EP0361038A2 - Method of straightening an elongate metal object, in particular the connecting rod of a reciprocating-piston engine - Google Patents
Method of straightening an elongate metal object, in particular the connecting rod of a reciprocating-piston engine Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP0361038A2 EP0361038A2 EP19890114612 EP89114612A EP0361038A2 EP 0361038 A2 EP0361038 A2 EP 0361038A2 EP 19890114612 EP19890114612 EP 19890114612 EP 89114612 A EP89114612 A EP 89114612A EP 0361038 A2 EP0361038 A2 EP 0361038A2
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- connecting rod
- straightening
- metal part
- rod
- reciprocating
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
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Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21D—WORKING OR PROCESSING OF SHEET METAL OR METAL TUBES, RODS OR PROFILES WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21D3/00—Straightening or restoring form of metal rods, metal tubes, metal profiles, or specific articles made therefrom, whether or not in combination with sheet metal parts
- B21D3/12—Straightening or restoring form of metal rods, metal tubes, metal profiles, or specific articles made therefrom, whether or not in combination with sheet metal parts by stretching with or without twisting
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21D—WORKING OR PROCESSING OF SHEET METAL OR METAL TUBES, RODS OR PROFILES WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21D3/00—Straightening or restoring form of metal rods, metal tubes, metal profiles, or specific articles made therefrom, whether or not in combination with sheet metal parts
- B21D3/16—Straightening or restoring form of metal rods, metal tubes, metal profiles, or specific articles made therefrom, whether or not in combination with sheet metal parts of specific articles made from metal rods, tubes, or profiles, e.g. crankshafts, by specially adapted methods or means
Definitions
- the connecting rod of a reciprocating piston machine can be regarded as an elongated metal part with a non-rotationally symmetrical cross section that is exposed to high dynamic loads.
- the connecting rods are forged steel parts, above all for conventional reciprocating piston internal combustion engines.
- the connecting rods forged in a die are freed from the die burr in a punching tool immediately after removal from the die and fed to a tempering process with the available forging heat.
- the connecting rods Before the connecting rods are machined, they are straightened. Here, the connecting rod is pressed or knocked into the position to be straightened, the amount of elastic springback having to be bent over. This overbending adversely affects the dynamic strength of the connecting rod. This disadvantageous influence on the safety of the component is taken into account by appropriate structural design.
- the invention has for its object to modify the generic method for straightening an elongated metal part in such a way that an elongated metal part of any cross-section, such as a connecting rod of a reciprocating piston machine, is properly straightened in a simple and inexpensive manner, with the straightening an increase in dynamic strength, in particular the fatigue strength, is connected.
- the metal part is additionally subjected to a static tensile force in an intermediate area during its elastic deformation - max. up to the yield point - loaded in the longitudinal direction and - during this load - cold deformed on the surface.
- An advantage of the invention is that when straightening under tension with simultaneous cold deformation of the free surface of the metal part, it does not have to be bent over during straightening.
- the material of the metal part in areas near the surface becomes predominantly longitudinal Plasticized direction. If the tensile load is removed from the metal part after the cold deformation of the surface has been carried out, only the inner material areas spring back elastically. As a result, high compressive residual stresses occur in the longitudinal direction in the plasticized outer material areas.
- the straightening state of the metal part or of the connecting rod achieved by elastic deformation and by superimposed tensile load is frozen to a certain extent.
- the tensile force can be taken into account for the respective metal part (connecting rod), taking into account the shape number ( ⁇ K ). can be increased up to the yield point ( ⁇ S ) occurring in the area of a notch base caused in the metal part.
- the tensile force or tensile load can be strain-controlled for a favorable use of material.
- the elongated metal part is preferably a connecting rod specified as a tempered forged blank
- the tensile force or tensile load can essentially be determined by the quality the yield strength resulting from the remuneration. With such a tensile load determined in such a way, a quality control is advantageously achieved at the same time.
- the permissible deviations of the strain-controlled tensile load can be selected to be low.
- the spread of the strain-controlled tensile loads allows a direct conclusion to be drawn about the quality of the compensation process or the cross-section.
