EP0410075B1 - Propellant charge container - Google Patents
Propellant charge container Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP0410075B1 EP0410075B1 EP90105422A EP90105422A EP0410075B1 EP 0410075 B1 EP0410075 B1 EP 0410075B1 EP 90105422 A EP90105422 A EP 90105422A EP 90105422 A EP90105422 A EP 90105422A EP 0410075 B1 EP0410075 B1 EP 0410075B1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- propellant charge
- wax
- coating
- cover
- casing
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
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Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F42—AMMUNITION; BLASTING
- F42B—EXPLOSIVE CHARGES, e.g. FOR BLASTING, FIREWORKS, AMMUNITION
- F42B5/00—Cartridge ammunition, e.g. separately-loaded propellant charges
- F42B5/02—Cartridges, i.e. cases with charge and missile
- F42B5/18—Caseless ammunition; Cartridges having combustible cases
- F42B5/181—Caseless ammunition; Cartridges having combustible cases consisting of a combustible casing wall and a metal base; Connectors therefor
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F42—AMMUNITION; BLASTING
- F42B—EXPLOSIVE CHARGES, e.g. FOR BLASTING, FIREWORKS, AMMUNITION
- F42B5/00—Cartridge ammunition, e.g. separately-loaded propellant charges
- F42B5/02—Cartridges, i.e. cases with charge and missile
- F42B5/18—Caseless ammunition; Cartridges having combustible cases
- F42B5/192—Cartridge cases characterised by the material of the casing wall
- F42B5/196—Coatings
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S102/00—Ammunition and explosives
- Y10S102/70—Combustilbe cartridge
Definitions
- the invention relates to a propellant charge container or a propellant charge sleeve according to the features of the preamble of claim 1. As well as a method for its production according to the preamble of claim 4.
- a conventional metal cartridge with a glued-in additive sleeve consisting of coated linen fabric, polyethylene film and synthetic silk.
- the linen fabric is coated with a mixture of wax and titanium dioxide TiO2 and is covered on the inside with plastic film and the other textile layer to protect it from abrasion by propellant powder grains.
- This special design of the multi-layer additive sleeve is intended to prevent the powder from being desensitized by wax abrasion when subjected to mechanical stress at high temperatures. The propellant particles can then slide along the artificial silk without damaging the cuff.
- a disadvantage of this known additive sleeve is that problems arise in the implementation of the additive sleeve consisting of several layers and unacceptable residues can remain in the tube.
- propellant charge sleeves in particular made of metal, are known in which a coating or mixture of wax and titanium dioxide TiO2 directly by filling, brushing, spraying or the like on the inside of the sleeve as an additive is applied without additional carrier materials.
- a disadvantage of using such additives is that, at high temperatures, the propellant charge powder adjacent to the additive is undesirably phlegmatized, which causes a highly uneven interior and exterior ballistics.
- the above-mentioned cooling effect of the metal sleeve is also noticeable with these propellant charge cases.
- the pipe-protecting and erosion-reducing effect is to be significantly increased, especially with large-caliber artillery weapons and the use of modular propellant charges. If modular propellant charge containers are used, no higher erosion should occur despite the higher charge weight than with imported charge systems.
- the metal foil has a thickness of less than 0.5 mm, preferably about 0.05 mm, and consists of a metal or a metal alloy from the element group lead, zinc, aluminum, magnesium, iron, nickel, silver, molybdenum or a corresponding one suitable metal.
- the film prevents phlegmatization or passivation of the adjacent propellant grains by the coating, and on the other hand prevents or reduces unwanted copper-plating (eg due to the guiding bands of the projectiles).
- reference number 10 denotes a modular propellant charge module for a 155 mm artillery weapon.
- the propellant charge module 10 consists of an upper shell 12 and a lower shell 14, for. B. from pressed and shaped nitrocellulose paper.
- the cylindrical inner surface 18 of the upper shell 12 and lower shell 14 is each provided with a coating of wax and titanium dioxide TiO2.
- the upper shell 12 and the lower shell 14 are glued to one another in a central connecting region 24.
