EP0439106B1 - Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Überwachen einer Fadenspannung - Google Patents

Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Überwachen einer Fadenspannung Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0439106B1
EP0439106B1 EP91100724A EP91100724A EP0439106B1 EP 0439106 B1 EP0439106 B1 EP 0439106B1 EP 91100724 A EP91100724 A EP 91100724A EP 91100724 A EP91100724 A EP 91100724A EP 0439106 B1 EP0439106 B1 EP 0439106B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
mean value
yarn
station
stations
signal
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP91100724A
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English (en)
French (fr)
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EP0439106A1 (de
Inventor
Manfred Stüttem
Ludger August Dr. Deters
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Oerlikon Barmag AG
Original Assignee
Barmag AG
Barmag Barmer Maschinenfabrik AG
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Publication of EP0439106A1 publication Critical patent/EP0439106A1/de
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Classifications

    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D01—NATURAL OR MAN-MADE THREADS OR FIBRES; SPINNING
    • D01H—SPINNING OR TWISTING
    • D01H13/00—Other common constructional features, details or accessories
    • D01H13/14—Warning or safety devices, e.g. automatic fault detectors, stop motions ; Monitoring the entanglement of slivers in drafting arrangements
    • D01H13/20—Warning or safety devices, e.g. automatic fault detectors, stop motions ; Monitoring the entanglement of slivers in drafting arrangements responsive to excessive tension or irregular operation of apparatus
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65H—HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL, e.g. SHEETS, WEBS, CABLES
    • B65H59/00—Adjusting or controlling tension in filamentary material, e.g. for preventing snarling; Applications of tension indicators
    • B65H59/40—Applications of tension indicators
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65H—HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL, e.g. SHEETS, WEBS, CABLES
    • B65H63/00—Warning or safety devices, e.g. automatic fault detectors, stop-motions ; Quality control of the package
    • B65H63/04—Warning or safety devices, e.g. automatic fault detectors, stop-motions ; Quality control of the package responsive to excessive tension or irregular operation of apparatus
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65H—HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL, e.g. SHEETS, WEBS, CABLES
    • B65H2701/00—Handled material; Storage means
    • B65H2701/30—Handled filamentary material
    • B65H2701/31—Textiles threads or artificial strands of filaments

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a method and apparatus for monitoring the yarn tension of a continuously advancing yarn, such as at each of the operating stations of a false twist crimping machine.
  • U.S. Patent No. 4,720,702 to Martens discloses a method for continuously monitoring the yarn tension at each of a plurality of yarn processing stations (station mean value signal SM), and which involves continuously determining the mean value of the monitored tension at each station, and continuously determining the difference between the monitored value and the mean value.
  • An alarm signal is generated whenever the mean value leaves a predetermined tolerance range, and also whenever the difference value leaves a second predetermined tolerance range.
  • the upper limiting value of a mean value and the lower limiting value of a mean value are set so far apart from each other for the control of the entire false twist texturing machine, as to ensure that the mean values of all working stations are within these centrally set values. Consequently, the mean value of the individual stations is able to fluctuate within a relatively wide range, which adversely affects the accuracy of the method.
  • a group mean value signal GM is generated which is representative of an average of the station mean value signals SM of all of the stations on the machine, and at each of the yarn processing stations on the machine, the group mean value signal GM is compared with the current station mean value signal SM of the station to generate a first difference signal D.
  • An alarm signal is generated whenever the first difference signal D exceeds a predetermined tolerance limit .
  • the step of generating a group mean value signal GM comprises continuously summing the station mean value signals SM from all of said stations on said machine, and continuously dividing the sum by the number of the stations. In another embodiment, the step of generating the group mean value signal GM comprises determining a desired mean value signal, and generating such signal as a constant value.
  • the method also preferably includes the step of continuously determining the second difference DU between the monitored value and the station mean value for each of the yarns, and generating a first alarm signal whenever the station mean value SM for one of the advancing yarns leaves a predetermined tolerance range, or whenever the difference value for one of the advancing yarns leaves a second predetermined tolerance range.
