EP0350501B1 - Yacht - Google Patents

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Publication number
EP0350501B1
EP0350501B1 EP88909999A EP88909999A EP0350501B1 EP 0350501 B1 EP0350501 B1 EP 0350501B1 EP 88909999 A EP88909999 A EP 88909999A EP 88909999 A EP88909999 A EP 88909999A EP 0350501 B1 EP0350501 B1 EP 0350501B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
wing
bilge
ballast
sailing yacht
keels
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP88909999A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP0350501A1 (en
Inventor
Ernst-August Bielefeldt
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Airbus Defence and Space GmbH
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Deutsche Aerospace AG
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Publication date
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Publication of EP0350501A1 publication Critical patent/EP0350501A1/en
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Publication of EP0350501B1 publication Critical patent/EP0350501B1/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B63—SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; RELATED EQUIPMENT
    • B63H—MARINE PROPULSION OR STEERING
    • B63H25/00—Steering; Slowing-down otherwise than by use of propulsive elements; Dynamic anchoring, i.e. positioning vessels by means of main or auxiliary propulsive elements
    • B63H25/06—Steering by rudders
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B63—SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; RELATED EQUIPMENT
    • B63B—SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; EQUIPMENT FOR SHIPPING 
    • B63B1/00—Hydrodynamic or hydrostatic features of hulls or of hydrofoils
    • B63B1/16—Hydrodynamic or hydrostatic features of hulls or of hydrofoils deriving additional lift from hydrodynamic forces
    • B63B1/24—Hydrodynamic or hydrostatic features of hulls or of hydrofoils deriving additional lift from hydrodynamic forces of hydrofoil type
    • B63B1/28—Hydrodynamic or hydrostatic features of hulls or of hydrofoils deriving additional lift from hydrodynamic forces of hydrofoil type with movable hydrofoils
    • B63B1/30—Hydrodynamic or hydrostatic features of hulls or of hydrofoils deriving additional lift from hydrodynamic forces of hydrofoil type with movable hydrofoils retracting or folding
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B63—SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; RELATED EQUIPMENT
    • B63H—MARINE PROPULSION OR STEERING
    • B63H9/00—Marine propulsion provided directly by wind power
    • B63H9/04—Marine propulsion provided directly by wind power using sails or like wind-catching surfaces
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B63—SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; RELATED EQUIPMENT
    • B63H—MARINE PROPULSION OR STEERING
    • B63H9/00—Marine propulsion provided directly by wind power
    • B63H9/04—Marine propulsion provided directly by wind power using sails or like wind-catching surfaces
    • B63H9/06—Types of sail; Constructional features of sails; Arrangements thereof on vessels
    • B63H9/061—Rigid sails; Aerofoil sails

