EP0419488A4 - Lubricating oil compositions and fuel compositions containing substantially straight chain pinwheel alkylphenyl poly(oxypropylene) aminocarbamates - Google Patents

Lubricating oil compositions and fuel compositions containing substantially straight chain pinwheel alkylphenyl poly(oxypropylene) aminocarbamates

Info

Publication number
EP0419488A4
EP0419488A4 EP19890903547 EP89903547A EP0419488A4 EP 0419488 A4 EP0419488 A4 EP 0419488A4 EP 19890903547 EP19890903547 EP 19890903547 EP 89903547 A EP89903547 A EP 89903547A EP 0419488 A4 EP0419488 A4 EP 0419488A4
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
oxypropylene
aminocarbamate
poly
carbon atoms
alkyl group
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP19890903547
Other languages
English (en)
Other versions
EP0419488A1 (fr
Inventor
Thomas F Buckley Iii
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Chevron USA Inc
Original Assignee
Chevron Research and Technology Co
Chevron Research Co
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Chevron Research and Technology Co, Chevron Research Co filed Critical Chevron Research and Technology Co
Publication of EP0419488A1 publication Critical patent/EP0419488A1/fr
Publication of EP0419488A4 publication Critical patent/EP0419488A4/en
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M133/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being an organic non-macromolecular compound containing nitrogen
    • C10M133/52—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being an organic non-macromolecular compound containing nitrogen having a carbon chain of 30 or more atoms
    • C10M133/56—Amides; Imides
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
    • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
    • C10L1/22—Organic compounds containing nitrogen
    • C10L1/222—Organic compounds containing nitrogen containing at least one carbon-to-nitrogen single bond
    • C10L1/224—Amides; Imides carboxylic acid amides, imides
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C271/00—Derivatives of carbamic acids, i.e. compounds containing any of the groups, the nitrogen atom not being part of nitro or nitroso groups
    • C07C271/06—Esters of carbamic acids
    • C07C271/08—Esters of carbamic acids having oxygen atoms of carbamate groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms
    • C07C271/10—Esters of carbamic acids having oxygen atoms of carbamate groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms with the nitrogen atoms of the carbamate groups bound to hydrogen atoms or to acyclic carbon atoms
    • C07C271/20—Esters of carbamic acids having oxygen atoms of carbamate groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms with the nitrogen atoms of the carbamate groups bound to hydrogen atoms or to acyclic carbon atoms to carbon atoms of hydrocarbon radicals substituted by nitrogen atoms not being part of nitro or nitroso groups
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
    • C08G65/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming an ether link in the main chain of the macromolecule
    • C08G65/02—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming an ether link in the main chain of the macromolecule from cyclic ethers by opening of the heterocyclic ring
    • C08G65/26—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming an ether link in the main chain of the macromolecule from cyclic ethers by opening of the heterocyclic ring from cyclic ethers and other compounds
    • C08G65/2603—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming an ether link in the main chain of the macromolecule from cyclic ethers by opening of the heterocyclic ring from cyclic ethers and other compounds the other compounds containing oxygen
    • C08G65/2606—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming an ether link in the main chain of the macromolecule from cyclic ethers by opening of the heterocyclic ring from cyclic ethers and other compounds the other compounds containing oxygen containing hydroxyl groups
    • C08G65/2612—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming an ether link in the main chain of the macromolecule from cyclic ethers by opening of the heterocyclic ring from cyclic ethers and other compounds the other compounds containing oxygen containing hydroxyl groups containing aromatic or arylaliphatic hydroxyl groups
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
    • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
    • C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
    • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
    • C10L1/22—Organic compounds containing nitrogen
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M133/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being an organic non-macromolecular compound containing nitrogen
    • C10M133/02—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being an organic non-macromolecular compound containing nitrogen having a carbon chain of less than 30 atoms
    • C10M133/16—Amides; Imides
    • C10M133/18—Amides; Imides of carbonic or haloformic acids
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M149/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being a macromolecular compound containing nitrogen
    • C10M149/12—Macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2215/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing nitrogen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2215/02—Amines, e.g. polyalkylene polyamines; Quaternary amines
    • C10M2215/04—Amines, e.g. polyalkylene polyamines; Quaternary amines having amino groups bound to acyclic or cycloaliphatic carbon atoms
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2215/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing nitrogen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2215/086—Imides
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2215/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing nitrogen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2215/10—Amides of carbonic or haloformic acids
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2215/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing nitrogen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2215/26—Amines
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2215/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing nitrogen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2215/28—Amides; Imides
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2217/00—Organic macromolecular compounds containing nitrogen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2217/00—Organic macromolecular compounds containing nitrogen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2217/02—Macromolecular compounds obtained from nitrogen containing monomers by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2217/00—Organic macromolecular compounds containing nitrogen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2217/04—Macromolecular compounds from nitrogen-containing monomers obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2217/00—Organic macromolecular compounds containing nitrogen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2217/04—Macromolecular compounds from nitrogen-containing monomers obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
    • C10M2217/046—Polyamines, i.e. macromoleculars obtained by condensation of more than eleven amine monomers
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2217/00—Organic macromolecular compounds containing nitrogen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2217/06—Macromolecular compounds obtained by functionalisation op polymers with a nitrogen containing compound
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2219/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing sulfur, selenium or tellurium as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2219/04—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing sulfur, selenium or tellurium as ingredients in lubricant compositions containing sulfur-to-oxygen bonds, i.e. sulfones, sulfoxides
    • C10M2219/046—Overbasedsulfonic acid salts
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2219/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing sulfur, selenium or tellurium as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2219/08—Thiols; Sulfides; Polysulfides; Mercaptals
    • C10M2219/082—Thiols; Sulfides; Polysulfides; Mercaptals containing sulfur atoms bound to acyclic or cycloaliphatic carbon atoms
    • C10M2219/087—Thiols; Sulfides; Polysulfides; Mercaptals containing sulfur atoms bound to acyclic or cycloaliphatic carbon atoms containing hydroxy groups; Derivatives thereof, e.g. sulfurised phenols
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2219/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing sulfur, selenium or tellurium as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2219/08—Thiols; Sulfides; Polysulfides; Mercaptals
    • C10M2219/082—Thiols; Sulfides; Polysulfides; Mercaptals containing sulfur atoms bound to acyclic or cycloaliphatic carbon atoms
    • C10M2219/087—Thiols; Sulfides; Polysulfides; Mercaptals containing sulfur atoms bound to acyclic or cycloaliphatic carbon atoms containing hydroxy groups; Derivatives thereof, e.g. sulfurised phenols
    • C10M2219/088—Neutral salts
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2219/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing sulfur, selenium or tellurium as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2219/08—Thiols; Sulfides; Polysulfides; Mercaptals
    • C10M2219/082—Thiols; Sulfides; Polysulfides; Mercaptals containing sulfur atoms bound to acyclic or cycloaliphatic carbon atoms
    • C10M2219/087—Thiols; Sulfides; Polysulfides; Mercaptals containing sulfur atoms bound to acyclic or cycloaliphatic carbon atoms containing hydroxy groups; Derivatives thereof, e.g. sulfurised phenols
    • C10M2219/089—Overbased salts
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2223/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing phosphorus as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2223/02—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing phosphorus as ingredients in lubricant compositions having no phosphorus-to-carbon bonds
    • C10M2223/04—Phosphate esters
    • C10M2223/045—Metal containing thio derivatives
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
    • C10N2010/00—Metal present as such or in compounds
    • C10N2010/04—Groups 2 or 12
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
    • C10N2070/00—Specific manufacturing methods for lubricant compositions
    • C10N2070/02—Concentrating of additives

Definitions

  • deposits on the carburetor throttle body and 17 venturies increase the fuel to air ratio of the gas mixture 18 to the combustion chamber thereby increasing the amount of 19 unburned hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide discharged from the 20 chamber.
  • the high fuel-air ratio also reduces the gas 21 orbit mileage obtainable from the vehicle.
  • each engine when new, requires a certain minimum octane fuel in order to operate satisfactorily without pinging and/or knocking. As the engine is operated on any gasoline, this minimum octane increases and, in most cases, if the engine is operated on the same fuel for a prolonged period, will reach an equilibrium. This is apparently caused by an amount of deposits in the combustion chamber. Equilibrium is typically reached after 5,000 to 15,000 miles of automobile operation.
  • the ORI problem is compounded by the fact that the most common method for increasing the octane rating of unleaded gasoline is to increase its aromatic content. This, however, eventually causes an even greater increase in the octane requirement. Moreover, some of presently used nitrogen-containing compounds used as deposit-control additives and their mineral oil or polymer carriers may also significantly contribute to ORI in engines using unleaded fuels.
  • hydrocarbyl poly(oxyalkylene) a ino- carbamates are commercially successful fuel additives which control combustion chamber deposits thus minimizing ORI.
  • a second complicating factor relates to the low temperature properties of fuel and lubricating oil additives. Since it is not unusual for solutions of these additives to be subjected to cold temperature extremes, it is important that solids (such as waxes) are not formed during handling, storage, or in actual field use. When formed, these waxy constituents can totally plug the in-line filtering devices normally in service in additive distribution systems and the fuel or lube systems of actual operating engines. Such a plugging would obviously be catastrophic and must be avoided.
