EP0410501A1 - Wirbelbett zum Abschrecken von Stahldrähten - Google Patents

Wirbelbett zum Abschrecken von Stahldrähten Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0410501A1
EP0410501A1 EP90201864A EP90201864A EP0410501A1 EP 0410501 A1 EP0410501 A1 EP 0410501A1 EP 90201864 A EP90201864 A EP 90201864A EP 90201864 A EP90201864 A EP 90201864A EP 0410501 A1 EP0410501 A1 EP 0410501A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
fluidized bed
wires
cooling
temperature
convection cooler
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP90201864A
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English (en)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0410501B1 (de
Inventor
Jozef Weedaeghe
Marcel Corteville
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Bekaert NV SA
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Bekaert NV SA
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Filing date
Publication date
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Publication of EP0410501A1 publication Critical patent/EP0410501A1/de
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0410501B1 publication Critical patent/EP0410501B1/de
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D9/00—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor
    • C21D9/52—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor for wires; for strips ; for rods of unlimited length
    • C21D9/54—Furnaces for treating strips or wire
    • C21D9/56—Continuous furnaces for strip or wire
    • C21D9/567—Continuous furnaces for strip or wire with heating in fluidised beds
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D1/00—General methods or devices for heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering
    • C21D1/74—Methods of treatment in inert gas, controlled atmosphere, vacuum or pulverulent material
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D9/00—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor
    • C21D9/52—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor for wires; for strips ; for rods of unlimited length
    • C21D9/54—Furnaces for treating strips or wire
    • C21D9/56—Continuous furnaces for strip or wire
    • C21D9/573—Continuous furnaces for strip or wire with cooling
    • C21D9/5732—Continuous furnaces for strip or wire with cooling of wires; of rods
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D9/00—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor
    • C21D9/52—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor for wires; for strips ; for rods of unlimited length
    • C21D9/54—Furnaces for treating strips or wire
    • C21D9/64—Patenting furnaces