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a sailing yacht according to the preamble of claim 1.
  • Sailing yachts especially high-performance sailing yachts, are cheaply designed with regard to the use of wind forces, minimization of water resistance and controllability and stabilization. It is desirable that the relevant properties of known sailing yachts are further improved.
  • FR-OS 24 45 795 also shows a sailboat configuration, with laterally arranged elements being pivotable about axes parallel to the ship's axis and above the waterline.
  • ballast swords of which the windward one is swung out of the water. With this shifting of the ballast its effectiveness is increased and at the same time the water resistance of the keel to be swung up is switched off.
  • the invention has for its object to provide a generic sailing yacht in such a way that it has significant improvements over previous solutions with regard to the utilization of wind forces, minimization of water resistance and in terms of controllability and stabilization.
  • the figure shows a perspective view of a sailing yacht 1 with features according to the invention in a wind-upwind configuration, essentially consisting of a ship's hull 2, a sail 3, which is held by a profile mast 4 in a manner known per se, with a canard rudder 8 below the bow 5 is arranged, at the lower end of which there is a bow wing 9.
  • the spinnaker usual for sailing in front of the wind and additional special sails for space wind and half wind courses are not shown here.
  • the rear keels 10, 10 ' are pivotally mounted about axes of rotation running approximately parallel to the ship's axis.
  • Each rear keel 10, 10 ' can be pivoted from an approximately vertical to an approximately horizontal position and vice versa.
  • each side wing 11,11' is arranged in the manner of an end plate.
  • Each side wing 11,11 ' consists of a partial wing 14,14' arranged on the inside of the bilge keel 10,10 'and a partial wing 13,13' arranged on the outside thereof.
  • the inner partial wing 14, 14 ' has an end disk wing 15, 15' at its tip.
  • the side wings 11,11 'together with the front wing 9 form a controllable Three-point wing system, in particular the bow wing 9 is used for tamping and longitudinal trim control.
  • the bilge keels 10, 10 ' provide controllable hydrodynamic lift for lateral keel operation. As a result of this wing effect, the friction and wave resistance of the sailing yacht are reduced in a known manner.
  • the windward keel is folded up. In this position, the entire bilge keel 10 is above the water surface, but the long partial wing 14 is partially immersed in the water, so that the end disk wing 15 now acts as a hydrodynamic support and control element.
  • the end plate wings 15, 15 ' are in operative connection with a position control, not shown here, of a known type, so that heel control is achieved by means of the controllable end plate wings 15, 15'. It is particularly advantageous here that the hydrodynamic resistance of the yacht is reduced by folding up the bilge keel 10. Even when the windward keel is folded up, the three-point wing system remains, although the side wing 11 of the windward keel is replaced by the relevant end disk wing 15.
  • the Kimmkiele 10,10 'can have a known variable curvature for generating lateral lift.
  • the variable arch elements can be controlled by a control system.
  • ballast containers 17, 17' At the ends of the bilge keels 10, 10 'there are two ballast containers 17, 17'. These can hold a suitable liquid serving as ballast, such as mercury, which can be moved by a pump between the two ballast containers 17, 17 '. It is also conceivable that an additional movable trim ballast in solid or liquid form is used, also coupled with the position control and control system.
  • sliding flaps 16, 16 ' At the side of the rear 7 there are two sliding flaps 16, 16 ', which can be folded up in leeward travel and which contribute to controlled longitudinal trim (pitching torque control) and hydrodynamic lift generation when the vehicle is largely sliding.

Abstract

A yacht comprises essentially a hull and a sail. The sail is held by a profile-mast and the hull comprises a rudder and two bilge-keels each having a ballast container and a system of three-point bearing surfaces for ensuring buoyancy, control and stabilization. According to the invention, the system of three-point bearing surfaces comprises a bow-side wing (a) and two rear asymmetrical wings (11, 11'). The wing (9) constitutes the terminal wing of the rudder and the wings (11, 11') are arranged in a similar manner at the ends of the bilge-keels (10, 10') and can swivel about axes of rotation approximately parallel to the axis of the yacht. The ballast can be transferred from one ballast container (17, 17') to the other. The axes of rotation of the bilge-keels (10, 10') are arranged above the water-line in such a way that the pivoted bilge-keel (10, 10') is located above the water-line, only the terminal extension (14, 14') of the wing (11, 11') being immersed in the water, and the wing with terminal disk (15) acts as a bearing surface.

Description

Die Erfindung bezieht sich auf eine Segelyacht nach dem Oberbegriff des Anspruchs 1.The invention relates to a sailing yacht according to the preamble of claim 1.

Segelyachten, insbesondere Hochleistungssegelyachten, sind hinsichtlich Ausnutzung der Windkräfte, Minimierung des Wasserwiderstandes sowie hinsichtlich der Steuerbarkeit und Stabilisierung günstig ausgelegt. Dabei ist es wünschenswert, daß die betreffenden Eigenschaften bekannter Segelyachten weiter verbessert werden.Sailing yachts, especially high-performance sailing yachts, are cheaply designed with regard to the use of wind forces, minimization of water resistance and controllability and stabilization. It is desirable that the relevant properties of known sailing yachts are further improved.

