Classifications

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  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
  • C10L10/00—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes
  • C10L10/08—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes for improving lubricity; for reducing wear
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  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
  • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
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  • C10L10/00—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes
  • C10L10/04—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes for minimising corrosion or incrustation
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  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M133/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being an organic non-macromolecular compound containing nitrogen
  • C10M133/02—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being an organic non-macromolecular compound containing nitrogen having a carbon chain of less than 30 atoms
  • C10M133/04—Amines, e.g. polyalkylene polyamines; Quaternary amines
  • C10M133/06—Amines, e.g. polyalkylene polyamines; Quaternary amines having amino groups bound to acyclic or cycloaliphatic carbon atoms
  • C10M133/08—Amines, e.g. polyalkylene polyamines; Quaternary amines having amino groups bound to acyclic or cycloaliphatic carbon atoms containing hydroxy groups
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  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M133/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being an organic non-macromolecular compound containing nitrogen
  • C10M133/52—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being an organic non-macromolecular compound containing nitrogen having a carbon chain of 30 or more atoms
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  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M135/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being an organic non-macromolecular compound containing sulfur, selenium or tellurium
  • C10M135/20—Thiols; Sulfides; Polysulfides
  • C10M135/22—Thiols; Sulfides; Polysulfides containing sulfur atoms bound to acyclic or cycloaliphatic carbon atoms
  • C10M135/24—Thiols; Sulfides; Polysulfides containing sulfur atoms bound to acyclic or cycloaliphatic carbon atoms containing hydroxy groups; Derivatives thereof
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  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M137/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being an organic non-macromolecular compound containing phosphorus
  • C10M137/02—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being an organic non-macromolecular compound containing phosphorus having no phosphorus-to-carbon bond
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  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M141/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being a mixture of two or more compounds covered by more than one of the main groups C10M125/00 - C10M139/00, each of these compounds being essential
  • C10M141/10—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being a mixture of two or more compounds covered by more than one of the main groups C10M125/00 - C10M139/00, each of these compounds being essential at least one of them being an organic phosphorus-containing compound
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  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M141/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being a mixture of two or more compounds covered by more than one of the main groups C10M125/00 - C10M139/00, each of these compounds being essential
  • C10M141/12—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being a mixture of two or more compounds covered by more than one of the main groups C10M125/00 - C10M139/00, each of these compounds being essential at least one of them being an organic compound containing atoms of elements not provided for in groups C10M141/02 - C10M141/10
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  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M159/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being of unknown or incompletely defined constitution
  • C10M159/12—Reaction products
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  • C10M159/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being of unknown or incompletely defined constitution
  • C10M159/12—Reaction products
  • C10M159/123—Reaction products obtained by phosphorus or phosphorus-containing compounds, e.g. P x S x with organic compounds
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  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M163/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being a mixture of a compound of unknown or incompletely defined constitution and a non-macromolecular compound, each of these compounds being essential
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  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
  • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
  • C10L1/22—Organic compounds containing nitrogen
  • C10L1/222—Organic compounds containing nitrogen containing at least one carbon-to-nitrogen single bond
  • C10L1/2222—(cyclo)aliphatic amines; polyamines (no macromolecular substituent 30C); quaternair ammonium compounds; carbamates
  • C10L1/2225—(cyclo)aliphatic amines; polyamines (no macromolecular substituent 30C); quaternair ammonium compounds; carbamates hydroxy containing
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  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
  • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
  • C10L1/22—Organic compounds containing nitrogen
  • C10L1/234—Macromolecular compounds
  • C10L1/238—Macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
  • C10L1/2383—Polyamines or polyimines, or derivatives thereof (poly)amines and imines; derivatives thereof (substituted by a macromolecular group containing 30C)
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  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
  • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
  • C10L1/24—Organic compounds containing sulfur, selenium and/or tellurium
  • C10L1/2406—Organic compounds containing sulfur, selenium and/or tellurium mercaptans; hydrocarbon sulfides
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  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
  • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
  • C10L1/26—Organic compounds containing phosphorus
  • C10L1/2633—Organic compounds containing phosphorus phosphorus bond to oxygen (no P. C. bond)
  • C10L1/2641—Organic compounds containing phosphorus phosphorus bond to oxygen (no P. C. bond) oxygen bonds only
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  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M2215/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing nitrogen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
  • C10M2215/02—Amines, e.g. polyalkylene polyamines; Quaternary amines
  • C10M2215/04—Amines, e.g. polyalkylene polyamines; Quaternary amines having amino groups bound to acyclic or cycloaliphatic carbon atoms
  • C10M2215/042—Amines, e.g. polyalkylene polyamines; Quaternary amines having amino groups bound to acyclic or cycloaliphatic carbon atoms containing hydroxy groups; Alkoxylated derivatives thereof
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  • C10M2215/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing nitrogen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
  • C10M2215/24—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing nitrogen as ingredients in lubricant compositions having hydrocarbon substituents containing thirty or more carbon atoms, e.g. nitrogen derivatives of substituted succinic acid
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  • C10M2219/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing sulfur, selenium or tellurium as ingredients in lubricant compositions
  • C10M2219/08—Thiols; Sulfides; Polysulfides; Mercaptals
  • C10M2219/082—Thiols; Sulfides; Polysulfides; Mercaptals containing sulfur atoms bound to acyclic or cycloaliphatic carbon atoms
  • C10M2219/084—Thiols; Sulfides; Polysulfides; Mercaptals containing sulfur atoms bound to acyclic or cycloaliphatic carbon atoms containing hydroxy groups; Derivatives thereof
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  • C10M2223/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing phosphorus as ingredients in lubricant compositions
  • C10M2223/02—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing phosphorus as ingredients in lubricant compositions having no phosphorus-to-carbon bonds
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  • C10M2223/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing phosphorus as ingredients in lubricant compositions
  • C10M2223/02—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing phosphorus as ingredients in lubricant compositions having no phosphorus-to-carbon bonds
  • C10M2223/04—Phosphate esters
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  • C10M2223/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing phosphorus as ingredients in lubricant compositions
  • C10M2223/02—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing phosphorus as ingredients in lubricant compositions having no phosphorus-to-carbon bonds
  • C10M2223/04—Phosphate esters
  • C10M2223/042—Metal salts thereof
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  • C10M2223/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing phosphorus as ingredients in lubricant compositions
  • C10M2223/02—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing phosphorus as ingredients in lubricant compositions having no phosphorus-to-carbon bonds
  • C10M2223/049—Phosphite
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  • C10M2223/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing phosphorus as ingredients in lubricant compositions
  • C10M2223/10—Phosphatides, e.g. lecithin, cephalin
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  • C10M2223/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing phosphorus as ingredients in lubricant compositions
  • C10M2223/12—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing phosphorus as ingredients in lubricant compositions obtained by phosphorisation of organic compounds, e.g. with PxSy, PxSyHal or PxOy
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  • C10M2223/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing phosphorus as ingredients in lubricant compositions
  • C10M2223/12—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing phosphorus as ingredients in lubricant compositions obtained by phosphorisation of organic compounds, e.g. with PxSy, PxSyHal or PxOy
  • C10M2223/121—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing phosphorus as ingredients in lubricant compositions obtained by phosphorisation of organic compounds, e.g. with PxSy, PxSyHal or PxOy of alcohols or phenols
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  • C10M2227/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing atoms of elements not provided for in groups C10M2203/00, C10M2207/00, C10M2211/00, C10M2215/00, C10M2219/00 or C10M2223/00 as ingredients in lubricant compositions
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  • C10M2227/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing atoms of elements not provided for in groups C10M2203/00, C10M2207/00, C10M2211/00, C10M2215/00, C10M2219/00 or C10M2223/00 as ingredients in lubricant compositions
  • C10M2227/06—Organic compounds derived from inorganic acids or metal salts
  • C10M2227/061—Esters derived from boron
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  • C10N2040/00—Specified use or application for which the lubricating composition is intended
  • C10N2040/08—Hydraulic fluids, e.g. brake-fluids
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  • C10N2040/00—Specified use or application for which the lubricating composition is intended
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  • C10N2040/251—Alcohol fueled engines
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  • C10N2040/00—Specified use or application for which the lubricating composition is intended
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  • C10N2070/00—Specific manufacturing methods for lubricant compositions
  • C10N2070/02—Concentrating of additives

Definitions

• the present invention relates to a synergistic mixture of hydrocarbon soluble or dispersible additives for oleaginous compositions such as lubricating oils, including power transmitting fluids and engine lubricating oils, and to the oleaginous compositions in which they are contained.
• ATF automatic transmission fluids
• Another property sought to be imparted to lubricating oil compositions including automatic transmission fluids is reduced wear such as bearing and power component wear.
• additives which may be classified as anti-wear, or friction modifying agents
• many of these additives act in a different physical or chemical manner and often compete with one another, e.g. they may compete for the surface of the moving metal parts which are subjected to lubrication. Accordingly, extreme care must be exercised in the selection of these additives to insure compatibility and effectiveness.
• the metal dihydrocarbyl dithiophosphates are one of the additives which are known to exhibit anti-­oxidant and anti-wear properties.
• the most commonly used additives of this class are the zinc dialkyl dithiophosphates (ZDDP) which are conventionally used in lubricant compositions. While such zinc compounds afford excellent oxidation resistance and exhibit superior anti-wear properties, they can be corrosive.
• Both anti-wear and friction modifying agents function by forming a coating on the surface of the moving metal parts.
• the coating bonds are generally effected physically and/or chemically. Consequently, if the bonding between the anti-wear agent and the metal part is stronger than the bonding between the friction modifying agent and the metal part, the anti-­wear agent will displace the friction modifying agent at the metal surface, i.e. at the metal/fluid lubrication boundary interface. This results in a loss in the ability of the friction modifying agent to exert its intended effect.
• Friction modification is typically evaluated on an SAE No. 2 friction apparatus.
• the motor and flywheel of the friction machine filled with fluid to be tested
• the motor is shut off and the flywheel speed is decreased to zero by application of the clutch.
• the clutch plates are then released, the flywheel is again accelerated to constant speed, and the clutch pack which is immersed in the test fluid is engaged again. This process is repeated many times with each clutch engagement being called a cycle.
• the friction torque is recorded as a function of time.
• the friction data obtained are either the torque traces themselves or friction coefficients calculated from the torque traces.
• the shape of the torque trace desired is set by the auto manufacturers.
• One way of expressing this shape mathematically is to determine the torque: (a) when the flywheel speed is midway between the maximum constant speed selected and zero speed (such torque measurement is referred to herein as T D ) and (b) when the flywheel speed approaches zero rpm (such torque measurement is referred to herein as T0).
• Such torques can then be used to determine the torque ratio which is expressed as T0/T D , or alternatively, to determine the torque differential T0-T D .
• the optimum target values for torque ratio and torque differential are set by the auto manufacturers.
