EP0377144A2 - Method and device for correcting a distortion of the loudness perception of a reproduced-sound presentation - Google Patents

Method and device for correcting a distortion of the loudness perception of a reproduced-sound presentation Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0377144A2
EP0377144A2 EP89122993A EP89122993A EP0377144A2 EP 0377144 A2 EP0377144 A2 EP 0377144A2 EP 89122993 A EP89122993 A EP 89122993A EP 89122993 A EP89122993 A EP 89122993A EP 0377144 A2 EP0377144 A2 EP 0377144A2
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Prior art keywords
sound
distortion
diffuse
range
frequency
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Granted
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EP89122993A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP0377144B1 (en
EP0377144A3 (en
Inventor
Leonard Kreitmeier
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Nokia Deutschland GmbH
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Nokia Unterhaltungselektronik Deutschland GmbH
Nokia Deutschland GmbH
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04R—LOUDSPEAKERS, MICROPHONES, GRAMOPHONE PICK-UPS OR LIKE ACOUSTIC ELECTROMECHANICAL TRANSDUCERS; DEAF-AID SETS; PUBLIC ADDRESS SYSTEMS
    • H04R3/00—Circuits for transducers, loudspeakers or microphones
    • H04R3/04—Circuits for transducers, loudspeakers or microphones for correcting frequency response
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04R—LOUDSPEAKERS, MICROPHONES, GRAMOPHONE PICK-UPS OR LIKE ACOUSTIC ELECTROMECHANICAL TRANSDUCERS; DEAF-AID SETS; PUBLIC ADDRESS SYSTEMS
    • H04R27/00—Public address systems

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method for correcting the falsification of the loudness perception caused by the diffuse sound generated in the reproduction room in the case of a sound event reproduced by a sound transducer system, which consists of a direct sound component and a diffuse sound component.
  • the playback device emits the sound event towards the listener, then the sound at the listening location is composed of the direct sound and the diffuse sound.
  • the intensity of direct sound decreases with the distance between the sound source and listening location linear, while the intensity of the diffuse sound is independent of this distance.
  • the distance at which the intensity of direct sound and diffuse sound are equal is called the Hall radius.
  • the diffuse sound has a frequency-dependent loudness which is falsified in relation to the direct sound, so that a listener of the sound event reproduced by a sound transducer system receives a falsified loudness impression.
  • This situation is described in the book by Zwicker-Feldtkeller "The ear as a message recipient" S. Hirzel-Verlag, Stuttgart, 1967, pages 121 and 122.
  • this error has been corrected in that the loudspeakers which emit different frequency ranges have a specifically different bundling.
  • the technical problem underlying the invention therefore consists in specifying a correction method which achieves the same result with less effort and which can therefore be used in everyday transmission devices for a sound event, such as a television set or a car radio.
  • the desired technical solution should apply in the event that the listening location is to be arranged at a distance from the sound transducer system which is larger than the reverberation radius.
  • the diffuse sound component at the listening location is tuned to the same loudness profile that a sound transducer with linear sound pressure characteristics would have in the anechoic chamber.
  • the implementation of the solution in practice takes place in that the electrical signal of the sound event is distorted in such a way that the practically exclusively present diffuse sound component at the listening location has such a loudness curve as the loudness curve of a direct sound generated by the undistorted electrical signal of the sound event.
  • Fig. 1 illustrates the reproduction of a reproduced sound event in a room, in which the z. B. sound event stored on a record or the wirelessly transmitted sound event is emitted by the loudspeaker 1.
  • the sound event reaches the listener 2 at the listening location in two different ways, namely on the one hand as direct sound D and on the other hand as diffuse sound I.
  • D direct sound
  • diffuse sound I diffuse sound
  • the frequency-dependent difference between the loudness perception for direct sound D and diffuse sound I at the listening location is shown in the diagram in FIG. 2.
  • This diagram shows that diffuse sound is perceived as louder in the frequency range between 300 Hz and 1.5 kHz, quieter in the frequency range between 2 and 5 kHz, and louder in the frequency range between 5 and 20 kHz.
  • the sound intensity must be distorted according to the diagram in FIG. 3.
  • This diagram shows that the frequencies between 300 Hz and 1.5 kHz have to be reduced in the sound pressure curve, the frequencies between 2 and 5 kHz have to be raised and the frequencies between 5 and 20 kHz have to be reduced again.
  • Fig. 4 illustrates how this can be realized with a free-standing television set or a free-standing loudspeaker box 3. All loudspeakers of the loudspeaker box 3 emit a sound which was generated by an LF signal which has been distorted either by the crossover 4 or the amplifier 5 in such a way that the diffuse sound at the listening location produces a loudness sensation which corresponds to that of an undistorted electrical signal corresponds to the direct sound generated by the sound event.
  • the same result can also be achieved with loudspeakers arranged in a motor vehicle.
  • the sound generated by the distorted LF signal is emitted by the loudspeakers 6 installed at various locations in the motor vehicle, the occupants of the motor vehicle hear a diffuse sound, the loudness profile of which corresponds to that of the direct sound.