Es sind daher zahlreiche Maßnahmen bekannt geworden, um derartige Schiffe in der genannten Hinsicht zu verbessern. Weiterhin sind Maßnahmen an anderen Schiffen bekannt, wodurch Möglichkeiten der Weiterentwicklung von Segelyachten in der genannten Richtung eröffnet werden. Aus dem GB-Buch: A.J.Alexander, J.L. Grogono, D.J.Nigg "Hydrofoil Sailing" London 1972, Juanita Kalerghi, S.50-55 u.61-63, ist beispielsweise eine Segelyacht mit einem bugseitigen und zwei weiter achtern davon angeordneten seitlichen Tragflügeln bekannt. Bei dem so gebildeten 3-Punkt-Tragflügelsystem ist die vordere Tragflächenanordnung um eine zumindest annähernd vertikale Achse drehbar, wodurch deren ein Ruderprofil aufweisende vertikale Stütze zugleich als Ruder verwendbar ist. Zwar ist hierbei die benetzte Fläche des Unterwasserschiffes und damit auch der Reibungs- und der Wellenwiderstand durch Anwendung des Tragflügelprinzips erheblich reduziert, aber die hier vorliegende Unterwasserkonfiguration bleibt auch beim Segeln am Wind bestehen, so daß Möglichkeiten zur weiteren Senkung des Wasserwiderstandes nicht genutzt werden.There are therefore numerous measures known to improve such ships in this regard. Furthermore, measures on other ships are known, which opens up possibilities for the further development of sailing yachts in the direction mentioned. From the GB book: AJAlexander, JL Grogono, DJNigg "Hydrofoil Sailing" London 1972, Juanita Kalerghi, pp.50-55 and 61-63, for example, a sailing yacht with a bow-side wing and two further aft of it is known side wings. In the 3-point wing system thus formed, the front wing arrangement is one at least approximately vertical axis rotatable, whereby its vertical support having a rudder profile can also be used as a rudder. Although the wetted area of the underwater ship and thus also the friction and wave resistance are significantly reduced by using the wing principle, the present underwater configuration remains even when sailing on the wind, so that options for further reducing the water resistance are not used.

Ähnlich verhält es sich bei einem Tragflächenboot, das der GB-Z. "Hovering Craft & Hydrofoil", Feb.1973, S.19-22, zu entnehmen ist. Hierbei liegt ebenfalls ein 3-Punkt-Tragflächen-System vor, wobei die hinteren Tragflügel als voll getauchte Tragflügel ausgebildet und an annähernd vertikalen Stützen angeordnet sind. Die Stützen mit den Tragflügeln sind um annähernd zur Schiffsachse parallele, oberhalb der Wasserlinie befindliche Achsen schwenkbar, was im Hinblick auf Flachwasserfahrt, Anlegemanöver und für Stauzwecke vorteilhaft ist. Dieses Merkmal eines reinen Motorfahrzeuges eröffnet weitere Möglichkeiten zur Minderung des Wasserwiderstandes von Segelyachten.The situation is similar with a hydrofoil that the GB-Z. "Hovering Craft & Hydrofoil", Feb. 1973, pp. 19-22, can be found. Here, too, there is a 3-point wing system, the rear wings being designed as fully submerged wings and arranged on approximately vertical supports. The supports with the wings can be pivoted about axes parallel to the ship's axis and located above the waterline, which is advantageous with regard to shallow water travel, mooring maneuvers and for storage purposes. This characteristic of a pure motor vehicle opens up further possibilities for reducing the water resistance of sailing yachts.

Die FR-OS 24 45 795 zeigt ebenfalls eine Segelbootkonfiguration, wobei seitlich angeordnete Elemente um annähernd zur Schiffsachse parallele, oberhalb der Wasserlinie befindliche Achsen schwenkbar angeordnet sind. Hier sind dies Ballastschwerter, wovon jeweils das in Luv befindliche aus dem Wasser herausgeschwenkt wird. Bei dieser Verlagerung des Ballasts wird dessen Wirksamkeit erhöht und zugleich der Wasserwiderstand des hochzuschwenkenden Kiels ausgeschaltet.FR-OS 24 45 795 also shows a sailboat configuration, with laterally arranged elements being pivotable about axes parallel to the ship's axis and above the waterline. Here are ballast swords, of which the windward one is swung out of the water. With this shifting of the ballast its effectiveness is increased and at the same time the water resistance of the keel to be swung up is switched off.