• T0/T D As the T0/T D increasingly exceeds 1, a transmission will typically exhibit shorter harsher shifts as it changes gears. On the other hand as T0/T D decreases below 1, there is an increasingly greater danger of clutch slippage when the transmission changes gears. Similar relationships exist with respect to a T0-T D target value of 0.
• the ability of an ATF to sustain such desired friction properties is referred to herein as friction stability.
• a high level of friction stability is difficult to achieve with ATF's which contain certain anti-wear agents. It is believed that as the ATF ages under the influence of the heat of friction, the anti-wear agent can break down and the decomposition products displace conventional friction modifiers at the metal/fluid lubrication boundary interface. As a result, the fluid may exhibit varying friction properties.
• Transmission designs have undergone radical changes, thereby necessitating the formulation of ATF additives capable of meeting new and more stringent property requirements needed to match such design changes.
• U.S. Patent 2,290,880 discloses ethers of alcohol amines which may be used as interface modifying agents in a wide variety of arts.
• the compounds are said to be useful in lubricating oils and the like, thus enabling the production of effective boring oils, cutting oils, drilling oils, wire drawing oils, extreme pressure lubricants and the like.
• U.S. Patent 3,034,907 discloses agents which are effective for hindering or retarding rust formation on iron surfaces and ice formation in the intake system of internal combustion engines.
• the agents which are disclosed are characterized by a content of (a) a hydrophobic organic carrier, (b) a carboxylic acid amide monocarboxylic acid, and (c) an at least equivalent amount of a hydroxyalkylated nitrogen base which contains at least one lipophilic radical.
• L represents an aliphatic C12-C18 hydrocarbon radical
• n is 0, and at least one of R1 and R2 is a low molecular weight hydroxyalkyl or hydroxyalkylaminoethyl radical.
• U.S. patent 3,235,501 discloses foam-inhibited oil compositions which comprise a oleaginous material, a detergent additive, a silicone anti-foamant, and a small amount of a polyalkyl oxylated aliphatic amine which conforms to one of the following formulas depending on whether the amine from which they are prepared is a mono- or diamine: where R is an aliphatic radical of from about 4 to about 24 carbon atoms, R′O is an alkylene oxide radical selected from the group consisting of the ethylene oxide and propylene oxide radicals, n is an integer from 1 to about 25 and X is selected from hydrogen, R and (R′O) n H radicals, the total value of n is in any instance being no greater than 25 and where R ⁇ is an aliphatic radical having from 2 to about 6 carbon atoms, R′O, n and X are defined in formula 1 but at least one X is an R radical and the total value of n in any instance being no greater than
• U.S. Patent 3,255,253 discloses amine-containing polyols which are prepared by first cyanoethylating an alcohol in the presence of a basic catalyst. The cyanoethylated alcohol is then hydrogenated to produce a primary amine, whereafter the primary amine is reacted with an alkylene oxide in the presence of a basic catalyst to form the desired amine-containing polyol.
• the amine-containing polyols are said to be useful for preparing polyurethane products, as hardeners for polyepoxide resins, and in the preparation of coatings and plasticizers.
• U.S. Patent 3,456,012 relates to polyolefin adducts of gamma-alkoxypropylamines having surfactant properties.
• U.S. Patent 3,464,925 relates to hydraulic fluids which contain certain aminotriols.
• the aminotriols are obtained by heating propylene oxide and triisopropyl­amine under pressure, in the presence of an alkaline catalyst.
• U.S. Patent 3,705,139 discloses alkyl sulfide compounds of the formula: R1-S-R2-A-(R3O) n Z, where R1 represents a hydrocarbyl radical having 6 to 22 carbon atoms, R2 and R3 each represents a hydrocarbyl radical having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, A can represent nitrogen, n represents an integer in the range of 0-100, and Z can represent hydrogen.
• the alkyl sulfide compounds are disclosed as being antistatic agents.
• U.S. Patent 3,933,659 discloses lubricating oil compositions which comprise a major amount of an oil of lubricating viscosity, and an effective amount of each of the following: (1) an alkenyl succinimide, (2) a Group II metal salt of a dihydrocarbyl dithiophosphoric acid, (3) a compound selected from the group consisting of (a) fatty acid esters of dihydric and other polyhydric alcohols, and oil soluble oxyalkylated derivatives therof, (b) fatty acid amides of low molecular weight amino acids, (c) N-fatty alkyl-N,-N diethanol amines, (d) N-fatty alkyl-N,N-di(ethoxy-­ethanol) amines, (e) N-fatty alkyl-N,N-di-poly(ethoxy) ethanol amines, and (f) mixtures thereof, and (4) a basic sulfurized alkaline earth metal alkyl phenate.
• U.S. Patent 4,010,106 discloses lubricating oil compositions which comprise an oil of lubricating viscosity, and an effective amount of each of the following: (1) an alkenyl succinimide, (2) a Group II metal salt of a dihydrocarbyl dithiophosphoric acid, (3) a frictional modifier, (4) a basic sulfurized alkaline earth metal alkyl phenate, and (5) a chlorinated olefin containing from about 15 to 50 carbon atoms, from 20 to 60% by weight chlorine, and having a boiling point of at least about 300 o F.
• Such lubricating compositions are useful as functional fluids in systems requiring fluid coupling, hydraulic fluid and/or lubrication of relatively moving parts, particularly as automatic transmission fluids.
• U.S. Patent 4,201,684 relates to lubricating oil compositions adapted for use as a crankcase lubricant in internal combustion engines containing a friction reducing amount of a sulfurized fatty acid amide, ester or ester-amide of an oxyalkylated amine.
• U.S. Patent 4,231,883 relates to the use of an alkoxylated hydrocarbyl amine in a lubricating oil or fuel to reduce the friction of an internal combustion engine in which the lubricating oil or fuel is used.
• An example of the alkoxylated hydrocarbyl amine compounds that are disclosed in this patent is N-N-­bis(2-hydroxyethyl) oleylamine.
• U.S. Patent 4,486,324 discloses an aqueous hydraulic fluid comprising at least 80% water and containing a hydrocarbyl-substituted succinic acid, a zinc dihydrocarbyl dithiophosphate, a hydroxyalkyl­amine, sodium alkyl benzene sulfonate, and optionally, a polyalkylene glycol mono-fatty acid ester.
• U.S. Patent 4,650,865 relates to a process for preparing tertiary ether amines which exhibit surface active properties.
• the tertiary ether amines may be used as surfactants and as starting materials for the production of surface-active derivatives, such as for example, amineoxides and quaternary ammonium compounds.
• U.S. Patent 4,129,508 relates to lubricant and fuel compositions characterized by improved demulsifying properties.
• the patent discloses an automatic transmission fluid which includes a number of additives including a dialkyl phosphite, the reaction product of a polyisobutenyl-substituted succinic anhydride, commercial tetraethylene pentamine, and boric acid prepared as set forth in U.S. Patent 3,254,025, and a conventional friction modifier based on polyoxyethylene tallow amine (Ethomeen T/12), the reaction product of polyisobutenyl succinic anhydride and an ethylene polyamine, and Ethomeen C/15.
• the Ethomeen compounds are available commercially from the Armak Chemical Division of Akzo Chemie.
• U.S. Patent 2,151,300 relates to lubricating oil compositions which contain a major proportion of a mineral lubricating oil, a minor proportion of an organic phosphite, and a small amount, sufficient to bring about substantial stability of the phosphorous compound, of an oil-soluble organic amine.
• U.S. Patent 4,634,543 relates to a fluid composition for use in a shock absorber.
• the fluid composition comprises a lubricating base oil, a boron-­ containing compound, and a phosphoric acid ester and/or phosphorous acid ester, such as dioleyl hydrogenphosphite.
• U.S. Patent 3,645,886 relates to the concept of reducing or preventing the fouling of process equipment in petroleum or chemical industries wherein an organic feed stock is subjected to heat exchange at a temperature of from about 200 o to about 1300 o F, and there is added to that organic feed stock a mixture of a fatty acid ester of an alkanol amine and a mono-, di-, or triorganic phosphite ester.
• U.S. Patent 3,484,375 relates to the production of additives for lubricating oils, middle distillate fuels, residual fuels or reduced crudes in order to improve their resistance to oxidation, sludge formation, to improve their viscosity index, or to improve their flowability and pour point characteristics.
• the additives are prepared by reacting an organic phosphite ester containing at least one hydroxyl group attached to the phosphorous with alkaline polyamines or aminoalcohols.
• U.S. Patent 4,170,560 discloses additive compositions for use in crank case lubricating oils comprising a mixture of an oil soluble anti-oxidant and a oil soluble hydroxylamine which includes both Ethomeens and Ethoduomeens, which are trade names for compounds available commercially from the Armak Chemical Division of Akzo Chemie.
• U.S. Patent 4,529,528 discloses the reaction product of, for example, an Ethomeen, a dialkyl phosphite and a boron compound.
• U.S. Patent 4,382,006 discloses lubricating composition containing a friction reducing additive comprised of ethoxylated amines, which include Ethomeen, and borated derivates thereof.
• U.S. Patent 2,917,160 discloses the use of certain hydroxylated tertiary amines which include Ethomeen, as a corrosion inhibiting surface active lubricant for metal working.
• the amines may be used in the form of a salt.
• Phosphoric acid salts are illustrated.
• U.S. Patent 3,186,946 discloses cutting fluids in which the active lubricating component is a borate salt of a tertiary amine which includes both Ethomeen and Ethoduomeens.
• U.S. Patent 4,557,845 discloses the reaction product of an Ethomeen and a di-(C1-C6 hydrocarbyl) phosphite.
• the reaction product is formed at a temperature between about 80 and 280 o C and in reactant proportions such that from about 5 to 100% of the amine hydroxy groups are reacted with the phosphite.
• U.S. Patent 3,509,052 relates to lubricating compositions containing a lubricating oil, a dispersant which is a derivative of a substituted succinic acid, and a demulsifier.
• the demulsifier may comprise, for example, an Ethomeen, but the preferred demulsifiers are polyoxyalkylene, polyols and derivatives thereof.
• U.S. Patent 3,502,677 relates to substituted polyamines which are useful as additives in lubricating compositions, fuels, hydrocarbon oils and power transmitting fluids.
• the substituted polyamines are prepared by reacting an alkylene polyamine with a substantially hydrocarbon-substituted succinic acid-­producing compound and a phosphorous acid-producing compound.
• Other nitrogen- and phosphorous-containing succinic derivatives are disclosed in U.S. Patent 3,513,093.
• the products disclosed in that patent are also useful as additives in lubricating oils, fuels, plastics, etc.
• U.S. Patent 3,394,179 discloses an oil soluble lubricant additive which is the reaction product of a phosphosulfurized hydrocarbon and an amide which is formed by reacting an aliphatic polyamine with a high molecular weight monocarboxylic acid.
• the phosphosulfurized hydrocarbon is prepared by reacting a terpene, a petroleum fraction or a polymer of a C2-C6 olefin with a sulfide of phosphorous.