- the shell bottom 20 of the lower shell 14 and the shell cover 22 of the upper shell 12 each have an inwardly facing annular flange 34 for fixing a pipe piece 32 designed as a central ignition element.
- the propellant charge module 10 is filled with a powder or granular propellant 26.
- the shell cover 22 of the upper shell 12 z.
- a decentralized filler opening 28 which is sealed gas-tight against environmental influences after the filling of the propellant 26 with a glued closure cover 30.
- FIG. 3 shows a combustible propellant charge sleeve 40 for a sub-caliber balancing projectile 50 equipped with an empennage 52.
- the propellant charge sleeve 40 has a cylindrical sleeve part 44, a conical cover 42 for projectile or sabot support and a non-combustible stub sleeve 58, e.g. B. made of metal or plastic, with primer 56 (igniter tube).
- primer 56 ignition tube
- the cylindrical inner surface 48 of the propellant charge sleeve 40, as well as the inner surface of the conical cover 42 are covered with a coating 46 of wax and titanium dioxide TiO2.
- the coating 46 can cover the entire inner surface 48 of the propellant charge sleeve 40 or, as shown in FIG. 3, can also be provided only in zones or regions.
- the propellant charge sleeve 40 is completely filled with propellant charge powder.
- the coating 46 is covered on the inside with a glued or pressed-on thin metal foil 38, which is shown in the enlarged partial view X in FIG.
- the metal foil 38 has a thickness of less than 0.5 mm, preferably about 0.05 mm.
- Wax serves as a lubricant in the ignition of the propellant charge module or the propellant charge sleeve during a relative movement of the burning propellant charge sleeve wall or the individual powder grains; the titanium dioxide lowers the combustion peak temperatures of the propellant powder in the area of the tube wall; As a result, the components of the coating (16, 46) reduce erosion and extend the usable life of the weapon.
- the metal foil 38 prevents unwanted copper plating; the copper deposits can come out of the guiding bands of the projectiles form.
- the metal foil, preferably a lead foil could also be replaced by another thin foil made of a metal alloy, e.g. B. made of aluminum alloy with magnesium components or other light metals to be replaced.
Description
Die Erfindung betrifft einen Treibladungsbehälter bzw. eine Treibladungshülse gemäß den Merkmalen des Oberbegriffs des Anspruchs 1. Sowie ein Verfahren zu dessen Herstellung gemäß Oberbegriff des Anspruchs 4.The invention relates to a propellant charge container or a propellant charge sleeve according to the features of the preamble of claim 1. As well as a method for its production according to the preamble of claim 4.
Aus der DE-A-35 44 927 ist eine übliche Metallkartusche mit eingeklebter Additivmanschette, bestehend aus beschichtetem Leinengewebe, Polyäthylenfolie und Kunstseide bekannt. Das Leinengewebe ist mit einer Mischung aus Wachs und Titandioxid TiO₂ beschichtet und zur Innenseite zum Schutz gegen Abrieb durch Treibladungs-Pulverkörner mit der Kunststoffolie und der weiteren Textilschicht abgedeckt. Mit dieser besonderen Ausbildung der mehrschichtigen Additivmanschette soll bei einer mechanischen Beanspruchung bei hohen Temperaturen eine Phlegmatisierung des Pulvers durch Wachsabrieb verhindert werden. Die Treibladungsteilchen können danach an der Kunstseide entlanggleiten, ohne die Manschette zu beschädigen. Nachteilig bei dieser bekannten Additivmanschette ist, daß Probleme bei der Umsetzung der aus mehreren Schichten bestehenden Additivmanschette auftreten und nicht zulässige Rückstände im Rohr verbleiben können.