  • a third complicating factor relates to the lubricating oil compatibility of the fuel additive.
  • Fuel additives due to their higher boiling point over gasoline itself, tend to accumulate on surfaces in the combustion chamber of the engine. This accumulation of the additive eventually finds its way into the lubricating oil in the crankcase of the engine via a "blow-by" process and/or via cylinder wall/piston ring “wipe down.”. In some cases, as much as 25%-30% of the non-volatile fuel components, i.e., including fuel additives, will eventually accumulate in the lubricating oil. Insofar as the recommended drain interval for some engines may be as much as 7,500 miles or more, such fuel additives can accumulate during this interval to substantial quantities in the lubricating oil.
  • lubricating oil incompatible additives are less than desirable insofar as their use during engine operation will result in increased deposits in the crankcase. This problem can be catastrophic.
  • hydrocarbyl poly(oxybutylene) aminocarbamates are substantially more expensive than the hydrocarbyl poly(oxypropylene) aminocarbamates. This is because butylene oxide is much more expensive than propylene oxide. Currently, the price for butylene oxide (BO) is more than four times the price of propylene oxide (PO) on a pound for pound basis. However, because heretofore no known hydrocarbyl poly(oxypropylene) aminocarbamate was found to be sufficiently lubricating oil compatible and non-waxy, it was necessary to employ the more expensive hydrocarbyl poly(oxybutylene) aminocarbamates which are sufficiently lubricating oil compatible. Accordingly, it would be particularly advantageous to develop hydrocarbyl poly(oxypropylene) aminocarbamates which are compatible in lubricating oil compositions and are non-waxy at -40°C.
  • the instant invention is directed to lubricating oil compositions and fuel compositions containing a novel class of hydrocarbyl poly(oxypropylene) aminocarbamates.
  • these novel hydrocarbyl poly(oxyalkylene) aminocarbamates control combustion chamber deposits thus minimizing ORI and in lubricating oil are compatible with 1 the lubricating oil composition.
  • these novel hydrocarbyl poly(oxyalkylene) aminocarbamates provide dispersancy without possessing lubricating oil incompatibility.
  • the novel additives of this invention are also liquids which do not fo.rm a wax at -40°C in a 50 weight percent solution with toluene.
  • U.S. Patent No. 4,160,648 discloses an intake system deposit control additive for fuels which is a hydrocarbyl poly(oxyalkylene) aminocarbamate wherein the hydrocarbyl is from 1 to 30 carbon atoms including alkyl or alkylphenyl groups. Specifically disclosed hydrocarbyl groups include tetrapropenylphenyl, olelyl and a mixture of C,g, C, g and C2 alkyl groups. Likewise, U.S. Patent No-.
  • 4,288,612 discloses deposit control additives for gasoline engines which are hydrocarbyl poly(oxyalkylene) aminocarbamates wherein the hydrocarbyl group contains from 1 to about 30 carbon atoms including alkylphenyl groups wherein the alkyl group is straight or branched chain of from 1 to about 24 carbon atoms.
  • U.S. Patent No. 4,568,358 discloses diesel fuel compositions containing an additive such as a hydrocarbyl poly(oxyalkylene) aminocarbamate. This reference discloses hydrocarbyl groups such as alkyl groups of 1 to 30 carbon atoms; aryl groups of 6 to 30 carbon atoms, alkaryl groups of 7 to 30 carbon atoms, etc.
  • U.S. Patent No. 4,332,595 discloses hydrocarbyl poly(oxyalkylene) polyamines wherein the hydrocarbyl group is a hydrocarbyl radical of 8 to 18 carbon atoms derived from linear primary alcohols.
  • the present- invention provides a liquid alkylphenyl poly(oxypropylene) aminocarbamate which does not form a wax when cooled to -40°C in a 50 weight percent solution with toluene, said aminocarbamate having at least one basic nitrogen and an average molecular weight of about 600 to 6,000 and wherein the alkyl group of said alkylphenyl poly(oxypropylene) aminocarbamate is a substantially straight-chain alkyl group of from about 25 to 50 carbon atoms.
  • the instant invention is directed toward a fuel composition containing a novel class of hydrocarbyl poly(oxypropylene) aminocarbamates which as a fuel additive controls combustion chamber deposits thus minimizing ORI and in lubricating oil is compatible with the lubricating oil composition.
  • the instant invention is directed toward a fuel composition comprising a hydrocarbon boiling in the gasoline or diesel range and from about 30 to about 5,000 parts per million of the alkylphenyl poly(oxypropylene) aminocarbamate of the present invention. 1 0
  • the instant invention is 2 directed to a fuel concentrate comprising an inert stable 3 oleophilic organic solvent boiling in the range of 150° to 4 400°F and from 5 to 50 weight percent of an alkylphenyl 5 poly(oxypropylene) aminocarbamate of this invention.
  • the instant invention 8 is directed to a lubricating oil composition comprising an 09 oil of lubricating viscosity and a dispersant effective
  • -. is directed to a lubricating oil concentrate comprising ⁇ from about 90 to 50 weight percent of an oil of lg lubricating viscosity and from about 10 to 50 weight percent of an alkylphenyl poly(oxypropylene)
  • the present invention also relates to the novel alkyl- 20 phenol compounds which are employed to prepare the instant 21 22 alkylphenyl poly(oxypropylene) aminocarbamates.
  • novel alkylphenol intermediate compounds are alkylphenois
  • alkyl group is a substantially straight-chain alkyl group of from about 25 to 50 carbon atoms and is 25 attached to the phenol ring at least 6 carbon atoms from 26
  • the alkyl group on the alkylphenol will contain from about 28 to 50 carbon atoms, and more 29 preferably, from about 30 to 45 carbon atoms. Moreover, 30 the alkyl substituent is preferably derived from a
  • the present invention is based on the discovery that the "pinwheel" alklphenyl poly(oxypropylene) aminocarbamates of the present invention having a substantially straight chain alkyl substituent do not produce wax when cooled to -40°C in a 50 wt% solution of toluene. These non-waxy carbamates do not produce any traces of crystalline wax under these conditions.
  • Fuel additives and lubricating oil additives must all be able to be pumped, for example, into fuels, and to operate effectively under cold conditions in such locations as Alaska or Wisconsin in the wintertime. Even very small amounts of wax, e.g., milligrams, will plug the micron-sized filters that these additives commonly come in contact with. For example, there are micron-sized filters in the additive distribution and blending systems which make additive packages and blends prior to the consumer's purchase. There are also micron-sized filters in automobiles and diesel engines where the fuel is filtered prior to combustion.
  • the alkylphenyl poly(oxypropylene) aminocarbamates of the present invention consist of an amino moiety and an alkylphenyl poly(oxypropylene) polymer bonded through a carbamate linkage, i.e., -OC(0)N ⁇ .
  • the specific alkylphenyl group employed in the instant invention in the alkylphenyl poly(oxypropylene) polymer is critical to achieving lubricating oil compatibility for the alkylphenyl poly(oxypropylene) aminocarbamates, while providing excellent low temperature properties.
  • the abbreviation "PO” is meant to designate propylene oxide or propylene oxide-derived polymers.
  • the abbreviation “BO” is meant to designate butylene oxide or butylene oxide-derived polymers.
  • EDA is meant to designate ethylene diamine or ethylene diamine-derived carbamates.
  • DETA is meant to designate diethylene triamine or diethylene triamine-derived carbamates.
  • alpha olefin or “simple alpha olefin” as used herein refers generally to 1-olefins, wherein the double bond is at the terminal position of an alkyl chain.
  • Alpha olefins are almost always mixtures of isomers and often also mixtures of compounds with a range of carbon numbers.
  • Low molecular weight alpha olefins, such as the C6, C8, CIO, C12 and C14 alpha olefins, are almost exclusively 1-olefins.
  • alpha olefin oligomer(s) as used herein means olefin dimers, trimers, tetramers and pentamers prepared or derived from C « to C 20 alpha olefins.
  • AOO's have a pinwheel-type structure consisting of primarily internal disubstituted and trisubstituted olefins.
  • the olefin double bond of these AOO's is generally located at least n-2 carbon atoms from the end of the longest continuous carbon chain, where n is the number of carbon atoms in the starting alpha olefin.
  • the alkyl substituent of the alkyphenyl moiety of the present alkylphenyl poly(oxpropylene) carbamates is a substantially straight-chain alkyl group having from about 25 to 50 carbon atoms.
  • the term "substantially straight-chain” is meant to designate an alkyl group wherein greater than about 80 number percent of the individual carbon atoms in the alkyl substituent are either primary (CH,-) or secondary (-CH--) carbon atoms.
  • the alkyl substituent in the alkylphenyl poly- (oxypropylene) aminocarbamates of the present invention is arranged in what will herein be designated as a "pinwheel” configuration.
  • This configuration has been found to be critical to providing aminocarbamates having non-waxy low temperature characteristics.
  • H By “pinwheel” configuration is meant that the alkyl group is attached, for example to an aromatic ring, at a position significantly removed from the terminus of the longest chain of the alkyl group. This results in at least two hydrocarbon tails, or wheels of the pinwheel, emanating from near the attachment point.