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a fluidized bed adapted for conti­nuous quenching of steel wires to a temperature of 250°C at the lowest.
  • a fluidized bed comprises a container that is filled to a certain height with granules that form the fluidized bed.
  • the granules are inert to high tempera­tures of 1500°C and more.
  • At the bottom of the granule bed there is an inlet adapted for blowing a carrying gas upwards into the bed, with an input flow that is as equally as possi­ble distributed over the bottom surface of the bed.
  • Typical grain materials are silica-, amumina-, or zirconiasand, silicon carbide or ferrosilicon, and typical grain dimensions lie in the range between 0.03 and 0.5 milli­meter and typical fluidized bed heights for wire applications lie around 0.3 - 0.6 meter.
  • the blowing speed into the bed for fluidization thereof depends on the chosen grain type, and typical speeds lie in the range between 0.06 and 0.15 m/sec.
  • the cooling medium receives a heat trans­mission coefficient towards the wires of the order of 200 to 600 W/m2°K, which already comes near to the coefficient for cooling liquids. With such cooling medium it is then possible to quench steel wires i.e. to cool with a speed of more than 200°C per second.
  • the fluidized bed is further provided with the necessary wire guiding and access means to guide the wire in and out the fluidized bed.
  • the fluidized bed will be arranged for simultaneous and continuous treatment of a number of wires (typical quantities are 10 to 50), which pass side by side through the fluidized bed, in the axial direction of the wires.
  • Typical wire thicknesses vary from 1 to 6 millimeter, and typical carbon contents lie in the range from 0.05 to 1 %.
  • Such a fluidized bed has to maintain its quenching tempera­ture. This means that the quantity of heat that enters the bed via the hot wires and that is given off to the cooling fluid, must also be carried off with the same speed from the fluid. In a fluidized bed, this occurs via the carrying gas that is blown in at a comparatively low temperature, that then takes over the heat from the grains, and that then leaves the bed at the top of it at a higher temperature.
  • the temperature of the fluidized bed is kept as a constant value (notwithstanding any disturbancies in the traveling speed and entrance temperature of the wires, and other disturbancies) by a regulator of the temperature that influences the entrance temperature of the carrying gas, as described in EP 195.473 (publication number). From the same document it is also known to additionally cool the fluidized bed by means of a propely system of water cooling pipes that are immersed in the fluidized bed, or by means of blowers that blow cooling air above the fluidized bed.
  • Such fluidized bed is however limited with respect to its production capacity (i.e. kg of wire treated per second) per square meter of bed surface, so that a large production also needs a comparatively large fluidized bed.
  • the primary cooling by the carrying gas is limited indeed, because the speed of the carrying gas through the bed cannot be forced up above values above 0.15 - 0.20 m/sec because the grains would then be blown out of the bed. Consequently, the flow input (m3/sec) per square meter of surface (is equal to the speed) has a limit, and the maximum possible difference between entrance and exit temperature of the carrying gas has also a limit that is mainly determined by the imposed quenching temperature.
  • the startery cooling must be limited, because the water pipes cause a disturbance in the fluidization, and if there are too many of them, the flui­dized bed appears rapidly to block up and to collapse.
  • air blow cooling is used above the bed, then the heat drain capacity of the air is too small, and when this air is mixed up with atomized water, then it appears that this causes the upper surface of the bed to cake together.
  • three measures are combined with each other : markedly increasing the density of the pipe system (indirect convection cooling), using a pipe system with air instead of water, and transferring the temperature control from the primary to the secondary cooling circuit.
  • the density of the pipe system is consequently at least such, that its external surface where the cooling by convection of the fluidized bed occurs, takes at least 0.40 m2 per square meter bed surface, and preferably at least 0.80 m2. And it is intended, when in use, to send a nominal air flow through it which causes a cooling capacity (KW/m2 bed surface) of the convection cooler that amounts to at least twice, and prefera­bly four times, the cooling capacity of the primary cooling by the carrying gas.
  • the depoty cooling system mustnot necessarily have the form of a number of pipes, but can also take other forms, in so far as the system is based on indi­rect convection cooling, i.e. cooling through a separating wall with convection on either side thereof.
