EP0424545A1

EP0424545A1 - Method for preparing alcoholic beverages

Info

Publication number: EP0424545A1
Application number: EP90907420A
Authority: EP
Inventors: Hiroshi Kirin Beer Kabushiki Kaisha Murayama
Original assignee: Kirin Brewery Co Ltd
Current assignee: Kirin Brewery Co Ltd
Priority date: 1989-05-15
Filing date: 1990-05-15
Publication date: 1991-05-02
Anticipated expiration: 2010-05-15
Also published as: CA2033093A1; WO1990014413A1; EP0424545B1; EP0424545A4; AU629343B2; JPH02299576A; DE69029831T2; DE69029831D1; CN1047529A; AU5566890A; KR920701413A; KR940005573B1

Abstract

A method of producing sake, involving the step of heating fermented liquor, which comprises adjusting the dissolved oxygen concentration of prefermented liquor to less than 1 mg/l and heating the liquor at a given temperature within the range of 40 to 120°C for a time predetermined according to the required target value of the quantity of residual diacetyl precursor. This procedure serves to not only convert most of the diacetyl precursor contained in the prefermented liquor into diacetyl which can easily be decomposed by yeast, but also reduce the quantity of the diacetyl itself. As a result, it now becomes possible to dispense with a prolonged, low-temperature post-fermentation which has hitherto been necessary for reducing the diacetyl content and to greatly shorten the time necessary for producing sake.

Description

FIELD OF THE ART

The present invention relates to a process for preparing alcoholic beverages comprising a step of heating a main fermentation liquor, and more particularly, to a process for preparing alcoholic beverages wherein diacetyl precursors contained in the main fermentation liquor are heated and the amount of the diacetyl and its precursors is thus reduced within a short period of time.

BACKGROUND ART

The process for producing alcoholic beverages comprises a step of the main fermentation in which a microorganism, particularly yeast, is added to a fermentation stock liquor which is an aqueous solution containing a substrate for the microorganism so that the fermentation proceeds together with the proliferation of the microorganism, and a step of the post fermentation which is conducted at a relatively low temperature and in which the fermentation proceeds without the proliferation of the microorganism. One of the principal objects of the post fermentation includes the consumption of the diacetyl compound, which will herein include collectively the diacetyl itself (vicinal diketone) and diacetyl precursors (acetohydroxy acid), which is produced irreversibly as a metabolite of yeast in the main fermentation thereby to mature the flavor of the alcoholic beverages.
The diacetyl compound produced in the main fermentation is, however, almost present as the diacetyl precursors in the fermentation liquor. On the other hand, yeast can decompose the diacetyl into odorless acetoin which is further converted into 2,3-butanediol, but it cannot decompose the diacetyl precursors. Moreover, the reaction for converting the diacetyl precursors into the diacetyl is a non-biological and pure chemical reaction. Therefore, the conventional post fermentation carried out at a relatively low temperature has a problem in that the diacetyl precursors are converted into diacetyl only at a low conversion rate, so that it takes a long period of time before the disappearance of the diacetyl compound.

DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION

The present invention has been achieved on the observation that the conversion of the diacetyl precursors into the diacetyl by heating a fermentation liquor under a predetermined condition brings about not only the decrease of the diacetyl precursor but also the decrease of the diacetyl whereby the amount of the diacetyl compound remarkably decreases when compared with the amount before heating. The object of the present invention is to provide a process for producing alcoholic beverages in which the amount of the diacetyl compound contained in the fermentation liquor is reduced, within a short period of time.
The process for producing alcoholic beverages according to the present invention comprises a step of heating a fermentation liquor which has been prepared by subjecting an aqueous solution of a substrate for a microorganism to fermentation which accompanies the proliferation of the microorganism under a condition that a concentration of oxygen dissolved therein of less than 1 mg/lit. is maintained thereby to reduce the quantity in the fermentation liquor of the total of diacetyl and the diacetyl precursors below the level before the heating.
According to the present invention, the amount of the diacetyl compound as one of the components which are contained in a fermentation liquor and give an unpleasant unmatured smell to alcoholic beverages is reduced appreciably by heating the fermentation liquor which has undergone main fermentation under the condition of a concentration of oxygen dissolved therein of less than 1 mg/lit. being maintained. The conventional process required for the disappearance of the diacetyl compound, that is, the post fermentation step, is not required, or alternatively, even if post fermentation is required, the diacetyl precursor in the fermentation liquor has been previously converted into the diacetyl and the diacetyl remains only in a very small amount, so that the diacetyl compound disappears in a very short time by the contact with yeast and therefore the period required for producing the alcoholic beverages can be substantially shortened.

DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Fig. 1 illustrates a relationship between the heating temperature T and the rate constant K for converting the diacetyl precursor into the diacetyl;
Fig. 2 illustrates the relationship between the rate constant K for converting the diacetyl precursor into the diacetyl and the period of heating T required for obtaining the amount of the diacetyl conversion V2 (mg/lit.) after the heating;
Fig. 3 is a diagram which illustrates a typical heating apparatus used in the present invention;
Fig. 4 illustrates a relationship between the concentration of dissolved oxygen and the decreasing rate of the diacetyl; and
Fig. 5 illustrates a relationship between the period of heating and the decreasing rate of the diacetyl.

BEST MODE FOR PRACTICING THE INVENTION

The fermentation liquor as the object of the present invention is a fermentation liquor which has undergone a main fermentation such that a microorganism, particularly yeast, is added to a fermentation stock liquor as a substrate for the microorganism so that the fermentation proceeds together with the proliferation of the microorganism.
The substrate for microorganisms is generally sugar, and is wort (which may have hops added) when the alcoholic drink to be produced is beer, and is obtained by saccharification of starches of barley and/or wheat with an enzyme of the malt thereof, and is a fruit juice when the alcoholic beverage to be produced is wine, particularly a grape juice.
A typical microorganism for the alcoholic fermentation of such a substrate is yeast. The typical beer yeast is the one of Saccharomyces, for example, Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
The concentration of the microorganism in the fermentation liquor is preferably 10⁶ cells/ml or less. Higher microorganism concentration than 10⁶ cells/ml, is not preferable since the microorganism components are transferred into the fermentation liquor by heating.
The heating of the fermentation liquor of the present invention requires the condition that the dissolved oxygen concentration be maintained at a level lower than 1 mg/lit. If the dissolved oxygen concentration is in the range of 1 mg/lit. or more, the amount of the diacetyl precursors contained as the precursor in the fermentation liquor will not be reduced in a short time, and no advantages inherent in the present invention will not be attained. In this connection, the means for establishing and maintaining the dissolved oxygen concentration at a level of less than 1 mg/lit. of the fermentation liquor is not especially limited. Generally, the fermentation liquor in which the main fermentation has been completed is in an anaerobic state (generally in 0.1 mg/lit. or less) due to the aspiration effect of the yeast, and the aforementioned level of the dissolved oxygen concentration can be maintained by preventing the fermentation liquor from contact with oxygen. The dissolved oxygen concentration is preferably in the range of 0.2 mg/lit. or less, more preferably substantially zero.
The dissolved oxygen concentration in the fermentation liquor is determined by a conventional dissolved oxygen meter such as Model 58 manufactured by Yellow Springs Instrument Co., Inc. Yellow Springs, Ohio, U.S.A.
Heating of the fermentation liquor is conducted under the conditions of a temperature and a duration of time sufficient enough for reducing the concentration of the total of diacetyl and the diacetyl precursors to a level significantly lower than that before the heating. In view of this, the heating temperature of the fermentation liquor is appropriately determined in the range of 40 to 120°C. Heating at a temperature lower than 40°C will cause the problem that the renewed production of the diacetyl precursor or the fermentation are promoted. Heating at a temperature higher than 120°C will cause the problem that insoluble proteinous products generated by heat will impair the quality of the alcoholic beverage produced.
The minimum requisite heating time at the heating temperature determined from the aforementioned temperature range can be determined corresponding to the amount of the diacetyl precursor in the fermentation liquor. That is to say, the relationship (correlation-1) between the heating temperature T in the heating temperature range of 40 to 120°C and the rate constant for converting the diacetyl precursor into the diacetyl is obtained (Fig. 1). Next, the combination (V1, V2) of the content, V1 (mg/lit.), of the diacetyl precursor in the fermentation liquor before heating and the objective or desired value, V2 (mg/lit.), of the residual amount of the diacetyl precursor after heating are determined. For example, the combination (V1, V2) is determined as shown in (i) or (ii) below:

(i) V1 = 2.0 mg/lit., V2 = 0.01 mg/lit.;
(ii) V1 = 0.2 mg/lit., V2 = 0.08 mg/lit.