Abstract

A solution is specified how the reproduction device for sound events can be designed in such a manner that the diffuse sound at the location of listening produces a uniform frequency-independent loudness. This is achieved by the fact that the audio-frequency signal supplied to the sound transducer system is distorted in such a manner that the diffuse sound exhibits at the location of listening the same loudness characteristic which would be exhibited by a sound transducer operated with undistorted audio-frequency signal in an anechoic room. <IMAGE>

Description

Die Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren zur Korrektur der durch den im Wiedergaberaum erzeugten Diffusschall bewirkten Verfälschung der Lautheitsempfindung bei einem durch ein Schallwandlersystem reproduzierten Schallereignis, welches aus einem Direktschallanteil und einem Diffusschallanteil besteht.The invention relates to a method for correcting the falsification of the loudness perception caused by the diffuse sound generated in the reproduction room in the case of a sound event reproduced by a sound transducer system, which consists of a direct sound component and a diffuse sound component.

Ein solches Verfahren ist bekannt (Aufsatz: "Anatomie eines aktiven Vierweg-Lautsprechers" in FUNKSCHAU 1980, H.7, S. 85-87 und H.8, S. 113, 114).Such a method is known (essay: "Anatomy of an active four-way speaker" in FUNKSCHAU 1980, H.7, p. 85-87 and H.8, p. 113, 114).

Wenn bei der Wiedergabe eines auf einem Tonträger gespeicherten reproduzierten Schallereignisses die Wiedergabe-Vorrichtung das Schallereignis in Richtung auf den Zuhörer abstrahlt, dann setzt sich der Schall am Hörort aus dem Direktschall und dem Diffusschall zusammen. Wie allgemein bekannt, nimmt die Intensität des Direktschalles mit dem Abstand zwischen Schallquelle und Hörort linear ab, während die Intensität des Diffusschalles von diesem Abstand unabhängig ist. Der Abstand, bei dem die Intensität von Direktschall und Diffusschall gleich sind, wird als Hallradius bezeichnet.If, when a reproduced sound event stored on a sound carrier is played back, the playback device emits the sound event towards the listener, then the sound at the listening location is composed of the direct sound and the diffuse sound. As is well known, the intensity of direct sound decreases with the distance between the sound source and listening location linear, while the intensity of the diffuse sound is independent of this distance. The distance at which the intensity of direct sound and diffuse sound are equal is called the Hall radius.

Wie weiterhin allgemein bekannt, weist der Diffusschall eine gegenüber dem Direktschall verfälschte frequenzabhängige Lautheit auf, so daß ein Hörer des von einem Schallwandlersystem reproduzierten Schallereignisses einen verfälschten Lautheitseindruck erhält. Dieser Sachverhalt ist in dem Buch von Zwicker-Feldtkeller "Das Ohr als Nachrichtenempfänger" S. Hirzel-Verlag, Stuttgart, 1967, Seiten 121 und 122 beschrieben.As is also generally known, the diffuse sound has a frequency-dependent loudness which is falsified in relation to the direct sound, so that a listener of the sound event reproduced by a sound transducer system receives a falsified loudness impression. This situation is described in the book by Zwicker-Feldtkeller "The ear as a message recipient" S. Hirzel-Verlag, Stuttgart, 1967, pages 121 and 122.