  • the present method makes it possible with simple means to monitor not only the quality of the individual working stations, but also of the entire machine. This is of significance in the operation of a multi-station machine, such as a false twist crimping machine which has, for example, 216 working stations, inasmuch as the present method permits a uniform quality level to be achieved for a plurality of working stations.
  • the mean value of the stations is determined for a plurality of working stations of the false twist crimping machine. To this end, it is possible to form the group mean value of the stations from station mean values which are simultaneously present, or from measured values which are simultaneously present on individual, selected stations. However, it is also possible to determine the mean value of the stations on a different machine, which serves as a pilot machine.
  • the mean value of the stations it is further possible to determine the mean value of the stations one time based on a representative determination of a limited duration.
  • the present invention provides for two basic measures, namely:
  • Figure 1 illustrates a recording of the values measured at three working stations of a multi-station yarn processing machine.
  • the ordinate represents the magnitude of the measured value U, and the abscissa the time.
  • the recording of the measured values U1, U2, U3 is different over time.
  • the group mean value GM of the stations is formed from the different measured values. This mean value of the stations may be constantly recorded for the entire machine. This means that the upper limit and the lower limit vary with the station mean value of the stations, however, with the width of the tolerance range remaining constant between the upper and the lower limiting value.
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram illustrating a yarn processing station and associated control circuitry in accordance with the present invention.
  • the left hand portion of the diagram illustrates one yarn processing station of a multi-station false twist machine, and wherein a yarn 10 is withdrawn from a supply roll or other source (not shown) by delivery roll 11.
  • the yarn advances past a conventional yarn cutter 12, and then it is guided across and in contact with a heater 13, through a false twister 14, and past a yarn sensor 15.
  • the yarn is withdrawn from the false twisting zone by delivery roll 16 and wound onto a package 17 by means of a conventional winder.
  • the output signal U of the sensor 15 is transmitted to a circuit 20, which is illustrated within the dash-dot line of Figure 2.
  • Circuit 20 is associated with each station of the multi-station false twist machine, and with the yarn sensor 15 of such station.
  • the circuit 20 receives predetermined tolerance values from a set limit value memory 22 which is described below in more detail.
  • Memory 22 is associated with a group of stations of the multi-station texturing machine.
  • Circuit 20 produces one output signal to the yarn cutter 12 and another output signal to a general alarm unit 23 which is also associated with a group of stations.
  • Circuit 20, furthermore, produces output signals to alarm units 25, 26, 27, 28 which will be described below in more detail. These alarm units are correlated to the associated processing station.
  • the output signal of yarn sensor 15 is fed to amplifier 30 and then to filter 32.
  • the filter is a circuit containing an induction coil and a capacitor, the circuit having a delay time constant of for example one to three seconds.
  • the output signal of the amplifier 30 is a voltage U which may be fed to a central microprocessor for further processing and calculation via line 34.
  • the output of filter 32 is the station mean value SM which may also be fed to a general microprocessor via line 35 for further processing and calculation.
  • signal U and signal SM are fed to difference amplifier 38 producing an output signal DU which represents the difference of the input signals U and SM.
  • the output signal DU of the difference amplifier 38 may be fed via line 36 to the central microprocessor for further processing and calculation.
  • the output signal SM of the filter 32 is furthermore used to produce alarm signals A1 and A2, if the station mean value SM leaves the predetermined range of tolerance.
  • the predetermined range of tolerance is defined by the upper limit of the station mean value USM and by the lower limit of the station mean value LSM, both of which are stored in the limit value memory 22 and fed to circuit 20 via respective lines.
  • the circuit 20 for this purpose contains triggers 40 and 41.
  • Trigger 40 is fed by the station mean value SM and the upper limit of the station mean value USM, and it is designed to produce an output signal A1, if the mean value exceeds the set upper limit of the station mean value.
  • Trigger 41 is designed to receive the station mean value SM and set lower limit of the station mean value LSM as an input signal and to produce an output signal A2, if the station mean value SM is lower than the set lower limit of the station mean value.