Die auf die Additivmanschette aufgetragene Mischung aus Wachs und Titandioxid wirkt auf die Innenseite der nichtverbrennbaren Metallhülse, eine besondere Wirkung auf das Waffenrohr ist kaum zu erwarten. Verbrennungsrückstände treten insbesondere dadurch auf, daß in der Außenseite der Manschette keine ausreichend hohen Zündtemperaturen erreicht werden, da die Wärme hier von der Metallhülse aufgenommen und abgeführt wird (Kühleffekt der Metallhülse).From DE-A-35 44 927 a conventional metal cartridge with a glued-in additive sleeve is known, consisting of coated linen fabric, polyethylene film and synthetic silk. The linen fabric is coated with a mixture of wax and titanium dioxide TiO₂ and is covered on the inside with plastic film and the other textile layer to protect it from abrasion by propellant powder grains. This special design of the multi-layer additive sleeve is intended to prevent the powder from being desensitized by wax abrasion when subjected to mechanical stress at high temperatures. The propellant particles can then slide along the artificial silk without damaging the cuff. A disadvantage of this known additive sleeve is that problems arise in the implementation of the additive sleeve consisting of several layers and unacceptable residues can remain in the tube.
The mixture of wax and titanium dioxide applied to the additive sleeve acts on the inside of the non-combustible metal sleeve, a special effect on the weapon barrel is hardly to be expected. Combustion residues occur in particular in that in the outside of the Cuff cannot reach sufficiently high ignition temperatures because the heat is absorbed and dissipated by the metal sleeve (cooling effect of the metal sleeve).
Aus der den nächsten Stand der Technik bildenden US-A-3148620 sind Treibladungshülsen, insbesondere aus Metall, bekannt, bei denen auf die Innenseite der Hülse als Additiv eine Beschichtung bzw. Mischung aus Wachs und Titandioxid TiO₂ direkt durch Spachteln, Streichen, Spritzen oder ähnlichem ohne zusätzliche Trägermaterialien aufgetragen wird. Nachteilig ist bei Verwendung derartiger Additive, daß bei hohen Temperaturen eine ungewünschte Phlegmatisierung des an das Additiv angrenzenden Treibladungspulvers erfolgt, die eine stark ungleichmäßige Innen- und Außenballistik verursacht. Außerdem macht sich auch bei diesen Treibladungshülsen der oben erwähnte Kühleffekt der Metallhülse störend bemerkbar.From the closest prior art US-A-3148620 propellant charge sleeves, in particular made of metal, are known in which a coating or mixture of wax and titanium dioxide TiO₂ directly by filling, brushing, spraying or the like on the inside of the sleeve as an additive is applied without additional carrier materials. A disadvantage of using such additives is that, at high temperatures, the propellant charge powder adjacent to the additive is undesirably phlegmatized, which causes a highly uneven interior and exterior ballistics. In addition, the above-mentioned cooling effect of the metal sleeve is also noticeable with these propellant charge cases.
Es ist Aufgabe der Erfindung, einen Treibladungsbehälter bzw. eine Treibladungshülse anzugeben, bei deren Umsetzung im Waffenrohr sowohl Verbrennungsrückstände als auch eine Phlegmatisierung des an das Additiv angrenzenden Pulvers vermieden wird. Die rohrschonende und erosionsmindernde Wirkung soll insbesondere bei großkalibrigen Artilleriewaffen und der Verwendung von modularen Treibladungen wesentlich erhöht werden. Bei Verwendung von modularen Treibladungsbehältern soll trotz höherem Ladungsgewicht keine höhere Erosion auftreten als bei eingeführten Ladungssystemen.It is an object of the invention to provide a propellant charge container or a propellant charge sleeve, the implementation of which in the gun barrel prevents both combustion residues and phlegmatization of the powder adjacent to the additive. The pipe-protecting and erosion-reducing effect is to be significantly increased, especially with large-caliber artillery weapons and the use of modular propellant charges. If modular propellant charge containers are used, no higher erosion should occur despite the higher charge weight than with imported charge systems.