- a connecting rod for high-speed reciprocating internal combustion engines is made of steel and forged in a die. Immediately after removal from the die, the die ridge is removed from the connecting rod using a punching tool. The connecting rod, which is still hot, is fed into a remuneration process. In particular due to uneven removal when the tempered connecting rod cools, it is subject to delay. The connecting rod must be straightened before machining, especially the bearing bores in both connecting rod eyes.
- the steel connecting rod which is in the forge-high but tempered condition with a ridge seam and surface defects, is clamped in a device on both connecting rod eyes arranged.
- Both clamping devices of the device are designed and arranged in such a way that both connecting rod eyes are aligned with one another, this alignment taking place with elastic deformation of the connecting rod shaft connecting the connecting rod eyes.
- the elastically deformed connecting rod shaft is then subjected to tension by means of the clamping devices, the tensile load being increased in a strain-controlled manner up to the yield point of the hardened connecting rod.
- the tensile load superimposed on the elastic straightening state by a static tensile force corresponding to the yield point, the surface of the connecting rod shaft and its transitions to the connecting rod eyes are cold-deformed by means of shot peening.
- the fatigue strength, in particular the fatigue strength, of the connecting rod is increased with the cold deformation of the surface.
- a quality control is also achieved with the strain-controlled tensile load on the hardened connecting rod.
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Shafts, Cranks, Connecting Bars, And Related Bearings (AREA)
- Forging (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Die Erfindung bezieht sich auf ein Verfahren zum Richten eines länglichen Metallteiles nach den im Oberbegriff des Patentanspruches 1 beschriebenen Verfahrensschritten.The invention relates to a method for straightening an elongated metal part according to the method steps described in the preamble of claim 1.
Ein derartiges Verfahren ist aus der DE-OS 23 40 153 bekannt. Hierbei wird dem elastischen Richtzustand des Zwischenbereiches in einem weiteren Verfahrensschritt eine Drehbelastung überlagert, wobei das Metallteil zur bleibenden Ausrichtung bis in den plastischen Bereich hinein tordiert wird. Dieses Verfahren ist insbesondere für Metallteile mit rotationssymmetrischen Querschnitten geeignet. Für längliche Metallteile mit davon abweichenden Querschnitten ist dieses Richt-Verfahren, insbesondere im Hinblick auf die unterschiedlichen Spannungsgradienten, kaum geeignet.Such a method is known from DE-OS 23 40 153. In a further process step, a torsional load is superimposed on the elastic straightening state of the intermediate area, the metal part being twisted into the plastic area for permanent alignment. This method is particularly suitable for metal parts with rotationally symmetrical cross sections. This straightening method is hardly suitable for elongated metal parts with differing cross sections, particularly with regard to the different stress gradients.
Als ein hohen dynamischen Belastungen ausgesetztes, längliches Metallteil von nicht-rotationssymmetrischem Querschnitt kann das Pleuel einer Hubkolbenmaschine betrachtet werden. Vorallem für übliche Hubkolben-Brennkraftmaschinen sind die Pleuel geschmiedete Stahlteile. Die in einem Gesenk geschmiedeten Pleuel werden unmittelbar nach der Entnahme aus dem Gesenk in einem Stanzwerkzeug vom Gesenkgrat befreit und mit der vorhandenen Schmiedewärme einem Vergütungsprozeß zugeführt.The connecting rod of a reciprocating piston machine can be regarded as an elongated metal part with a non-rotationally symmetrical cross section that is exposed to high dynamic loads. The connecting rods are forged steel parts, above all for conventional reciprocating piston internal combustion engines. The connecting rods forged in a die are freed from the die burr in a punching tool immediately after removal from the die and fed to a tempering process with the available forging heat.