Die DE-Z. "Yacht", Sept.1984, Nr.20, S.22 zeigt einen Trimaran mit einer anderen Art der Ballastverlagerung. Hier wird Wasserballast in den jeweiligen Luvschwimmer gepumpt.The DE-Z. "Yacht", Sept. 1984, No. 20, p.22 shows a trimaran with a different type of ballast shifting. Here water ballast is pumped into the windward float.

Demgemäß liegt der Erfindung die Aufgabe zugrunde, eine gattungsgemäße Segelyacht derart auszubilden, daß diese bezüglich Ausnutzung der Windkräfte, Minimierung des Wasserwiderstandes sowie hinsichtlich der Steuerbarkeit und Stabilisierung gegenüber bisherigen Lösungen deutliche Verbesserungen aufweist.Accordingly, the invention has for its object to provide a generic sailing yacht in such a way that it has significant improvements over previous solutions with regard to the utilization of wind forces, minimization of water resistance and in terms of controllability and stabilization.

Diese Aufgabe wird bei einer gattungsgemäßen Segelyacht durch die kennzeichnenden Merkmale des Patentanspruchs 1 gelöst. Vorteilhafte Weiterbildungen der Erfindung sind in den Unteransprüchen angegeben.This object is achieved in a generic sailing yacht by the characterizing features of claim 1. Advantageous developments of the invention are specified in the subclaims.

Die Erfindung ist anhand der Zeichnung dargestellt und in der Beispielbeschreibung näher erläutert.The invention is illustrated with reference to the drawing and explained in more detail in the example description.

Die Figur zeigt perspektivisch eine insbesondere erfindungsgemäße Merkmale aufweisende Segelyacht 1 in Am-Wind-Segelkonfiguration, im wesentlichen bestehend aus einem Schiffsrumpf 2, einem Segel 3, das durch einen Profilmast 4 an sich bekannter Art gehalten wird, wobei unterhalb des Bugs 5 ein Canardruder 8 angeordnet ist, an dessen unterem Ende sich ein Bugflügel 9 befindet. Der zum Segeln vor dem Wind übliche Spinnacker und zusätzliche Spezialsegel für Raumwind- und Halbwindkurse sind hier nicht gezeigt. Seitlich des Schiffsrumpfes 2 sind die Kimmkiele 10,10′ um annähernd parallel zur Schiffsachse verlaufende Drehachsen schwenkbar angebracht. Jeder Kimmkiel 10,10′ kann von einer annähernd vertikalen in eine annähernd horizontale Position geschwenkt werden und umgekehrt. An den unteren Enden der Kimmkiele 10,10′ ist je ein Seitenflügel 11,11′ nach Art einer Endscheibe angeordnet. Jeder Seitenflügel 11,11′ besteht aus einem auf der Innenseite des Kimmkiels 10,10′ angeordneten Teilflügel 14,14′ und einen an dessen Außenseite angeordneten Teilflügel 13,13′. Der innere Teilflügel 14,14′ weist an seiner Spitze einen Endscheibenflügel 15,15′ auf. Die Seitenflügel 11,11′ bilden zusammen mit dem Bugflügel 9 ein steuerbares Drei-Punkt-Tragflächensystem, wobei insbesondere der Bugflügel 9 zur Stampf- und Längstrimmsteuerung dient. Die Kimmkiele 10,10′ liefern bei lateralem Kielbetrieb einen steuerbaren hydrodynamischen Auftrieb. Infolge dieses Tragflächen-Effektes werden der Reibungs- und der Wellenwiderstand der Segelyacht in bekannter Weise reduziert.The figure shows a perspective view of a sailing yacht 1 with features according to the invention in a wind-upwind configuration, essentially consisting of a ship's hull 2, a sail 3, which is held by a profile mast 4 in a manner known per se, with a canard rudder 8 below the bow 5 is arranged, at the lower end of which there is a bow wing 9. The spinnaker usual for sailing in front of the wind and additional special sails for space wind and half wind courses are not shown here. To the side of the ship's hull 2, the rear keels 10, 10 'are pivotally mounted about axes of rotation running approximately parallel to the ship's axis. Each rear keel 10, 10 'can be pivoted from an approximately vertical to an approximately horizontal position and vice versa. At the lower ends of the Kimmkiele 10,10 'each side wing 11,11' is arranged in the manner of an end plate. Each side wing 11,11 'consists of a partial wing 14,14' arranged on the inside of the bilge keel 10,10 'and a partial wing 13,13' arranged on the outside thereof. The inner partial wing 14, 14 'has an end disk wing 15, 15' at its tip. The side wings 11,11 'together with the front wing 9 form a controllable Three-point wing system, in particular the bow wing 9 is used for tamping and longitudinal trim control. The bilge keels 10, 10 'provide controllable hydrodynamic lift for lateral keel operation. As a result of this wing effect, the friction and wave resistance of the sailing yacht are reduced in a known manner.

