EP0382603B1 - Grinding method comprising measuring a profiled grinding wheel, and machine for carrying out this method - Google Patents

Grinding method comprising measuring a profiled grinding wheel, and machine for carrying out this method Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0382603B1
EP0382603B1 EP90400276A EP90400276A EP0382603B1 EP 0382603 B1 EP0382603 B1 EP 0382603B1 EP 90400276 A EP90400276 A EP 90400276A EP 90400276 A EP90400276 A EP 90400276A EP 0382603 B1 EP0382603 B1 EP 0382603B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
machine
grinding
grinding wheel
machining
checking
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EP90400276A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP0382603A1 (en
Inventor
Françis Girard
Christian Jean André Marceau
Jean-Pierre Gaston Pouget
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Safran Transmission Systems SAS
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Hispano Suiza SA
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B24—GRINDING; POLISHING
    • B24B—MACHINES, DEVICES, OR PROCESSES FOR GRINDING OR POLISHING; DRESSING OR CONDITIONING OF ABRADING SURFACES; FEEDING OF GRINDING, POLISHING, OR LAPPING AGENTS
    • B24B53/00—Devices or means for dressing or conditioning abrasive surfaces
    • B24B53/06—Devices or means for dressing or conditioning abrasive surfaces of profiled abrasive wheels
    • B24B53/08—Devices or means for dressing or conditioning abrasive surfaces of profiled abrasive wheels controlled by information means, e.g. patterns, templets, punched tapes or the like