Then, for the given combination (V1, V2) thus determined, the relationship (correlation-2) between the rate constant K of conversion and the heating time t for obtaining the objective value V2 (mg/lit.) of the residual amount of the diacetyl precursor after heating is determined (Fig. 2). From these relationships, when the heating temperature T is determined at a level within the range of 40 to 120°C, the rate constant K of conversion corresponding to the heating temperature T is then obtained from the correlation-1 (Fig. 1), and the content V1 of the diacetyl precursor in the fermentation liquor before heating is then measured and the objective value V2 of the desired residual amount of the diacetyl precursor after heating is chosen to determine the combination (V1, V2), and the heating time t corresponding to the aforementioned rate constant K of conversion is then determined from the correlation-2 (Fig. 2). The requisite minimal heating time t is determined within the range of 0.003 to 100 hours. In this connection, the conversion reaction of the diacetyl precursor into diacetyl is of the first order, so that the rate constant K for conversion of the diacetyl precursor into diacetyl can be obtained by dividing, by the predetermined heating time, the natural logarithm of the value obtained by dividing the amount of the diacetyl precursor before heating by the amount of the diacetyl precursor after heating at the predetermined temperature as shown in the following equation:

K =: ln (Acetohydroxy acid before heating/Residual acetohydroxy acid)/Predetermined heating time (hr)

The pressure on the heating of the fermentation liquor may be any pressures so that foaming by carbon dioxide gas of the fermentation liquor will not take place during heating, or the heating may also be carried out without pressurizing. In the case of the heating without pressurizing, the heating efficiency decreases due to the foaming by the carbon dioxide gas, but the effect of the present invention will not be varied.
The heating is carried out with any apparatuses which can heat the whole fermentation liquor at a predetermined temperature for a predetermined time. The heating apparatus may be specifically the one based on the principle of a heat exchanger.

EXAMPLES

The present invention is further described in detail with reference to the examples of the present invention below.
The heating of the fermentation liquor was conducted with an apparatus illustrated in Fig. 3. In Fig. 3, the fermentation liquor in the main fermentation tank 1 in which the dissolved oxygen concentration is maintained at a level of less than 1 mg/lit. while carbon dioxide gas is introduced into the main fermentation tank 1 is pumped through the pre-heating apparatus 2 into the heating apparatus 3. Within the heating apparatus 3, the fermentation liquor is subjected to heating treatment at a predetermined temperature for a predetermined time, then cooled through the cooling apparatus 4, and taken out through the pressure controlling valve 5.

Example 1

A fermentation liquor which was obtained by the fermentation of wort by a beer yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, namely the main fermentation liquor which had undergone fermentation with proliferation of the yeast taking place, was supplied into a heating apparatus 3 while the fermentation liquor was maintained in an anaerobic state at a dissolved oxygen concentration of 0.1 mg/lit. The content in the fermentation liquor of the diacetyl precursor was determined to be 0.5 mg/lit., and at the heating temperature of 70°C and at the aimed residual amount of the diacetyl precursor after heating of 0.08 mg/lit, the requisite minimal heating time obtained from Figs. 1 and 2 was about 13 minutes. Thus, heating was conducted without pressurizing for 40 minutes at the temperatures of 70°C and 80°C, respectively, and then cooling conducted whereby samples (Sample 1 and 2) were obtained.
As shown in Table 1, the content of the diacetyl precursor in the fermentation liquor before heating which was 0.5 mg/lit. was reduced to 0.1 mg/lit. after heating at 70°C (Sample 1) and to 0.07 mg/lit. after heating at 80°C (Sample 2).

Example 2

A fermentation liquor which was obtained by the fermentation of a wort by a beer yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, namely the main fermentation liquor, was supplied into a heating apparatus 3 while the fermentation liquor was maintained in an anaerobic state at a dissolved oxygen concentration of 0.1 mg/lit. The requisite minimal heating time (14 minutes) was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1, and heating was conducted at the temperatures of 70°C for 40 minutes under the pressure of 7 kg/cm² in order to suppress the foaming by carbon dioxide gas. Then the cooling of the fermentation liquor gave a sample (Sample 3).
As shown in Table 2, the content of the diacetyl precursor in the fermentation liquor before heating which was 0.55 mg/lit. was reduced to 0.13 mg/lit. after heating.