  • the control of the tem­perature of the fluidized bed is transferred from the primary cooling circuit, with the carrying gas, to the depoty cooling circuit, with the indirect convection cooling with air.
  • This is now easily feasible by control of the air flow that can be obtained at cold temperature and without any limit from the ambient air.
  • Flow control of a water cooling system is much more difficult because this is continuously disturbed by steam formation. Due to the fact that according to said first measure, the bulk of the cooling has been trans­ferred from the primary to the propely circuit, the steering with the propely cooling, from zero to the nominal cooling capacity, provides a very strong regulating system for the temperature.
  • the cooling capacity of the convection cooler fed with air that is sucked in by a ventilator, can further be increased by injecting, in the air stream through the convection cooler, either in the cooler itself or in the supply duct, an atomized liquid, preferably water. Then it is possible to regulate the temperature of the bed by varying the flow, either of the cooling air, or of the liquid injection, or both. In fact, by acting on the injection of an atomized liquid, the specific heat C p of the cooling air is con­trolled. This specific heat is at its lowest level when the air is completely dry, but by injection of an atomized liquid, the vaporizing heat for the very small drops per unit of volume is added.
  • the convection cooler has an inlet that is connected with an air source, and the specific heat flow H of the air stream through the convection cooler is variable, and the convection cooler comprises a regulator for keeping the fluidized bed temperature at a con­stant value, by varying said specific heat flow.
  • Such a regulator will consequently, according to the general principles in control engineering, comprise a feeling device of the temperature of the fluidized bed, that produces a signal that is representative for that temperature, and a comparator, where said temperature is compared with an adjusted desired temperature and where a correction signal is generated that is representative of the observed deviation, to which is possibly added the integral and/or the derivative over the time of such difference (in the well-known P, PI, PD or PID regulating systems), and a correcting device where said correction signal is transformed into a variation of a magnitude by means of which the temperature is regulated (in this case the flow of air and/or the liquid injection).
  • the system according to the invention and in which the flui­dized bed is kept in a non-oxydising athmosphere, and in which the carrying gas comes from a furnace with uncomplete combustion, is extremely adapted for the quenching operation when continuously patenting steel wires.
  • the wire is firstly continuously passed through an austenitizing furnace, in which the wire is heated up to a temperature ranging between 900°C and 1050°C, and then, on exit from the austenitizing furnace, is immediately quenched to a temperature ranging from 530°C to 570°C.
  • the exhaust gas of the austenitizing furnace is used.
  • the maximal heat drain capacity of the carrying gas per m2 of bed surface is limited to about 25 KW.
  • the bed Owing to the presence of the strong depoty convection cooling, it is not necessary to design the bed for maximal cooling, so that a larger freedom exists for the design, and the bed can be designed for a heat drain of 10 to 15 KW per m2 bed surface.
  • the nominal flow of the propely air cooling is then designed to a value that amounts to more than four times the above value, for instance five times, and in any case more than 50 KW/m2, for instance 75 KW/m2.
  • Figure 1 shows a fluidized bed installation that is used for the continuous patenting of a row of steel wires 1, that are traveling side by side in the axial direction of the wires, i.e. in the direction of arrow 2.
  • the row of steel wires is located in a single plane, perpendicular to the plane of the drawing, only one wire is visible.
  • Figure 2 which is a partial view from the top, the parallel wires 1 are all visible.
  • the whole of the fluidized bed installation consists of four fluidized bed chambers, 3, 4, 5 and 6 respec­tively, which are separated from each other by partitions 7 and 8, and which immediately follow the one after the other in downstream direction of the wires.
  • the first chamber serves for quenching the entering wires, from a temperature inside the austenitizing range (depending on the steel and the desired final characteristics for the wire, this range lies in general between 900°C and 1050°C) to the patenting temperature, i.e. the temperature at which the formation of a fine sorbitic structure can start (depending on the steel and the desired final characteristics for the wire, this range lies in general between 530°C and 570°C). It is in this first chamber that the quenching has to occur, and where the problems arise that form the basis for the present invention, and consequently, it is this first chamber that is executed according to the invention.