Vor der spanabhebenden Bearbeitung der Pleuel werden diese gerichtet. Hierbei wird das Pleuel in die zu richtende Lage gedrückt bzw. geklopft, wobei um das Maß der elastischen Rückfederung überbogen werden muß. Dieses Überbiegen wirkt sich nachteilig auf die dynamische Festigkeit des Pleuels aus. Dieser nachteilige Einfluß auf die Sicherheit des Bauteiles wird durch eine entsprechende bauliche Bemessung berücksichtigt.Before the connecting rods are machined, they are straightened. Here, the connecting rod is pressed or knocked into the position to be straightened, the amount of elastic springback having to be bent over. This overbending adversely affects the dynamic strength of the connecting rod. This disadvantageous influence on the safety of the component is taken into account by appropriate structural design.
Weiter ist es aus der DE-Z "Metall", 1980, H. 4, S. 320 bis 323 bekannt, metallische Bauteile durch örtlich gezieltes Kugelstrahlen zu richten, wobei das Strahlen eine plastisch umgeformte Oberflächenschicht mit Druckeigenspannungen ergibt.Furthermore, it is known from DE-Z "Metall", 1980, H. 4, pp. 320 to 323 to direct metallic components by means of locally targeted shot peening, the blasting giving a plastically deformed surface layer with residual compressive stresses.
Der Erfindung liegt die Aufgabe zugrunde, das gattungsgemäße Verfahren zum Richten eines länglichen Metallteiles derart abzuwandeln, daß ein längliches Metallteil von beliebigen Querschnitt, wie zum Beispiel ein Pleuel einer Hubkolbenmaschine, einwandfrei in einfacher und kostengünstiger Weise gerichtet wird, wobei mit dem Richten eine Steigerung der dynamischen Festigkeit, insbesondere der Dauerfestigkeit, verbunden ist.The invention has for its object to modify the generic method for straightening an elongated metal part in such a way that an elongated metal part of any cross-section, such as a connecting rod of a reciprocating piston machine, is properly straightened in a simple and inexpensive manner, with the straightening an increase in dynamic strength, in particular the fatigue strength, is connected.
Zur Lösung dieser Aufgabe wird das Metallteil in einem Zwischenbereich während seiner elastischen Verformung zusätzlich mit einer statischen Zugkraft - max. bis zur Streckgrenze - in Längsrichtung belastet und - während dieser Belastung - an der Oberfläche kalt verformt.To solve this problem, the metal part is additionally subjected to a static tensile force in an intermediate area during its elastic deformation - max. up to the yield point - loaded in the longitudinal direction and - during this load - cold deformed on the surface.
Ein Vorteil der Erfindung liegt darin, daß beim Richten unter Vorspannung bei gleichzeitiger Kaltverformung der freien Oberfläche des Metallteiles dieses beim Richten nicht überbogen werden muß. Mit der Kaltverformung der Oberfläche wird der Werkstoff des Metallteiles in oberflächennahen Bereichen in überwiegend longitudinaler Richtung plastiziert. Bei Wegnahme der Zugbelastung vom Metallteil nach vollzogener Kaltverformung der Oberfläche federn nur die inneren Werkstoffbereiche elastisch zurück. In den plastizierten äußeren Werkstoffbereichen treten dadurch hohe Druckeigenspannungen in Längsrichtung auf. Mit der Kaltverformung der Oberfläche wird somit der durch elastische Verformung und durch überlagerte Zugbelastung erreichte Richtzustand des Metallteiles bzw. des Pleuels gewissermaßen eingefroren.An advantage of the invention is that when straightening under tension with simultaneous cold deformation of the free surface of the metal part, it does not have to be bent over during straightening. With the cold deformation of the surface, the material of the metal part in areas near the surface becomes predominantly longitudinal Plasticized direction. If the tensile load is removed from the metal part after the cold deformation of the surface has been carried out, only the inner material areas spring back elastically. As a result, high compressive residual stresses occur in the longitudinal direction in the plasticized outer material areas. With the cold deformation of the surface, the straightening state of the metal part or of the connecting rod achieved by elastic deformation and by superimposed tensile load is frozen to a certain extent.