• U.S. Patent 2,316,078 discloses lubricating oil compositions which include the reaction product obtained by reacting a phosphorous sulfide, such as P2S5, with polymers of olefinic hydrocarbons, particularly low molecular weight monoolefinic hydrocarbons.
• U.S. Patent 2,805,217 relates to condensation products of terpenes with phosphorous sesquisulfide and oxygen.
• the condensation products are employed in lubricating oil compositions as antioxidants and detergents.
• U.S. Patent 2,875,188 relates to phosphosulfurized hydrocarbons which are used as additives to impart detergency, extreme pressure, and other properties to lubricants.
• the hydrocarbons which are subjected to phosphosulfurization in accordance with this patent include, for example, C2-C10 monoolefinic polymers having a molecular weight in the range of 500-100,000 and petroleum bright stocks boiling above 700 o F.
• U.S. Patent 3,511,780 relates to an additive that is useful as a sludge dispersant, anti-wear agent, anti-oxidant and inhibitor of harmful deposit formation in hydrocarbon compositions including fuel oils and lubricants.
• the additive is prepared by condensing an alkenyl succinic anhydride with an aliphatic polyamine or with an aliphatic polyamine and a carboxylic acid, followed by further reaction of the condensation product with a phosphosulfurized hydrocarbon and with a dialkyl dithiophosphoric acid.
• a suitable phosphosulfurized hydrocarbon is exemplified by P2S5-­treated polyisobutylene.
• U.S. Patent 3,850,822 discloses a lubricating oil for an internal combustion engine comprising a major portion of oil and a minor portion of an additive package which includes a dispersant, a phosphosulfurized olefinic hydrocarbon, and a phosphorothionyl disulfide of phenol or of a C1-C18 alkyl phenol.
• the dispersant is made by the reaction of a polyisobutenyl succinic anhydride with a tetraethylene pentamine, the phosphosulfurized olefinic hydrocarbon is made from the reaction of P2S5 with alpha-pinene, and the phosphorothionyl disulfide is that of a nonyl phenol.
• U.S. Patent 4,557,845 discloses that the products of reaction between a 2-hydroxethyl alkylamine or certain higher oxylated members, and a dihydrocarbyl phosphite compound are effective friction modifiers and fuel reducing additives for internal combustion engines when such products are compounded with lubricants and liquid fuels.
• a similar disclosure is contained in U.S. Patent 4,529,528, except that the products are prepared by reacting a bis(2-hydroethyl)alkylamine, a dihydrocarbyl phosphite and a boron compound.
• U.S. Patent 4,704,217 discloses a gasoline crankcase lubricant which contains a dialkoxylated alkyl polyoxyalkyl amine friction modifier having the formula: wherein R is a C1-C20 hydrocarbyl radical, R′ and R ⁇ are divalent C1-C10 alkylene groups, a is an integer of about 1 to about 10 and x+y has a value of about 1 to 20.
• the present invention is based in part on the discovery that a synergistic combination of compounds possess multifunctional properties including those of anti-wear, friction modification and friction durability.
• the individual compounds comprising such combination are compatible with each other, are stable, and hence do not necessarily adversely affect friction stability of automatic transmission fluids.
• the combination of the individual compounds is considered to be a desirable combination of additives for use in powder transmission fluids, and more particularly in automatic transmission fluids.
• an organic phosphite ester having the formula: wherein R1 and R2, independently, represent the same or different C12-C24 saturated or unsaturated, straight or branched chain hydrocarbyl radical having at most two unsaturated linkages is employed in a 3-component combination of additives which further includes a hydroxyl amine compound friction modifier and a dispersant material.
• the hydroxyl amine compound is characterized by one of the following formulas II or III wherein R3 represents a C3-C27 saturated or unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbon radical; R4 represents a straight or branched chain C1-C6 alkylene radical; R5 represents H or CH3, R6 represents a straight or branched chain C2-C5 alkylene radical; p, independently, represents 1-4; X represents O or S; and n represents 0 or 1; and wherein it is preferred that there are a total of from about 18 to about 30 carbon atoms in the compound; or wherein R3, R4, R5, R6 and p are the same as for formula II above, wherein R7 represents a straight or branched chain C1-C5 alkylene radical, and wherein it is preferred that there are a total of from about 18 to about 30 carbon atoms in the compound.
• the dispersant materials contemplated for use in this invention are phosphosulfurized detergent/­dispersant materials, either alone or, more preferably, in combination with a borated, aminated, long chain hydrocarbyl-substituted dicarboxylic material.
• the phosphosulfurized dispersant/detergent materials may comprise, for example, an oil soluble product formed by reacting a hydrocarbyl-substituted dicarboxylic acid material with a polyamine or with a polyamine and carboxylic acid to form an imide condensation product, followed by further reaction of the imide condensation product with an organic thio­acid of phosphorous.
• the borated, aminated, long chain hydrocarbyl-­substituted dicarboxylic acid material may comprise, for example, the product formed by reacting a boron compound, such as boric oxide and metaborate, boric acid, or a mono-, di-, and trialkyl borate with an oil soluble product formed by reacting a hydrocarbyl-­substituted dicarboxylic acid material with a polyamine or with a polyamine and carboxylic acid to form an imide condensation product.
• a boron compound such as boric oxide and metaborate, boric acid, or a mono-, di-, and trialkyl borate
• an oil soluble product formed by reacting a hydrocarbyl-­substituted dicarboxylic acid material with a polyamine or with a polyamine and carboxylic acid to form an imide condensation product.
• the above combination of additives is particularly suited to meeting the stringent ATF requirements from the standpoint of the proper balance of anti-wear, static and dynamic friction coefficients, friction modification and stability, dispersancy, sludge inhibition, anti-oxidation and corrosion resistance properties.
• organic phosphites may be employed in combination with the phosphosulfurized material and the reaction product of the hydroxyl amine compound with a boron compound such as boric acid or a C1-C4 trialkyl borate.
• a lubricating oil composition adaptable for use as a power transmitting fluid comprising the above-­described 3-component combination of additives.
• a lubricating oil composition concentrate adaptable for use as an automatic transmission fluid comprising the above-­described 3-component combination of additives.
• a lubricating oil composition concentrate adaptable for use as a power transmitting fluid which comprises a lubricating oil having dissolved or dispersed therein at least one of the herein-described organic phosphite compounds, at least one of the herein-described hydroxyl amine compounds, and at least one of the herein-described phosphosulfurized materials, preferably in combination with one of the herein-described borated, aminated long chain hydrocarbyl-substituted dicarboxylic acid materials.
• a process for improving the static and dynamic friction coefficients and the frictional stability properties of a lubricating oil composition which is adapted for use as a power transmitting fluid which comprises adding to said lubricating oil composition at least one of the organic phosphite compounds, at least one of the hydroxyl amine compounds, and at least one of the phosphosulfurized materials disclosed herein.
• the organic phosphite ester additives of the present invention can be represented by the structural formula: where R1, and R2 which may be the same or different independently can represent an alkyl radical (preferably straight chain alkyl), typically about C6 to about C30, preferably about C10 to about C26, and most preferably about C12 to about C24 alkyl, or an alkenyl radical (preferably straight chain alkenyl), typically about C6 to about C30, preferably about C10 to about C26, and most preferably about C12 to about C24 alkenyl.
• R1 and/or R2 is an alkenyl radical, it is preferable that there be no more than two unsaturated linkages in the radical.
• R1 and R2 groups of formula (I) include hexyl, heptyl, octyl, 2-­ethylhexyl, isooctyl, tertiary-octyl, nonyl, isononyl, tertiary-nonyl, secondary-nonyl, decyl, isodecyl, undecyl, dodecyl, tridecyl, palmityl, stearyl, isostearyl, octenyl, nonenyl, decenyl, dodecenyl, oleyl, linoleyl and linolenyl.
• R1 and R2 groups include n-­octadecyl, n-hexadecyl, n-dodecyl, n-tetradecyl, oleyl and stearyl. In most cases it is preferred that R1 and R2 are the same for any given organic phosphite ester.
• the most preferred phosphite is dioleyl monohydrogen­ phosphite.
• the organic phosphites can be obtained by the direct esterification of phosphorous acid or a phosphorous trihalide with an alcohol or a mixture of alcohols. The methods for preparing the organic phosphite esters are known in the art and are discussed, for example, in U.S. Patent 3,513,093, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.
• R3 represents a straight or branched chain, saturated or unsaturated, aliphatic hydrocarbon radical (preferably straight chain alkylene), typically about C3 to about C27, preferably about C10 to about C20, and most preferably about C16 to C18 alkylene
• R4 represents a straight or branched chain alkylene radical (preferably straight alkylene), typically C1 to about C6, preferably about C2 to about C4, and most preferably C3 alkylene
• R5 represents H or CH3, preferably H
• R7 represents a straight or branched chain C1-C5 alkylene radical (preferably C2 alkylene), independently, is 1-4, preferably 1-3 (e.g., 1);
• X represents O or S, preferably O;
• the hydroxylamine would be characterized by the formula II wherein X represents O, R3 and R5 contain a combined total of 18 carbon atoms, R4 represents C3 alkylene, R6 represents C2 alkylene, and p is 1. In all cases, it is preferred that the hydroxyl amine compounds contain a combined total of from about 18 to about 30 carbon atoms.
• the hydroxyl amine compounds can be prepared, for example, by a multi-step process wherein an alkanol is first reacted, in the presence of a catalyst, with an unsaturated nitrile such as acrylonitrile to form an ether nitrile intermediate. The intermediate is then hydrogenated, preferably in the presence of a conventional hydrogenation catalyst such as Raney nickle to form an ether amine. The ether amine is then reacted with an alkylene oxide, such as ethylene oxide in the presence of an alkaline catalyst by a conventional method at a temperature in the range of about 90 - 150 o C.
• an alkanol is first reacted, in the presence of a catalyst, with an unsaturated nitrile such as acrylonitrile to form an ether nitrile intermediate.
• the intermediate is then hydrogenated, preferably in the presence of a conventional hydrogenation catalyst such as Raney nickle to form an ether amine.
• the ether amine is then reacted with an
• R3 represents straight or branched chain alkyl as described above and R′ represents hydrogen or a C1 to C3 alkyl substituent on the alkylene radical constituting R4 in formula II.
• Another method of preparing the present hydroxyl amine compounds is by reacting a fatty acid with ammonia or an alkanol amine, such as ethanolamine, to form an intermediate which can be further oxyalkylated by reaction with an alkylene oxide, such as ethylene oxide or propylene oxide.
• a process of this type is discussed, for example, in U.S. Patent 4,201,684, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.
• the hydroxyl amine friction modifying compounds can be formed, for example, by effecting a conventional free radical reaction between a long chain alpha-olefin with a hydroxyalkyl mercaptan, such as beta-hydroxyethyl mercaptan, to produce a long chain alkyl hydroxyalkyl sulfide.
• a hydroxyalkyl mercaptan such as beta-hydroxyethyl mercaptan
• the long chain alkyl hydroxyalkyl sulfide is then mixed with thionyl chloride at a low temperature and thereafter heated to about 40 o C to form a long chain alkyl chloroalkyl sulfide.