  • the second, third and fourth chamber serve to keep the wire at the patenting tem­perature during the time, necessary to allow the transforma­tion into sorbite.
  • the temperature of each chamber can be regulated to a temperature that must not necessarily be the same for the four chambers.
  • the temperature difference can in theory be zero, or the fluidized bed temperature slightly higher, in order to compensate the radiation losses.
  • the tem­perature in the last three chambers must not necessarily be the patenting temperature to which the wire was quenched in the first chamber, but can diverge therefrom by 30°C below or above said temperature, depending on the metallographic structure, aimed at for the sorbite.
  • the length of the chambers may differ, and the number of chambers may vary from 2 to 8 or more.
  • the whole of the fluidized bed installation is surrounded by a casing 9, that separates the fluidized bed chambers 3 to 6 as much as possible from the external athmosphere, with the exception of the slit openings 10 for the entrance and the exit of the row of wires 1 in and out the inside part of the installation, and of the inlet and outlet openings 11, respec­tively 12, for the carrying gas of each fluidized bed chamber separately.
  • the four fluidized bed chambers 3 to 6 each comprise a flui­dized bed 13 to 16 respectively, that is filled with grains of aluminium oxide with a grain size ranging between 0.03 and 0.5 mm, and in fluidized state, this bed reaches a height that in general is chosen between 0.3 and 0.6 meter, depen­ding on the desired time for keeping the carrying gas in con­tact with the fluidized bed grains.
  • the temperature to which the fluidized bed of the first chamber has to be regulated depends on the required cooling speed of the steel, i.e. on the diameter of the wires and their traveling speed, so that the cooling can penetrate to the core of the wire during the short dwelling time of the wire in the first chamber. For the traveling speeds used in this example, a temperature is taken around the value (500°C - 40d) in which d is the diameter of the wire in mm.
  • the fluidized bed of the first chamber has a length, in the direction of the wires, of 1.10 m and a width of 1 meter, and the maximal number of wires that can be guided through this fluidized bed depends on the maximum heat drain capacity of the fluidized bed and on the diameter of the wires.
  • the maximum total heat drain capacity has been designed for 105 KW, which corresponds with a capacity of quenching of maximum 1500 kg of steel per hour in the patenting operation, and this has to be taken into account when choosing the number of wires with a given diameter. In such choice it is also necessary to take into account the necessary dwelling time of the wire in the first chamber, which is inversely proportional to the dia­meter of the wire.
  • this sytem will have a traveling speed of about 0,475 m/sec, and will be capable to treat up to 30 parallel wires at a maximum heat drain capacity of 105 KW.
  • the system for guiding the wire through the fluidized bed has been designed for guiding 30 wires of a diameter of 1 to 6 mm. In the case of larger diameters, less than 30 wires shall then be treated in parallel, in order not to exceed the maximum designed production capacity.
  • the exhaust gas is taken of a furnace (not shown), that is located immediately upstream, with respect to the wire movement, before the fluidized bed installation of Figure 1, which furnace is traversed by the same wires in order to be brought at an austenitizing temperature (between 900 and 1050°C). In this furnace, combustion takes place with a shortage of oxygen, so that this carrying gas cannot pro­voke any oxydation of the wire.
  • the exhaust gas is sucked by a ventilator 17 via a heat exchanger 18, and is further blown through to the first fluidized bed 3.
  • the exhaust gas is cooled down to about 150°C, and this gas is then blown in, via inlet 11 of the fluidized bed 3, in the plenum chamber 19 subjacent to fluidized bed 13.
  • the plenum chamber 19 is separated from the fluidized bed 13 by the bottom 20 of fluidized bed chamber 3, and this bottom is provided with a multiplicity of blowing orifices 21, through which the carrying gas is blown, from the plenum chamber into the fluidized bed chamber, in a way, uniformly distributed over the bottom surface, and at a temperature of about 120°C.
  • blowing orifices those as explained in US 4.813.653 are used.
  • the procury cooling occurs by means of air, that is sucked from the surrounding athmosphere by a ventilator 22 via inlet 36, and that is further blown, via flow regulator 23, through a system of pipes 24 towards an outlet 25.