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a method of machining by grinding using a grinding wheel, in particular for the finishing of grooves or teeth.
  • the invention also relates to a machine for machining by rectification used for the implementation of said method.
  • US-A-4,295,301 and US-A-4,359,841 describe a method and means for dressing a grinding wheel associated with the detection of grinding wheel wear by means of a probe contact sensor.
  • devices are also known for geometrical control of the contours of parts, in particular using laser means, for example according to US-A-4,158,507 or EP-A-0 195 405.
  • a machine to be machined by grinding allowing an advantageous implementation of said process and comprising a workpiece holder assembly, a tool holder assembly and a set of control and sharpening of the grinding wheel, the three sets being connected to an integrated computer control system is characterized in that the control and sharpening assembly of the grinding wheel comprises means -supports of a foil on which the grinding wheel is capable of forming the imprint of its own profile and a control head comprising means of geometric control of the contour of said imprint.
  • said control head comprises a laser diode which emits a laser beam directed by a first optical device on the contour of said foil imprint to form through a second optical device an image of the imprint on a sensitive plate, said image being analyzed by the computer.
  • the foil support means consist of two plates of electrically insulating material whose face tightened on the foil comprises an electroconductive coating and the control head comprises an electroconductive wire connected to a potential source, the electroconductive face of said foil support being connected to an input of the computer so as to transmit to the computer a signal corresponding to the contact between said wire and tinsel at the level of the imprint whose coordinates are thus noted.
  • a third advantageous embodiment making it possible in particular to reduce the control times, provides for a control head comprising an optical profilometer of the type known which gives a profile of the fingerprint profile by photodetection.
  • the machine schematically represented in FIG. 1 is intended in particular for machining by rectification of grooves or teeth by means of a grinding wheel 1, in particular on aeronautical parts for which the severe acceptance criteria impose frequent dimensional control of the grinding wheel and of the sharpening of the grinding wheel from which arises an obligation to integrate the dimension of the grinding wheel in the control parameters of the operation of rectification of parts on the machine.
  • Said machine is composed, in the example shown in the drawings and according to a principle known per se, of a workpiece holder assembly 2, of a tool holder assembly 3 and of a control and sharpening assembly 4 of the grinding wheel 1.
  • the workpiece holder assembly 2 comprises, placed on a base 5, on the one hand, a support 6 of a part such as 7 comprising in particular grooves to be rectified and, on the other hand, a plate 8 associated with means 9 for clamping the part 7, said plate 8 being secured to a spindle associated with rotation drive means 10 making it possible in particular to obtain the angular indexing of the part 7.
  • the support 6 piece is mounted on a table 6a movable in a longitudinal direction indicated by the arrow Z3.
  • the tool holder assembly comprises, arranged in the same way on a base 11, on the one hand, a connection and connection assembly 12 to the various power sources of the machine, in electricity 13, in oil 14, in air 15 and a link 16 to the central control and calculation unit 17 and, on the other hand, a double carriage 18 with crossed movements, the lower element 19 of which can move relative to the base 11 in two perpendicular, longitudinal directions , indicated by arrow Z2 and transverse indicated by arrow X1.
  • Said lower element 19 carries on the one hand, a carriage 20 movable in a longitudinal direction indicated by arrow Z1 and which carries the grinding wheel of form 1 used for the rectification of splines of the part 7 and, on the other hand, a measuring device 21 comprising a measuring sensor 22 retractable in the longitudinal direction indicated by the arrow Z4 and carrying a feeler device 23.
  • the e nsemble 4 for controlling and sharpening the grinding wheel comprises a support frame 24 which carries two superimposed tables with crossed movements, a lower table 25 movable in a direction transverse to the machine indicated by arrow X2 and an upper table 26 movable according to a vertical direction indicated by the arrow Y and which carries at its lower end a device 27 for sharpening a grinding wheel and at its upper end a device 28 for supporting a foil 29 arranged in a strip between two rods 30 and 31 of reel.
  • a support arm 32 integral with the control and sharpening assembly 4 carries a control head 33 capable of cooperating with the foil 29 for its control, in a manner which will be described later.
  • FIG. 1 represents the first step (a) consisting of a calibration of the geometric measuring probe 23 connected to the measuring sensor 22 integrated in the machine.
  • step (b) of measuring the axial positioning of the part, by means of said probe 23 and sensor 22, as shown in FIG. 1a.
  • step (c) we then proceed, as shown in Figure 1b to the angular orientation of the part 7, in a third step (c).
  • step (d) after retraction of the sensor 22 and positioning of the grinding wheel 1, the grooves of the part 7 are machined by finishing by rectification.
  • an imprint 34 is produced during the sixth step (f), the contour of which reproduces the profile of the grinding wheel 1 on the foil 29, as shown in FIGS. 1e and 2, said grinding wheel 1 being moved towards the foil 29 in the plane of said foil, as symbolized by the arrow 35 in FIG. 2.
  • the contour of the imprint 34 obtained in the previous step on the foil 29 and which consequently reproduces the profile of the grinding wheel of form 1.
  • the grinding wheel 1 is sharpened , using the sharpening device 27.
  • control head 33 used in the seventh step (g) to carry out the control of the imprint 34, according to FIG. 1f can be carried out according to several embodiments including two examples adapted to the implementation of the process in accordance with invention will be described.
  • said control head 33 comprises an optical system 36 composed of a laser diode 37, of an optical focusing device 38, d an optical recovery device 39 beyond the foil 29 and a sensitive plate 40, for example with a network of the charge transfer type and with a matrix structure.
  • the movement of the control head 33 relative to the foil 29, according to the movements of the arm 32 along two perpendicular axes X transverse to the machine and Y vertical and controlled by the calculation unit or computer 17 makes it possible to follow the contour of the 'imprint 34 made in the foil 29 by the grinding wheel 1 in the previous step.
  • the image of the light spot 41 obtained on the sensitive network plate 40 in digitized form is reproduced at 41a by the screen 42 of the computer which performs the image processing and the analysis of the fingerprint. where result the geometric data in coordinates of the profile of the grinding wheel 1.
  • control data of the grinding wheel 1 are integrated by the computer 17 into the machine control program and serve in particular as a reference for carrying out the following step d automatic sharpening of the grinding wheel 1, the new geometrical dimensions of the grinding wheel 1 being then taken into account for the following operations of rectification of the grooves of a new part 7.
  • FIG. 4a, 4b A second embodiment of a control head 133 used during the seventh step (g) to carry out the control of the contour of the imprint 34 on the foil 29 corresponding to the profile of the grinding wheel 1, in the implementation of the method according to the invention, is shown in Figures 4a, 4b.
  • the elements identical to those which were used in the first embodiment described with reference to FIGS. 1 to 3f will keep the same references and the analogous elements will have a reference increased by a hundred.
  • a support arm 132 which is now made of electrical insulating material, for example of plastic material of the bakelite type and remains as previously secured to the control and sharpening assembly 4 and capable of being moved along two perpendicular axes.
  • the control head 133 at the end of the arm 132 comprises an electric conductive wire 43, stretched between two elements 44 and 45, forming two fingers spaced apart at the end of the arm 132.
  • the finger 45 carries on its internal face situated opposite the finger 44 a plate 46 in which a hole is made metallized 47 through which the wire 43 passes.
  • a source of potential 48 for example 5 volts, to which the wire 43 is connected.
  • the foil strip 29 stretched between the s support rods 30 and 31 is immobilized, as shown in FIG.
  • the operation of the fingerprint control device 34 on the foil 29 is as follows, in this second embodiment.
  • the arm 132 carrying the control head 133 is moved until the wire 43 comes into contact with the foil 29 at the level of the imprint 34.
  • the wire being brought to potential, for example 5 volts, by the source 48, the foil 29 and the copper-colored faces 50a and 51a of the plates 50 and 51 are brought to the same potential during the contact between wire 43 and foil 29.
  • the variation in potential is detected by the computer 17 by means of an electroconductive connection established between the part copper plate and an input interface of the computer 17 which simultaneously records the coordinates X and Y corresponding consequently to a point of the profile of impression 34 and of the profile of the grinding wheel 1.
  • the data for controlling the profile of the grinding wheel 1 are again used to control the next step of automatic sharpening of the grinding wheel in the eight me step (g) of the method according to the invention as well as to serve as tool reference dimensions for the following operation of rectification of the grooves of a part 7, intervening in particular in the fourth step (d) of the method d machining by rectification according to the invention.
  • the operation of the control head 133 which has just been described also includes a safety provision.
  • the arm 132 continues to advance and the wire 43 pressing on the imprint 34 of the foil 29 is deflected, the wire 43 touches then the edge of the metallized hole 47 of the plate 46, allowing the advance of the arm 132 to stop and thus detecting the malfunction when, during normal operation, the wire 43 is not in contact with the edges of the metallized hole 47.
  • a control head 233 of a type known per se can be placed at the end of the arm 232 in order to obtain a reading of the profile of the imprint 34 made on the foil 29, as described above in step (g) of the rectification machining process according to the invention.
  • the diagram in FIG. 8 indicates the known principle of an optical profilometer integrated into the control head 233 which can be used in particular to respond to time saving requirements in controlling the fingerprint 34.
  • a laser diode 54 sends a beam focused by lenses 55, 56 onto the imprint 34 of the foil 29.
  • the correct position of the focal point is obtained by displacement of a lens 56 controlled from a unit 57 which records the data corresponding measurement and receives from a photodetection device 58 the signal corresponding to the difference obtained on the path of the beams through the divider 59, the lens 60 and the prism 61.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Constituent Portions Of Griding Lathes, Driving, Sensing And Control (AREA)
  • Grinding And Polishing Of Tertiary Curved Surfaces And Surfaces With Complex Shapes (AREA)
  • Grinding-Machine Dressing And Accessory Apparatuses (AREA)

Description

La présente invention concerne un procédé d'usinage par rectification utilisant une meule de forme, notamment pour la finition de cannelures ou de dentures. L'invention concerne également une machine à usiner par rectification utilisée pour la mise en oeuvre dudit procédé.The present invention relates to a method of machining by grinding using a grinding wheel, in particular for the finishing of grooves or teeth. The invention also relates to a machine for machining by rectification used for the implementation of said method.

Ces opérations d'usinage par rectification à grande précision, de principe connu en soi, au moyen d'une meule de forme imposent un contrôle dimensionnel fréquent et en fonction des valeurs obtenues lors des mesures de contrôle effectuées, un affûtage de la meule, notamment par usinage à l'outil-diamant, est habituellement effectué ou selon l'état d'usure de la meule, un changement de meule intervient.These high precision rectification machining operations, in principle known per se, by means of a shaped grinding wheel require frequent dimensional control and, depending on the values obtained during the control measurements carried out, a sharpening of the grinding wheel, in particular by machining with a diamond tool, is usually carried out or depending on the state of wear of the grinding wheel, a change of grinding wheel occurs.