• the long chain alkyl chloroalkyl sulfide is then caused to react with a dialkanol amine, such as diethanolamine, and, if desired, with an alkylene oxide, such as ethylene oxide, in the presence of an alkaline catalyst and at a temperature on the order of about 100 o C to form the desired hydroxyl amine compounds.
• a dialkanol amine such as diethanolamine
• an alkylene oxide such as ethylene oxide
• hydroxyl amine friction modifiers are well known in the art and are described, for example, in U.S. Patents 3,186,946, 4,170,560, 4,231,883, 4,409,000 and 3,711,406, the disclosures of these patents being incorporated herein by reference.
• Such hydroxyl amine compounds are available commercially, from the Armak Chemical Division of Akzo Chemie, for example, under the trade names Ethomeen, Ethomeen T/12, Ethomeen C/15, Ethoduomeen T/12, Ethoduomeen T/15, etc.
• the hydroxyl amine compounds may be used as such. However they may also be used in the form of an adduct or reaction product with a boron compound, such as a boric oxide a boron halide, a metaborate, boric acid, or a mono-, di-, and trialkyl borate.
• a boron compound such as a boric oxide a boron halide, a metaborate, boric acid, or a mono-, di-, and trialkyl borate.
• adducts or derivatives may be illustrated, for example, by the following structural formula: wherein R3, R4, R5, R6, X, n and p are the same as defined above, and wherein R8 is either H or an alkyl radical.
• alkyl borates which may be used to borate the alkanol amine compounds include mono-, di-, and tributyl borates, mono-, di-, and trihexyl borates, and the like.
• the borated adducts may be prepared simply by heating a mixture of the hydroxyl amine compound and the boron compound, preferably in the presence of a suitable solvent or solvents, preferably a hydrocarbon solvent.
• a suitable solvent or solvents preferably a hydrocarbon solvent.
• Reaction temperatures suitably may be on the order of about 100 o C to about 280 o C, preferably from about 125 to 175 o C.
• Reaction time is not critical and, depending on the temperature, etc., it may vary from about 1-2 hours up to about 15 hours, e.g. 2 to 6 hours until the desired amount of water is removed.
• Such boration procedures are well known in the art and are described, for example, in U.S. Patents 4,529,528, 4,594,171, and 4,382,006, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference.
• the phosphosulfurized dispersant/detergent material contemplated for use in this invention may be prepared, for example, by treating the condensation product of a hydrocarbyl-substituted dicarboxylic acid or anhydride or ester derivative thereof and a polyamine, with an acidic reaction product of a phosphorous sulfide with a hydrocarbon
• the long chain hydrocarbyl-substituted dicar­boxylic acid material which can be used to make the dispersant includes the reaction product of long chain hydrocarbon polymer, generally a polyolefin,with (i) monounsaturated C4 to C10 dicarboxylic acid wherein (a) the carboxyl groups are vicinal, (i.e. located on adjacent carbon atoms) and (b) at least one, preferably both, of said adjacent carbon atoms are part of said monounsaturation; or with (ii) derivatives of (i) such as anhydrides or C1 to C5 alcohol derived mono- or diesters of (i).
• the monounsaturation of the dicarboxylic acid material becomes saturated.
• maleic anhydride becomes a hydrocarbyl-substituted succinic anhydride.
• the hydrocarbyl-­substituted dicarboxylic acid material will contain unreacted polyolefin.
• the unreacted polyolefin is typically not removed from the reaction mixture (because such removal is difficult and would be commercially infeasible) and the product mixture, stripped of any unreacted monounsaturated C4 to C10 dicarboxylic acid material, is employed for further reaction with the amine or alcohol as described hereinafter to make the dispersant.
• Characterization of the average number of moles of dicarboxylic acid, anydride or ester which have reacted per mole of polyolefin charged to the reaction (whether it has undergone reaction or not) is defined herein as functionality. Said functionality is based upon (i) determination of the saponification number of the resulting product mixture using potassium hydroxide; and (ii) the number average molecular weight of the polymer charged using techniques well known in the art. Functionality is defined solely with reference to the resulting product mixture. Consequently, although the amount of said reacted polyolefin contained in the resulting product mixture can be subsequently modified, i.e., increased or decreased by techniques known in the art, such mocdifications do not alter functionality as defined above.
• hydrocarbyl-substituted dicarboxylic acid material is intended to refer to the product mixture whether it has undergone such modification or not.
• the functionality of the hydrocarbyl-substituted dicarboxylic acid material will be typically at least about 0.5, preferably at least about 0.8, and most preferably at least about 0.9, and can vary typically from about 0.5 to about 2.8 (e.g., 0.6 to 2), preferably from about 0.8 to about 1.4, and most preferably from about 0.9 to about 1.3.
• Such unsaturated mono and dicar­boxylic acids, or anhydrides and esters thereof are fumaric acid, itaconic acid, maleic acid, maleic anhydride, chloromaleic acid, chloromaleic anhydride, acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, crotonic acid, cinnamic acid, etc.
• Preferred olefin polymers for reaction with the unsaturated dicarboxylic acids or derivatives thereof are polymers comprising a major molar mount of C2 to C10, e.g. C2 to C5 monoolefin.
• Such olefins include ethylene, propylene, butylene, isobutylene, pentene, octene-1, styrene, etc.
• the polymers can be homopolymers such as polyisobutylene, as well as copolymers of two or more of such olefins such as copolymers of: ethylene and propylene; butylene and isobutylene; propylene and isobutylene; etc.
• copolymers include those in which a minor molar amount of the copolymer monomers, e.g., 1 to 10 mole %, is a C4 to C18 non-conjugated diolefin, e.g., a copolymer of isobutylene and butadiene: or a copolymer of ethylene, propylene and 1,4-hexadiene; etc.
• a minor molar amount of the copolymer monomers e.g., 1 to 10 mole %
• a C4 to C18 non-conjugated diolefin e.g., a copolymer of isobutylene and butadiene: or a copolymer of ethylene, propylene and 1,4-hexadiene; etc.
• the olefin polymer may be completely saturated, for example an ethylene-propylene copolymer made by a Ziegler-Natta synthesis using hydrogen as a moderator to control molecular weight.
• the olefin polymers used in the dispersants will usually have number average molecular weights within the range of about 700 and about 5,000, more usually between about 800 and about 3000. Particularly useful olefin polymers have number average molecular weights within the range of about 900 and about 2500 with approximately one terminal double bond per polymer chain.
• An especially useful starting material for highly potent dispersant additives is polyisobutylene.
• the number average molecular weight for such polymers can be determined by several known techniques. A convenient method for such determination is by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) which additionally provides molecular weight distribution information, see W. W. Yau, J. J. Kirkland and D. D. Bly, "Modern Size Exclusion Liquid Chromatography", John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1979.
• olefin polymer Processes for reacting the olefin polymer with the C4 ⁇ 10 unsaturated dicarboxylic acid, anhydride or ester are known in the art.
• the olefin polymer and the dicarboxylic acid or derivative may be simply heated together as disclosed in U.S. Patents 3,361,673 and 3,401,118 to cause a thermal "ene" reaction to take place.
• the olefin polymer can be first halogenated, for example, chlorinated or brominated to about 1 to 8 wt. %, preferably 3 to 7 wt.
• % chlorine, or bromine based on the weight of polymer, by passing the chlorine or bromine through the polyolefin at a temperature of 60 to 250 o C., e.g. 120 to 160 o C., for about 0.5 to 10, preferably 1 to 7 hours.
• the halogenated polymer may then be reacted with sufficient unsaturated acid or derivative at 100 to 250 o C., usually about 180 to 235 o C., for about 0.5 to 10, e.g. 3 to 8 hours, so the product obtained will contain the desired number of moles of the unsaturated acid or derivative per mole of the halogenated polymer. Processes of this general type are taught in U.S. Patents 3,087,936, 3,172,892, 3,272,746 and others.
• the olefin polymer, and the unsaturated acid or derivative are mixed and heated while adding chlorine to the hot material.
• Processes of this type are disclosed in U.S. Patents 3,215,707, 3,231,587, 3,912,764, 4,110,349, and in U.K. 1,440,219.
• halogen about 65 to 95 wt. % of the polyolefin, e.g. polyisobutylene will normally react with the dicarboxylic acid or derivative. Upon carrying out a thermal reaction without the use of halogen or a catalyst, then usually only about 50 to 75 wt. % of the polyisobutylene will react. Chlorination helps increase the reactivity.
• the hydrocarbyl dicarboxylic material first must be neutralized with a polyfunctional amine. This will result in the formation of an imide or amide linkage, or a mixture of imide and amide linkages, in the hydrocarbyl dicarboxylic material and will add at least one reactive amino group thereto. As discussed more fully hereinbelow, the amino group will react with the phosphorous sulfide-hydrocarbon reaction product to provide the dispersants which are useful in this invention.
• Useful amine compounds for neutralization of the hydrocarbyl substituted dicarboxylic material include polyamines of about 2 to 60, e.g. 3 to 20, most preferably 3 to 10, total carbon atoms in the molecule. These amines may be hydrocarbyl amines or may be hydrocarbyl amines including other non-interfering groups, e.g., alkoxy groups, amide groups, nitrile groups, imidazoline groups, and the like.
• Non-limiting examples of suitable amine compounds include: 1,2-diaminoethane; 1,3-diaminopropane; 1,4-­diaminobutane; 1,6-diaminohexane; polyethylene amines such as diethylene triamine; triethylene tetramine; tetraethylene pentamine; polypropylene amines such as 1,2-propylene diamine; di-(1,2-propylene) triamine; di-­(1,3-propylene) triamine; N,N-dimethyl-1,3-diamino­propane; N,N-di-(2-aminoethyl) ethylene diamine; N-­dodecyl-1,3-propane dimine; di-,and tri-tallow amines; amino morpholines such as N-(3-aminopropyl) morpholine; etc.
• amine compounds include: alicyclic diamines such as 1,4-di(aminomethyl) cyclohexane, and heterocyclic compounds such as morpholines, imidazolines, and N-aminolakyl piperazines of the general formula: wherein G is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and omega-(non-tertiary)-­aminoalkylene radicals of from 1 to 3 carbon atoms, and p is a number of from 1 to 4.
• G is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and omega-(non-tertiary)-­aminoalkylene radicals of from 1 to 3 carbon atoms
• p is a number of from 1 to 4.
• Non-limiting examples of such amines include 2-pentadecyl imidazoline; N-(2-­aminoethyl) piperazine; etc.
• one process for preparing alkylene amines involves the reaction of an alkylene dihalide (such as ethylene dichloride or propylene dichloride ) with ammonia, which results in a complex mixture of alkylene amines wherein pairs of nitrogens are joined by alkylene groups, forming such compounds as diethylene triamine, triethylenetetramine, tetraethylene pentamine and isomeric piperazines.