  • the pipe system consists in this case of eight pipes 26 having an U-form, that are immersed in oblique position in the bed, and that are connected together in parallel.
  • the plane of each U, and also both legs of the U are perpendicular to the plane of the drawing, so that the U-form can not be seen.
  • the U-form can be seen, although it is not located in the (horizontal) plane of the drawing.
  • Each one of the eight U's comprises a straight and horizontally running entrance leg 27 and exit leg 28, that are connected together into a U-form by means of an elbow 29. All entrance legs 27 lie in the same horizontal plane 30 (Figure 1), and all exit legs 28 in another subjacent plane 31.
  • the diameter of the pipes is not so large, and the pipe system not so compact, as to prevent to look through the pipe system in vertical projection ( Figure 2). Between the different legs, an interspace 32 is always visible in ver­tical projection. In this way, the fluidization through this comparatively compact pipe system is not jeopardized.
  • cooling elements be not concentrated in a single horizontal plane, but that they should rather be dis­tributed over two or more horizontal planes. It has further to be seen that the interspaces between the cooling elements can be reached as well as possible by the vertical gas stream, and that the resistance against this stream be distributed as equally as possible over the bed surface.
  • the entrance and exit legs 27 respectively 28, are connected in parallel to an entrance and exit tube, 33 respectively 34, via a number of vertically running con­necting tubes 35 outside the casing.
  • the entrance and exit legs mustnot necessarily be perpendicular to the traveling direction of the wires, but may cross that direction otherwise than perpendicularly, although the perpendicular crossing is preferred.
  • the flow regulator 23 is steered by a control system 37 for the control of the temperature of the fluidized bed around the wires, in order to keep this temperature at a constant value, despite all disturbances, such as fluctuations of the heat drain by the carrying gas, or of the heat input via the wire (mainly speed changes).
  • a regulating sys­tem comprises a feeling device (not shown) of the tempera­ture, located in the fluidized bed in the proximity of the wires, and that sends its output signal to a comparator that measures the deviation of the measured value from the desired value. This deviation is then transformed, in an analog or digital way, into a correction signal (having, as usual, a proportional, differential and integral portion), and this correction signal acts on flow regulator 23 so as to increase or to reduce the cooling air flow to the extent as wanted.
  • the cooling pipes are made of steel and have an outer dia­meter of 4.8 cm. This gives a cooling surface of about 2 m2 per square meter of bed surface.
  • the exit temperature of the air is then about 200°C at a nominal flow of 2000 Nm3 per hour, and this corresponds to a nominal heat-drain of about 93 KW, taking into account the heating-up of the air in the sucking ventilator.
  • This is a heat drain capacity of 7.75 times the heat drain capacity of the primary cooling system.
  • the advantage of the invention can however sufficiently be exploited when the cooling sur­face of the startery circuit is larger than 0.4 m2 per square meter of bed surface and when the heat drain by the furnishy circuit is larger than three times the heat drain of the primary circuit.
  • the second, third and fourth fluidized bed chamber respec­tively 4 to 6, have each, in this example of embodiment, an own inlet for the carrying gas.
  • the carrying gas shall be blown in at this temperature (between 530°C and 570°C). This temperature can be different from one chamber to the other.
  • This carrying gas shall prefe­rably come from the same austenitizing furnace, but has to be cooled down to a lesser extent.
  • the invention is not limited to quenching in the patenting operation, but can be applied in any installation with one or more fluidized bed chambers, in which each chamber has its own function in an overall heat treatment programme that the steel wires have to undergo, and in which one of these cham­bers serve for quenching from a higher temperature to a lower one, which has however not to be below about 250°C, in order to avoid condensation of moistness in the carrying gas.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Heat Treatment Of Strip Materials And Filament Materials (AREA)
EP90201864A 1989-07-26 1990-07-10 Wirbelbett zum Abschrecken von Stahldrähten Expired - Lifetime EP0410501B1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
BE8900809 1989-07-26
BE8900809A BE1004383A3 (nl) 1989-07-26 1989-07-26 Wervelbed voor het afschrikken van staaldraad.