On connaît ainsi, par exemple par FR-A-2 517 237 un procédé et un dispositif de commande automatique de rectifieuse par ordinateur. En outre, la meule est associée à un dispositif de dressage qui est également déclenché et commandé automatiquement par le dispositif de commande de la rectifieuse.There is thus known, for example from FR-A-2,517,237, a method and a device for automatic control of a grinding machine by computer. In addition, the grinding wheel is associated with a dressing device which is also triggered and controlled automatically by the control device of the grinding machine.

US-A-4 295 301 et US-A-4 359 841 décrivent un procédé et des moyens pour le dressage d'une meule de rectification associés à la détection d'usure de meule au moyen d'un capteur à contact par palpeur.US-A-4,295,301 and US-A-4,359,841 describe a method and means for dressing a grinding wheel associated with the detection of grinding wheel wear by means of a probe contact sensor.

Par ailleurs, on connaît également des dispositifs de contrôle géométrique de contours de pièces, notamment utilisant des moyens à laser, par exemple selon US-A-4 158 507 ou EP-A-0 195 405.Furthermore, devices are also known for geometrical control of the contours of parts, in particular using laser means, for example according to US-A-4,158,507 or EP-A-0 195 405.

Dans les procédés connus toutefois, l'intégration de l'opération de dressage de la meule, notamment en l'associant à une étape préalable d'un contrôle géométrique de la meule, obtenu avec suffisamment de précision et sans allongement important des temps d'opération (arrêt de machine, etc...) se révèle insuffisante, notamment pour des applications visées par l'invention, d'usinage par rectification pour la finition de cannelures ou dentures, sur des pièces, par exemple à destination aéronautique.In known methods, however, the integration of the dressing operation of the grinding wheel, in particular by associating it with a prior step of a geometric control of the grinding wheel, obtained with sufficient precision and without significant lengthening of the processing times. operation (machine shutdown, etc.) proves to be insufficient, in particular for applications targeted by the invention, of machining by rectification for the finishing of splines or teeth, on parts, for example for aeronautical use.

Le procédé d'usinage par rectification selon l'invention permettant d'obtenir ces résultats améliorés tout en évitant les inconvénients précédemment encourus est caractérisé en ce qu'il suit le découlé opératoire des étapes suivantes :

  • (a) étalonnage du palpeur de mesure géométrique intégré à la machine,
  • (b) mesure du positionnement axial de la pièce à usiner sur la machine,
  • (c) orientation angulaire de la pièce,
  • (d) usinage-finition de la pièce par rectification à la meule des cannelures ou dentures,
  • (e) nettoyage puis contrôle des cannelures ou dentures,
  • (f) réalisation d'une empreinte au profil de la meule sur un élément en forme de clinquant monté sur la machine,
  • (g) contrôle du contour de l'empreinte obtenue à l'étape précédente (f) et traitement des données obtenues,
  • (h) affûtage automatique de la meule.
The method of machining by rectification according to the invention making it possible to obtain these improved results while avoiding the drawbacks previously incurred is characterized in that it follows the operating procedure of the following steps:
  • (a) calibration of the geometric measuring probe integrated into the machine,
  • (b) measuring the axial positioning of the workpiece on the machine,
  • (c) angular orientation of the part,
  • (d) machining-finishing of the part by grinding of the grooves or teeth,
  • (e) cleaning and then checking the splines or teeth,
  • (f) making an imprint on the profile of the grinding wheel on a foil-shaped element mounted on the machine,
  • (g) checking the contour of the imprint obtained in the previous step (f) and processing the data obtained,
  • (h) automatic sharpening of the grinding wheel.

Une machine à usiner par rectification permettant une mise en oeuvre avantageuse dudit procédé et comportant un ensemble porte-pièce, un ensemble porte-outil et un ensemble de contrôle et d'affûtage de la meule, les trois ensembles étant reliés à un système intégré de commande par ordinateur est caractérisé en ce que l'ensemble de contrôle et d'affûtage de la meule comporte des moyens-supports d'un clinquant sur lequel la meule est susceptible de former l'empreinte de son propre profil et une tête de contrôle comportant des moyens de contrôle géométrique du contour de ladite empreinte.A machine to be machined by grinding allowing an advantageous implementation of said process and comprising a workpiece holder assembly, a tool holder assembly and a set of control and sharpening of the grinding wheel, the three sets being connected to an integrated computer control system is characterized in that the control and sharpening assembly of the grinding wheel comprises means -supports of a foil on which the grinding wheel is capable of forming the imprint of its own profile and a control head comprising means of geometric control of the contour of said imprint.

Selon un premier mode avantageux de réalisation, ladite tête de contrôle comporte une diode laser qui émet un faisceau laser dirigé par un premier dispositif optique sur le contour de ladite empreinte du clinquant pour former à travers un deuxième dispositif optique une image de l'empreinte sur une plaque sensible, ladite image étant analysée par l'ordinateur.According to a first advantageous embodiment, said control head comprises a laser diode which emits a laser beam directed by a first optical device on the contour of said foil imprint to form through a second optical device an image of the imprint on a sensitive plate, said image being analyzed by the computer.

Selon un second mode avantageux de réalisation de ladite machine à usiner par rectification permettant la mise en oeuvre du procédé conforme à l'invention, les moyens-supports de clinquant se composent de deux plaques en matériau électriquement isolant dont la face serrée sur le clinquant comporte un revêtement électroconducteur et la tête de contrôle comporte un fil électroconducteur relié à une source de potentiel, la face électroconductrice dudit support de clinquant étant reliée à une entrée de l'ordinateur de manière à transmettre à l'ordinateur un signal correspondant au contact entre ledit fil et le clinquant au niveau de l'empreinte dont les coordonnées sont ainsi relevées.According to a second advantageous embodiment of said machine for machining by rectification allowing the implementation of the method according to the invention, the foil support means consist of two plates of electrically insulating material whose face tightened on the foil comprises an electroconductive coating and the control head comprises an electroconductive wire connected to a potential source, the electroconductive face of said foil support being connected to an input of the computer so as to transmit to the computer a signal corresponding to the contact between said wire and tinsel at the level of the imprint whose coordinates are thus noted.