Bei der bekannten Wiedergabevorrichtung ist dieser Fehler dadurch korrigiert worden, daß die verschiedene Frequenzbereiche abstrahlenden Lautsprecher eine gezielte unterschiedliche Bündelung aufweisen.In the known playback device, this error has been corrected in that the loudspeakers which emit different frequency ranges have a specifically different bundling.

Diese bekannte Lösung erfordert einen erheblichen Aufwand, welcher nur bei hochwertigen Musikübertragungsanlagen gerechtfertigt ist.This known solution requires considerable effort, which is justified only in high-quality music transmission systems.

Das der Erfindung zugrunde liegende technische Problem besteht deshalb darin, ein Korrekturverfahren anzugeben, welches das gleiche Resultat mit geringerem Aufwand erzielt und welches daher bei alltäglichen Übertragungsvorrichtungen eines Schallereignisses, wie einem Fernsehgerät oder einem Autoradio, angewendet werden kann. Die angestrebte technische Lösung soll für den Fall gelten, daß der Hörort in einem Abstand vom Schallwandlersystem angeordnet sein soll, welcher größer als der Hallradius ist.The technical problem underlying the invention therefore consists in specifying a correction method which achieves the same result with less effort and which can therefore be used in everyday transmission devices for a sound event, such as a television set or a car radio. The desired technical solution should apply in the event that the listening location is to be arranged at a distance from the sound transducer system which is larger than the reverberation radius.

Die Lösung dieses technischen Problems besteht darin, daß unter gleichzeitiger Vernachlässigung des Direktschallanteils der Diffusschallanteil am Hörort auf den gleichen Lautheitsverlauf abgestimmt wird, den ein Schallwandler mit linearer Schalldruckcharakteristik im schalltoten Raum aufweisen würde.The solution to this technical problem is that, while neglecting the direct sound component, the diffuse sound component at the listening location is tuned to the same loudness profile that a sound transducer with linear sound pressure characteristics would have in the anechoic chamber.

Die Umsetzung der Lösung in die Praxis erfolgt dadurch, daß das elektrische Signal des Schallereignisses derart verzerrt wird, daß am Hörort der praktisch ausschließlich vorhandene Diffusschallanteil einen solchen Lautheitsverlauf aufweist, wie der Lautheitsverlauf eines vom unverzerrten elektrischen Signal des Schallereignisses erzeugten Direktschalles.The implementation of the solution in practice takes place in that the electrical signal of the sound event is distorted in such a way that the practically exclusively present diffuse sound component at the listening location has such a loudness curve as the loudness curve of a direct sound generated by the undistorted electrical signal of the sound event.

Vorteilhafte Ausgestaltungen der Erfindung sind in den Ansprüchen 2 bis 8 enthalten. Sie ist nachstehend anhand der Figuren 1 bis 6 erläutert.Advantageous embodiments of the invention are contained in claims 2 to 8. It is explained below with reference to FIGS. 1 to 6.

Es zeigen:

  • Fig. 1 schematisch die Anordnung zur Wiedergabe eines reproduzierten Schallereignisses in einem Raum,
  • Fig. 2 ein Diagramm, welches die frequenzabhängige Differenz der Lautheit zwischen Direktschall und Diffusschall im Hörort wiedergibt,
  • Fig. 3 das Diagramm der frequenzabhängigen Korrekturgröße,
  • Fig. 4 die Verwirklichung der Erfindung bei einem Fernsehgerät oder einer Regalbox,
  • Fig. 5 die Verwirklichung der Erfindung bei einer PKW-Übertragungsanlage und
  • Fig. 6 ein Diagramm, welches den Schalldruckpegel in Abhängigkeit von der Frequenz nach Korrektur des Lautheitseindrucks am Hörort wiedergibt.
Show it:
  • 1 schematically shows the arrangement for reproducing a reproduced sound event in a room,
  • 2 is a diagram showing the frequency-dependent difference in loudness between direct sound and diffuse sound in the listening location,
  • 3 shows the diagram of the frequency-dependent correction variable,
  • 4 shows the implementation of the invention in a television set or a shelf box,
  • Fig. 5 shows the implementation of the invention in a car transmission system and
  • Fig. 6 is a diagram showing the sound pressure level as a function of frequency after correcting the loudness impression at the listening location.