  • a "pinwheel" alkyl phenol has an alkyl group comprising at least two tails of at least six carbon atoms in length, preferably at least 8 carbon atoms in length.
  • Preferred "pinwheel" compounds useful in this invention are those wherein the alkyl substituent has tails which are substantially straight-chain hydrocarbon radicals.
  • alkylphenyl substituent of the aminocarbamate of this invention is derived from the corresponding alkylphenol.
  • a preferred type of alkylphenol is that prepared by alkylating phenol with one or more alpha olefin oligomers. Alkylation with alpha olefin oligomers, such as decene trimer or octene tetramer, provides alkylphenols having "pinwheel" configurations. Such configurations can be represented by structure A as an example of decene trimer-derived alkylphenol and structure B as an example of octene tetramer-derived alkylphenol, as shown below. In these structures, the brackets are intended to denote the various manners of attachment* of the alkyl group to the phenol.
  • the alpha olefin oligomers used herein are prepared by methods well-known in the art.
  • One preferred method of preparing these oligomers is using BF, as the oligomerization catalyst, as described, for example, in U.S. Patent Nos. 4,238,343 and 4,045,507, and in Onopchenko, et al. , BF,-Catalyzed Oligomerization of Alkenes (Structures, Mechanisms and Properties). 183rd ACS Natl. Meet. (Las Vegas, Mar. 1982). Ind. Eng. Chem., Prod. Res. Dev., 22(2), 182-91 (June 1983).
  • alpha olefin trimer has a structure that can be represented by:
  • R « n-2, and n is the carbon number of the starting alpha olefin.
  • Alpha olefin oligomers are substantially straight-chain with respect to the number of branched (i.e., tertiary or quarternary) carbons as a percent of the total number of carbon atoms. That is, greater than 80 percent of the carbon atoms in the molecule are primary or secondary carbons, preferably greater than 85 percent.
  • Preferred alpha olefin oligomers are derived from C g to C 20 alpha olefins, more preferably, C 1Q to C.g alpha olefins.
  • Preferred AOO's are dimers, trimers, tetramers and pentamers.
  • the alkyl group of the instant carbamates is derived from alpha olefin oligomers selected from the group consisting of: C « tetramers, C. Q trimers, C.- trimers, C 14 dimers and trimers, C, g dimers and trimers, C, g dimers and C 2Q dimers.
  • the alkyl substituent of the present alkylphenyl poly(oxypropylene) aminocarbamates is arranged in a so-called “pinwheel” configuration.
  • This "pinwheel” configuration is readily distinguishable from alkyl groups wherein the hydrocarbon chains are attached at or near the terminus of the longest chain of the alkyl group, i.e., within 1 to 5 carbon atoms of a terminus.
  • aminocarbamates prepared from simple alpha olefins, (as compared to alpha olefin oligomers) as well as their precursors, including the phenols and the alkylphenyl poly(oxypropylene) alcohols have alkyl groups in a "terminal” configuration.
  • Compounds having an alkyl group in a terminal configuration are herein designated “terminal compounds", for example, C 3 0-24 terminal alkyl phenols and terminal alkyl carbamates.
  • Terminal compounds such as terminal alkyl phenols, there is only 1 main chain emanating from near the attachment point of the alkyl group to the phenol.
  • Terminal compounds include those prepared by reacting alpha olefins with phenol under typical acidic reaction conditions. 01 The Preferred Alkyphenyl Group
  • R is a substantially straight-chain alkyl group of
  • R is a substantially straight-chain alkyl
  • 19 is a substantially straight-chain alkyl group of from 30
  • the alkylphenyl is a monoalkylphenyl
  • the alkylphenyl is a dialkylphenyl.
  • a preferred alkylating J 3 X 1 catalyst is a sulfonic acid catalyst such as Amberlyst 15R
  • the preferred alkylphenyl group is derived from a pinwheel phenol.
  • Pinwheel phenols may be prepared from alpha olefin oligomers.
  • Useful AOO derived alkylphenols have average molecular weights in the range of 480 to 790, and average alkyl carbon numbers ranging from 25 to 50, and preferably from 28 to 50. More preferred average alkyl carbon numbers are in the range of from 30 to 45.
  • pinwheel alkyl phenol a pinwheel alkyl phenol
  • alkylate phenol with either a pinwheel olefin or a corresponding alcohol, or alkyl halide, such as a chloride or bromide.
  • Particularly preferred monoalkylphenols employed in this invention are either ortho-monoalkylphenols of Formula II below:
  • dialkylphenols employed in this invention are generally 2,4-dialkylphenols of Formula IV below: OH
  • alkylphenyl poly(oxypropylene) polymers which are utilized in preparing the carbamates of the present invention are monohydroxy compounds, i.e., alcohols, often termed alkylphenyl "capped" poly(oxypropylene) glycols and are to be distinguished from the poly(oxypropylene) glycols (diols), which are not alkylphenyl terminated, i.e., not capped.
  • the alkylphenyl poly(oxypropylene) alcohols are produced by the addition of propylene oxide to the alkylphenol of Formula I, i.e.,
  • poly(oxypropylene) poly ⁇ mers will vary in chain length but their properties closely approximate those of the polymer represented by the average composition and molecular weight.
  • Each poly- (oxypropylene) polymer contains at least 1 oxypropylene unit, preferably from 1 to about 100 oxypropylene units, more preferably from about 5 to about 50 oxypropylene units, and most preferably from about 10 to about 25 oxy- propylene units. Methods of production and properties of these polymers are disclosed in U.S. Patent Nos.
  • q is an integer from 1 to 3.
  • the phenoxide of the alkylphenol, I is first prepared and then reacted with the compound of Formula VI to yield the desired alkylphenyl poly(oxypro ⁇ pylene) polymer having from 1 to 3 oxypropylene units.
  • Compounds of Formula VI are commercially available or can be prepared by art recognized methods.
  • the amine moiety of the alkylphenyl poly(oxypropylene) aminocarbamate employed in this invention is preferably derived from a polyamine having from 2 to about 12 amine nitrogen atoms and from 2 to about 40 carbon atoms.
  • the polyamine is preferably reacted with an alkylphenyl poly(oxypropylene) chloroformate to produce the alkylphenyl poly(oxypropylene) aminocarbamate additives finding use within the scope of the present invention.
  • the chloroformate is itself derived from alkylphenyl poly(oxypropylene) alcohol by reaction with phosgene.
  • the polyamine encompassing diamines, provides the product alkylphenyl poly(oxypropylene) aminocarbamate with, on average, at least about one basic nitrogen atom per car ⁇ ba ate molecule, i.e., a nitrogen atom titratable by a strong acid.
  • the polyamine preferably has a carbon-tonitrogen ratio of from about 1:1 to about 10:1.
  • the polyamine may be substituted with substituents selected from (A) hydrogen, (B) hydrocarbyl groups of from 1 to about 10 carbon atoms, (C) acyr groups of from 2 to about 10 carbon atoms, and (D) monoketo, monohydroxy, mononitro, monocyano, lower alkyl and lower alkoxy derivatives of (B) and (C).
  • At least one of the substituents on one of the basic nitrogen atoms of the polyamine is hydrogen, e.g., at least one of the basic nitrogen atoms of the polyamine is a primary or secondary amino nitrogen atom.
  • Hydrocarbyl denotes an organic radical composed of carbon and hydrogen which may be aliphatic, alicyclic, aromatic or combinations thereof, e.g., aralkyl.
  • the hydrocarbyl group will be relatively free of aliphatic unsaturation, i.e., ethylene and acetylenic, particularly acetylenic unsaturation.
  • the substituted polyamines of the present invention are generally, but not necessarily, N-substituted polyamines.
  • hydro- carbyl groups and substituted hydrocarbyl groups include alkyls such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, isobutyl, pentyl, hexyl, octyl, etc., alkenyls such as propenyl, isobutenyl, hexenyl, octenyl, etc., hydroxyalkyls, such as 2-hydroxyethyl, 3-hydroxypropyl, hydroxyisopropyl, 4-hydroxybutyl, etc., ketoalkyls, such as 2-ketopropyl, 6-ketooctyl, etc., alkoxy and lower alkenoxy alkyls, such as ethoxyethyl, ethoxypropyl, propoxyethyl, propoxypropyl, 2-(2ethoxyethoxy)ethyl, 2-(2-(2-ethoxyethoxy)ethoxy)ethyl, 3,6,9,12
  • substituted polyamine In a substituted polyamine the substituents are found at any atom capable of receiving them.
  • the substituted.atoms e.g., substituted nitrogen atoms, are generally geometric- ally inequivalent, and consequently the substituted amines finding use in the present invention can be mixtures of mono- and polysubstituted polyamines with substituent groups situated at equivalent and/or inequivalent atoms.
  • the more preferred polyamine finding use within the scope of the present invention is a polyalkylene polyamine, including alkylene diamine, and including substituted polyamines, e.g., alkyl and hydroxyalkyl-substituted polyalkylene poly- amine.
  • the alkylene group contains from 2 to 6 carbon atoms, there being preferably from 2 to 3 carbon atoms between the nitrogen atoms.
  • Such groups are exemplified by ethylene, 1,2-propylene, 2,2-dimethyl-propylene trimethylene, 1,3,2-hydroxypropylene, etc.