Un troisième mode avantageux de réalisation, permettant notamment de réduire les temps de contrôle, prévoît une tête de contrôle comportant un profilomètre optique de type connu qui donne un relevé du profil de l'empreinte par photodétection.A third advantageous embodiment, making it possible in particular to reduce the control times, provides for a control head comprising an optical profilometer of the type known which gives a profile of the fingerprint profile by photodetection.

D'autres caractéristiques et avantages de l'invention seront mieux compris à la lecture de la description qui va suivre des modes de réalisation de l'invention, en référence aux dessins annexés sur lesquels :

  • la figure 1 représente une vue schématique en perspective d'une machine à usiner par rectification permettant la mise en oeuvre du procédé d'usinage par rectification conforme à l'invention ;
  • les figures 1a, 1b, 1c, 1d, 1e, 1f, 1g représentent les différentes étapes de réalisation du procédé conforme à l'invention utilisant la machine représentée à la figure 1 ;
  • la figure 2 montre schématiquement un détail de réalisation d'une empreinte sur clinquant reproduisant le profil d'une meule, selon l'une des étapes du procédé conforme à l'invention ;
  • les figures 3a et 3b représentent schématiquement un détail d'une tête de contrôle de l'empreinte réalisée suivant la figure 2, selon un premier mode de réalisation de ladite tête de contrôle ;
  • la figure 3c représente un schéma du fonctionnement de la tête de contrôle des figures 3a et 3b ;
  • les figures 3d et 3e montrent des détails de l'étape du contrôle de l'empreinte selon l'une des étapes du procédé conforme à l'invention ;
  • la figure 4a représente une vue schématique, en coupe par un plan longitudinal moyen du bras de support, d'une tête de contrôle de l'empreinte, analogue à la tête de contrôle représentée sur les figures 3a à 3d, mais selon un deuxième mode de réalisation de ladite tête de contrôle ;
  • la figure 4b montre une vue en perspective de la tête de contrôle de la figure 4a ;
  • la figure 5 représente une vue schématique en perspective du sous-ensemble de contrôle appartenant à la machine de la figure 1 selon le deuxième mode de réalisation de la tête de contrôle représenté sur les figures 4a et 4 b ;
  • la figure 6 montre selon une vue en perspective un élément de détail du sous-ensemble de contrôle représenté sur la figure 5 ;
  • la figure 7 représente, selon une vue schématique en perspective du sous-ensemble de contrôle analogue à la vue de la figure 5, un troisième mode de réalisation de la tête de contrôle ;
  • la figure 8 représente un schéma de fonctionnement avec ses principaux constituants du profilomètre optique d'un type connu qui est intégré à la tête de contrôle représentée sur la figure 7.
Other characteristics and advantages of the invention will be better understood on reading the description which follows of embodiments of the invention, with reference to the appended drawings in which:
  • FIG. 1 represents a schematic perspective view of a machine for grinding by rectification allowing the implementation of the method of machining by grinding according to the invention;
  • Figures 1a, 1b, 1c, 1d, 1e, 1f, 1g show the different stages of carrying out the process according to the invention using the machine shown in Figure 1;
  • Figure 2 schematically shows a detail of making an imprint on the foil reproducing the profile of a grinding wheel, according to one of the steps of the method according to the invention;
  • Figures 3a and 3b schematically show a detail of a fingerprint control head produced according to Figure 2, according to a first embodiment of said control head;
  • Figure 3c shows a diagram of the operation of the control head of Figures 3a and 3b;
  • Figures 3d and 3e show details of the fingerprint control step according to one of the steps of the method according to the invention;
  • FIG. 4a represents a schematic view, in section through a mean longitudinal plane of the support arm, of an impression control head, similar to the control head shown in FIGS. 3a to 3d, but according to a second mode making said control head;
  • Figure 4b shows a perspective view of the control head of Figure 4a;
  • 5 shows a schematic perspective view of the control sub-assembly belonging to the machine of Figure 1 according to the second embodiment of the control head shown in Figures 4a and 4b;
  • Figure 6 shows in a perspective view a detail element of the control sub-assembly shown in Figure 5;
  • Figure 7 shows, in a schematic perspective view of the control sub-assembly similar to the view of Figure 5, a third embodiment of the control head;
  • FIG. 8 represents an operating diagram with its main constituents of the optical profilometer of a known type which is integrated into the control head shown in FIG. 7.