Fig. 1 verdeutlicht die Wiedergabe eines reproduzierten Schallereignisses in einem Raum, bei welcher das entweder z. B. auf einer Schallplatte gespeicherte Schallereignis oder das drahtlos übertragene Schallereignis von dem Lautsprecher 1 abgestrahlt wird. Das Schallereignis gelangt auf zwei verschiedenen Wegen zum Hörer 2 am Hörort, nämlich einerseits als Direktschall D und andererseits als Diffusschall I. Wie bereits erwähnt, ist am Hörort, wenn der Abstand zwischen Lautsprecher und Hörort größer als der Hallradius ist, bei vernachlässigbarem Fehler nur noch der Diffusschall I wirksam. Das menschliche Ohr weist jedoch - wie allgemein bekannt - für den Diffusschall frequenzabhängig ein anderes Lautheitsempfinden auf.Fig. 1 illustrates the reproduction of a reproduced sound event in a room, in which the z. B. sound event stored on a record or the wirelessly transmitted sound event is emitted by the loudspeaker 1. The sound event reaches the listener 2 at the listening location in two different ways, namely on the one hand as direct sound D and on the other hand as diffuse sound I. As already mentioned, at the listening location, if the distance between the loudspeaker and the listening location is greater than the reverberation radius, there is only a negligible error the diffuse sound I effective. However, as is generally known, the human ear has a different loudness perception for diffuse sound, depending on the frequency.

Die frequenzabhängige Differenz zwischen dem Lautheitsempfinden für den Direktschall D und dem Diffusschall I am Hörort ist in dem Diagramm in Fig. 2 wiedergegeben.The frequency-dependent difference between the loudness perception for direct sound D and diffuse sound I at the listening location is shown in the diagram in FIG. 2.

Dieses Diagramm verdeutlicht, daß der Diffusschall im Frequenzbereich etwa zwischen 300 Hz und 1,5 kHz als lauter, im Frequenzbereich zwischen 2 und 5 kHz leiser, und im Frequenzbereich zwischen 5 und 20 kHz lauter empfunden wird. Um diese Verfälschung auszugleichen, muß die Schallintensität entsprechend dem Diagramm in Fig. 3 verzerrt werden. Dieses Diagramm verdeutlicht, daß die Frequenzen zwischen 300 Hz und 1,5 kHz im Schalldruckverlauf abgesenkt, die Frequenzen zwischen 2 und 5 kHz angehoben und die Frequenzen zwischen 5 und 20 kHz wieder abgesenkt werden müssen.This diagram shows that diffuse sound is perceived as louder in the frequency range between 300 Hz and 1.5 kHz, quieter in the frequency range between 2 and 5 kHz, and louder in the frequency range between 5 and 20 kHz. In order to compensate for this distortion, the sound intensity must be distorted according to the diagram in FIG. 3. This diagram shows that the frequencies between 300 Hz and 1.5 kHz have to be reduced in the sound pressure curve, the frequencies between 2 and 5 kHz have to be raised and the frequencies between 5 and 20 kHz have to be reduced again.

Fig. 4 verdeutlicht, wie dies bei einem freistehenden Fernsehgerät oder einer freistehenden Lautsprecherbox 3 verwirklicht werden kann. Sämtliche Lautsprecher der Lautsprecherbox 3 strahlen einen Schall ab, der von einem NF-Signal erzeugt wurde, das entweder durch die Weiche 4 oder den Verstärker 5 derart verzerrt worden ist, daß der Diffusschall am Hörort ein Lautheitsempfinden erzeugt, welches dem von einem unverzerrten elektrischen Signal des Schallereignisses erzeugten Direktschall entspricht.Fig. 4 illustrates how this can be realized with a free-standing television set or a free-standing loudspeaker box 3. All loudspeakers of the loudspeaker box 3 emit a sound which was generated by an LF signal which has been distorted either by the crossover 4 or the amplifier 5 in such a way that the diffuse sound at the listening location produces a loudness sensation which corresponds to that of an undistorted electrical signal corresponds to the direct sound generated by the sound event.