Weiter weist das erfindungsgemäße Richten mit Kaltverformung der Oberfläche des Metallteiles bzw. des Pleuels den weiteren Vorteil auf, daß in oberflächennahen Bereichen des Pleuels gegebene Schmiedefehler sowie beim Stanzen des Gesenkgrates entstehende Überlappungen und ferner Oberflächenfehler von geringer Tiefe in ihren festigkeitsmindernden Auswirkungen durch das Kaltverformen der Oberfläche kompensiert werden und somit der Ausschuß wesentlich verringert wird. Im Bereich der als Kerben wirkenden Oberflächenrisse werden mit der Kaltverformung Druckeigenspannungszustände erzeugt, die die dynamische Festigkeit steigern. Diese Steigerung kann in weiterer vorteilhafter Weise für eine nicht unerhebliche Gewichtsreduzierung bei unveränderter Betriebssicherheit des jeweiligen Bauteiles genutzt werden.Furthermore, the straightening according to the invention with cold deformation of the surface of the metal part or of the connecting rod has the further advantage that there are forging errors in near-surface areas of the connecting rod and overlaps occurring when punching the die burr and furthermore surface defects of small depth in their strength-reducing effects due to the cold deformation of the surface can be compensated for and thus the committee is significantly reduced. In the area of the surface cracks, which act as notches, the cold forming creates residual compressive stress states that increase the dynamic strength. This increase can be used in a further advantageous manner for a not inconsiderable reduction in weight with unchanged operational reliability of the respective component.
Zur Erzielung des elastischen Richtzustandes kann die Zugkraft unter Beachtung der Formzahl (αK) für das jeweilige Metallteil (Pleuel) max. bis zu der im Bereich eines im Metallteil verursachten Kerbgrundes auftretenden Streckgrenze (σS) gesteigert werden. Hierbei kann für eine günstige Werkstoffausnützung die Zugkraft bzw. Zugbelastung dehnungsgesteuert werden. Ist das längliche Metallteil vorzugsweise ein als vergütetes Schmiederohteil vorgegebenes Pleuel, so kann die Zugkraft bzw. Zugbelastung im wesentlichen durch die aus der Qualität der Vergütung resultierenden Streckgrenze bestimmt werden. Mit einer solchermaßen dehnungsgesteuert bestimmten Zugbelastung ergibt sich in vorteilhafter Weise zugleich eine Qualitätskontrolle. Um für die Pleuel eine hohe Qualität sicherzustellen, können die zulässigen Abweichungen der dehnungsgesteuerten Zugbelastung gering gewählt werden. Andererseits läßt die Streuung der dehnungsgesteuerten Zugbelastungen einen unmittelbaren Rückschluß auf die Qualität des Vergütungsprozesses bzw. des Querschnittes zu. Schließlich wird die für das Richten des jeweiligen Bauteiles vorgeschlagene Kaltverformung der Oberfläche in einfacher und kostengünstiger Weise nach Anspruch 3 durch das bekannte Kugelstrahlen erzielt. Wie jedoch Anspruch 2 weiter ausweist, ist die Kaltverformung der Oberfläche des jeweiligen Bauteiles nicht auf das Kugelstrahlen allein beschränkt.To achieve the elastic straightening state, the tensile force can be taken into account for the respective metal part (connecting rod), taking into account the shape number (α K ). can be increased up to the yield point (σ S ) occurring in the area of a notch base caused in the metal part. In this case, the tensile force or tensile load can be strain-controlled for a favorable use of material. If the elongated metal part is preferably a connecting rod specified as a tempered forged blank, the tensile force or tensile load can essentially be determined by the quality the yield strength resulting from the remuneration. With such a tensile load determined in such a way, a quality control is advantageously achieved at the same time. In order to ensure high quality for the connecting rods, the permissible deviations of the strain-controlled tensile load can be selected to be low. On the other hand, the spread of the strain-controlled tensile loads allows a direct conclusion to be drawn about the quality of the compensation process or the cross-section. Finally, the cold deformation of the surface proposed for straightening the respective component is achieved in a simple and inexpensive manner according to claim 3 by the known shot peening. However, as further stated in claim 2, the cold deformation of the surface of the respective component is not limited to shot peening alone.