La machine schématiquement représentée sur la figure 1 est destinée notamment à l'usinage par rectification de cannelures ou de dentures au moyen d'une meule 1 de forme, notamment sur des pièces aéronautiques pour lesquelles les critères sévères d'acceptation imposent un contrôle dimensionnel fréquent de la meule et des affûtages de la meule d'où découle une obligation d'intégrer la dimension de meule dans les paramètres de commande de l'opération de rectification de pièces sur la machine. Ladite machine se compose, dans l'exemple représenté aux dessins et selon un principe connu en soi, d'un ensemble porte-pièce 2, d'un ensemble porte-outil 3 et d'un ensemble 4 de contrôle et d'affûtage de la meule 1. L'ensemble porte-pièce 2 comporte, disposés sur un socle 5, d'une part, un support 6 d'une pièce telle que 7 comportant notamment des cannelures à rectifier et, d'autre part, un plateau 8 associé à des moyens 9 de bridage de la pièce 7, ledit plateau 8 étant solidaire d'une broche associée à des moyens d'entraînement en rotation 10 permettant notamment d'obtenir l'indexage angulaire de la pièce 7. Le support 6 de pièce est monté sur une table 6a déplaçable selon une direction longitudinale indiquée par la flèche Z3. L'ensemble porte-outil comporte, disposés de même sur un socle 11, d'une part, un ensemble de raccordement et liaisons 12 aux différentes sources d'alimentation de la machine, en électricité 13, en huile 14, en air 15 et une liaison 16 à l'unité centrale 17 de commande et de calcul et, d'autre part, un chariot double 18 à mouvements croisés dont l'élément inférieur 19 est susceptible de se déplacer par rapport au socle 11 suivant deux directions perpendiculaires, longitudinale, indiquées par la flèche Z2 et transversale indiquée par la flèche X1.Ledit élément inférieur 19 porte d'une part, un chariot 20 déplaçable suivant une direction longitudinale indiquée par la flèche Z1 et qui porte la meule de forme 1 utilisée pour la rectification des cannelures de la pièce 7 et, d'autre part, un dispositif de mesure 21 comportant un capteur de mesure 22 rétractable selon la direction longitudinale indiquée par la flèche Z4 et portant un dispositif de palpeur 23. L'ensemble 4 de contrôle et d'affûtage de la meule comporte un bâti de support 24 qui porte deux tables superposées à mouvements croisés, une table inférieure 25 déplaçable selon une direction transversale à la machine indiquée par la flèche X2 et une table supérieure 26 déplaçable selon une direction verticale indiquée par la flèche Y et qui porte à son extrémité inférieure un dispositif 27 d'affûtage de meule et à son extrémité supérieure un dispositif 28 support d'un clinquant 29 disposé en bande entre deux tiges 30 et 31 d'enrouleur. Un bras-support 32 solidaire de l'ensemble 4 de contrôle et d'affûtage porte une tête de contrôle 33 susceptible de coopérer avec le clinquant 29 pour son contrôle, d'une manière qui sera décrite plus loin.The machine schematically represented in FIG. 1 is intended in particular for machining by rectification of grooves or teeth by means of a grinding wheel 1, in particular on aeronautical parts for which the severe acceptance criteria impose frequent dimensional control of the grinding wheel and of the sharpening of the grinding wheel from which arises an obligation to integrate the dimension of the grinding wheel in the control parameters of the operation of rectification of parts on the machine. Said machine is composed, in the example shown in the drawings and according to a principle known per se, of a workpiece holder assembly 2, of a tool holder assembly 3 and of a control and sharpening assembly 4 of the grinding wheel 1. The workpiece holder assembly 2 comprises, placed on a base 5, on the one hand, a support 6 of a part such as 7 comprising in particular grooves to be rectified and, on the other hand, a plate 8 associated with means 9 for clamping the part 7, said plate 8 being secured to a spindle associated with rotation drive means 10 making it possible in particular to obtain the angular indexing of the part 7. The support 6 piece is mounted on a table 6a movable in a longitudinal direction indicated by the arrow Z3. The tool holder assembly comprises, arranged in the same way on a base 11, on the one hand, a connection and connection assembly 12 to the various power sources of the machine, in electricity 13, in oil 14, in air 15 and a link 16 to the central control and calculation unit 17 and, on the other hand, a double carriage 18 with crossed movements, the lower element 19 of which can move relative to the base 11 in two perpendicular, longitudinal directions , indicated by arrow Z2 and transverse indicated by arrow X1. Said lower element 19 carries on the one hand, a carriage 20 movable in a longitudinal direction indicated by arrow Z1 and which carries the grinding wheel of form 1 used for the rectification of splines of the part 7 and, on the other hand, a measuring device 21 comprising a measuring sensor 22 retractable in the longitudinal direction indicated by the arrow Z4 and carrying a feeler device 23. The e nsemble 4 for controlling and sharpening the grinding wheel comprises a support frame 24 which carries two superimposed tables with crossed movements, a lower table 25 movable in a direction transverse to the machine indicated by arrow X2 and an upper table 26 movable according to a vertical direction indicated by the arrow Y and which carries at its lower end a device 27 for sharpening a grinding wheel and at its upper end a device 28 for supporting a foil 29 arranged in a strip between two rods 30 and 31 of reel. A support arm 32 integral with the control and sharpening assembly 4 carries a control head 33 capable of cooperating with the foil 29 for its control, in a manner which will be described later.

La machine à usiner par rectification qui vient d'être brièvement décrite en référence à la figure 1 permet la mise en oeuvre d'un procédé d'usinage par rectification conforme à l'invention dont les étapes vont être décrites en référence aux figures 1 et 1a, 1b, 1c, 1d, 1e, 1f et 1g.The grinding machine which has just been briefly described with reference to Figure 1 allows the implementation of a grinding machining process according to the invention, the steps of which will be described with reference to FIGS. 1 and 1a, 1b, 1c, 1d, 1e, 1f and 1g.