Diese Aufgabe wird erfindungsgemäß dadurch gelöst, daß eine direkt auf ein verbrennbares Hülsenmaterial aufgetragene Beschichtung aus Wachs und TiO₂ zur Pulverseite hin mit einer dünnen Metallfolie abgedeckt ist. Die Metallfolie weist eine Stärke von kleiner 0,5 mm, vorzugsweise etwa 0,05 mm, auf und besteht aus einem Metall bzw. einer Metallegierung aus der Elementengruppe Blei, Zink, Aluminium, Magnesium, Eisen, Nickel, Silber, Molybdän oder einem entsprechend geeigneten Metall. Die Folie verhindert zum einen eine Phlegmatisierung bzw. Passivierung der anliegenden Treibladungskörner durch die Beschichtung, zum anderen wird eine unerwünschte Rohrverkupferung (z.B. aufgrund der Führungsbändern der Geschosse) verhindert bzw. vermindert.This object is achieved in that a directly applied to a combustible sleeve material coating of wax and TiO₂ to the powder side with a thin metal foil is covered. The metal foil has a thickness of less than 0.5 mm, preferably about 0.05 mm, and consists of a metal or a metal alloy from the element group lead, zinc, aluminum, magnesium, iron, nickel, silver, molybdenum or a corresponding one suitable metal. On the one hand, the film prevents phlegmatization or passivation of the adjacent propellant grains by the coating, and on the other hand prevents or reduces unwanted copper-plating (eg due to the guiding bands of the projectiles).
Die Erfindung wird nachfolgend anhand von zwei in den Zeichnungen dargestellten Ausführungsbeispielen näher erläutert und beschrieben.The invention is explained and described in more detail below with reference to two exemplary embodiments shown in the drawings.
Es zeigen:
- Figur 1 ein Oberteil eines erfindungsgemäßen Treibladungsbehälters,
- Figur 2 einen vollständigen Treibladungsbehälter gemäß der Erfindung,
- Figur 3 eine teilverbrennbare Treibladungshülse gemäß der Erfindung und
- Figur 4 einen vergrößerten Ausschnitt X der Treibladungsbehälter - bzw. Hülsenwandung mit der erfindungsgemäßen Beschichtung.
- FIG. 1 shows an upper part of a propellant charge container according to the invention,
- FIG. 2 shows a complete propellant charge container according to the invention,
- Figure 3 is a partially combustible propellant charge case according to the invention and
- FIG. 4 shows an enlarged detail X of the propellant charge or sleeve wall with the coating according to the invention.
In Figur 1 und Figur 2 ist mit der Bezugsziffer 10 ein modulares Treibladungsmodul für eine 155 mm Artilleriewaffe bezeichnet. Das Treibladungsmodul 10 besteht aus einer Oberschale 12 und einer Unterschale 14, z. B. aus verpreßtem und geformtem Nitrozellulosepapier. Die zylindrische Innenfläche 18 der Oberschale 12 und Unterschale 14 ist jeweils mit einer Beschichtung aus Wachs und Titandioxid TiO₂ versehen. In einem mittleren Verbindungsbereich 24 sind die Oberschale 12 und die Unterschale 14 miteinander verklebt. Der Schalenboden 20 der Unterschale 14 und der Schalendeckel 22 der Oberschale 12 weisen mittig jeweils einen nach innen weisenden Ringflansch 34 zur Fixierung eines als zentrales Anzündelement ausgebildeten Rohrstükkes 32 auf.In FIG. 1 and FIG. 2,
Das Treibladungsmodul 10 ist mit einem pulver- oder granulatförmigen Treibladungsmittel 26 gefüllt. Zum Einfüllen des Treibladungsmittels 26 in das fertige Treibladungsmodul 10 weist der Schalendeckel 22 der Oberschale 12 z. B. eine dezentrale Einfüllöffnung 28 auf, die nach dem Einfüllen des Treibladungsmittels 26 mit einem angeklebten Verschlußdeckel 30 gegen Umwelteinflüsse gasdicht verschlossen wird.The