  • the circuit 20 also produces alarm signals A3, A4, if the second difference signal DU exceeds the predetermined range which is defined by a set upper limit of the second difference value UDU and the set lower value of the second difference value LDU.
  • the predetermined upper and lower limits are stored in the limit value memory 22 and fed as input signals to triggers 42 and 43, respectively, of the circuit 20.
  • the other input signal to the triggers 42 and 43 is the second difference signal DU which is the output of difference amplifier 38 as described above. If the second difference signal DU is greater than the set upper limit UDU, trigger 42 produces alarm signal A3. If second difference value DU is smaller than the set lower limit LDU, trigger 43 produces alarm signal A4.
  • Each of the alarm signals A1, A2, A3, A4 is fed to either one of the alarm units 25-28 which are associated with this station and which are, e.g., designed as a light emitting diode integrated into the circuit 20. Furthermore, alarm signals A1 to A4 are fed to OR gate 44, delay time unit 45, memory 46 and amplifier 47.
  • the OR gate 44 produces an output signal, if any one of the alarm signals A1 to A4 is present.
  • the delay time unit has a delay constant of about 10 msec, and is designed to prevent an output signal from a transient and irrelevant disturbance of the yarn texturing process, and which could result in the yarn 10 being cut by yarn cutter 12.
  • the memory 46 ensures that a general alarm unit 23, which is associated with a group of stations or with the entire machine, will be able to generate a permanent signal to show that the production is disturbed and/or terminated.
  • the output signal of the memory 46 is also fed to an amplifier 47 and from there to OR gate 48, which receives another signal to be more fully described below.
  • the output signal of the amplifier 47 produces an output signal of the OR gate 48, which in turn is fed to the yarn cutter 12 to cause cutting of the yarn and interruption of the texturizing or draw-texturizing process, as the case may be.
  • the other input signal to OR gate 48 is produced by trigger 49 via delay time unit 50 and amplifier 51.
  • Trigger 49 is fed by the value U representing the measured yarn tension and by a second set value LU stored in set limit value memory 22 and representing the lowest accepted value of the yarn tension. It should be noted that this value LU is preferably set at zero.
  • Trigger 49 produces an output signal, if the measured value U is lower than or equal to the set value LU.
  • the delay time constant of unit 50 may be about 10 msec.
  • the output signal of trigger 49 is, as mentioned above, fed to OR gate 48 and causes yarn cutter 12 to cut the yarn upstream of delivery roll 11, if and when the yarn tension is below a set value or in case of a yarn break between delivery rolls 11 and 16.
  • the station mean values SM of a certain number of stations which all correspond to the one as shown in Figure 2 and which all have the same circuit as shown in Figure 2, are fed to a device 80 for summing all of the station mean values, so that the sum of the station mean values of these stations is determined continuously.
  • the output group signal GM of summing means 80 equals the current sum divided by the number of stations, in this case six stations. It should be mentioned that this summing means is common to the given number of stations.
  • the output signal GM of the summing means 80 is fed to a trigger 81 together with the current station mean value SM of that station.
  • Trigger 81 forms the first difference signal D-between the overall mean value of the set number of stations and the station mean value SM derived at the given station.
  • This first difference signal D is fed to another trigger 82 together with a limit difference value which is taken from the set limit values memory 22.
  • Trigger 82 gives an output signal, whenever the absolute value of the first difference signal D is greater than the absolute value of the difference limit value .
  • the output signal is fed to the general alarm unit 23 or may also be used for marking the package or classifying the quality of the package as described in EP-A-0406736, entitled Method and Apparatus for Monitoring the Tension and Quality of an Advancing Yarn.
  • the difference limit value LD represents the upper limit and the lower limit of the overall group mean value GM of the given number of stations in that it gives the tolerance by which the station mean value SM of each station has to correspond to the overall group mean value GM of all stations.