La pièce 7 ayant été montée sur la machine, la figure 1 représente la première étape (a) consistant en un étalonnage du palpeur 23 de mesure géométrique relié au capteur 22 de mesure intégré à la machine. Vient ensuite la deuxième étape (b) de mesure du positionnement axial de la pièce, au moyen desdits palpeur 23 et capteur 22, comme représenté sur la figure 1a. On procède alors, comme indiqué sur la figure 1b à l'orientation angulaire de la pièce 7, dans une troisième étape (c). Puis, dans une quatrième étape (d), selon la figure 1c, après escamotage du capteur 22 et mise en position de la meule 1, les cannelures de la pièce 7 sont usinées en finition par rectification. Lors de la cinquième étape (e), après mise en position d'attente de la meule 1, la zone usinée est nettoyée puis le capteur 22 et son palpeur 23 sont ramenés pour le contrôle géométrique des cannelures de la pièce 7, comme représenté à la figure 1d. De manière remarquable et conforme à l'invention, on réalise au cours de la sixième étape (f) une empreinte 34 dont le contour reproduit le profil de la meule 1 sur le clinquant 29, comme représenté sur les figures 1e et 2, ladite meule 1 étant déplacée vers le clinquant 29 dans le plan dudit clinquant, comme symbolisé par la flèche 35 sur la figure 2. Puis, au cours de la septième étape (g), selon la figure 1f, on réalise le contrôle du contour de l'empreinte 34 obtenue à l'étape précédente sur le clinquant 29 et qui reproduit par conséquent le profil de la meule de forme 1. Enfin, à la huitième étape (h) représentée sur la figure 1g on procède à l'affûtage de la meule 1, en utilisant le dispositif d'affûtage 27.The part 7 having been mounted on the machine, FIG. 1 represents the first step (a) consisting of a calibration of the geometric measuring probe 23 connected to the measuring sensor 22 integrated in the machine. Next comes the second step (b) of measuring the axial positioning of the part, by means of said probe 23 and sensor 22, as shown in FIG. 1a. We then proceed, as shown in Figure 1b to the angular orientation of the part 7, in a third step (c). Then, in a fourth step (d), according to FIG. 1c, after retraction of the sensor 22 and positioning of the grinding wheel 1, the grooves of the part 7 are machined by finishing by rectification. During the fifth step (e), after putting the grinding wheel 1 in the standby position, the machined area is cleaned and then the sensor 22 and its probe 23 are brought back for the geometric control of the grooves of the part 7, as shown in Figure 1d. Remarkably and in accordance with the invention, an imprint 34 is produced during the sixth step (f), the contour of which reproduces the profile of the grinding wheel 1 on the foil 29, as shown in FIGS. 1e and 2, said grinding wheel 1 being moved towards the foil 29 in the plane of said foil, as symbolized by the arrow 35 in FIG. 2. Then, during the seventh step (g), according to FIG. 1f, the contour of the imprint 34 obtained in the previous step on the foil 29 and which consequently reproduces the profile of the grinding wheel of form 1. Finally, in the eighth step (h) shown in FIG. 1g, the grinding wheel 1 is sharpened , using the sharpening device 27.

La tête de contrôle 33 utilisée à la septième étape (g) pour réaliser le contrôle de l'empreinte 34, selon la figure 1f peut être réalisée suivant plusieurs modes de réalisation dont deux exemples adaptés à la mise en oeuvre du procédé conforme à l'invention vont être décrits. Selon un premier mode de réalisation, représenté schématiquement sur les figures 3a, 3b, 3c, 3d et 3e, ladite tête de contrôle 33 comporte un système optique 36 composé d'une diode laser 37, d'un dispositif optique de focalisation 38, d'un dispositif optique de reprise 39 au-delà du clinquant 29 et d'une plaque sensible 40, par exemple à réseau du type à transfert de charges et à structure matricielle. Le déplacement de la tête de contrôle 33 par rapport au clinquant 29, suivant les déplacements du bras 32 selon deux axes perpendiculaires X transversal à la machine et Y vertical et piloté par l'unité de calcul ou ordinateur 17 permet de suivre le contour de l'empreinte 34 faite dans le clinquant 29 par la meule 1 à l'étape précédente. L'image de la tache lumineuse 41 obtenue sur la plaque sensible 40 à réseau sous forme numérisée est reproduite en 41a par l'écran 42 de l'ordinateur qui réalise le traitement de l'image et l'analyse de l'empreinte d'où résultent les données géométriques en coordonnées du profil de la meule 1. Les données de contrôle de la meule 1 ainsi obtenues sont intégrées par l'ordinateur 17 au programme de commande de la machine et servent notamment de référence pour réaliser l'étape suivante d'affûtage automatique de la meule 1, les nouvelles cotes géométriques de la meule 1 étant ensuite prises en compte pour les opérations suivantes de rectification des cannelures d'une nouvelle pièce 7.The control head 33 used in the seventh step (g) to carry out the control of the imprint 34, according to FIG. 1f can be carried out according to several embodiments including two examples adapted to the implementation of the process in accordance with invention will be described. According to a first embodiment, shown diagrammatically in FIGS. 3a, 3b, 3c, 3d and 3e, said control head 33 comprises an optical system 36 composed of a laser diode 37, of an optical focusing device 38, d an optical recovery device 39 beyond the foil 29 and a sensitive plate 40, for example with a network of the charge transfer type and with a matrix structure. The movement of the control head 33 relative to the foil 29, according to the movements of the arm 32 along two perpendicular axes X transverse to the machine and Y vertical and controlled by the calculation unit or computer 17 makes it possible to follow the contour of the 'imprint 34 made in the foil 29 by the grinding wheel 1 in the previous step. The image of the light spot 41 obtained on the sensitive network plate 40 in digitized form is reproduced at 41a by the screen 42 of the computer which performs the image processing and the analysis of the fingerprint. where result the geometric data in coordinates of the profile of the grinding wheel 1. The control data of the grinding wheel 1 thus obtained are integrated by the computer 17 into the machine control program and serve in particular as a reference for carrying out the following step d automatic sharpening of the grinding wheel 1, the new geometrical dimensions of the grinding wheel 1 being then taken into account for the following operations of rectification of the grooves of a new part 7.