  • polyamines examples include ethylene diamine, diethylene triamine, di(trimethylene)triamine, dipropylene triamine, triethylene tetramine, tripropylene tetramine, tetraethylene pentamine, and pentaethylene hexamine.
  • Such amines encompass isomers such as branched-chain polyamines and the previously mentioned substituted polyamines, including hydroxy- and hydrocarbyl-substituted polyamines.
  • the polyalkylene polyamines those containing 2-12 amine nitrogen atoms and 2-24 carbon atoms are especially preferred, and the C ⁇ -C***. alkylene polyamines are most preferred, in particular, the lower polyalkylene polyamines, e.g., ethylene diamine, diethylene triamine, propylene diamine, dipropylene triamine, etc.
  • the amine component of the alkylphenyl poly(oxypropylene) aminocarbamate also may be derived from heterocyclic polyamines, heterocyclic substituted amines and substituted heterocyclic compounds, wherein the heterocycle comprises one or more 5-6 membered rings containing oxygen and/or nitrogen.
  • Such heterocycles may be saturated or unsaturated and substituted with groups selected from the aforementioned (A), (B)(, (C) and (D).
  • the heterocycles are exemplified by piperazines, such as 2-methylpiperazine, N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine, l,2bis-(N-piperazinyl)-ethane, and N,N r bis(N-piperazinyl)piperazine, 2-methylimidazoline, 3-aminopiperidine, 2-aminopyridine, 2-(3aminoethyl)3-pyrroline, 3-aminopyrrolidine, N-(3aminopropyl)morpholine, etc.
  • the piperazines are preferred.
  • Another class of suitable polyamines are diaminoethers represented by Formula VII
  • X- and 2 are independently alkylene from 2 to about 5 carbon atoms and r is an integer from 1 to about 10.
  • Diamines of Formula VII are disclosed in U.S. Patent. No. 4,521,610, which is incorporated herein by reference for its teaching of such diamines.
  • Typical polyamines that can be used to form the compounds of this invention by reaction with a poly(oxyalkylene)chloroformate include the following: ethylene diamine, 1,2-propylene diamine, 1,3-propylene diamine, diethylene triamine, triethylene tetramine, hexamethylene diamine, tetraethylene pentamine, dimethyl- aminopropylene diamine, N-(beta-aminoethyl)-piperazine, N-(beta-aminoethyl)piperidine, 3-amino-N-ethylpiperidine, N-(beta-aminoethyl)morpholine, N,N'-di(beta-aminoethyl)- piperazine, N,N'-di(beta-aminoethylimidazolidone-2; N-(beta-cyano-ethyl)ethane-1,2-diamine, l-amino
  • the amine component of the alkylphenyl poly(oxypropylene) aminocarbamate may also be derived from an amine-containing compound which is capable of reacting with an alkylphenyl poly(oxypropylene) alcohol to produce an alkylphenyl poly(oxypropylene) aminocarbamate having at least one basic nitrogen atom.
  • a substituted aminoisocyanate such as (R) 2 NCH 2 CH 2 NCO, wherein R is, for example, a hydrocarbyl group, reacts with the alcohol to produce the aminocarbamate additive finding use within the. scope of the present invention.
  • Typical aminoisocyanates that may be used to form the fuel additive compounds of this invention by reaction with a hydrocarbylpoly(oxy- alkylene) alcohol include the following: N,N-(di- methyl)aminoisocyanatoethane, generally, N,N-(dihydrocar- byl)aminoisocyanatoalkane, more generally, N-(perhydrocar- byl)-isocyanatopol-olyalkylene polyamine, N,N-(dimethyl)aminoisocyanatobenzene, etc.
  • the amine used as a reactant in. the production of the carbamate of the present invention is not a single compound but a mixture in which one or several compounds, predominate with the average compo- sition indicated.
  • tetraethylene pentamine prepared by the polymerization of aziridine or the reac- tion of dichloroethylene and ammonia will have both lower and higher amine members, e.g., triethylene tetramine, substituted piperazines and pentaethylene hexamine, but the composition will be mainly tetraethylene pentamine and the empirical formula of the total amine composition will closely approximate that of tetraethylene pentamine.
  • the preferred alkylphenyl poly(oxypropylene) component and the preferred polyamine component is obtained by linking these components together through a carbamate linkage i.e..
  • ether oxygen may be regarded as the terminal hydroxyl oxygen of the alkylphenyl poly(oxypropylene) alcohol component, and the carbonyl group -C(O)- is pre ⁇ ferably provided by the coupling agent, e.g., phosgene.
  • the alkylphenyl poly(oxypropylene) aminocarbamate employed in the present invention has at least one basic nitrogen atom per molecule.
  • a "basic nitrogen atom” is one that is titratable by a strong acid, e.g., a primary, secondary. 1 or tertiary amino nitrogen, as distinguished from, for 2 example, an amido nitrogen, i.e., 3 4 5 6 -CN ⁇ 7 8 which is not so titratable.
  • the basic nitro ⁇ 9 gen is in a primary or secondary amino group.
  • the preferred alkylphenyl poly(oxypropylene) 2 aminocarbamate has an average molecular weight of from 3 about 600 to 6,000; preferably an average molecular weight 4 of from 800 to 3,000; and most preferably an average mole ⁇ 5 cular weight of from 1,000 to 2,500. 6 7
  • a preferred class of alkylphenyl poly(oxypropylene) 8 aminocarbamate can be described by the following general 9 formula: 0
  • R is a substantially straight-chain alkyl group of 7 from about 25 to 50 carbon atoms; R, is alkylene of 2 to 6 8 carbon atoms; m is an integer from 1 to 2; n is an integer « such that the molecular weight of the compound is from 0 about 600 to 6,000; and p is an integer from 1 to about 6; _t and wherein said compound does not form a wax when cooled 2 to -40°C in a 50 weight percent solution with toluene.
  • R is attached to the phenyl ring at least 6 4 carbon atoms from the terminus of the longest chain of said alkyl group R.
  • hydrophilic propylene oxide polymeric back-bone be balanced by the hydrophobic alkyl carbons of the alkyl phenol.
  • the aminocarbamates of this invention must achieve a good hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) in order to have sufficient hydrocarbon solubility in oil and therefore to not perform detrimentally with regard to crankcase varnish.
  • HLB hydrophilic-lipophilic balance
  • the ratio of the number of carbon atoms in the alkyl group needs to be about twice the number of propylene oxide units.
  • the alkyl chain attached to the phenoxy radical should have approximately 2n carbon atoms; preferably, between 2n-4 and 2n+4 carbon atoms; most preferably between 2n and 2n+4 carbon atoms.
  • the additives employed in this invention can be most conveniently prepared by first reacting the appropriate alkylphenyl poly(oxypropylene) alcohol with phosgene to produce an alkylphenyl poly(oxypropylene) chloroformate. The chloroformate is then reacted with the polyamine to produce the desired alkylphenyl poly(oxypropylene) aminocarbamate.
  • Preparation of aminocarbamates are disclosed in U.S. Patent Nos. 4,160,648; 4,191,537; 4,197,409; 4,236,020; 4,243,798; 4,270,930; 4,274,837; 4,288,612; 4,512,610; and 4,568,358, which are incorporated wherein by reference.
  • the reaction of the poly(oxypropylene) compound and phosgene is usually carried out on an essentially equimolar basis, although excess phosgene can be used to improve the degree of reaction.
  • the reaction may be carried out a temperatures from -10" to 100°C, preferably in the range of 0 ⁇ to 50°C.
  • the reaction will usually be complete within 1/4 to 5 hours. Times of reac- tion will usually be in the range of from 2 to 4 hours.
  • a solvent may be used in the chloroformylation reaction.
  • Suitable solvents include benzene, toluene, etc.
  • the reaction of the resultant chloroformate with the amine may be carried out neat or preferably in solution. Temperatures of from -10° to 200°C may be utilized, the desired product may be obtained by water wash and stripping usually be the aid of vacuum, of any residual solvent.
  • the mole ratio of polyamine to polyether chloroformate will generally be in the range from about 2 to 20 moles of polyamine per mole of chloroformate, and more usually 5 to 15 moles of polyamine per mole of chloroformate. Since suppression of polysubstitution of the polyamino is usually desired, large molar excesses of the polyamine will be used. Additionally, the preferred adduct is the onocarbamate compound, as opposed to the bis(carbamate) or disubstituted aminoether.
  • the reaction or reactions may be conducted with or without the presence of a reaction solvent. A reaction solvent is generally employed whenever necessary to reduce the viscosity of the reaction product. These solvents should be stable and inert to the reactants and reaction product. Depending on the temperature of the reaction, the particular chloroformate used, the mole ratios, as well as the reactant concentrations, the reaction time may vary from less than 1 minute to 3 hours.
  • reaction mixture may be subjected to extraction with a hydrocarbon-water or hydro-carbon-alcohol-water medium to free the product from any low-molecular-weight amine salts which have formed and 'any unreacted diamine.
  • the product may then be isolated by evaporation of the solvent. Further purification may be effected by column chromatography on silica gel.
  • the reaction may be carried out in the medium in which it will ultimately find use, e.g., polyether carriers or an oleophilic organic solvent or mixtures thereof. and be formed at concentrations which provide a concentrate of a detergent composition.