• alkylene dihalide such as ethylene dichloride or propylene dichloride
• ammonia such as ethylene triamine, triethylenetetramine, tetraethylene pentamine and isomeric piperazines.
• a low cost mixture of poly(ethyleneamine) compounds averaging about 5 to 7 nitrogen atoms per molecule are available commercially under trade names such as "Polyamine H ⁇ , "Polyamine 400", “Dow Polyamine E-100", etc.
• Useful amines also include polyoxalkylene polyamines such as those of the formulas: NH2 ⁇ alkylene ⁇ (O-alkylene) m ⁇ NH2 VII where m has a value of about 3 to 70 and preferably 10 to 35; and R ⁇ alkylene ⁇ O-alkylene ⁇ n -NH2] a VIII where n has a value of about 1 to 40 with the proviso that the sum of all the n's is from about 3 to about 70 and preferably from about 6 to about 35, R is a polyvalent saturated hydrocarbon radical of up to ten carbon atoms, and a is a number from 3 to 6.
• the alkylene groups in either formula VII or VIII may be straight or branched chain containing about 2 to 7, and preferably about 2 to 4 carbon atoms.
• the above polyoxyalkylene polyamines may have average molecular weights ranging from about 200 to about 4,000 and preferably from about 400 to about 2,000.
• the preferred polyoxyalkylene polyamines include the polyoxyethylene and polyoxypropylene diamines and the polyoxypropylene triamines having average molecular weight ranging from about 200 to 2,000.
• the polyoxyalkylene polyamines are commercially available and may be obtained, for example, from the Jefferson Chemical Company, Inc. under the trade name "Jeffamines D-230, D-400, D-1000, D-2000, T-403", etc.
• the amine is readily reacted with the selected hydrocarbyl-substituted dicarboxylic acid material, e.g. alkenyl succinic anhydride, by heating an oil solution containing 5 to 95 wt. % of said hydrocarbyl-­substituted dicarboxylic acid material to about 100 to 250 o C., preferably 125 to 175 o C., generally for 1 to 10, e.g. 2 to 6 hours until the desired amount of water is removed.
• the heating is preferably carried out to favor formation of imides or mixtures of imides and amides, rather than amides and salts.
• Reaction ratios of hydrocarbyl- substituted dicarboxylic acid material to equivalents of amine as well as the other nucleophilic reactants described herein can vary considerably, depending on the reactants and type of bonds formed. Generally from 0.1 to 1.0, preferably from about 0.2 to 0.6, e.g., 0.4 to 0.6, equivalents of dicarboxylic acid unit content (e.g., substituted succinic anhydride content) is used per reactive equivalent of nucleophilic reactant, e.g., amine.
• dicarboxylic acid unit content e.g., substituted succinic anhydride content
• a pentamine having two primary amino groups and five reactive equivalents of nitrogen per molecule
• a composition having a functionality of 1.6, derived from reaction of polyolefin and maleic anhydride; i.e., preferably the pentamine is used in an amount sufficient to provide about 0.4 equivalents (that is, 1.6 divided by (0.8 x 5) equivalents) of succinic anhydride units per reactive nitrogen equivalent of the amine.
• the hydrocarbyl-substituted dicarboxylic acid material-polyamine reaction products are further reacted with an acidic organic compound containing phosphorus and sulfur, more specifically with a phosphosulfurized hydrocarbon.
• the reaction products of the above type that are employed in the present invention are those that contain sufficient residual amino nitrogen to react with the acidic groups of the phosphosulfurized hydrocarbon, as will be more apparent in the ensuing description.
• the phosphorous and sulfur containing reactants may be referred to alternatively as organic thio-acids of phosphorus.
• the reaction product of the hydrocarbyl-substituted dicarboxylic acid material with the polyamine will be referred to as the amine-­containing intermediate.
• the amine-containing intermediate must have sufficient amino nitrogen remaining so that reaction with the acidic groups of the organic thio-acid of phosphorous is possible.
• the amine-containing intermediate may be reacted with the phosphosulfurized hydrocarbon in amounts sufficient to give partial or complete neutralization of the amine portion of the amine-containing intermediate. Since the potency of the amine-­ containing intermediate is related, in part, to its basicity, the ratio of amine to organic thio-acid of phosphorus is limited in practice by the balance of the several functions of this additive. That is, if all the amine functions are neutralized by stoichiometric amounts of organic thio-acids, the antioxidant and anti-wear properties of the additive are maximized at the expense of detergency or deposit control. Most advantageously, ratios of amine to thio-acid are chosen so that dispersancy, anti-wear and antioxidant potency are optimized. Generally if at least one amino group per mole of amine-containing intermediate is left unreacted, this optimization can be accomplished.
• reaction may be effected merely by mixing the reactants together and heating the mixture for from 1 to 6 hours, or more usually from 2 to 5 hours at a temperature in the range of from about 100 o F, to about 400 o F., e.g. 100 to 250 o F., or more generally from about 150 o F. to about 225 o F.
• the reaction may by aided by blowing a stream of inert gas through the mixture during the heating period.
• the phosphosulfurized hydrocarbons may be prepared by reaction of sulfide of phosphorus such as P2S3, P2S5, P4S7, P4S10, preferably P2S5, with a suitable hydrocarbon material such as a heavy petroleum fraction, a polyolefin, or a terpene or mixtures thereof.
• a suitable hydrocarbon material such as a heavy petroleum fraction, a polyolefin, or a terpene or mixtures thereof.
• the heavy petroleum fractions that may be employed include distillates or residua containing less than 5% of aromatics and having viscosities at 210 o F. in the range of about 140 to 250 SUS.
• the terpenes which may be used in this invention are unsaturated hydrocarbons having the formula C10H16, occuring in most essential oils and oleoresins of plants.
• the terpenes are based on the isoprene unit C5H8, and may be either acyclic or cyclic with one or more benzenoid groups. They are classified as monocyclic (dipentene), bicyclic (pinene), or acyclic (myrcene), according to the molecular structure.
• the preferred terpenes are bicyclic such as alpha-pinene and beta-pinene.
• Suitable polyolefins include those having Staudinger molecular weights in the range of typically from about 500 to about 200,000, preferably from about 600 to about 20,000, and most preferably from about 800 to about 2,000, and containing from 2 to 6 carbon atoms per olefin monomer, e.g., ethylene, propylene, butyl­ene, isobutylene, isoamylene and mixtures.
• Particularly preferred polyolefins are the polyisobutylenes having Staudinger molecular weights in the range of from about 700 to about 100,000.
• the phosphosulfurized hydrocarbon can be prepared by reacting the hydrocarbon with from about 5 to 30 wt. percent of a sulfide of phosphorus, preferably with from about 10 to 20 wt. percent of phosphorous pentasulfide under anhydrous conditions at temperatures of from about 150 to about 600 o F. for from about one-­half to about 15 hours.
• the preparation of the phosphosulfurized hydrocarbons are well known in the art and are described, for example, in U.S. Patents 2,875,188, 3,511,780, 2,316,078, 2,805,217 and 3,850,822, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference.
• the phosphosulfurized dispersant/detergent material is combined with the organic phosphite ester and hydroxyl amine compound, but in further combination with a borated ashless, sulfur and phosphorous-free dispersant.
• the description of the borated ashless dispersant corresponds to the description provided herein above in connection with the amine containing intermediate used in the formation of the phosphorous- and sulfur-containing dispersant, but which is further reacted with a boron compound.
• the optional sulfur-and phosphorous-free ashless dispersant used as an additive per se, when borated, is referred to herein for convenience as borated, aminated dispersant.
• Boration of the aminated dispersant can be carried out as generally taught in U.S. Patents 3,087,936 and 3,254,025, which patents are incorporated herein by reference.
• Such boration is readily accomplished by treating the aminated dispersant with a boron compound such as boric oxide, boron halides, and metaborate, boric acid, or a mono-, di-, and trialkyl borate in an mount to provide from about 0.1 atomic proportion of boron for each mole of the aminated dispersant composition to about 10 atomic proportions of boron for each atomic proportion of nitrogen of the dispersant composition.
• the borated, aminated dispersants contain from about 0.05 to 2.0 wt.
• boron based on the total weight of said borated, aminated dispersant compound.
• the boron which appears to be in the product as dehydrated boric acid polymers (primarily (HBO2)3), is believed to attach to the dispersant imides and diimides as amine salts e.g. the metaborate salt of the diimide.
• Treating is readily carried out by adding from about 0.05 to 4, e.g. 1 to 3 wt. % (based on the weight of said aminated dispersant compound) of said boron compound, preferably boric acid which is most usually added as a slurry to said aminated dispersant and heating with stirring at from about 135 o C to 190, e.g., 140-170 o C., for from 1 to 5 hours followed by nitrogen stripping at said temperature ranges.
• the boron treatment can be carried out by adding boric acid to the hot reaction mixture of the dicarboxylic acid material and amine while removing water.
• borated, aminated dispersant The combination of the organic phosphite esters, the hydroxyl amine compounds, and the phosphosulfurized hydrocarbons, and preferably, the borated, aminated hydrocarbyl-substituted dicarboxylic acid materials (referred to herein as borated, aminated dispersant) of the present invention has been found to possess multi-­functional properties including anti-wear, friction modification, friction stability, and copper corrosion resistance properties.
• the additive combination of the invention is used by incorporation and dissolution or dispersion into an oleaginous material such as fuels and lubricating oils.
• the present combination of additives finds its primary utility in lubricating oil compositions which employ a base oil in which the additives are dissolved or dispersed.
• base oils may be natural or synthetic.
• base oils suitable for use in preparing lubricating compositions of the present invention include those conventionally employed as crankcase lubricating oils for spark-ignited and compression-­ignited internal combustion engines, such as automobile and truck engines, marine and railroad diesel engines, and the like.
• Particularly advantageous results are achieved by employing the additive combination of the present invention in base oils conventionally employed in power transmitting fluids such as automatic transmission fluids, tractor fluids, universal tractor fluids and hydraulic fluids, heavy duty hydraulic fluids, power steering fluids and the like.
• Gear lubricants, industrial oils, pump oils and other lubricating oil compositions can also benefit from the incorporation therein of the additives of the present invention.
• the additive combination of the present invention may be suitably incorporated into synthetic base oils such as alkyl esters of dicarboxylic acids, polyglycols and alcohols; polyalphaolefins, alkyl benzenes, organic esters of phosphoric acids, polysilicone oil, etc.
• synthetic base oils such as alkyl esters of dicarboxylic acids, polyglycols and alcohols; polyalphaolefins, alkyl benzenes, organic esters of phosphoric acids, polysilicone oil, etc.
• Natural base oils include mineral lubricating oils which may vary widely as to their crude source, e.g. whether paraffinic, naphthenic, mixed paraffinic-­naphthenic, and the like; as well as to their formation, e.g. distillation range, straight run or cracked, hydrofined, solvent extracted and the like.
• the natural lubricating oil based stocks which can be used in the compositions of this invention may be straight mineral lubricating oil or distillates derived from paraffinic, naphthenic, asphaltic, or mixed base crudes, or, if desired, various blended oils may be employed as well as residuals, particularly those from which asphaltic constituents have been removed.