  • the diagram of Figure 3 shows a recording of measured values with the station mean value SM1 of an individual station of a group and the group mean value GM, which is continuously formed from the measured values or mean values of all measuring points associated to the group.
  • a positive interval from the group mean value GM and a negative interval are established. These intervals result in an upper limit line USM or a lower limit line LSM for the station mean values of all measuring points associated to the group.
  • SM1 of a measuring point under review leaves the tolerance range between the upper limit USM and the lower limit LSM, a first alarm signal will be emitted with a time delay. This alarm signal is repeated at regular time intervals as long as the described faulty condition continues. Marked on the time axis are the faulty conditions with the individual alarm signals.
  • Figure 4 represents as a diagram the portion of a recording with the group mean value GM of a group of measuring points.
  • the group mean value GM is determined from the continuously measured values of the individual stations or from the continuous mean values of the individual stations.
  • a tolerance range is established for the group mean value GM between an upper limit line UGM and a lower limit line LGM.
  • An alarm signal is emitted at all stations associated to the group with a time delay, when the mean value of the group GM leaves its tolerance range. This alarm signal is repeated at regular time intervals as long as the described faulty condition continues. The respective faulty condition is again plotted on the time axis with the emitted alarm signals.
  • the diagram of Figure 5 is a recording of the station mean value SM1 of a certain station as well as the group mean value GM of all measuring points associated to the group. Again, a tolerance range is established for the group mean value with an upper limit line UGM and blower limit line LGM.
  • An alarm signal is emitted with a time delay at each measuring point, whose mean value, for example, SM1, leaves the tolerance range of the group mean value GM between the upper limit line UGM and the lower limit line LGM.
  • an alarm signal is emitted with a time delay at all stations associated to the group, when the mean value of the group GM leaves its tolerance range between the upper limit line UGM and the lower limit line LGM.
  • the alarm signals are each repeated at regular time intervals as long as the described faulty conditions last.
  • the emitted alarm signals can be only optical or acoustical signals.
  • the alarm signals can be also used to shut down one station or a group of stations of the machine. Further, the alarm signals can be used to classify the quality of the produced yarns and packages. In this instance the number of the errors will determine the class of quality.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Quality & Reliability (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Textile Engineering (AREA)
  • Filamentary Materials, Packages, And Safety Devices Therefor (AREA)
  • Spinning Or Twisting Of Yarns (AREA)

Claims (12)

  1. Verfahren zur Überwachung der Fadenzugkraft eines laufenden Fadens an jeder einzelnen einer Vielzahl von überwachten Fadenbearbeitungsstellen einer Maschine zur Fadenbearbeitung,
       durch laufendes Überwachen des Wertes (U) der Fadenzugkraft des laufenden Fadens an jeder der Fadenbearbeitungsstellen und laufendes Bestimmen des der Fadenbearbeitungsstelle zugeordneten Mittelwertes (SM) der überwachten Fadenzugkraft jedes einzelnen Fadens,
    gekennzeichnet durch die Schritte
       Erzeugen eines Gruppenmittelwertsignals (GM), das repräsentativ ist für einen Durchschnittswert der Behandlungsstellen-Mittelwertsignale (SM) einer Gruppe besagter Fadenbearbeitungsstellen und
       Erzeugen eines von dem augenblicklichen Gruppenmittelwertsignal (GM) an jeder der besagten Fadenbearbeitungsstellen abhängenden Alarmsignals,
       wenn ein erstes, durch Vergleich des Gruppenmittelwertsignals (GM) mit dem gegenwärtigen Bearbeitungsstellen-Mittelwertsignal (SM) erzeugtes Differenzsignal (D) der Bearbeitungsstelle eine vorgegebene Toleranzgrenze überschreitet
    und/oder
       wenn das Gruppenmittelwertsignal (GM) einen vorgegebenen Toleranzbereich überschreitet.