Un deuxième mode de réalisation d'une tête de contrôle 133 utilisée lors de la septième étape (g) pour réaliser le contrôle du contour de l'empreinte 34 sur le clinquant 29 correspondant au profil de la meule 1, dans la mise en oeuvre du procédé conforme à l'invention, est représenté sur les figures 4a, 4b. Les éléments identiques à ceux qui ont été utilisés dans le premier mode de réalisation décrit en référence aux figures 1 à 3f conserveront les mêmes références et les éléments analogues auront une référence augmentée d'une centaine. On retrouve ainsi un bras-support 132 qui est maintenant en matériau isolant électrique, par exemple en matériau plastique de type bakélite et reste comme précédemment solidaire de l'ensemble 4 de contrôle et d'affûtage et susceptible d'être déplacé suivant deux axes perpendiculaires, un axe X transversal à la machine et un axe Y vertical, comme visible sur la figure 5 qui représente le sous-ensemble de contrôle de l'empreinte 34 sur le clinquant 29. La tête de contrôle 133 à l'extrémité du bras 132 comporte un fil conducteur électrique 43, tendu entre deux éléments 44 et 45, formant deux doigts écartés à l'extrémité du bras 132. Le doigt 45 porte sur sa face interne située en regard du doigt 44 une plaquette 46 dans laquelle est ménagé un trou métallisé 47 à travers lequel passe le fil 43. A l'extrémité du bras 132 est placée une source de potentiel 48, parexemple de 5 volts, à laquelle est relié le fil 43. La bande de clinquant 29 tendue entre les tiges-support 30 et 31 est immobilisée, comme représenté sur la figure 5, dans un corps de maintien 49 où le clinquant 29 se trouve immobilisé entre deux plaques 50 et 51 en matériau de type époxy par exemple et possédant leurs faces 50a et 51a respectives en regard cuivrées et par conséquent électroconductrices comme représenté sur le détail de la figure 4. Cette immobilisation est obtenue au moyen de deux gachettes électromécaniques 52 et 53 disposées respectivement à la partie supérieure et à la partie inférieure du corps de maintien 49, de part et d'autre de la zone du clinquant 29 où est réalisée l'empreinte 34 de la meule 1.A second embodiment of a control head 133 used during the seventh step (g) to carry out the control of the contour of the imprint 34 on the foil 29 corresponding to the profile of the grinding wheel 1, in the implementation of the method according to the invention, is shown in Figures 4a, 4b. The elements identical to those which were used in the first embodiment described with reference to FIGS. 1 to 3f will keep the same references and the analogous elements will have a reference increased by a hundred. We thus find a support arm 132 which is now made of electrical insulating material, for example of plastic material of the bakelite type and remains as previously secured to the control and sharpening assembly 4 and capable of being moved along two perpendicular axes. , an X axis transverse to the machine and a vertical Y axis, as visible in FIG. 5 which represents the sub-assembly for controlling the imprint 34 on the foil 29. The control head 133 at the end of the arm 132 comprises an electric conductive wire 43, stretched between two elements 44 and 45, forming two fingers spaced apart at the end of the arm 132. The finger 45 carries on its internal face situated opposite the finger 44 a plate 46 in which a hole is made metallized 47 through which the wire 43 passes. At the end of the arm 132 is placed a source of potential 48, for example 5 volts, to which the wire 43 is connected. The foil strip 29 stretched between the s support rods 30 and 31 is immobilized, as shown in FIG. 5, in a retaining body 49 where the foil 29 is immobilized between two plates 50 and 51 made of epoxy material for example and having their faces 50a and 51a respective copper-plated and therefore electrically conductive as shown in the detail in FIG. 4. This immobilization is obtained by means of two electromechanical triggers 52 and 53 arranged respectively at the upper part and at the lower part of the holding body 49, on the other hand. and on the other side of the foil 29 where the impression 34 of the grinding wheel 1 is made.

Le fonctionnement du dispositif de contrôle de l'empreinte 34 sur le clinquant 29 est le suivant, dans ce deuxième mode de réalisation.The operation of the fingerprint control device 34 on the foil 29 is as follows, in this second embodiment.

Le bras 132 portant la tête de contrôle 133 est déplacée jusqu'au contact du fil 43 avec le clinquant 29 au niveau de l'empreinte 34. Le fil étant porté au potentiel, par exemple de 5 volts, par la source 48, le clinquant 29 et les faces cuivrées 50a et 51a des plaques 50 et 51 sont portées au même potentiel lors du contact entre fil 43 et clinquant 29. La variation de potentiel est détectée par l'ordinateur 17 au moyen d'une liaison électroconductrice établie entre la partie cuivrée de plaque et une entrée d'interface de l'ordinateur 17 qui enregistre simultanément les coordonnées X et Y correspondant par conséquent à un point du profil d'empreinte 34 et du profil de la meule 1. Comme précédemment dans le premier mode de réalisation de la tête de contrôle 33 décrit en référence aux figures 3a à 3f, les données de contrôle du profile de la meule 1 sont à nouveau utilisées pour commander l'étape suivante d'affûtage automatique de la meule dans la huitième étape (g) du procédé conforme à l'invention ainsi que pour servir de cotes de référence d'outil pour l'opération suivante de rectification des cannelures d'une pièce 7, intervenant notamment à la quatrième étape (d) du procédé d'usinage par rectification conforme à l'invention. Le fonctionnement de la tête de contrôle 133 qui vient d'être décrit comporte également une disposition de sécurité. En effet, si la variation de potentiel au contact du fil 43 et du clinquant 29 n'est pas détectée, le bras 132 continue à avancer et le fil 43 en appui sur l'empreinte 34 du clinquant 29 est dévié, le fil 43 touche alors le bord du trou métallisé 47 de la plaquette 46, permettant l'arrêt de l'avance du bras 132 et détectant ainsi le mauvais fonctionnement alors qu'au cours d'un fonctionnement normal, le fil 43 n'est pas en contact avec les bords du trou métallisé 47.The arm 132 carrying the control head 133 is moved until the wire 43 comes into contact with the foil 29 at the level of the imprint 34. The wire being brought to potential, for example 5 volts, by the source 48, the foil 29 and the copper-colored faces 50a and 51a of the plates 50 and 51 are brought to the same potential during the contact between wire 43 and foil 29. The variation in potential is detected by the computer 17 by means of an electroconductive connection established between the part copper plate and an input interface of the computer 17 which simultaneously records the coordinates X and Y corresponding consequently to a point of the profile of impression 34 and of the profile of the grinding wheel 1. As previously in the first embodiment of the control head 33 described with reference to FIGS. 3a to 3f, the data for controlling the profile of the grinding wheel 1 are again used to control the next step of automatic sharpening of the grinding wheel in the eight me step (g) of the method according to the invention as well as to serve as tool reference dimensions for the following operation of rectification of the grooves of a part 7, intervening in particular in the fourth step (d) of the method d machining by rectification according to the invention. The operation of the control head 133 which has just been described also includes a safety provision. In fact, if the variation in potential in contact with the wire 43 and the foil 29 is not detected, the arm 132 continues to advance and the wire 43 pressing on the imprint 34 of the foil 29 is deflected, the wire 43 touches then the edge of the metallized hole 47 of the plate 46, allowing the advance of the arm 132 to stop and thus detecting the malfunction when, during normal operation, the wire 43 is not in contact with the edges of the metallized hole 47.