Das gleiche Ergebnis kann auch mit in einem Kraftfahrzeug angeordneten Lautsprechern erzielt werden. Der von dem verzerrten NF-Signal erzeugte Schall wird von den an verschiedenen Orten im Kraftfahrzeug eingebauten Lautsprechern 6 abgestrahlt, die Insassen des Kraftfahrzeuges hören einen Diffusschall, dessen Lautheitsverlauf dem des Direktschalles entspricht.The same result can also be achieved with loudspeakers arranged in a motor vehicle. The sound generated by the distorted LF signal is emitted by the loudspeakers 6 installed at various locations in the motor vehicle, the occupants of the motor vehicle hear a diffuse sound, the loudness profile of which corresponds to that of the direct sound.

Durch die vorstehend beschriebene Maßnahme wird die Wiedergabe eines reproduzierten Schallereignisses am Hörort für alle Frequenzen gleichmäßig laut empfunden, wie dies das Diagramm gemäß Fig. 6 verdeutlicht.As a result of the measure described above, the reproduction of a reproduced sound event at the listening location is felt to be uniformly loud for all frequencies, as the diagram according to FIG. 6 illustrates.

BezugszeichenlisteReference symbol list

  • 1 Lautsprecher1 speaker
  • 2 Zuhörer2 listeners
  • 3 Lautsprecherbox3 speakers
  • 4 Weiche4 points
  • 5 Verstärker5 amplifiers
  • 6 Lautsprecher6 speakers
  • D DirektschallD direct sound
  • I DiffusschallI diffuse sound

Claims (8)