• the oils may be refined by conventional methods using acid, alkali, and/or clay or other agents such as aluminum chloride, or they may be extracted oils produced, for example, by solvent extraction with solvents such as phenol, sulfur dioxide, furfural, dichlorodiethyl ether, nitrobenzene, crotonaldehyde, etc.
• the lubricating oil base stock conveniently has a viscosity of typically about 2.5 to about 12, and preferably about 3.5 to about 5 cst. at 100 o C.
• the additive combination of the present invention can be employed in a lubricating oil composition which comprises lubricating oil, typically in a major amount, and the additive combination, typically in a minor amount, which is effective to impart enhanced friction modification, anti-wear, friction stability, and sludge inhibition properties relative to the absence of the additives.
• Additional conventional additives selected to meet the particular requirements of a selected type of lubricating oil composition can be included as desired.
• the additive materials of this invention are oil soluble, dissolvable in oil with the aid of a suitable solvent, or are stably dispersible in oil.
• Oil soluble, dissolvable, or stably dispersible does not necessarily indicate that the materials are soluble, dissolvable, miscible, or capable of being suspended in oil in all proportions. It does mean, however, that the respective additives are soluble or stably dispersible in oil to an extent sufficient to exert their intended effect in the environment in which the oil is employed.
• the incorporation of an additional dispersant and/or other additives may also permit incorporation of higher levels of a particular organic phosphite ester, hydroxyl amine compound or phosphosulfurized hydrocarbon, if desired.
• the additives of the present invention can be incorporated into the lubricating oil in any convenient way.
• they can be added directly to the oil by dispersing, or dissolving the same in the oil at the desired level of concentration typically with the aid of the suitable solvent such as benzene, xylene, toluene, tetrahydrofuran, ethers such as n-propyl ether, n-amyl ether or the like.
• suitable solvent such as benzene, xylene, toluene, tetrahydrofuran, ethers such as n-propyl ether, n-amyl ether or the like.
• the organic phosphite ester and alkanol amine additive combination may be blended with a suitable oil-soluble solvent and base oil to form a concentrate, followed by blending the concentrate with lubricating oil base stock to obtain the final formulation.
• the lubricating oil base stock for the additives of the present invention typically is adapted to perform a selected function by the incorporation of additives therein to form lubricating oil compositions (i.e., formulations).
• one broad class of lubricating oil compositions suitable for use in conjunction with the additives of the present invention are power steering fluids, tractor fluids, tractor universal oils, and the like.
• the benefits of the additives of the present invention are particularly significant when employed in a lubricating oil adapted for use as an automatic transmission fluid.
• Power transmitting fluids such as automatic transmission fluids, as well as lubricating oils in general, are typically compounded from a number of additives each useful for improving chemical and/or physical properties of the same.
• the additives are usually sold as a concentrate package in which mineral oil or some other base oil is present.
• the mineral lubricating oil in automatic transmission fluids typically is refined hydrocarbon oil or a mixture of refined hydrocarbon oils selected according to the viscosity requirements of the particular fluid, but typically would havea viscosity range of 2.5-9, e.g. 3.5-9 cst. at 100 o C.
• Suitable base oils include a wide variety of light hydrocarbon mineral oils, such as naphthenic base oils, paraffin base oils, and mixtures thereof.
• V.I. viscosity index
• corrosion inhibitors corrosion inhibitors
• oxidation inhibitors oxidation inhibitors
• friction modifiers lube oil flow improvers
• dispersants anti-foamants
• anti-wear agents detergents
• metal rust inhibitors seal swellants.
• Viscosity modifiers impart high and low temperature operability to the lubricating oil and permit it to remain shear stable at elevated temperatures and also exhibit acceptable viscosity or fluidity at low temperatures.
• V.I. improvers are generally high molecular weight hydrocarbon polymers or more preferably polyesters.
• the V.I. improvers may also be derivatized to include other properties or functions, such as the addition of dispersancy properties.
• oils soluble V.I. polymers will generally have number average molecular weights of from 103 to 106, preferably 104 to 106, e.g. 20,000 to 250,000, as determined by gel permeation chromatography or membrane osmometry.
• suitable hydrocarbon polymers include homopolymers and copolymers of two or more monomers of C2 to C30, e.g. C2 to C8 olefins, including both alpha olefins and internal olefins, which may be straight or branched, aliphatic, aromatic alkyl-aromatic, cycloaliphatic, etc. Frequently they will be of ethylene with C3 to C30 olefins, particularly preferred being the copolymers of ethylene and propylene.
• polystyrene e.g. with isoprene and/or butadiene.
• hydrocarbon polymers suitable as viscosity index improvers in the present invention include those which may be described as hydrogenated or partially hydrogenated homopolymers, and random, tapered, star, or block interpolymers (including terpolymers, tetrapolymers, etc.) of conjugated dienes and/or monovinyl aromatic compounds with, optionally, alpha-olefins or lower alkenes, e.g., C3 to C18 alpha-olefins or lower alkenes.
• the conjugated dienes include isoprene, butadiene, 2,3-­dimethylbutadiene, piperylene and/or mixtures thereof, such as isoprene and butadiene.
• the monovinyl aromatic compounds include vinyl di- or polyaromatic compounds, e.g., vinyl naphthalene, or mixtures of vinyl mono-, di-, and/or polyaromatic compounds, but are preferably monovinyl monoaromatic compounds, such as styrene or alkylated styrenes substituted at the alpha-carbon atoms of the styrene, such as alpha-methylstyrene, or at ring carbons, such as o-, m-, p-methylstyrene, ethylstyrene, propylstyrene, isopropyl-styrene, butylstyrene isobutylstyrene, tert-butylstyrene (e.g., p-tertbutylstyrene).
• monovinyl monoaromatic compounds such as styrene or alkylated st
• Alpha-­olfins and lower alkenes optionally included in these random, tapered and block copolymers preferably include ethylene, propylene, butene, ethylene-propylene copolymers, isobutylene, and polymers and copolymers thereof.
• these random, tapered and block copolymers may include relatively small amounts, that is less than about 5 moles, of other copolymerizable monomers such as vinyl pyridines, vinyl lactams, methacrylates, vinyl chloride, vinylidene chloride, vinyl acetate, vinyl stearate, and the like.
• Typical block copolymers include polystyrene-polyisoprene, polystyrene-­polybutadiene, polystyrene-polyethylene, polystyrene-­ethylene propylene copolymer, polyvinyl cyclohexane-­hydrogenated polyisoprene, and polyvinyl cyclohexane-­hydrogenated polybutadiene.
• Tapered polymers include those of the foregoing monomers prepared by methods known in the art.
• Star-shaped polymers typically comprise a nucleus and polymeric arms linked to said nucleus, the arms being comprised of homopolymer or interpolymer of said conjugated diene and/or monovinyl aromatic monomers. Typically, at least about 80% of the aliphatic unsaturation and about 20% of the aromatic unsaturation of the star-shaped polymer is reduced by hydrogenation.
• the polymer may be degraded in molecular weight, for example by mastication, extrusion, oxidation or thermal degradation, and it may be oxidized and contain oxygen.
• derivatized polymers such as post-grafted interpolymers of ethylene-propylene with an active monomer such as maleic anhydride which may be further reacted with an alcohol, or amine, e.g. an alkylene polyamine or hydroxy amine, e.g. see U.S. Patents 4,089,794, 4,160,739, 4,137,185, or copolymers of ethylene and propylene reacted or grafted with nitrogen compounds such as shown in U.S. Patents 4,068,056, 4,068,058, 4,146,489 and 4,149,984.
• Suitable hydrocarbon polymers are ethylene copolymers containing from 15 to 90 wt % ethylene, preferably 30 to 80 wt. % of ethylene and 10 to 85 wt. % , preferably 20 to 70 wt. % of one or more C3 to C28, preferably C3 to C18, more preferably C3 to C8, alpha-­olefins. While not essential, such copolymers preferably have a degree of crystallinity of less than 25 wt. % as determined by X-ray and differential scanning calorimetry. Copolymers of ethylene and propylene are most preferred.
• alpha-olefins suitable in place of propylene to form the copolymer, or to be used in combination with ethylene and propylene, to form a terpolymer, tetrapolymer, etc. include 1-butene, 1-pentene, 1-hexene, 1-heptene, 1-­octene, 1-nonene, 1-decene, etc.; also branched chain alpha-olefins, such as 4-methyl-1-pentene, 4-methyl-1-­hexene, 5-methylpentene-1, 4,4-dimethyl-1-pentene, and 6-methyl-heptene-1, etc., and mixtures thereof.
• Terpolymers, tetrapolymers, etc., of ethylene, said C3 ⁇ 28 alpha-olefin, and non-conjugated diolefin or mixtures of such diolefins may also be used.
• the amount of the non-conjugated diolefin generally ranges from about 0.5 to 20 mole percent, preferably from about 1 to about 7 mole percent, based on the total amount of ethylene and alpha-olefin present.
• the preferred V.I. improvers are polyesters, most preferably polyesters of ethylenically unsaturated C3 to C8 mono- and dicarboxylic acids such as methacrylic and acrylic acids, maleic acid, maleic anhydride, fumaric acid, etc.
• unsaturated esters examples include those of aliphatic saturated mono alcohols of at least 1 carbon atom and preferably of from 12 to 20 carbon atoms, such as decyl acrylate, lauryl meth­acrylate, cetyl methacrylate, stearyl methacrylate, and the like and mixtures thereof.
• esters include the vinyl alcohol esters of C2 to C22 fatty or monocarboxylic acids, preferably saturated such as vinyl acetate, vinyl laureate, vinyl palmitate, vinyl stearate, vinyl oleate, and the like and mixtures thereof. Copolymers of vinyl alcohol esters with unsaturated acid esters such as the copolymer of vinyl acetate with dialkyl fumarates, can also be used.
• the esters may be copolymerized with still other unsaturated monomers such as olefins, e.g. 0.2 to 5 moles of C2-C20 aliphatic or aromatic olefin per mole of unsaturated ester, or per mole of unsaturated acid or anhydride followed by esterification.
• unsaturated monomers such as olefins, e.g. 0.2 to 5 moles of C2-C20 aliphatic or aromatic olefin per mole of unsaturated ester, or per mole of unsaturated acid or anhydride followed by esterification.
• olefins e.g. 0.2 to 5 moles of C2-C20 aliphatic or aromatic olefin per mole of unsaturated ester, or per mole of unsaturated acid or anhydride followed by esterification.
• copolymers of styrene with maleic anhydride esterified with alcohols and amines are known, e.
• ester polymers may be grafted with, or the ester copolymerized with, polymerizable unsaturated nitrogen-containing monomers to impart dispersancy to the V.I. improvers.
• suitable unsaturated nitrogen-containing monomers to impart dispersancy include those containing 4 to 20 carbon atoms such as amino substituted olefins as p-(beta-diethylamino­ethyl)styrene; basic nitrogen-containing heterocycles carrying a polymerizable ethylenically unsaturated substituent, e.g.