  • the final mixture may be in a form to be used directly for blending in fuels.
  • An alternative process for preparing the alkylphenyl poly(oxypropylene) aminocarbamates employed in this invention involves the use of an arylcarbonate intermediate. That is to say, the alkylphenyl poly(oxy- propylene) alcohol is reacted with an aryl chloroformate to form an arylcarbonate which is then reacted with the polyamine to form the aminocarbamate employed in this invention.
  • aryl chloroformates include phenyl chloroformate, p-nitrophenyl chloroformate, 2,4-dinitrophenyl chloroformate, p-chlorophenyl chloro- formate, 2,4-dichlorophenyl chloroformate, and p-trifluoromethylphenyl chloroformate.
  • Use of the aryl carbonate intermediate allows for conversion to amino- carbamates containing close to the theoretical basic nitrogen while employing less excess of polyamine, i.e., molar ratios of generally from 1:1 to about 5:1 of polyamine to the arylcarbonate, and additionally avoids the generation of hydrogen chloride in the reaction forming the aminocarbamate.
  • Preparation of hydrocarbyl capped poly(oxyalkylene) aminocarbamates via an arylcarbonate intermediate are disclosed in U.S. Serial Nos. 586,533 and 689,616, which are incorporated -herein by reference.
  • aminocarbamates of this invention are mixtures of many individual compounds.
  • the alkyl group will typically have a variety of carbon numbers since the starting olefins are not generally pure compounds and, for any given carbon number in the alkyl group, there are many structural isomers. Moreover, mono- and dialkyl phenols are generally obtained. Also, the number of propylene oxide units is an average number and different molecules will have a somewhat different number of PO units. 01 Also included within the scope of this invention are fully
  • the alkenyl succinimide is present to act as a dispersant and
  • alkenyl succinimides are well-known in the art.
  • the alkenyl succinimides are the reaction product of a
  • the polyolefin preferably a polyalkylene polyamine.
  • alkyl succinimides are intended to be
  • a product comprising predominantly mono or bis-succinimide can be prepared by controlling the molar ratios of the reactants.
  • a predominantly mono-succinimide product will be prepared.
  • two moles of the succinic anhydride ar reacted per mole of polyamine, a bis-succinimide will be prepared.
  • the polyisobutene from which the polyisobutene-substituted succinic anhydride is obtained by polymerizing isobutene can vary widely in its compositions.
  • the average number of carbon atoms can range from 30 or less to 250 or more, with a resulting number average molecular weight of about 400 or less to 3,000 or more.
  • the average number of carbon atoms per polyisobutene molecule will range from about 50 to about 100 with the polyisobutenes having a number average molecular weight of about 600 to about 1,500. More preferably, the average number of carbon atoms per polyisobutene molecule ranges from about 60 to about 90, and the number average molecular weight ranges from about 800 to 1,300.
  • the polyisobutene is reacted with maleic anhydride according to well-known procedures to yield the polyisobutene-substituted succinic anhydride.
  • each alkylene radical of the polyalkylene polyamine usually has up to about 8 carbon atoms.
  • the number of alkylene radicals can range up to about 8.
  • the alkylene radical is exemplified by ethylene, propylene, butylene, trimethylene, tetramethylene, pentamethylene, hexamethylene, octamethylene, etc.
  • the number of amino groups generally, but not necessarily, is one greater than the number of alkylene radicals present in the amine, i.e., if a polyalkylene polyamine contains 3 alkylene radicals, it will usually contain 4 amino radicals.
  • the number of amino radicals can range up to about 9.
  • the alkylene radical contains from about 2 to about 4 carbon atoms and all amine groups are primary or secondary. In this case, the number of amine groups exceeds the number of alkylene groups by 1.
  • the polyalkylene polyamine contains from 3 to 5 amine groups.
  • polyalkylene polyamines include ethylenediamine, diethylenetriamine, triethylenetetramine, propylenediamine, tripropylenetetramine, tetraethylenepentamine, trimethylenediamine, pentaethylenehexamine, di-( trimethylene)triamine, tri(hexamethylene)tetramine, etc.
  • amines suitable for preparing the alkenyl succinimide useful in this invention include the cyclic amines such as piperazine, morpholine and dipiperazines.
  • alkenyl succinimides used in the compositions of this invention have the following formula:
  • R 1 represents an alkenyl group, preferably a substan- tially saturated hydrocarbon prepared by polymerizing aliphatic monoolefins.
  • R. is prepared from isobutene and has an average number of carbon atoms and a number average molecular weight as described above;
  • Alkylene radical represents a substantially hydrocarbyl group containing up to about 8 carbon atoms and preferably containing from about 2-4 carbon atoms as described hereinabove;
  • A represents a hydrocarbyl group, an amine-substituted hydrocarbyl group, or hydrogen.
  • the hydrocarbyl group and the amine-substituted hydrocarbyl groups are generally the alkyl and amino-substituted alkyl analogs of the alkylene radicals described above.
  • n represents an integer of from about 1 to 10, and preferably from about 3-5.
  • alkenyl succinimide is the modified succinmides which are disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 4,612,132 which is incorporated herein by reference.
  • the alkenyl succinimide is present in the lubricating oil compositions of the invention in an amount effective to act as a dispersant and prevent the deposit of contaminants formed in the oil during operation of the engine.
  • the amount of alkenyl succinimide can range from about 1 percent to about 20 percent weight of the total lubricating oil composition.
  • Preferably the amount of alkenyl succinimide present in the lubricating oil composition of the invention ranges from about 1 to about 10 percent by weight of the total composition.
  • the alkali or alkaline earth metal hydrocarbyl sulfonates may be either petroleum sulfonate, synthetically alkylated aromatic sulfonates, or aliphatic sulfonates such as those derived from polyisobutylene.
  • One of the more important functions of the sulfonates is to act as a detergent and dispersant. These sulfonates are well-known in the art.
  • the hydrocarbyl group must have a sufficient number of carbon atoms to render the sulfonate molecule oil soluble.
  • the hydrocarbyl portion has at least 20 carbon atoms and may be aromatic or aliphatic, but is usually alkylaromatic. Most preferred for use are calcium, magnesium or barium sulfonates which are aromatic in character.
  • Certain sulfonates are typically prepared by sulfonating a petroleum fraction having aromatic groups, usually mono- or dialkylbenzene groups, and then forming the metal salt of the sulfonic acid material.
  • Other feedstocks used for preparing these sulfonates include synthetically alkylated benzenes and aliphatic hydrocarbons prepared by polymerizing a mono or diolefin, for example, a polyisobutenyl group prepared by polymerizing isobutene.
  • the metallic salts are formed directly or by metathesis using well-known procedures.
  • the sulfonates may be neutral or overbased having base numbers up to about 400 or more. Carbon dioxide and calcium hydroxide or oxide are the most commonly used material to produce the basic or overbased sulfonates. Mixtures of neutral and overbased sulfonates may be used.
  • the sulfo- nates are ordinarily used so as to provide from 0.3% to 10% by weight of the total composition.
  • the neutral sulfonates are present from 0.4% to 5% by weight of the total composition and the overbased sulfonates are present from 0.3% to 3% by weight of the total composition.
  • the phenates for use in this invention are those conventional products which are the alkali or alkaline earth metal salts of alkylated phenols.
  • One of the functions of the phenates is to act as a detergent and dispersant. Among other things, it prevents the deposition of contaminants formed during high temperature operation of the engine.
  • the phenols may be mono or polyalkylated.
  • the alkyl portion of the alkyl phenate is present to lend oil solubility to the phenate.
  • the alkyl portion can be obtained from naturally occurring or synthetic sources.
  • Naturally occurring sources include petroleum hydrocarbons such as white oil and wax. Being derived from petroleum, the hydrocarbon moiety is a mixture of different hydrocarbyl groups, the specific composition of which depends upon the particular oil stock which was used as a starting material.
  • Suitable synthetic sources include various commercially available alkenes and alkane derivatives which, when reacted with the phenol, yield an alkylphenol.
  • Suitable radicals obtained include butyl, hexyl, octyl, decyl, dodecyl, hexadecyl, eicosyl, tricontyl, and the like.
  • Other suitable synthetic sources of the alkyl radical include olefin polymers such as polypropylene, polybutylene, polyisobutylene and the like.
  • the alkyl group can be straight-chained or branch-chained, saturated or unsaturated (if unsaturated, preferably containing not more than 2 and generally not more than 1 site of olefinic unsaturation).
  • the alkyl radicals will generally contain from 4 to 30 carbon atoms. Generally when the phenol is monoalkyl-substituted, the alkyl radical should contain at least 8 carbon atoms.
  • the phenate may be sulfurized if desired. It may be either neutral or overbased and if overbased will have a base number of up to 200 to 300 or more. Mixtures of neutral and overbased phenates may be used.
  • the phenates are ordinarily present in the oil to provide from 0.2% to 27% by weight of the total composition.
  • the neutral phenates are present from 0.2% to 9% by weight of the total composition and the overbased phenates are present from 0.2 to 13% by weight of the total composition.
  • the overbased phenates are present from 0.2% to 5% by weight of the total composition.
  • Preferred metals are calcium, magnesium, strontium or barium.