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0410501A1 true EP0410501A1 (de) 1991-01-30
EP0410501B1 EP0410501B1 (de) 1996-01-17

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EP90201864A Expired - Lifetime EP0410501B1 (de) 1989-07-26 1990-07-10 Wirbelbett zum Abschrecken von Stahldrähten

Country Status (7)

Country Link
EP (1) EP0410501B1 (de)
JP (1) JP2931053B2 (de)
KR (1) KR0180725B1 (de)
BE (1) BE1004383A3 (de)
BR (1) BR9003605A (de)
DE (1) DE69024869T2 (de)
ES (1) ES2084648T3 (de)

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2003031661A1 (en) * 2001-10-08 2003-04-17 Metso Paper, Inc. Heat treatment method
US9169528B2 (en) 2008-04-30 2015-10-27 Nv Bekaert Sa Steel filament patented in bismuth
US12091739B2 (en) 2018-06-13 2024-09-17 Arcelormittal Vacuum deposition facility and method for coating a substrate
US12091744B2 (en) 2018-06-13 2024-09-17 Arcelormittal Vacuum deposition facility and method for coating a substrate

Families Citing this family (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JP3968406B1 (ja) * 2006-08-16 2007-08-29 株式会社アルケミー 鋼線材のパテンティング方法
JP2020143344A (ja) * 2019-03-07 2020-09-10 山田 榮子 鋼線の加熱冷却用流動床炉
KR102204335B1 (ko) 2020-08-31 2021-01-18 소병현 이동식 교반기능을 갖는 퇴비용 부숙 건조기

Citations (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR1490853A (fr) * 1966-08-25 1967-08-04 Schloemann Ag Dispositif pour le patentage continu de fil laminé
GB1147129A (en) * 1967-03-04 1969-04-02 Huettenwerk Oberhausen Ag Improvements in or relating to devices for the heat treatment of metallic articles, more particularly rolled wire
US3718024A (en) * 1971-02-12 1973-02-27 Morgan Construction Co Apparatus including a fluidized bed for cooling steel rod through transformation
DE3226582A1 (de) * 1982-07-16 1984-01-19 Ewald Schwing Verfahrenstechnik GmbH, 4133 Neukirchen-Vluyn Vorrichtung zum kuehlen von stabmaterial
EP0181653A1 (de) * 1984-10-19 1986-05-21 N.V. Bekaert S.A. Wirbelbettvorrichtung
EP0195473A1 (de) * 1985-03-04 1986-09-24 N.V. Bekaert S.A. Wärmebehandlung von Stahlgegenständen in Wirbelbetten
WO1989003433A1 (en) * 1987-10-09 1989-04-20 Ewald Schwing Process for hot quenching of alloyed steel objects

Patent Citations (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR1490853A (fr) * 1966-08-25 1967-08-04 Schloemann Ag Dispositif pour le patentage continu de fil laminé
GB1147129A (en) * 1967-03-04 1969-04-02 Huettenwerk Oberhausen Ag Improvements in or relating to devices for the heat treatment of metallic articles, more particularly rolled wire
US3718024A (en) * 1971-02-12 1973-02-27 Morgan Construction Co Apparatus including a fluidized bed for cooling steel rod through transformation
DE3226582A1 (de) * 1982-07-16 1984-01-19 Ewald Schwing Verfahrenstechnik GmbH, 4133 Neukirchen-Vluyn Vorrichtung zum kuehlen von stabmaterial
EP0181653A1 (de) * 1984-10-19 1986-05-21 N.V. Bekaert S.A. Wirbelbettvorrichtung
EP0195473A1 (de) * 1985-03-04 1986-09-24 N.V. Bekaert S.A. Wärmebehandlung von Stahlgegenständen in Wirbelbetten
WO1989003433A1 (en) * 1987-10-09 1989-04-20 Ewald Schwing Process for hot quenching of alloyed steel objects

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2003031661A1 (en) * 2001-10-08 2003-04-17 Metso Paper, Inc. Heat treatment method
US9169528B2 (en) 2008-04-30 2015-10-27 Nv Bekaert Sa Steel filament patented in bismuth
US12091739B2 (en) 2018-06-13 2024-09-17 Arcelormittal Vacuum deposition facility and method for coating a substrate
US12091744B2 (en) 2018-06-13 2024-09-17 Arcelormittal Vacuum deposition facility and method for coating a substrate

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
KR910003120A (ko) 1991-02-26
KR0180725B1 (ko) 1999-02-18
EP0410501B1 (de) 1996-01-17
DE69024869T2 (de) 1996-05-30
JP2931053B2 (ja) 1999-08-09
JPH03146623A (ja) 1991-06-21
ES2084648T3 (es) 1996-05-16
BR9003605A (pt) 1991-08-27
DE69024869D1 (de) 1996-02-29
BE1004383A3 (nl) 1992-11-10

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