flow rates were used. Accordingly, the nozzle of the present invention is surprisingly superior for low molten metal flow rates, as compared to the prior art nozzle.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Furnace Charging Or Discharging (AREA)
  • Continuous Casting (AREA)
  • Casting Support Devices, Ladles, And Melt Control Thereby (AREA)
  • Powder Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Coating By Spraying Or Casting (AREA)
EP91309274A 1990-10-22 1991-10-09 Düse, Pfanne und Spritzverfahren Withdrawn EP0485073A1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US60087590A 1990-10-22 1990-10-22
US600875 1990-10-22

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0485073A1 true EP0485073A1 (de) 1992-05-13

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Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP91309274A Withdrawn EP0485073A1 (de) 1990-10-22 1991-10-09 Düse, Pfanne und Spritzverfahren

Country Status (3)

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EP (1) EP0485073A1 (de)
JP (1) JPH04288956A (de)
CA (1) CA2048836A1 (de)

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0911098A2 (de) * 1997-10-23 1999-04-28 Femuk Betriebsberatung GmbH Giessanlage für Metalle, insbesondere für Aluminium-Legierungen
CN101966565A (zh) * 2010-10-21 2011-02-09 维苏威高级陶瓷(苏州)有限公司 连铸用阶梯式内壁浸入式水口

Families Citing this family (10)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US6496529B1 (en) 2000-11-15 2002-12-17 Ati Properties, Inc. Refining and casting apparatus and method
US8891583B2 (en) 2000-11-15 2014-11-18 Ati Properties, Inc. Refining and casting apparatus and method
US7803211B2 (en) 2005-09-22 2010-09-28 Ati Properties, Inc. Method and apparatus for producing large diameter superalloy ingots
US7578960B2 (en) 2005-09-22 2009-08-25 Ati Properties, Inc. Apparatus and method for clean, rapidly solidified alloys
US7803212B2 (en) 2005-09-22 2010-09-28 Ati Properties, Inc. Apparatus and method for clean, rapidly solidified alloys
US8748773B2 (en) 2007-03-30 2014-06-10 Ati Properties, Inc. Ion plasma electron emitters for a melting furnace
JP5690586B2 (ja) 2007-03-30 2015-03-25 エイティーアイ・プロパティーズ・インコーポレーテッド ワイヤ放電イオンプラズマ電子エミッタを含む溶解炉
US7798199B2 (en) 2007-12-04 2010-09-21 Ati Properties, Inc. Casting apparatus and method
US8747956B2 (en) 2011-08-11 2014-06-10 Ati Properties, Inc. Processes, systems, and apparatus for forming products from atomized metals and alloys
CN102847942B (zh) * 2011-06-29 2014-10-29 宝山钢铁股份有限公司 一种喷射成形开浇方法

Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB861147A (en) * 1958-01-28 1961-02-15 Skf Svenska Kullagerfab Ab Improvements in or relating to nozzle sleeves for the slow casting of steel, more particularly in vacuum
BE659509A (de) * 1964-02-21 1965-05-28
US3909921A (en) * 1971-10-26 1975-10-07 Osprey Metals Ltd Method and apparatus for making shaped articles from sprayed molten metal or metal alloy

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4066117A (en) * 1975-10-28 1978-01-03 The International Nickel Company, Inc. Spray casting of gas atomized molten metal to produce high density ingots
JPS6016482A (ja) * 1983-07-08 1985-01-28 Hoya Corp 高速繰り返しレ−ザ発振器
JPS616740A (ja) * 1984-06-20 1986-01-13 Hitachi Ltd 計算機システムにおけるプログラム制御方式

Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB861147A (en) * 1958-01-28 1961-02-15 Skf Svenska Kullagerfab Ab Improvements in or relating to nozzle sleeves for the slow casting of steel, more particularly in vacuum
BE659509A (de) * 1964-02-21 1965-05-28
US3909921A (en) * 1971-10-26 1975-10-07 Osprey Metals Ltd Method and apparatus for making shaped articles from sprayed molten metal or metal alloy

Non-Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
PATENT ABSTRACTS OF JAPAN vol. 6, no. 39 (M-116)(917) 10 March 1982 & JP-A-56 154 269 ( KAWASAKI SEITETSU K. K. ) 28 November 1981 *

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0911098A2 (de) * 1997-10-23 1999-04-28 Femuk Betriebsberatung GmbH Giessanlage für Metalle, insbesondere für Aluminium-Legierungen
EP0911098A3 (de) * 1997-10-23 2000-05-17 FEMUK Betriebsberatung GmbH Giessanlage für Metalle, insbesondere für Aluminium-Legierungen
CN101966565A (zh) * 2010-10-21 2011-02-09 维苏威高级陶瓷(苏州)有限公司 连铸用阶梯式内壁浸入式水口

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
JPH04288956A (ja) 1992-10-14
CA2048836A1 (en) 1992-04-23

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