  • the sulfurized alkaline earth metal alkyl phenates are preferred. These salts are obtained by a variety of processes such as treating the neutralization product of an alkaline earth metal base and an alkylphenol with sulfur. Conveniently the sulfur, in elemental form, is added to the neutralization product and reacted at elevated temperatures to produce the sulfurized alkaline. earth metal alkyl phenate.
  • Carbon dioxide and calcium hydroxide or oxide are the most commonly used material to produce the basic or "overbased” phenates.
  • a process wherein basic sulfurized alkaline earth metal alkylphenates are produced by adding carbon dioxide is shown in Hanneman, U.S. Patent No. 3,178,368.
  • the Group II metal salts of dihydrocarbyl dithiophosphoric acids exhibit wear, antioxidant and thermal stability properties.
  • Group II metal salts of phosphorodithioic acids have been described previously. See, for example, U.S. Patent No. 3,390,080, columns 6 and 7, wherein these compounds and their preparation are described generally.
  • the Group II metal salts of the dihydrocarbyl dithiophosphoric acids useful in the lubricating oil composition of this invention contain from about- 4 to about 12 carbon atoms in each of the hydrocarbyl radicals and may be the same or different and may be aromatic, alkyl or cycloalkyl.
  • Preferred hydrocarbyl groups are alkyl groups containing from 4 to 8 carbon atoms and are represented by butyl, isobutyl, sec.-butyl, hexyl, isohexyl, octyl, 2-ethylhexyl and the like.
  • the metals suitable for forming these salts include barium, calcium, strontium, zinc and cadmium, of which zinc is preferred.
  • the Group II metal salt of a dihydrocarbyl dithiophosphoric acid has the following formula:
  • R ⁇ and R each independently represent hydrocarbyl radicals as described above, and
  • M- represents a Group II metal cation as described above.
  • the dithiophosphoric salt is present in the lubricating oil compositions of this invention in an amount effective to inhibit wear and oxidation of the lubricating oil.
  • the amount ranges from about 0.1 to about 4 percent by weight of the total composition.
  • the salt is present in an amount ranging from about 0.2 to about 2.5 percent by weight of the total lubricating oil composition.
  • the final lubricating oil composition will ordinarily contain 0.025 to 0.25% by weight phosphorus and preferably 0.05 to 0.15% by weight.
  • Viscosity index (VI) improvers are either non-dispersant or dispersant VI improvers.
  • Non-dispersant VI improvers are typically hydrocarbyl polymers including copolymers and terpolymers. Typically hydrocarbyl copolymers are copolymers of ethylene and propylene.
  • Such non-dispersant VI improvers are disclosed in U.S. Patents Nos. 2,700,633; 2,726,231; 2,792,288; 2,933,480; 3,000,866; 3,063,973; and 3,093,621 which are incorporated herein by reference for their teaching of non-dispersant VI improvers.
  • Dispersant VI improvers can be prepared by functionalizing non-dispersant VI improvers.
  • non-dispersant hydrocarbyl copolymer and terpolymer VI improvers can be functionalized to produce aminated oxidized VI improvers having dispersant properties and a number average molecular weight of from 1,500 to 20,000.
  • Such functionalized dispersant VI improvers are disclosed in U.S. Patents Nos. 3,864,268; 3,769,216; 3,326,804 and 3,316,177 which are incorporated herein by reference for their teaching of such dispersant VI improvers.
  • dispersant VI improvers include amine-grafted acrylic polymers and copolymers wherein one monomer contains at least one amino group. Typical compositions are described in British Patent No. 1,488,382; and U.S. Patents Nos. 4,89,794 and 4,025,452, which are incorporated herein by reference for their teaching of such dispersant VI improvers.
  • Non-dispersant and dispersant VI improvers are generally employed at from 5 to 20 percent by weight in the lubricating oil composition.
  • the alkylphenyl poly(oxypropylene) aminocarbamates of this invention will generally be employed in a hydrocarbon distillate fuel.
  • concentration of this additive necessary in order to achieve the desired detergency and dispersancy varies depending upon the type of fuel employed, the presence of other detergents, dispersants and other additives, etc. Generally, however, from 30 to 5,000 weight parts per million (ppm), and preferably 100 to 500 ppm and more preferably 200 to 300 ppm of alkylphenyl poly(oxypropylene) aminocarbamate per part of base fuel is needed to achieve the best results.
  • ppm weight parts per million
  • a less amount of alkylphenyl poly(oxypropylene) aminocarbamate may be used for performance as a carburetor detergent only.
  • concentrations, for example 30 to 70 ppm may be preferred. Higher concentrations, i.e., 2,000 to 5,000 ppm may result in a clean-up effect on combustion chamber deposits.
  • the deposit control additive may also be formulated as a concentrate, using an inert stable oleophilic organic k solvent boiling in the range of about 150 to 400°F.
  • an aliphatic or an aromatic hydrocarbon solvent is used, such as benzene, toluene, xylene or higher-boiling aromatics or aromatic thinners.
  • Aliphatic alcohols of about 3 to 8 carbon atoms, such as isopropanol, isobutylcarbinol, n-butanol and the like, in combination with hydrocarbon solvents, are also suitable for use with the detergent-dispersant additive.
  • the amount of the additive will be ordinarily at least 5 percent by weight and generally not exceed 50 percent by weight, preferably from 10 to 30 weight percent.
  • demulsifiers When employing certain of the alkylphenyl poly(oxypropylene) aminocarbamates of this invention, particularly those having more than 1 basic nitrogen, it can be desirable to addition- ally add a demulsifier to the gasoline or diesel fuel composition. These demulsifiers are generally added at from 1 to 15 ppm in the fuel composition. Suitable demulsifiers include for instance L-1562 , a high molecular weight glycol capped phenol available from Petrolite Corp., Tretolite Division, St. Louis, Missouri, and OLOA 2503Z , available from Chevron Chemical Company, San Francisco, California.
  • antiknock agents e.g., methylcyclopentadienyl man- ganese tricarbonyl, tetramethyl or tetraethyl lead, or other dispersants or detergents such as various substituted succinimides, amines, etc.
  • lead scav- e ⁇ gers such as aryl halides, e.g., dichlorobenzene or alkyl halides, e.g., ethylene dibromide.
  • antioxi- dants, metal deactivators and demulsifiers may be present.
  • diesel fuels other well-known additives can be employed such as pour point depressants, flow improvers, cetane improvers, etc.
  • the alkylphenyl poly(oxypropylene) aminocarbamates of this invention are useful as dispersant additives when employed in lubricating oils.
  • the additive is usually present in from 0.2 to 10 percent by weight to the total composition, preferably at about 0.5 to 8 percent by weight and more preferably at about 1 to 6 percent by weight.
  • the lubricating oil used with the addi- tive compositions of this invention may be mineral oil or synthetic oils of lubricating viscosity and preferably suitable for use in the crankcase of an internal combustion engine. Crankcase lubricating oils ordinarily have a viscosity of about 1300 CSt 0°F to 22.7 CSt at 210°F (99°C).
  • the lubricating oils may be derived from synthetic or natural sources.
  • Mineral oil for use as the base oil in this invention includes paraffinic, naphthenic and other oils that are ordinarily used in lubricating oil composi- tions.
  • Synthetic oils include both hydrocarbon synthetic oils and synthetic esters.
  • Useful synthetic hydrocarbon oils include liquid polymers of alpha olefins having the proper viscosity. Especially useful are the hydrogenated liquid oligomers of C g to C « 2 alpha olefins such as 1-decene trimer. Likewise, alkyl benzenes of proper viscosity such as didodecyl benzene, can be used.
  • Useful synthetic esters include the esters of both monocarboxylic acid and polycarb- oxylic acids as well as monohydroxy alkanols and polyols. Typical examples are didodecyl adipate, pentaerythritol tetracaproate, di-2-ethylhexyl adipate, dilaurylsebacate and the like. Complex esters prepared from mixtures of mono and dicarboxylic acid and mono and dihydroxy alkanols can also be used.
  • Blends of hydrocarbon oils with synthetic oils are also useful. For example, blends of 10 to 25 weight percent hydrogenated 1-decene trimer with 75 to 90 weight percent 150 SUS (100 ⁇ F) mineral oil gives an excellent lubricating oil base.
  • Additive concentrates are also included within the scope of this invention.
  • the concentrates of this invention usually include from about 90 to 50 weight percent of an oil of lubricating viscosity and from about .10 to 50 weight percent of the additive of this invention.
  • the concen- trates contain sufficient diluent to make them easy to handle during shipping and storage.
  • Suitable diluents for the concentrates include any inert diluent, preferably an oil of lubricating viscosity, so that the concentrate may be readily mixed with lubricating oils to prepare lubricating oil compositions.
  • Suitable lubricating oils which can be used as diluents typically have viscosities in the range from about 35 to about 500 Saybolt Universal Seconds (SUS) at 100°F (38°C), although an oil of lubricating viscosity may be used.
  • SUS Saybolt Universal Seconds
  • additives which may be present in the formulation include rust inhibitors, foam inhibitors, corrosion inhibitors, metal deactivators, pour point depressants, antioxidants, and a variety of other well-known additives.
  • This example shows alpha-olefin oligomers useful in this invention.