  2. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1,
    dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß
    der Arbeitsschritt der Erzeugung eines Gruppen-Mittelwertsignals (GM) das kontinuierliche Summieren der Bearbeitungsstellen-Mittelwertsignale (SM) aller Bearbeitungsstellen der Gruppe und das kontinuierliche Dividieren der Summe durch die Anzahl der erwähnten Bearbeitungsstellen umfaßt.
  3. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1,
    dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß
    der Arbeitsschritt der Erzeugung eines Gruppen-Mittelwertsignals (GM) das kontinuierliche Summieren der laufenden Signale der Fadenzugkraftwerte (U) aller Bearbeitungsstellen der Gruppe, die Bildung des Mittelwerts der Summe und das kontinuierliche Dividieren des Mittelwerts der Summe durch die Anzahl der erwähnten Bearbeitungsstellen umfaßt.
  4. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1,
    dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß
    der Arbeitsschritt der Erzeugung eines Gruppen-Mittelwertsignals (GM) das Bestimmen eines gewünschten Mittelwertsignals und die Erzeugung eines solchen Signals als konstanten Wert umfaßt.
  5. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1,
    dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß
    relativ zu dem erwähnten Gruppen-Mittelwert ein Toleranzbereich als konstante positive und negative Begrenzung festgelegt ist, um dadurch eine obere Grenzlinie (USM) und eine untere Grenzlinie (LSM) für den Bearbeitungsstellen-Mittelwert jeder Bearbeitungsstelle festzulegen.
  6. Verfahren nach einem der vorangehenden Ansprüche,
    gekennzeichnet durch die weiteren Schritte
    der kontinuierlichen Bestimmung eines zweiten Differenzwerts (DU) zwischen dem überwachten Wert (U) der Fadenzugkraft und dem Bearbeitungsstellen-Mittelwert (SM) für jeden der Fäden,
    und dem Erzeugen eines weiteren Alarmsignals immer dann
       wenn der Bearbeitungsungsstellen-Mittelwert (SM) bei einem der laufenden Fäden einen vorher festgelegten Toleranzbereich (USM; LSM) verläßt, oder
       wenn der zweite Differenzwert (DU) für einen der laufenden Fäden einen zweiten vorher festgelegten Toleranzbereich (UDU; LDU) verläßt.
  7. Verfahren nach einem der vorangehenden Ansprüche,
    dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß
    der Schritt der Erzeugung eines Alarmsignals das Durchtrennen des behandelten Fadens an der zugeordneten Fadenbearbeitungsstelle nach dem Auftreten irgendeiner der erwähnten Störungen einschließt.
  8. Verfahren nach Anspruch 7,
    dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß
    der Schritt des Durchtrennens des Fadens das Führen des Alarmsignals durch eine Zeitverzögerungsschaltung einschließt, deren vorher festgelegte Zeitkonstante so festgelegt ist, daß beim Auftreten eines kurzen und irrelevanten Alarmsignals das Durchtrennen des Fadens verhindert wird.
  9. Verfahren nach Anspruch 7,
    dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß
    der Schritt des Durchtrennens des Fadens die Erzeugung eines einer Gruppe von Fadenbearbeitungsstellen der Maschine zugeordneten allgemeinen Alarmsignals einschließt, um anzuzeigen, daß die Fadenproduktion an wenigstens einer der zugehörigen Stellen beendet wurde.
  10. Fadenbearbeitungsmaschine mit einer Vielzahl von Stellen zur Bearbeitung eines laufenden Fadens,
    wobei jede Stelle Meßfühler an jeder Fadenbearbeitungsstelle zur kontinuierlichen Überwachung des Wertes (U) der Zugkraft des laufenden Fadens hat,
       sowie jede der Fadenbearbeitungsstellen eine erste Schaltanordnung aufweist, die zum kontinuierlichen Bestimmen des Bearbeitungsstellenmittelwertes (SM) der gemessenen Fadenzugkraft jedes einzelnen Fadens in Wirkverbindung mit dem Meßfühler steht,
    gekennzeichnet durch
       eine zweite Schaltanordnung zur Erzeugung eines Gruppenmittelwert-Signals (GM), das repräsentativ ist für einen Durchschnittswert der Stellenmittelwertsignale (SM) einer Gruppe besagter Bearbeitungsstellen an der Maschine, und
       eine dritte Schaltanordnung an jeder der besagten Fadenbearbeitungsstellen zum Vergleichen des Gruppenmittelwert-Signals (GM) mit dem aktuellen Stellenmittelwertsignals (SM) der Bearbeitungsstelle zur Erzeugung eines ersten Differenzsignals (D) sowie zur Erzeugung eines Alarmsignals immer dann, wenn das erste Differenzsignal (D) eine vorgegebene Toleranzgrenze überschreitet.