In der Figur ist der Luvkiel hochgeklappt. In dieser Position befindet sich der gesamte Kimmkiel 10 oberhalb der Wasseroberfläche, wobei jedoch der lange Teilflügel 14 teilweise ins Wasser eintaucht, so daß jetzt der Endscheibenflügel 15 als hydrodynamisches Trag- und Steuerelement wirkt. Die Endscheibenflügel 15,15′ stehen mit einer hier nicht gezeigten Lageregelung an sich bekannter Art in Wirkverbindung, so daß mittels der steuerbar ausgebildeten Endscheibenflügel 15,15′ eine Krängungssteuerung erreicht wird. Hierbei ist insbesondere von Vorteil, daß durch das Hochklappen des Kimmkiels 10 der hydrodynamische Widerstand der Yacht reduziert wird. Auch bei hochgeklapptem Luvkiel bleibt das Drei-Punkt-Tragflächensystem bestehen, wobei allerdings der Seitenflügel 11 des Luvkiels durch den betreffenden Endscheibenflügel 15 ersetzt ist.In the figure, the windward keel is folded up. In this position, the entire bilge keel 10 is above the water surface, but the long partial wing 14 is partially immersed in the water, so that the end disk wing 15 now acts as a hydrodynamic support and control element. The end plate wings 15, 15 'are in operative connection with a position control, not shown here, of a known type, so that heel control is achieved by means of the controllable end plate wings 15, 15'. It is particularly advantageous here that the hydrodynamic resistance of the yacht is reduced by folding up the bilge keel 10. Even when the windward keel is folded up, the three-point wing system remains, although the side wing 11 of the windward keel is replaced by the relevant end disk wing 15.

Die Kimmkiele 10,10′ können eine an sich bekannte variable Wölbung zur Lateralauftriebserzeugung aufweisen. Dabei kann die Ansteuerung der variablen Wölbungselemente durch durch ein Steuersystem erfolgen.The Kimmkiele 10,10 'can have a known variable curvature for generating lateral lift. The variable arch elements can be controlled by a control system.

An den Enden der Kimmkiele 10,10′ befinden sich die beiden Ballastbehälter 17,17′. Diese können eine als Ballast dienende geeignete Flüssigkeit, z.B. Quecksilber, aufnehmen, die durch eine Pumpe zwischen beiden Ballastbehältern 17,17′ verlagerbar ist. Es ist auch denkbar, daß ein zusätzlicher verlagerbarer Trimmballast in fester oder flüssiger Form verwendet wird, auch gekoppelt mit dem Lageregelungs- und Steuerungssystem.At the ends of the bilge keels 10, 10 'there are two ballast containers 17, 17'. These can hold a suitable liquid serving as ballast, such as mercury, which can be moved by a pump between the two ballast containers 17, 17 '. It is also conceivable that an additional movable trim ballast in solid or liquid form is used, also coupled with the position control and control system.

Seitlich am Heck 7 sind zwei Gleitklappen 16,16′ angeordnet, die bei gekrängter Fahrt in Lee hochgeklappt werden können und die bei weitgehender Gleitfahrt zum gesteuerten Längstrimm (Nickmomentensteuerung) und zur hydrodynamischen Auftriebserzeugung beitragen.At the side of the rear 7 there are two sliding flaps 16, 16 ', which can be folded up in leeward travel and which contribute to controlled longitudinal trim (pitching torque control) and hydrodynamic lift generation when the vehicle is largely sliding.