  • Into a dry 500-ml, three-necked round bottom flask, equipped with a heating mantle, a mechanical stirrer, and a condenser were charged 200 grams of C- . alpha olefin (Chevron Chemical Co., San Francisco) and 10 grams of an experimental alumina-supported fluorosulfonic acid catalyst (DOW XUS 40036.07), available from Dow Chemical Company. These ingredients were heated and stirred under nitrogen for 25 hrs. at 185°C. At this time, the dark reaction mixture 01 was stripped of any residual C., impurities by heating under
  • Example A shows alpha-olefin oligomers useful in 1 this invention.
  • the C ⁇ . alpha-olefin of " Example A was oligomerized using boron trifluoride gas and 1° an alcohol co-catalyst, as described, for example, in U.S. 17 Patent Nos. 4,238,343 and 4,045,507.
  • Approximately - ⁇ ° 2-1/2 gallons of a clear light yellow liquid containing ⁇ -' approximately 67% dimer, 25% trimer, and 8% tetra er/- ** pentamer combined were prepared. This mixture, having an
  • the C, g -derived olefin oligomer of Example C was used to alkylate phenol in a manner similar to that described in Example 1A.
  • the resulting pinwheel alkyl phenol had an average alkyl carbon content of 34 carbon atoms.
  • the reaction mixture was heated to about 140°C for about 8 hours with stirring under a nitrogen atmosphere.
  • the reaction mixture was stripped by heating under vacuum and the product was filtered hot over diatomaceous earth to afford 574 grams of a C 20 ⁇ C 2 8 alkylphenol with a hydroxyl number of 110 and with 56% para-alkylphenol content.
  • This alkylphenol had approximately 26% dialkyl phenol and had an average alkyl carbon number of 29.
  • This product was a hard wax at room temperature.
  • Example 2A The procedure of Example 2A was used except 966 gm C 2 0 ⁇ C 28 5 alpha olefins and 211.5 gm of phenol were used. The 6 resulting alkyl phenol had approximately 6% dialkyl phenol 7 and an average alkyl carbon number of 24. This product was 8 a wax at room temperature. 9 0 1
  • Example 18 manner similar to Example 2A.
  • the system was warmed to ⁇ approximately 60°C and 60 grams (1.54 moles) of metallic 2 " potassium cut into small pieces was slowly added with
  • Example 13 the product listed as Example 13 below. This product was a
  • Example 5A The entire chloroformate/toluene solution of Example 5A was diluted with 4 liters of dry toluene.
  • 2565 grams (42.7 moles) ethylene diamine (EDA) was also diluted with 4 liters of dry toluene.
  • EDA ethylene diamine
  • these two solution were rapidly mixed using two variable speed -teflon gear pumps and a 10 inch enica static mixer.
  • Example 23 This product was a waxy paste at room temperature and did not pass the wax test as described in Example 45.
  • Example 6 In the manner described in Example 6 above, 2256 grams ⁇ 1.53 moles) of C 2Q to C 28 terminal alkylphenyl poly(oxypropylene) chloroformate prepared similarly to method described in Example 5A above was treated with 2654 grams (25.8 moles) of diethylene triamine (DETA) to afford the title compound having an alkalinity value of 56 and 1.4 weight percent basic nitrogen. This preparation was repeated to give the product listed as Example 27 below. This product was a waxy paste at room temperature and failed the wax test of Example 45. Comparative Example 8 Preparation of n-Butyl Poly(oxypropylene) Ethylene Diamine Carbamate
  • n-butyl poly(oxypropylene) alcohol 2000 grams (0.91 moles) of n-butyl poly(oxypropylene) alcohol was prepared in the manner of Example 4 by substituting n-butanol for the C- to C 28 alkylphenol.
  • the n-butyl poly(oxypropylene) alcohol was then treated with phosgene in the manner of Example 5A to yield the n-butyl poly(oxypropylene) chloroformate which was reacted with 1093 grams (18.2 moles) of ethylene diamine in the manner of Example 6 to yield the title compound as a light yellow liquid having an alkalinity value of 22.5 and 0.56 weight percent basic nitrogen.
  • This product was a liquid at room temperature and passed the wax test of Example 45.
  • hydrocarbyl poly(oxyalkylene) alcohols were prepared by employing different hydrocarbyl groups including those of Examples 2A and 3; by employing different poly(oxyalkylene) groups of different chain lengths. Examples 9 through 17 found below in Table I summarizes the different hydrocarbyl poly(oxyalkylene) alcohols so prepared.
  • hydrocarbyl poly(oxyalkylene) aminocarbamates were prepared by employing different hydrocarbyl groups including those of Examples 2 and 3 and by employing poly(oxyalkylene) groups of different chain lengths. Examples 18 through 28 are found in Table II, which summarizes the different hydrocarbyl poly(oxyalkylene) aminocarbamates so prepared.
  • Example 2B 622 gm (1.45 moles) of the terminal low dialkyl terminal phenol derived from the C 2Q to C- a alpha olefin (Example 2B) was converted to 2048 gm of the poly(oxypropyiene) alcohol (Hydroxyl #, 40.0; MW, 1402) by reaction with approximately 17 moles of propylene oxide. This product was a waxy paste at room temperature.
  • Example 1A was slowly added potassium metal (5.4 gr) in
  • the pinwheel alkyl phenol of example 1A (C, 4 -derived) was converted to the poly(oxypropylene) alcohol by reaction with 16 mole equivalents of propylene oxide in a manner similar to that described in Example 32.
  • Example 5A Example 5A, except that a 20 weight percent no solution of phosgene in toluene was employed rather than 08 condensed phosgene liquid (for handling convenience and ⁇ n safety). After reaction, the chloroformate was then
  • Example 2B the terminal "low" dialkylphenol of Example 2B was converted to a phenol-capped poly(oxypropylene) alcohol containing 13 PO units using a procedure similar to that described in Example 4. This alcohol was converted to the corresponding chloroformate, as in Example 5A using a phosgene/toluene solution. The chloroformate was degassed and used without further purification.
  • Example 6 One portion of this chloroformate was converted to an EDA carbamate as in Example 6 (alkalinity value - 37, 0.93% basic nitrogen) . This product did not pass the wax test of Example 45.
  • Example 35 As demonstrated by Examples 24, 35, 36, 37, and 38, reducing the number of propylene oxide units in the additive backbone does not improve varnish performance nearly as significantly as does increasing the number of alkyl carbons in the alkyl phenol.
  • Example 35 an average alkyl carbon content of 24 carbon atoms with PO formulations is insufficient to provide the required varnish and sludge control.
  • Example 36 Only by reducing the PO content (Example 36) nor by switching to DETA carbamates (Example 37) can varnish performance be restored to the level exemplified by Example 24.
  • Example 38 By increasing the dialkyl content to a higher level (Example 38) performance is restored to base case values. None of these examples, however, represents a total solution to the overall problem which additionally requires these additives to be nonwaxy at low temperatures, thus passing the test of Example 45.
  • Example 5B The chloroformate/toluene solution of Example 5B was diluted to 2 liters with dry toluene. In a separate flask, 530 grams of diethylene triamine (5.2 moles) was also diluted to 2 liters with dry toluene. These two solutions were rapidly mixed using two variable speed teflon gear pumps and a 10-inch Kenics static mixer. The crude reaction mixture was then stripped, diluted with 6 liters of hexane, and washed successively with water (4X), basic (pH»9) water (2X), and water (4X). Phase separation was improved by adding isopropanol as needed.
  • the pinwheel alcohols 33 and 34 were reacted in a manner similar to Examples 5 and 7 to give a C 14 -derived DETA pinwheel carbamate having 16 oxypropylene units and an average alkyl carbon number of 34 (Example 40) and a C-g-derived DETA pinwheel carbamate having 17 oxypropylene units and an average alkyl carbon number of 36 (Example 41). These products pass the wax test at -40°C and do not produce detrimental sludge or varnish relative to base oil.
  • the lubricating oil composition was formulated to contain: 6 percent by weight of a monopolyisobutenyl succinimide; 20 millimoles per kilogram of a highly overbased sulfurized calcium phenate; 30 millimoles per kilogram of a highly overbased sulfurized calcium hydrocarbyl sulfonate; 22.5 millimoles per kilogram of a zinc dithiophosphate; 13 weight percent of a commercial non-dispersant viscosity index improver; 5 parts per million of a foam inhibitor in 150N Exxon base oil to give a 10 W 40 formulated oil.
  • the oil solubility of the additive was determined as follows:
  • Additives that were marginally soluble in this blend separated as a denser secondary phase, and were clearly visible as such without the need for centrifugation.
  • Additives which gave rise to oil incompatibility problems were inherently oil soluble, however, they tended to displace what appears to be the VI (viscosity index) improver. This phenomenon resulted in the separation of the VI improver which is less dense than the bulk oil forming a clear thick upper layer.
  • the solubility/compatibility of a gasoline additive was thereby defined as the highest con- centration (on a weight basis) which did not result in the formation of either an insoluble lower additive phase or an insoluble upper VI improver phase.
  • oil solubility (or insolubility) of the hydrocarbyl poly(oxyalkylene) aminocarbamates including the alkylphenyl poly(oxypropylene) aminocarbamates of this invention is believed to correlate well to the oil solubility of the precursor hydrocarbyl poly(oxyalkylene) alcohol.