Comme représenté sur la figure 7, une tête de contrôle 233 d'un type connu en soi peut être placée à l'extrémité du bras 232 en vue d'obtenir un relevé du profil de l'empreinte 34 réalisée sur le clinquant 29, comme décrit précédemment à l'étape (g) du procédé d'usinage par rectification conforme à l'invention.As shown in FIG. 7, a control head 233 of a type known per se can be placed at the end of the arm 232 in order to obtain a reading of the profile of the imprint 34 made on the foil 29, as described above in step (g) of the rectification machining process according to the invention.

Le schéma de la figure 8 indique le principe connu d'un profilomètre optique intégré à la tête de contrôle 233 qui peut être utilisée notamment pour répondre à des impératifs de gain de temps dans le contrôle de l'empreinte 34. Selon ce principe, une diode laser 54 envoie un faisceau focalisé par des lentilles 55, 56 sur l'empreinte 34 du clinquant 29. La position correcte du point de focalisation est obtenue par déplacement d'une lentille 56 commandé à partir d'une unité 57 qui enregistre les données correspondantes de mesure et reçoit d'un dispositif de photodétection 58 le signal correspondant à l'écart obtenu sur le trajet des faisceaux à travers le diviseur 59, la lentille 60 et le prisme 61.The diagram in FIG. 8 indicates the known principle of an optical profilometer integrated into the control head 233 which can be used in particular to respond to time saving requirements in controlling the fingerprint 34. According to this principle, a laser diode 54 sends a beam focused by lenses 55, 56 onto the imprint 34 of the foil 29. The correct position of the focal point is obtained by displacement of a lens 56 controlled from a unit 57 which records the data corresponding measurement and receives from a photodetection device 58 the signal corresponding to the difference obtained on the path of the beams through the divider 59, the lens 60 and the prism 61.

Claims (8)

1. Method of machining by grinding using a form grinding wheel, in particular for the grinding of grooves or of teeth, comprising an operation for the automatic sharpening of the grinding wheel, characterised in that it follows the operating sequence of the following steps:
- (a) calibration of the geometrical measurement feeler, which is integrated in the machine,
- (b) measurement of the axial positioning of the workpiece to be machined on the machine,
- (c) angular orientation of the workpiece,
- (d) machining/finishing of the workpiece by grinding the grooves or teeth with the grinding wheel,
- (e) cleaning followed by checking of the grooves or teeth,
- (f) production of an impression having the profile of the grinding wheel, on an element in the form of foil which is mounted on the machine,
- (g) checking of the contour of the impression obtained in the preceding step (f) and processing of the data obtained, and
- (h) automatic sharpening of the grinding wheel.
2. Machine for machining by grinding which is intended for implementing the method forming the subject of Claim 1, comprising a workpiece-holding assembly (2), a tool-holding assembly (3) and an assembly (4) for checking and for sharpening the grinding wheel (1), the three assemblies (2, 3 and 4) being connected to an integrated system of control by computer (17), characterised in that the checking and sharpening. assembly (4) comprises support means (30, 31) for a foil (29) on which the grinding wheel (1) is capable of forming an impression (34) of its own profile, and a checking head (33; 133; 233) comprising means for geometrical checking of the contour of the said impression (34).
3. Machine for machining by grinding according to Claim 2, in which the said support means consist of two rods (30, 31), between which the said foil (29) is stretched in the form of a windable strip.
4. Machine for machining by grinding according to one of Claims 2 or 3, in which the said checking head (33; 133) is carried by an arm (32; 132) which is integrally attached to two tables (25, 26) with crosswise displacements, in a transverse direction X₂ with respect to the machine and in a vertical direction Y respectively.
5. Machine for machining by grinding according to any one of Claims 2, 3 and 4, in which the said means for geometrical checking incorporated in the checking head (33) comprise a laser-emitting diode (37), an optical device (38, 39) for focusing and for taking up the laser beam emitted by the said diode (37), a sensitive plate (40) which receives the impression image (41) and transmits it to the computer (17).
6. Machine for machining by grinding according to Claim 5, in which the said sensitive plate (40) comprises a network of the charge-transfer type with a matrix structure.
7. Machine for machining by grinding according to any one of Claims 2, 3 and 4, in which the said means for geometrical checking incorporated in the control head (133) comprise an electroconductive wire (43) connected to a potential source (48) and the foil (29) is clamped between two plates (50, 51) made of electrically insulating material, whose faces (50a, 51a) respectively in contact with the foil (29) comprise an electroconductive coating and are connected to the computer (17).
8. Machine for machining by grinding according to. Claim 7, in which the said electroconductive wire (43) is stretched between two fingers (44, 45) which are spaced apart and carried by the end of the arm (132), and passes through a metallised hole (47) made in a small plate (46) which is fixed on one (45) of the said fingers, the said potential source (48) being carried by the end of the said arm (132).
EP90400276A 1989-02-08 1990-02-02 Grinding method comprising measuring a profiled grinding wheel, and machine for carrying out this method Expired - Lifetime EP0382603B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

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FR8901600 1989-02-08
FR8901600A FR2642693B1 (en) 1989-02-08 1989-02-08 PROCESS OF MACHINING BY RECTIFICATION INCLUDING MEASUREMENTS OF A SHAPE GRINDER AND MACHINE IMPLEMENTING THE SAME

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EP0382603A1 EP0382603A1 (en) 1990-08-16
EP0382603B1 true EP0382603B1 (en) 1992-06-17

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EP (1) EP0382603B1 (en)
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CA2009521A1 (en) 1990-08-08
JPH02237755A (en) 1990-09-20
FR2642693B1 (en) 1991-04-19
JPH074767B2 (en) 1995-01-25
CA2009521C (en) 1999-10-12
DE69000140D1 (en) 1992-07-23
FR2642693A1 (en) 1990-08-10
US5072548A (en) 1991-12-17
US5042205A (en) 1991-08-27
EP0382603A1 (en) 1990-08-16

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