Nachfolgend wird das erfindungsgemäße Verfahren zum Richten eines länglichen Metallteiles am Beispiel des Richtens eines Pleuels für eine Hubkolbenmaschine beschrieben.The method according to the invention for straightening an elongated metal part is described below using the example of straightening a connecting rod for a reciprocating piston machine.
Ein Pleuel für hochdrehende Hubkolben-Brennkraftmaschine ist aus Stahl und in einem Gesenk geschmiedet. Unmittelbar nach Entnahme aus dem Gesenk wird der Gesenkgrat mittels eines Stanzwerkzeuges vom Pleuel entfernt. Das noch schmiedewarme Pleuel wird einem Vergütungsprozeß zugeführt. Insbesondere durch ungleichmäßige Abfuhr beim Auskühlen des vergüteten Pleuels unterliegt dieses einem Verzug. Vor der spanabhebenden Bearbeitung, insbesondere der Lagerbohrungen in beiden Pleuelaugen, muß das Pleuel gerichtet werden.A connecting rod for high-speed reciprocating internal combustion engines is made of steel and forged in a die. Immediately after removal from the die, the die ridge is removed from the connecting rod using a punching tool. The connecting rod, which is still hot, is fed into a remuneration process. In particular due to uneven removal when the tempered connecting rod cools, it is subject to delay. The connecting rod must be straightened before machining, especially the bearing bores in both connecting rod eyes.
Das im schmiederohen, jedoch vergüteten Zustand mit Gratnaht und Oberflächenfehlern vorliegende Stahl-Pleuel wird in einer Vorrichtung an beiden Pleuelaugen geklemmt angeordnet. Beide Klemmeinrichtungen der Vorrichtung sind so ausgebildet und angeordnet, daß beide Pleuelaugen zueinander ausgerichtet werden, wobei dieses Ausrichten unter elastischer Verformung des die Pleuelaugen verbindenden Pleuelschaftes erfolgt. Anschließend wird der elastisch verformte Pleuelschaft mittels der Klemmeinrichtungen auf Zug belastet, wobei die Zugbelastung dehnungsgesteuert bis zur Streckgrenze des vergüteten Pleuels gesteigert wird. Während der dem elastischen Richtzustand überlagerten Zugbelastung durch eine der Streckgrenze entsprechende statische Zugkraft wird die Oberfläche des Pleuelschaftes und seiner Übergänge zu den Pleuelaugen mittels Kugelstrahlen kalt verformt.The steel connecting rod, which is in the forge-high but tempered condition with a ridge seam and surface defects, is clamped in a device on both connecting rod eyes arranged. Both clamping devices of the device are designed and arranged in such a way that both connecting rod eyes are aligned with one another, this alignment taking place with elastic deformation of the connecting rod shaft connecting the connecting rod eyes. The elastically deformed connecting rod shaft is then subjected to tension by means of the clamping devices, the tensile load being increased in a strain-controlled manner up to the yield point of the hardened connecting rod. During the tensile load superimposed on the elastic straightening state by a static tensile force corresponding to the yield point, the surface of the connecting rod shaft and its transitions to the connecting rod eyes are cold-deformed by means of shot peening.
Mit der unter Zugspannung gestrahlten Bauteiloberfläche wird eine bleibende Ausrichtung des Pleuels nach Entnahme aus der Vorrichtung erzielt.With the component surface blasted under tension, a permanent alignment of the connecting rod is achieved after removal from the device.
Weiter wird mit der Kaltverformung der Oberfläche die Dauerfestigkeit, insbesondere die Dauerschwingfestigkeit, des Pleuels erhöht. Weiter wird mit der dehnungsgesteuerten Zugbelastung des vergüteten Pleuels zugleich eine Qualitätskontrolle erzielt.Furthermore, the fatigue strength, in particular the fatigue strength, of the connecting rod is increased with the cold deformation of the surface. A quality control is also achieved with the strain-controlled tensile load on the hardened connecting rod.