  • Table III contains solubility data for the hydrocarbyl poly(oxyalkylene) alcohols. Oil solubility is reported in weight percent of additive in the lubricating oil composition. -I I TABLE I I I
  • Formulated oils containing alkylphenyl poly(oxypropylene) aminocarbamate were tested in a Sequence V-D test method as well as formulated oils containing comparative hydrocarbyl poly(oxyalkylene) aminocarbamates.
  • This procedure utilizes a Ford 2.3-liter, four-cylinder Pinto engine.
  • the test method simulates a type of severe field test service characterized by a combination of low speed, low temperature "stop and go" city driving and moderate turnpike operation.
  • the effectiveness of the additives in the oil is measured in terms of the protection against sludge and varnish deposits on a 0 to 10 scale with 0 being black and 10 indicating no varnish or sludge deposits. The results of these tests are found in Table IV below.
  • the reference composition was formulated to contain: 6 percent by weight of a mono-polyisobutenyl succinimide; 20 millimoles per kilogram of a highly overbased sulfurized calcium phenate; 30 millimoles per kilogram of a highly overbased calcium hydrocarbyl sulfonate; 22.5 millimoles per kilogram of a zinc dithiophosphate; 13 weight percent of a commercial non-dispersant viscosity index improver; 5 parts per million of a foam inhibitor in 150N Exxon base oil to give a 10 W 40 formulated oil.
  • Examples 18 through 22 represent prior art hydrocarbyl poly(oxyalkylene) aminocarbamates.
  • This Table establishes that the alkylphenyl poly(oxypropylene) aminocarbamates of this invention (Examples 39-41) were less detrimental, i.e. gave decreased crankcase deposits, as measured by average varnish in the Sequence V-D results.
  • the table also establishes that the additives of this invention possess lubricating oil compatibility. This is particularly surprising in view of the fact that prior art hydrocarbyl poly(oxypropylene) aminocarbamates are not lubricating oil compatible, i.e.. Examples 18, 19 and 20.
  • the thermal oxidative stability of fuel additives can be measured by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA).
  • TGA thermogravimetric analysis
  • the TGA procedure employed Du Pont 951 TGA instrumentation coupled with a microcomputer for data analysis. Samples of the fuel additives, approximately 25 milligrams, were heated isother- mally at 200°C under air flowing at 100 cubic centimeters per minute. The weight of the sample was monitored as a function of time. Incremental weight loss is considered to be a first order process.
  • Kinetic data i.e., rate constants and half-lives, were readily determined from the accumulated TGA data. The half-life measured by this pro- cedure represents the time it takes for half of the additive to decompose and evaporate.
  • Half-life data for a fuel additive correlates to the likelihood that that additive will contribute to ORI.
  • Lower half-lives represent a more easily decomposable product one which will not as likely accumulate and form deposits in the combustion chamber.
  • All of the comparative carbamate examples and the carbamate examples of the present invention have good TGA performance, i.e. half lives of less than about 4 hours, and therefore will contribute minimally to ORI.
  • test additive (30 gr) is dissolved in an equivalent weight of reagent grade toluene, cooled to -40°C, and held at that temperature for four weeks. The sample solution is then inspected for visual clarity ("brightness"). If any sedimented solids appear or the sample is hazy, the sample n has failed the test. A sample which passes this test is one described as "clear and bright", a well-known industry-designated standard.
  • Nmr spectroscopy provides a method for measuring the backbone "epoxide content" of these additives.
  • the ether carbons and their associated protons are segregated and easily “counted”.
  • the polyethers were also dissolved in deuteromethylene chloride (400 mg/ml) which contained approximately 5 mg of a relaxation agent Cr(III)-tris-acetylacetonate, i.e., Cr(III) (AcAc),. All spectra were determined using high performance 5 mm Nmr tubes. 11
  • the aromatic protons (6.5 to 7.5 ppm) serve as the internal standard for this evaluation.
  • the integral value for this region of the spectra is divided by 3.75. This signal value per proton is then used to evaluate ether carbon proton content. Otherwise, this signal is attributed to four aryl protons (for phenols having ⁇ 10% dialkylation) .
  • the ether protons of interest lie in the region between 3.2 and 4.0 ppm.
  • mass of methylene and methine protons which include the separated multiplets observed for the first and the last epoxide units assembled in these polyethers.
  • One-half of the total number of PO related protons are observed in this region, whereas only three-eighths of the BO-related protons are represented here.
  • the six aromatic carbons (105 to 160 ppm) serve as the internal standard for this evaluation. This is no need to make any allowances for the presence of dialkyl phenol in this case.
  • the ether carbons of interest lie in the region between 60 and 80 ppm. Bearing in mind that only two-thirds of the observable PO-related carbons are counted in this region (one-half for BO polymers), the calculation to determine epoxide units is straightforward.
  • a sample of an alkylphenyl poly(oxyalkylene) aminocarbamate identified by Infrared and Nmr spectroscopy) is hydrolyzed using strong base to afford the corresponding polyoxyalkylene alcohol. Further nonoxidative thermal degradation strips away the polyether portions leaving behind the alkyl phenol. This residue can then be examined " 74 by Mass Spectroscopy for the appearance of the tropylium ion species. Alkyl phenols tend to fragment in such a way that the larger of the two (or three) benzylic substituents will be eliminated in the formation of the observed phenol ion species.
  • the tropylium ions generated from simple alpha olefins will typically contain from 1-3 carbon atoms more than those accounted for by the aromatic ring itself.
  • the same ionized species generated from the pinwheel alkyl phenols employed in the invention such as those derived from an alpha olefin oligomer, will contain many more carbon atoms due to fragmentation at the benzylic positions.
  • tropylium ion species are readily formed from alkyl phenols, and high energy impact ionization may be too severe a technique for all cases. As a result, under forcing conditions, more detailed information concerning the structure of the alkyl portion may be lost. In these cases, it is possible to examine "low energy" impact ionization which may be useful for observing these tropylium ions. In any event, tropylium ions are noted for their relative stability and more often than not appear as the base ion peak (peak of highest relative intensity). See: Silverstein, Bassler, and Morril, Spectrometric Identification of Organic Compounds. Wiley and Sons (New York, 1974) pp. 19-22.
  • Another less preferred but supporting analysis can be per- formed by conducting carefully controlled oxidations of the alkyl phenol side chains. This is typically done via aqueous potassium permanganate oxidation under pH conditions designed to control the extent of the oxidative chain cleavage reactions desired. If the alkyl phenol has been derived by alkylation with, for example, linear alpha ole- fins, then a bimodal distribution of low and high molecular weight alkanoic acids will result. However, if the phenol in question is a pinwheel alkyl phenol and the phenyl ring is.attached toward the center of the alkyl chain, then higher molecular weight alkanoic acids will be observed, although they may not comprise the majority of oxidation reaction products.
  • the molecular weight is calculated: MW •» 56,100/hydroxyl number, wherein 56,100 is the meg. wt. of KOH.
  • alkyl groups are saturated hydrocarbons, dividing the balance portion by 14 (the mass units for a -CH 2 - moiety) gives the average number of alkyl hydrocarbon atoms in the phenol.
  • Nmr analysis can be used to determine the average alkyl hydrocarbon content.
  • Nmr analysis of integrated H spectra indicate the relative balance of aryl to aliphatic hydrogens which can be used to approximate the average hydrocarbon content of the phenol.
  • the number of aromatic carbons can be used as an internal standard for gauging the average number of saturated carbons in the phenol.
  • the 1H and 13C Nmr results are averaged and are in good agreement with the chemical determination.

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Abstract

On décrit des aminocarbamates liquides de poly(oxypropylène) alkylphényles qui ne se transforment pas en cire lorsque refroidies à -40°C, se trouvant dans une solution de 50 % en poids avec du toluène, lesdits aminocarbamates ayant au moins un azote de base et un poids moléculaire moyen compris entre environ 600 et 6000, et dont le groupe alkyle est formé d'une chaîne sensiblement droite comprenant entre 25 et 50 atomes de carbone. On décrit également des compositions et des concentrés de carburant de même que des compositions et des concentrés d'huile de lubrification contenant lesdits aminocarbamates de poly(oxypropylène) alkylphényles.
EP19890903547 1988-12-30 1988-12-30 Lubricating oil compositions and fuel compositions containing substantially straight chain pinwheel alkylphenyl poly(oxypropylene) aminocarbamates Withdrawn EP0419488A4 (en)

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US5366517A (en) * 1992-12-18 1994-11-22 Chevron Research And Technology Company Fuel additive compositions containing poly(oxyalkylene) hydroxyaromatic ethers and poly(oxyalkylene) amines
US5306314A (en) * 1993-04-01 1994-04-26 Chevron Research And Technology Company Poly(alkylene ether) aminocarbamates and fuel compositions containing the same
CA2178677A1 (fr) * 1995-07-06 1997-01-07 Richard E. Cherpeck Amides aromatiques de poly(oxyalkylene)carbamates; compositions combustibles qui en renferment
US6841616B2 (en) * 2003-03-28 2005-01-11 Arkema Inc. Polymerization of halogen-containing monomers using siloxane surfactant
EP4433556A1 (fr) 2021-11-16 2024-09-25 Hediger, Richard Procédé de production d'un additif pour carburant

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