Example 3

A fermentation liquor which was obtained by the fermentation of a wort by a beer yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, namely the main fermentation liquor, was supplied into a heating apparatus 3 while the fermentation liquor was maintained in an anaerobic state at a dissolved oxygen concentration of 0.1 mg/lit. The requisite minimal heating times (2 - 42 minutes) were obtained in the same manner as in Example 1, and the fermentation liquor was heated under various heating conditions (temperature, time and pressure) and then cooled to give samples (Samples 4 - 7).
As shown in Table 3, it was apparent that the contents of the diacetyl compound in the fermentation liquor were decreased after heating under either set of heating conditions, and that for the substantially the same content of the diacetyl compound in the fermentation liquor before heating, the same effect was obtained in a shorter heating time at a higher heating temperature.

Example 4

A fermentation liquor which was obtained by the fermentation of a wort by a beer yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, namely the main fermentation liquor, was supplied into a heating apparatus 3 at various dissolved oxygen concentrations. The requisite minimal heating time (20 minutes) was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1, and the fermentation liquor was subjected to heating treatment without pressurizing at a heating temperature of 70°C for a heating time of 40 minutes and then cooled to give a sample.
As shown in Fig. 4, a significant effect was observed such that the contents of the diacetyl compound in the fermentation liquor were decreased at a dissolved oxygen concentration of less than 1 mg/lit., and it was desirable to reduce the dissolved oxygen concentration to 0.1 mg/lit. for obtaining a greater effect.

Example 5

A fermentation liquor which was obtained by the fermentation of a wort by a beer yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, namely the main fermentation liquor, was supplied into a heating apparatus 3 while the fermentation liquor was maintained in an anaerobic state at a dissolved oxygen concentration of 0.1 mg/lit. The fermentation liquor was subjected to heating treatment for various heating times at three levels of heating temperature (60°C, 70°C and 80°C) and then cooled to give samples.
As shown in Fug. 5, it was apparent that for substantially the same diacetyl content in the fermentation liquor before heating, the same effect was obtained in a shorter heating time at a higher heating temperature.

INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY

As it is possible according to the present invention to reduce the content of diacetyl which has come from the main fermentation liquor and gives an unpleasant smell to alcoholic beverages by heating the main fermentation liquor for a short time, the post fermentation conventionally carried out at a low temperature for a long time in order to lower the content of diacetyl can be made unnecessary or simplified. Accordingly, the present invention has a large industrial applicability in view that the present invention can greatly shorten the time for producing alcoholic beverages.

Claims

A process for producing alcoholic beverages comprising a step of heating a fermentation liquor obtained by subjecting an aqueous solution which contains a substrate for a microorganism to the fermentation with proliferation of the microorganism taking place, under such a condition that concentration of the dissolved oxygen in the fermentation liquor is maintained at a level lower than 1 mg/lit., to thereby reduce the quantity in the fermentation liquor of the total of the diacetyl and the precursor thereof below the level before the heating.
A process for producing alcoholic beverages according to claim 1, wherein a first graph illustrating the relationship between (i) the heating temperature and (ii) the rate constant for conversion of the diacetyl precursor into diacetyl and a second graph illustrating the relationship between (iii) said conversion rate constant at a combination of the diacetyl precursor content before heating and an aimed residual diacetyl precursor content after heating and (iv) the requisite heating time for obtaining said objective residual diacetyl precursor content after heating are preliminarily obtained, a rate constant for conversion corresponding to the heating time is obtained from the first graph, the heating time which corresponds to said conversion rate constant and also corresponds to the combination of the diacetyl precursor content before heating and objective aimed residual diacetyl precursor content after heating is obtained from the second graph, and the heating temperature of the fermentation liquor is maintained for at least during the aforementioned heating time so obtained.
A process for producing alcoholic beverages according to claims 1 or 2, wherein the heating temperature is in the range of 40 to 120°C.
A process for producing alcoholic beverages according to any one of claims 1, 2 or 3, wherein the aqueous solution which contains a substrate is wort, and the alcoholic beverage is beer.