Claims (6)

  1. Sailing yacht, substantially comprising a hull (2), a sail held by a profile mast (4), whereby the hull has a canard rudder (8) and two bilge keels (10̸, 10̸′) each with a ballast tank (17, 17′), and with a three-point airfoil system, substantially comprising a bow wing (9) and two rearward side wings (11) for producing buoyancy, for steering and stabilization, whereby the bow wing is arranged to be the end wing of the canard rudder, and the side wings are arranged in a similar manner at the ends of the bilge keels. and the bilge keels are arranged to be pivotable around rotary axes, preferably above the waterline, extending virtually parallel with the ship axis, characterised in that each of the side wings (11, 11′) comprises an inner long wing section (14, 14′) and an outer short wing section (13, 13′), and at least the inner wing sections (14, 14′) have each one end-plate wing (15, 15′), and that the bilge keels (10̸, 10̸′) are arranged to be pivotable in such a manner that the respective pivoted-out bilge keel (10̸, 10̸′) is above the waterline and only the long wing section (14, 14′) of the side wing (11, 11′) dips into the water, so that the end-plate wing (15, 15′) acts as an airfoil.
  2. Sailing yacht according to claim 1, characterised in that the bow wing (9) and the side wings (11, 11′) co-act with a conventional stabilization system.
  3. Sailing yacht according to claim 1 or 2, characterised in that the end-plate wings (15, 15′) co-act with the stabilization system.
  4. Sailing yacht according to one of claims 1 to 3, characterised in that gliding flaps (16, 16′), which are pivotable around rotary axes extending virtually parallel with the ship axis and which co-act with the stabilization system, are arranged laterally at the stern (7).
  5. Sailing yacht according to one of claims 1 to 4, characterised in that a ballast tank (17, 17′) is arranged at the ends of the bilge keels (10̸, 10̸′).
  6. Sailing yacht according to one of claims 1 to 5, characterised in that the ballast is a suitable liquid, which is exchangeable between ballast tanks (17, 17′) by means of pumps.
EP88909999A 1987-12-09 1988-12-03 Yacht Expired - Lifetime EP0350501B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE19873741758 DE3741758A1 (en) 1987-12-09 1987-12-09 SAILING YACHT
DE3741758 1987-12-09

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0350501A1 EP0350501A1 (en) 1990-01-17
EP0350501B1 true EP0350501B1 (en) 1993-01-20

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ID=6342228

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP88909999A Expired - Lifetime EP0350501B1 (en) 1987-12-09 1988-12-03 Yacht

Country Status (8)

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US (1) US4970979A (en)
EP (1) EP0350501B1 (en)
JP (1) JPH02502449A (en)
AU (1) AU614567B2 (en)
DE (1) DE3741758A1 (en)
DK (1) DK164655C (en)
NZ (1) NZ227245A (en)
WO (1) WO1989005259A1 (en)

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GB2226281B (en) * 1988-12-15 1992-12-16 Peter Bernard Jeffreys Improved keel
GB9112508D0 (en) * 1991-06-11 1991-07-31 Duncan Ian J Wind powered or assisted hydrofoil craft
DE19752170C2 (en) * 1997-11-25 2001-04-26 Klaus J Enzmann Buoyancy device located in the bow area of a multi-hull watercraft
NL1012716C2 (en) * 1999-07-27 2001-01-30 Hubertus Adriaan Pothoven Sailboat.
DE19956070A1 (en) * 1999-11-22 2001-05-23 Klaus J Enzmann Stabilizer guide for multi-hull sailing craft, enabling stabilizer to move vertically through bow of hull
US6732670B2 (en) 2000-06-13 2004-05-11 William Richards Rayner Sailing craft

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Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DE3741758C2 (en) 1991-01-03
DE3741758A1 (en) 1989-06-29
US4970979A (en) 1990-11-20
DK371589A (en) 1989-07-27
DK164655B (en) 1992-07-27
WO1989005259A1 (en) 1989-06-15
DK164655C (en) 1992-12-14
DK371589D0 (en) 1989-07-27
EP0350501A1 (en) 1990-01-17
JPH02502449A (en) 1990-08-09
NZ227245A (en) 1991-03-26
AU2711588A (en) 1989-07-05
AU614567B2 (en) 1991-09-05

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