  11. Fadenbearbeitungsmaschine nach Anspruch 10,
    dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß
    die besagte erste Schaltanordnung weiter Mittel aufweist, um kontinuierlich für jeden der Fäden das zweite Differenzsignal (DU) zwischen dem überwachten Wert (U) der Fadenzugkraft und dem Bearbeitungsstellenmittelwert (SM) zu bestimmen und
    Mittel aufweist zur Erzeugung eines Alarmsignals immer dann, wenn der Stellenmittelwert (SM) für einen der laufenden Fäden einen vorgegebenen Stellenmittelwert (SM) für einen der laufenden Fäden einen vorgegebenen Toleranzbereich (USM; LSM) verläßt, oder immer dann, wenn der Differenzwert für einen der laufenden Fäden einen zweiten vorgegebenen Toleranzbereich (UDU; LDU) verläßt.
  12. Fadenbearbeitungsmaschine nach Anspruch 10,
    dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß
    jede der Bearbeitungsstellen eine Falschzwirneinheit zum Aufbringen eines Falschdralls auf einen laufenden Faden und stromabwärts von der Falschzwirneinheit ein Fadenlieferwerk umfaßt,
    und daß der erwähnte Meßfühler zwischen der Falschzwirneinheit und dem Fadenlieferwerk angeordnet ist.
EP91100724A 1990-01-26 1991-01-22 Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Überwachen einer Fadenspannung Expired - Lifetime EP0439106B1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (6)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE4002212 1990-01-26
DE4002212 1990-01-26
DE4011436 1990-04-09
DE4011436 1990-04-09
DE4017937 1990-06-05
DE4017937 1990-06-05

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Publication Number Publication Date
EP0439106A1 EP0439106A1 (de) 1991-07-31
EP0439106B1 true EP0439106B1 (de) 1994-10-12

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* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0644282B1 (de) * 1993-09-21 1997-07-09 B a r m a g AG Verfahren zur Qualitätssteuerung bei der Herstellung einer Vielzahl von Fäden
JP3722399B2 (ja) * 1997-05-26 2005-11-30 東レエンジニアリング株式会社 糸条製造工程における張力監視方法
DE102005045789A1 (de) * 2005-09-24 2007-03-29 Saurer Gmbh & Co. Kg Verfahren zum Betreiben einer Arbeitsstelle einer Kreuzspulen herstellenden Textilmaschine
IT1402874B1 (it) * 2010-11-19 2013-09-27 Btsr Int Spa Dispositivo di alimentazione di un filo ad una macchina tessile con organo di taglio del filo
CN103439043B (zh) * 2013-09-11 2016-03-09 华晶精密制造股份有限公司 金刚石线锯专用多路钢线张力采集系统

Family Cites Families (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4182167A (en) * 1978-09-07 1980-01-08 Toray Industries, Inc. Yarn tension meter
CN1027926C (zh) * 1985-07-03 1995-03-15 巴马格巴默机器制造股份公司 运转纱线的连续监控方法
DE8717830U1 (de) * 1987-03-17 1990-06-13 TEMCO Textilmaschinenkomponenten GmbH & Co KG, 97762 Hammelburg Vorrichtung zum Überwachen der Fadenzugkraft eines Fadens

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DE69104508D1 (de) 1994-11-17
DE69104508T2 (de) 1995-05-04

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