• the vinyl pyridines and the vinyl alkyl pyridines such as 2-vinyl-5-ethyl pyridine, 2-­methyl-5-vinyl pyridine, 2-vinyl-pyridine, 3-vinyl-­pyridine, 4-vinyl-pyridine, 3-methyl-5-vinyl-pyridine, 4-methyl-2-vinyl-pyridine, 4-ethyl-2-vinyl-pyridine and 2-butyl-5-vinyl-pyridine and the like.
• N-vinyl lactams are also suitable, e.g. N-vinyl pyrrolidones or N-vinyl piperidones.
• the vinyl pyrrolidones are preferred and are exemplified by N-vinyl pyrrolidone, N-(1-methyl-vinyl) pyrrolidone, N-vinyl-5-methyl pyrrolidone, N-vinyl-3,3-­dimethylpyrrolidone, N-vinyl-5-ethyl pyrrolidone, etc.
• Corrosion inhibitors also known as anti-­corrosive agents, reduce the degradation of the non-­ferrous metallic parts in contact with the fluid.
• corrosion inhibitors are phospho­sulfurized hydrocarbons and the products obtained by reaction of a phosphosulfurized hydrocarbon with an alkaline earth metal oxide or hydroxide, preferably in the presence of an alkylated phenol or of an alkyl­phenol thioester, and also preferably in the presence of carbon dioxide.
• the phosphosulfurized hydrocarbons are prepared by reacting a suitable hydrocarbon such as a terpene, a heavy petroleum fraction of a C2 to C6 olefin polymer such as polyisobutylene, with from 5 to 30 weight percent of a sulfide of phosphorous for 1/2 to 15 hours, at a temperature in the range of 150 o to 400 o F.
• a suitable hydrocarbon such as a terpene, a heavy petroleum fraction of a C2 to C6 olefin polymer such as polyisobutylene
• Neutral­ization of the phosphosulfurized hydrocarbon may be effected in the manner taught in U.S. Patent 2,969,324.
• Suitable corrosion inhibitors include copper corrosion inhibitors comprising hydrocarbyl­thio-disubstitutued derivatives of 1, 3, 4-thiadiazole, e.g., C2 to C30; alkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, aralkyl and alkaryl-mono-, di-, tri-, or tetra- or thio-­disubstituted derivatives thereof.
• Representative examples of such materials included 2,5-bis(octylthio) 1,3,4-thiadiazole; 2,5-bis­(octyldithio)-1,3,4-thiadiazole; 2,5-bis(octyltri­thio)-1,3,4-thiadiazole; 2,5-bis(octyltetrathio)-­1,3,4-thiadiazole; 2,5-bis(nonylthio)-1,3,4-thia­diazole; 2,5-bis(dodecyldithio)-1,3,4-thiadiazole; 2-­dodecyldithio-5-phenyldithio-1,3,4-thiadiazole; 2,5-­bis(cyclohexyldithio)-1,3,4-thiadiazole; and mixtures thereof.
• Preferred copper corrosion inhibitors are the derivative of 1,3,4-thiadiazoles such as those described in U.S. Patents 2,719,125, 2,719,126, and 3,087,932, especially preferred is the compound 2,5-­bis(t-octyldithio)-1,3,4-thiadiazole, commercially available as Amoco 150, and 2,5-bis(t-nonyldithio)-­1,3,4-thiadiazole, commerically available as Amoco 158.
• Oxidation inhibitors reduce the tendency of mineral oils to deteriorate in service which deterioration is evidenced by the products of oxidation such as sludge and varnish-like deposits on the metal surfaces and by an increase in viscosity.
• oxidation inhibitors include alkaline earth metal salts of alkylphenol thioethers having preferable C5 to C12 alkyl side chains, e.g. calcium nonylphenol sulfide, barium t-octylphenol sulfide; aryl amunes, e.g. dioctylphenylamine, phenyl-alpha-naphthylamine; phosphosulfurized or sulfurized hydrocarbons, etc.
• Friction modifiers serve to impart the proper friction characteristics to an ATF as required by the automotive industry.
• the hydroxyl amine compounds function as the primary friction modifier.
• the organic phosphite esters impart friction modification as well as anti-­wear properties.
• Dispersants maintain oil insolubles, resulting from oxidation during use, in suspension in the fluid thus preventing sludge flocculation and precipitation.
• the primary dispersants to be used in accordance with this invention are the phosphosulfurized dispersant/­detergent material described above.
• Lubricating oil flow improvers include all those additives which modify the, size, number, and growth of wax crystals in lube oils in such a way as to impart improved low temperature handling, pumpability, and/or vehicle operability as measured by such tests as pour point and mini rotary viscometry (MRV).
• MMV pour point and mini rotary viscometry
• the majority of lubricating oil flow improvers are polymers or contain polymers. These polymers are generally of two types, either backbone or sidechain.
• the backbone variety such as the ethylene-vinyl acetates (EVA) have various lengths of methylene segments randomly distributed in the backbone of the polymer, which associate or cocrystallize with the wax crystals inhibiting further crystal growth due to branches and non-crystalizable segments in the polymer.
• EVA ethylene-vinyl acetates
• the sidechain type polymers which are the predominant variety used as LOFI's, have methylene segments as the side chains, preferably as straight side chains. These polymers work similarly to the backbone type except the side chains have been found more effective in treating isoparaffins as well as n-­paraffins found in lube oils.
• Representative of this type of polymer are C8-C18 dialkylfumarate/vinyl acetate copolymers, polyacrylates, polymethacrylates, and esterified styrene-maleic anhydride copolymers.
• Foam control can be provided by an anti-foamant of the polysiloxane type, e.g. silicone oil and poly­dimethyl siloxane.
• an anti-foamant of the polysiloxane type e.g. silicone oil and poly­dimethyl siloxane.
• Anti-wear agents reduce wear of moving metallic parts.
• Representative of conventional anti-wear agents are the zinc dialkyl dithiophosphates, and the zinc diaryl dithiophosphates. It is an advantage of the present invention that supplemental anti-wear agents do not have to be employed and, in fact, can be excluded from the compositions of this invention.
• Detergents and metal rust inhibitors include the metal salts of sulfonic acids, alkyl phenols, sulfur­ized alkyl phenols, alkyl salicylates, naphthenates and other oil soluble mono- and dicarboxylic acids.
• Highly basic (viz, overbased) metal salts such as highly basic alkaline earth metal sulfonates (especially Ca and Mg salts) are frequently used as detergents.
• the sulfonic acids are typically obtained by the sulfona­tion of alkyl substituted aromatic hydrocarbons such as those obtained from the fractionation of petroleum by distillation and/or extraction or by the alkylation of aromatic hydrocarbons as for example those obtained by alkylating benzene, toluene, xylene, naphthalene, diphenyl and the halogen derivatives such as chloro­benzene, chlorotoluene and chloronaphthalene.
• alkyl substituted aromatic hydrocarbons such as those obtained from the fractionation of petroleum by distillation and/or extraction or by the alkylation of aromatic hydrocarbons as for example those obtained by alkylating benzene, toluene, xylene, naphthalene, diphenyl and the halogen derivatives such as chloro­benzene, chlorotoluene and chloronaphthalene.
• the alkylation may be carried out in the presence of a catalyst with alkylating agents having from about 3 to more than 30 carbon atoms such as for example halo­paraffins, olefins that may be obtained by dehydro­genation of paraffins, polyolefins as for example polymers from ethylene, propylene, etc.
• alkaryl sulfonates usually contain from about 9 to about 70 more carbon atoms, preferably from about 16 to about 50 carbon atoms per alkyl substituted aromatic moiety.
• the alkaline earth metal compounds which may be used in neutralizing these alkaryl sulfonic acids to provide the sulfonates includes the oxides and hydrox­ides, alkoxides, carbonates, carboxylate, sulfide, hydrosulfide, nitrate, borates and ethers of magnesium, calcium, and barium. Examples are calcium oxide, calcium hydroxide, magnesium acetate and magnesium borate.
• the alkaline earth metal compound is used in excess of that required to complete neutrali­zation of the alkaryl sulfonic acids. Generally, the amount ranges from about 100 to about 220%, although it is preferred to use at least 125%, of the stoichio­metric amount of metal required for complete neutralization.
• Seal swellants include mineral oils of the type that provoke swelling, including aliphatic alcohols of 8 to 13 carbon atoms such as tridecyl alcohol, with a preferred seal swellant being characterized as an oil-­soluble, saturated, aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbon ester of from 10 to 60 carbon atoms and 2 to 4 linkages, e.g. dihexyl phthalate, as are described in U.S. Patent 3,974,081.
• Compositions when containing these additives, typically are blended into the base oil in amounts which are effective to provide their normal attendant function. Representative effective amounts of such additives are illustrated in Table 3 as follows: Table 3 Compositions Vol% Wt% V.I. Improver 1-15 1-16 Corrosion Inhibitor 0.01-1 0.01-1.5 Oxidation inhibitor 0.01-1 0.01-1.5 Dispersant 0.1-7 0.1-8 Lube Oil Flow Improver 0.01-1 0.01-1.5 Detergents and Rust Inhibitors 0.01-10 0.01-3 Anti-Foaming Agents 0.001-0.1 0.001-0.15 Anti-wear Agents 0.001-15 0.001 Seal Swellant 0.1-5 0.1-6 Friction Modifiers 0.01-1 0.01-1.5 Mineral Oil Base Balance Balance Balance
• the organic phosphite ester, the hydroxyl amine compound, and the dispersant/­detergent additives of the present invention when employed in a lubricating oil composition, typically in a minor amount, are effective to impart enhanced anti-­wear, friction modification, and detergency properties thereto, relative to the same composition in the absence of the additive combination.
• Additional conventional additives selected to meet the particular requirements of a selected type of lubricating oil composition also can be included as desired.
• any effective amount of the organic phosphite ester additive can be incorporated into a lubricating oil composition, it is contemplated that such effective amount be sufficient to provide a given composition with an amount of the organic phos­phite ester additive of typically from about 0.01 to about 10 (e.g., 0.01 to 5), preferably from about 0.05 to about 5.0 (e.g, 0.1 to 1.0), most preferably from about 0.2 to about 0.6 wt.%, based on the weight of said composition.
• any effective amount of the hydroxyl amine additive can be incorpo­rated into an oil composition; it is contemplated that such effective amount be sufficient to provide said composition with an amount of the hydroxyl amine additive of typically from about 0.01 to about 10, preferably from about 0.05 to about 5 (e.g., 0.1 to 1), and most preferably from about 0.1 to about 0.5 wt.%, based on the weight of said composition; and it is contemplated that an effective amount of the dispersant material typically will be in the range of from about 0.1 to about 15 (e.g., 0.1 to 10), preferivelyably from 1 to about 10, and most preferably from 2 to about 6 wt.% based on the weight of the composition.