In Figur 3 ist eine verbrennbare Treibladungshülse 40 für ein unterkalibriges mit Leitwerk 52 ausgestattetes Wuchtgeschoß 50 dargestellt. Die Treibladungshülse 40 weist ein zylindrisches Hülsenteil 44, nach oben zur Geschoß- bzw. Treibkäfigabstützung einen kegelförmigen Deckel 42 und rückseitig bzw. bodenseitig eine nichtverbrennbare Stummelhülse 58, z. B. aus Metall oder Kunststoff, mit Primer 56 (Anzündröhrchen) auf. Im Verbindungsbereich 54 ist der kegelförmige Deckel 42 mit dem zylindrischen Hülsenteil 44 verklebt.FIG. 3 shows a combustible
Die zylindrische Innenfläche 48 der Treibladungshülse 40, wie auch die Innenfläche des kegelförmigen Deckels 42 sind mit einer Beschichtung 46 aus Wachs und Titandioxid TiO₂ belegt. Die Beschichtung 46 kann die gesamte Innenfläche 48 der Treibladungshülse 40 bedecken oder, wie in Figur 3 dargestellt ist, auch nur zonen- oder bereichsweise vorgesehen sein. Die Treibladungshülse 40 ist vollständig mit Treibladungspulver gefüllt. Um einen direkten Kontakt von Treibladungspulverkörnern und der Beschichtung 46 zu vermeiden (Abrieb der Beschichtung und Passivierung der Pulverkörner), ist die Beschichtung 46 nach innen mit einer aufgeklebten oder aufgedrückten dünnen Metallfolie 38 abgedeckt, die in der vergrößerten Teildarstellung X in Figur 4 gezeigt ist. Die Metallfolie 38 weist eine Stärke von kleiner 0,5 mm, vorzugsweise etwa 0,05 mm, auf. Wachs dient bei der Zündung des Treibladungsmoduls bzw. der Treibladungshülse bei einer Relativbewegung der verbrennenden Treibladungshülsenwandung bzw. der einzelnen Pulverkörner als Gleitmittel; das Titandioxid senkt die Verbrennungsspitzentemperaturen des Treibladungspulvers im Bereich der Rohrwandung; dadurch wirken die Bestandteile der Beschichtung (16, 46) erosionsmindernd und verlängern die nutzbare Lebensdauer der Waffe. Die Metallfolie 38 verhindert eine unerwünschte Rohrverkupferung; die Kupferablagerungen können sich aus den Führungsbändern der Geschosse bilden. Die Metallfolie, vorzugsweise eine Bleifolie, könnte auch durch eine andere dünne Folie aus einer Metallegierung, z. B. aus Aluminiumlegierung mit Magnesiumbestandteilen oder anderen Leichtmetallen, ersetzt werden.The cylindrical
Insgesamt wird mit der Erfindung also eine spürbare Schonung und Verlängerung der Lebensdauer des Waffenrohes erzielt.Overall, a noticeable protection and extension of the life of the gun barrel is achieved with the invention.
Claims (4)
- Propellant charge container (10) or propellant charge casing (40) for large-calibre artillery ammunition, a directly applied coating (16,46) of wax and titanium dioxide TiO₂ being provided at least on an internal cylindrical surface (18,48) of the propellant charge container (10) or the propellant charge casing (40), characterised by the following features:- the propellant charge container (10) or propellant charge casing (40) consists of a combustible material;- the coating (16,46) of wax and titanium dioxide TiO₂ is protected by a thin metal foil (38) against direct contact with the propellant charge (26) therein filled and for the purpose of reducing the copper plating of the barrel;- the metal foil (38) has a thickness of less than 0.5mm, preferably amounting to about 0.05 mm, and- the metal foil (38) consists of lead, zinc, tin, aluminium, magnesium or a corresponding metal or metal alloy of these elements, which effectively prevent copper plating of the gun barrel.
- Propellant charge container in accordance with Claim 1, characterised by the fact that the propellant charge container (10) is constructed in two parts with an upper dished cover (12) and a lower dished cover (14) and that the coating (16) of wax and titanium dioxide TiO₂, in the case of the upper dished cover (12) and the lower dished cover (14), in each case extends on the cylindrical internal surface (18) between the base (20) of the lower dished cover and the top (22) of the upper dished cover over the central common connecting zone (24) of the two dished covers (12,14).