Claims (3)
- wobei das Metallteil mit seinen Endbereichen eingespannt wird und
- beide Endbereiche des Metallteiles unter elastischer Verformung des Zwischenbereiches zueinander ausgerichtet werden,
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
- daß der Zwischenbereich (Pleuelschaft) während seiner elastischen Verformung zusätzlich mit einer statischen Zugkraft - maximal bis zur Streckgrenze - in Längsrichtung belastet wird und - während dieser Belastung - an der Oberfläche kalt verformt wird.1. Method for straightening an elongated metal part, in particular a connecting rod for reciprocating piston machines,
- The metal part is clamped with its end regions and
both end regions of the metal part are aligned with one another with elastic deformation of the intermediate region,
characterized,
- That the intermediate area (connecting rod shaft) during its elastic deformation is additionally subjected to a static tensile force - up to the yield point - in the longitudinal direction and - during this load - is deformed cold on the surface.
dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß das Kaltverformen der Oberfläche des Zwischenbereichs durch Bestrahlen mit einem Strom harter Teilchen oder beim Aufprall hart wirkender Teilchen (Flüssigkeit) erfolgt.2. The method according to claim 1,
characterized in that the cold deformation of the surface of the intermediate region is carried out by irradiation with a stream of hard particles or by impacting hard-acting particles (liquid).
dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die harten Teilchen Stahlkugeln sind.3. The method according to claim 2,
characterized in that the hard particles are steel balls.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE3830028A DE3830028C1 (en) | 1988-09-03 | 1988-09-03 | |
| DE3830028 | 1988-09-03 |
Publications (3)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP0361038A2 true EP0361038A2 (en) | 1990-04-04 |
| EP0361038A3 EP0361038A3 (en) | 1990-11-14 |
| EP0361038B1 EP0361038B1 (en) | 1993-07-28 |
Family
ID=6362261
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP89114612A Expired - Lifetime EP0361038B1 (en) | 1988-09-03 | 1989-08-08 | Method of straightening an elongate metal object, in particular the connecting rod of a reciprocating-piston engine |
Country Status (2)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP0361038B1 (en) |
| DE (2) | DE3830028C1 (en) |
Families Citing this family (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FR2711407B1 (en) * | 1993-10-19 | 1996-01-26 | Allevard Sa | Improvements to metal torsion bars. |
| DE102009005935B4 (en) | 2009-01-23 | 2010-10-07 | Danfoss Compressors Gmbh | A method of calibrating a connecting rod assembly and connecting rod assembly |
Citations (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB1320748A (en) * | 1970-12-08 | 1973-06-20 | Avco Corp | Low penetration ball forming process |
| FR2195486A1 (en) * | 1972-08-08 | 1974-03-08 | Gkn Group Services Ltd | |
| GB2068277A (en) * | 1980-01-24 | 1981-08-12 | Transequip Ltd | Method and apparatus for straightening plate pallets |
| FR2578457A1 (en) * | 1985-03-11 | 1986-09-12 | Unimetall Sa | TENSION MACHINE FOR THE STRETCHING AND RELAXING OF THE CONSTRAINTS OF STEEL RAILS |
-
1988
- 1988-09-03 DE DE3830028A patent/DE3830028C1/de not_active Expired
-
1989
- 1989-08-08 DE DE8989114612T patent/DE58905031D1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1989-08-08 EP EP89114612A patent/EP0361038B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Patent Citations (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB1320748A (en) * | 1970-12-08 | 1973-06-20 | Avco Corp | Low penetration ball forming process |
| FR2195486A1 (en) * | 1972-08-08 | 1974-03-08 | Gkn Group Services Ltd | |
| GB2068277A (en) * | 1980-01-24 | 1981-08-12 | Transequip Ltd | Method and apparatus for straightening plate pallets |
| FR2578457A1 (en) * | 1985-03-11 | 1986-09-12 | Unimetall Sa | TENSION MACHINE FOR THE STRETCHING AND RELAXING OF THE CONSTRAINTS OF STEEL RAILS |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| DE58905031D1 (en) | 1993-09-02 |
| EP0361038B1 (en) | 1993-07-28 |
| DE3830028C1 (en) | 1989-12-28 |
| EP0361038A3 (en) | 1990-11-14 |
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