1. Verfahren zur Korrektur der durch den im Wiedergaberaum erzeugten Diffusschall bewirkten Verfälschung der Lautheitsempfindung bei einem durch ein Schallwandlersystem reproduzierten Schallereignis, welches aus einem Direktschallanteil und einem Diffusschallanteil besteht, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß unter gleichzeitiger Vernachlässigung des Direktschallanteils der Diffusschallanteil am Hörort auf den gleichen Lautheitsverlauf abgestimmt wird, den ein Schallwandler mit linearer Schalldruckcharakteristik im schalltoten Raum aufweisen würde.1. A method for correcting the falsification of the loudness perception caused by the diffuse sound generated in the reproduction room in the case of a sound event reproduced by a sound transducer system, which consists of a direct sound component and a diffuse sound component, characterized in that while simultaneously neglecting the direct sound component, the diffuse sound component at the listening location has the same loudness profile is tuned, which a sound transducer with linear sound pressure characteristics would have in the anechoic room. 2. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Abstimmung durch Verzerrung des dem Schallereignis entsprechenden NF-Signals erfolgt.2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the tuning is carried out by distorting the LF signal corresponding to the sound event. 3. Verfahren nach den Ansprüchen 1 und 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Verzerrung in einem Verstärker erfolgt.3. The method according to claims 1 and 2, characterized in that the distortion takes place in an amplifier. 4. Verfahren nach den Ansprüchen 1 und 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Verzerrung in einer Frequenzweiche erfolgt.4. The method according to claims 1 and 2, characterized in that the distortion takes place in a crossover. 5. Vorrichtung zur Durchführung des Verfahrens nach wenigstens einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 4, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß als Schallwandlersystem eine Mehrzahl von jeweils besondere Wiedergabeeigenschaften für einen Frequenzbereich (Tiefton-, Mittelton- oder Hochton-Lautsprecher) aufweisenden Lautsprechern vorgesehen ist, welche über eine Frequenzweiche an ein elektrisches NF-Signal angeschlossen sind und bei dem die Frequenzweiche derart ausgebildet ist, daß sie eine Verzerrung des NF-Signals bewirkt.5. Apparatus for performing the method according to at least one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that a plurality of special reproduction properties for a frequency range (low-frequency, mid-range or high-frequency loudspeaker) having loudspeakers is provided as the sound transducer system, which has a Crossover are connected to an electrical LF signal and in which the crossover is designed such that it causes a distortion of the LF signal. 6. Vorrichtung zur Durchführung des Verfahrens nach wenigstens einem der Ansprüch 1 bis 4, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß als Schallwandlersystem eine Mehrzahl von jeweils besondere Wiedergabeeigenschaften für einen Frequenzbereich (Tiefton-, Mittelton- oder Hochton-Lautsprecher) aufweisenden Lautsprechern vorgesehen ist, welche an einen Verstärker mit integrierter Vorrichtung zur Verzerrung des dem Schallwandlersystem zugeführten elektrischen Signals angeschlossen sind.6. Apparatus for carrying out the method according to at least one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that a plurality of special reproduction properties for a frequency range (low-range, mid-range or high-range loudspeaker) having loudspeakers is provided as the sound transducer system, which is connected to a Amplifiers with an integrated device for distortion of the electrical signal supplied to the sound transducer system are connected. 7. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 6, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Verstärker in der Lautstärke verstellbar ausgebildet ist.7. The device according to claim 6, characterized in that the amplifier is adjustable in volume. 8. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 5, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Frequenzweiche steuerbar ausgebildet ist.8. The device according to claim 5, characterized in that the crossover is controllable.
EP89122993A 1989-01-03 1989-12-13 Method and device for correcting a distortion of the loudness perception of a reproduced-sound presentation Expired - Lifetime EP0377144B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE3900044A DE3900044A1 (en) 1989-01-03 1989-01-03 METHOD AND DEVICE FOR CORRECTING A DISTORTION OF THE LOUDNESS SENSATION OF A REPRODUCED SOUND EVENT
DE3900044 1989-01-03

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EP0377144A2 true EP0377144A2 (en) 1990-07-11
EP0377144A3 EP0377144A3 (en) 1991-08-28
EP0377144B1 EP0377144B1 (en) 1994-06-01

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Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2020018116A1 (en) * 2018-07-20 2020-01-23 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. Stereophonic balance of displays

Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4109107A (en) * 1977-07-05 1978-08-22 Iowa State University Research Foundation, Inc. Method and apparatus for frequency compensation of electro-acoustical transducer and its environment
FR2514213A1 (en) * 1981-10-05 1983-04-08 Carpentier Claude AF amplifier with pre-adjusted equalisation for motor vehicle - has retractable panel with replaceable integrated circuit containing passive elements to modify frequency response
EP0160431A2 (en) * 1984-04-09 1985-11-06 Pioneer Electronic Corporation Sound field correction system
EP0281123A2 (en) * 1987-03-06 1988-09-07 Deutsche Thomson-Brandt GmbH Loudspeaker bon with multiple cross-over networks

Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4109107A (en) * 1977-07-05 1978-08-22 Iowa State University Research Foundation, Inc. Method and apparatus for frequency compensation of electro-acoustical transducer and its environment
FR2514213A1 (en) * 1981-10-05 1983-04-08 Carpentier Claude AF amplifier with pre-adjusted equalisation for motor vehicle - has retractable panel with replaceable integrated circuit containing passive elements to modify frequency response
EP0160431A2 (en) * 1984-04-09 1985-11-06 Pioneer Electronic Corporation Sound field correction system
EP0281123A2 (en) * 1987-03-06 1988-09-07 Deutsche Thomson-Brandt GmbH Loudspeaker bon with multiple cross-over networks

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2020018116A1 (en) * 2018-07-20 2020-01-23 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. Stereophonic balance of displays

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EP0377144B1 (en) 1994-06-01
DE58907779D1 (en) 1994-07-07
EP0377144A3 (en) 1991-08-28
DE3900044A1 (en) 1990-07-05

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