• an effective amount of the dispersant material typically will be in the range of from about 0.1 to about 15 (e.g., 0.1 to 10), preferivelyably from 1 to about 10, and most preferably from 2 to about 6 wt.% based on the weight of the composition.
• the weight ratio of the organic phosphite ester to the hydroxyl amine compound to the dispersant material in the final lubricating oil compositions of this invention will be on the order of from about 0.01-10: 0.01-10: 0.1-15.
• the dispersant may comprise soley a phosphosulfurized dispersant.
• the dispersant comprises a mixture of a phosphosulfurized dispersant and a borated aminated dispersant.
• a portion of the phosphosulfurized dispersant is replaced with borated, aminated disper­sant.
• any effective weight ratio of phosphosulfurized dispersant to borated, aminated dispersant may be incorporated into a lubricating composition, it is contemplated that such effective amount be sufficient to provide a weight ratio of from about 1:0 to about 1:4, preferably from about 1:0.25 to about 1:2, and most preferably from about 1:0.3 to about 1:1 of phosphosulfurized disper­sant to borated, aminated dispersant.
• the borated, aminated dispersant is present in a lubri­cating oil composition in a range of from 0 to about 8 (e.g., 0 to 6), preferably from about 0.1 to about 5, and most preferably from about 0.25 to about 4 wt. % based on the weight of the composition.
• additive concentrates comprising concentrated solutions or dispersions of the organic phosphite ester and hydroxyl amine compounds together with the other additives (said concentrate additive mixture being referred to herein as an additive package) whereby the several additives can be added simultaneously to the base oil to form the lubricating oil compositions. Dissolution of the additive concentrate into the lubricating oil may be facilitated by solvents and by mixing accompanied with mild heating, but this is not essential.
• the concen­trate or additive package will typically by formulated to contain the organic phosphite ester, the hydroxyl amine compound and the dispersant material combination of this invention and optional additional additives in proper amounts to provide the desired concentration in the final formulation when the additive package is combined with a predetermined amount of base lubricant.
• the organic phosphite ester, hydroxyl amine compound, and dispersant material can be added to small amounts of base oil or, optionally, to other compatible solvents, along with other desirable additives to form concentrates containing active ingredients in col­lective amounts of typically from about 25 to about 100, and preferably from about 65 to about 95, and most preferably from about 75 to about 90 wt.% additives in the appropriate proportions, with the remainder being base oil
• the concentrates contemplated herein may contain a weight ratio of organic phosphite ester to hydroxyl amine compound to dispersant typically of from about 0.01-10: 0.01-10: 0.1-15.
• the concentrates contemplated herein preferably contain both a phosphosulfurized dispersant and a borated, aminated dispersant.
• the weight ratio of phosphosulfurized dispersant to borated, aminated dispersant typically is from about 1:0 to about 4:1, preferably from about 1:0.25 to 1:2, and most preferivelyably from about 1:0.3 to about 1:1.
• the final formulation may employ typically about 10 wt. % of the additive package with the remainder being base oil.
• weight percents expressed herein are based on active ingredient (a.i.) content of the additive, and/or upon the total weight of any additive package, or formulation which will be the sum of the a.i. weight of each additive plus the weight of total oil or diluent.
• the organic phosphite esters contemplated for use in this invention are character­ized as possessing good friction modification proper­ties as well as anti-wear properties. This has the added benefit of permitting a reduction in the amount of hydroxyl amine compound or other friction modifier needed to achieve the overall desired friction modifi­cation. It has been found that as the amount of hydroxyl amine compound or other friction modifier increases in an ATF, the lower the breakaway static torque becomes. As the breakaway static torque (as well as the breakaway static coefficient of friction) decreases, the bands of the automatic transmission become increasingly more susceptible to slippage. Consequently, it is extremely advantageous to be able to control, e.g.
• the combination of the organic phosphite ester, the hydroxyl amine compound and a phosphosulfurized hydrocarbon dispersant permit the formulator to flexibly tailor an ATF in order to achieve the balance of properties required under today's more stringent transmission manufacturers' specifications.
• a polyisobutenyl succinic anhydride (PIBSA) having a succinic anhydride (SA) polyisobutylene (PIB) ratio (SA:PIB) i.e. functionality, of 1.04 was prepared by heating a mixture of 100 parts of polyisobutylene (PIB) having an M n of 940 with 13 parts of maleic anhydride to a temperature of about 220 o C. When the temperature reached 120 o C, chlorine addition was begun and 1.05 parts of chlorine at a constant rate were added to the hot mixture for about 5 hours. The reaction mixture was then heat soaked at 220 o C. for about 1.5 hours and then stripped with nitrogen for about 1 hour.
• SA succinic anhydride
• PIB polyisobutylene
• the resulting polyisobutenyl succinic anhydride had an ASTM Saponification Number of 112 which calculates to a succinic anhydride (SA) to polyisobutylene (PIB) ratio (functionality) of 1.04 based upon the starting PIB as follows:
• the PIBSA product was 90 wt. % active ingredient (a.i.), the remainder being primarily unreacted PIB.
• the SA:PIB ratio of 1.04 is based upon the total PIB charged to the reactor as starting material, i e., both the PIB which reacts and the PIB which remains unre­acted.
• the PIBSA of Part A was aminated as follows: 1500 grams (1.5 moles) of the PIBSA and 1666 grams of S150N lubricating oil (solvent neutral oil having a viscosity of about 150 SSU at 100 o C.) were mixed in a reaction flask and heated to about 149 o C. Then, 193 grams (1 mole) of a commercial grade of polyethylene­amine which was a mixture of polyethyleneamines aver­aging about 5 to 7 nitrogen per molecule, hereinafter referred to as PAM, was added and the mixture was heated to 150 o C. for about 2 hours; followed by 0.5 hours of nitrogen stripping, then cooling to give the final product (PIBSA-PAM).
• S150N lubricating oil solvent neutral oil having a viscosity of about 150 SSU at 100 o C.
• This product had a viscosity of 140 cs. at 100 o C., a nitrogen content of 2.12 wt. % and contained approximately 50 wt. % PIBSA-PAM and 50 wt. % unreacted PIB and mineral oil (S150N).
• a phosphosulfurized olefin was prepared by reacting 4.9 parts by weight of alpha-pinene with 1 part by weight of phosphorous pentasulfide for about 5 hours at temperatures in the range of 180 to 250 o C. During the reaction the mixture was stirred and blown with nitrogen to eliminate the hydrogen sulfide that was evolved. The resulting phosphosulfurized olefin analyzed about 5 wt. percent of phosphorus and about 13 wt. percent of sulfur. Its viscosity at 210 o F. was about 27 CST. For convenience in handling in subse­quent reactions, the product was diluted with a S150N mineral oil to form a 65 wt. percent concentrate.
• a phosphosulfurized PIBSA-PAM dispersant was prepared by reacting 18 parts by weight of the PIBSA-­PAM reaction product formed in Part B with 6 parts by weight of the phosphosulfurized alpha-pinene formed in Part C at a temperature in the range of 100 to 130 o C about 2 hours, after which the reaction was purged with nitrogen at about 120 o C for an additional hour.
• the resulting product had an active ingredient concentra­tion of about 52%, with the remainder being unreacted PIB and diluent oil.
• a PIBSA-PAM was prepared in accordance with the precedure of EXAMPLE 1, Part B, except that a mole ratio of PIBSA:PAM of 2.2:1 was used.
• the resulting PIBSA-PAM was borated by mixing 98 parts by weight of the PIBSA-PAM with 2 parts by weight of boric acid. The mixture was heated to 160 o C while stirring and blowing the reaction mass with nitrogen. The mixture was kept at 160 o C for 2 hours, sparged with nitrogen for 1 hour and filtered. The resulting product was analyzed for 0.35 % boron.
• a hydroxyl amine of the formula: wherein n is 1; X is O; R3 is a C18 aliphatic hydrocarbon radical; R5 is H; R4 is C3 alkylene; R6 is C2 alkylene; and p is 1 was prepared by first reacting 270 parts by weight of octadecyl alcohol with 53 parts by weight of acrylonitrile in the presence of KOH at a temperature in the range of 100 to 110 o F. for about 18 hours to form an ether nitrile intermediate. The intermediate was then hydrogenated in the presence of a Raney Nickel catalyst at a temperature in the range of from 270 o to 280 o F. until 2 moles of hydrogen had been absorbed. The ether amine was then reacted with 88 parts by weight of ethylene oxide at a temperature in the range of about 280 o F. for 12 hours to form the hydroxyl amine product.
• Test Base An ATF base fluid, designated hereinafter as the Test Base, was formulated with conventional amounts of seal swell additive, corrosion inhibitor, antioxidant, viscosity index improver and mineral oil base.
• compositions of Formulations 1-9 are summarized in Table 4 as follows:
• This test uses a SAE No. 2 type friction machine operated successfully for 1000 cycles wherein no un­usual clutch plate wear or composition-face plate flaking occurs.
• the test is conducted in a continuous series of 20 second cycles, each cycle consisting of three phases as follows: Phase I (10 seconds) - motor on at speed of 3,600 rpm, clutch plates disengaged; Phase II ( 5 seconds) - motor off, clutch plates en­gaged; and Phase III (5 seconds) - motor off, clutch plates released. 1000 cycles are repeated using 11,600 ft./lbs. of flywheel torque at 40 psig of applied clutch pressure.
• fric­tion torque is recorded as a function of time as the motor speed declines from 3600 rpm to 0.
• the dynamic torque (T1800) is determined midway between the start and end of clutch engagement (i.e. at a motor speed of 1800 rpm), as well as the torque at 200 rpm (T200). The amount of time in seconds in phase II it takes for the motor speed to go from 3600 to 0 rpm is referred to as the lock-up time.
• the torque ratio of the oil formulation is then determined from (T200/T1800) as is the torque differ­ence (T200-T1800).
• the breakaway static torque (T S ) is also determined. This is achieved by rotating the composition plates at 1 to 5 rpm under a load of 40 psi. while locking the steel reaction plates and preventing them from rotating. The torque is then measured until slippage occurs. The maximum torque observed is recorded as T S . From T S is determined the Breakaway Static Torque ratio (T S /T1800).
• the breakaway static torque ratio expresses the ability of the transmission to resist slippage; the lower the ratio, the higher the slippage.
• Both of Formula­tions 1 and 3 fall within the acceptable range for T200/T1800, whereas both of Comparative Formulation 2C and 4C are outside the acceptable range and would result in slipping clutches in actual use.
• T200-T1800 also known as delta torque
• values in the zero to about -10 nm range give accept­ably smooth shift performance.
• both of Comparative Formulations 2C and 4C have a delta torque outside of the acceptable range, whereas the delta torque of Formulation 1 is just about at the upper limit of the acceptable range and the delta torque of Formulation 3 well within the acceptable range.
• Comparative Formulation 7C which uses an mine compound in place of the hydroxyl mine friction modi­fying compound of the invention, has both a delta torque and a torque ratio which are unacceptable.

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• 1989
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