- Propellant charge container in accordance with Claim 1, particularly a combustible propellant charge casing (40) with stub casing (58) for tank ammunition, characterised by the fact that the propellant charge casing (40) is constructed in three parts with a combustible conical cover (42), a combustible cylindrical cartridge case (44) and a non-combustible stub casing (58), and that the coating (46) of wax and titanium dioxide TiO₂ in the case of the cover (42) is provided on the conical internal surface thereof, while in the case of the cylindrical case part (44) it is provided, at least in defined zones, on the cylindrical internal surface (48) thereof.
- Process for the production of a propellant charge container (10) in accordance with Claim 2, characterised by the fact that- the fully formed dished covers (12,14) are internally coated on their cylindrical peripheral surfaces (18) with a mixture of wax and titanium dioxide TiO₂, the coating (16) being provided by application with a spatula, spreading or spraying without additional carrier materials,- the coating (16) of wax and TiO₂ is covered by a thin metal foil (38) as protection against direct contact with the propellant charge (26) to be filled therein,- the two dishes (12,14) are affixed or stuck to each other over their common central connecting zone (24),- The propellant charge (26) is then filled into the propellant charge container (10) through a filling aperture (28) for example in the top (22) of the dished cover, and- the filling aperture (28) is then closed by means of a sealing cover (30).
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE3924986 | 1989-07-28 | ||
DE3924986A DE3924986A1 (en) | 1989-07-28 | 1989-07-28 | FUEL CHARGE CONTAINER |
Publications (3)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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EP0410075A2 EP0410075A2 (en) | 1991-01-30 |
EP0410075A3 EP0410075A3 (en) | 1992-03-11 |
EP0410075B1 true EP0410075B1 (en) | 1994-05-25 |
Family
ID=6386022
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP90105422A Expired - Lifetime EP0410075B1 (en) | 1989-07-28 | 1990-03-22 | Propellant charge container |
Country Status (5)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US5052304A (en) |
EP (1) | EP0410075B1 (en) |
JP (1) | JP2608622B2 (en) |
DE (2) | DE3924986A1 (en) |
NO (1) | NO174602C (en) |
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US4395934A (en) * | 1980-04-21 | 1983-08-02 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Army | Wear reducer |
JPS6017700A (en) * | 1983-07-08 | 1985-01-29 | 防衛庁技術研究本部長 | Combustible cylindrical body |
DE3544927A1 (en) * | 1985-12-19 | 1987-06-25 | Diehl Gmbh & Co | ADDITIVE CUFF FOR A DRIVE CHARGE FOR LARGE-CALIBRED TUBE ARMS AMMUNITION |
US4715284A (en) * | 1986-11-24 | 1987-12-29 | Ford Aerospace & Communications Corp. | Telescoped ammunition construction for reducing barrel erosion |
DE3716076A1 (en) * | 1987-05-14 | 1988-11-24 | Rheinmetall Gmbh | CARTRIDGED AMMUNITION WITH BULLET AND COMBUSTIBLE CASE |
-
1989
- 1989-07-28 DE DE3924986A patent/DE3924986A1/en not_active Withdrawn
-
1990
- 1990-03-13 NO NO901155A patent/NO174602C/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1990-03-22 EP EP90105422A patent/EP0410075B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1990-03-22 DE DE59005799T patent/DE59005799D1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1990-07-05 JP JP2176491A patent/JP2608622B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1990-07-12 US US07/551,475 patent/US5052304A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
US5052304A (en) | 1991-10-01 |
NO174602C (en) | 1994-06-08 |
NO901155D0 (en) | 1990-03-13 |
DE3924986A1 (en) | 1991-01-31 |
NO901155L (en) | 1991-01-29 |
EP0410075A3 (en) | 1992-03-11 |
NO174602B (en) | 1994-02-21 |
EP0410075A2 (en) | 1991-01-30 |
JPH0368000A (en) | 1991-03-22 |
DE59005799D1 (en) | 1994-06-30 |
JP2608622B2 (en) | 1997-05-07 |
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