EP0338388B1 - Tensionable earth anchor - Google Patents

Tensionable earth anchor Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0338388B1
EP0338388B1 EP19890106428 EP89106428A EP0338388B1 EP 0338388 B1 EP0338388 B1 EP 0338388B1 EP 19890106428 EP19890106428 EP 19890106428 EP 89106428 A EP89106428 A EP 89106428A EP 0338388 B1 EP0338388 B1 EP 0338388B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
members
grouting
anchor
tension members
tension
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP19890106428
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP0338388A3 (en
EP0338388A2 (en
Inventor
Ernst Dipl.-Ing. Reichert
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TGB TECHNOGRUNDBAU GMBH
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TGB TECHNOGRUNDBAU GmbH
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Priority to AT89106428T priority Critical patent/ATE75510T1/en
Publication of EP0338388A2 publication Critical patent/EP0338388A2/en
Publication of EP0338388A3 publication Critical patent/EP0338388A3/en
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Publication of EP0338388B1 publication Critical patent/EP0338388B1/en
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    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
    • E02D5/00—Bulkheads, piles, or other structural elements specially adapted to foundation engineering
    • E02D5/74—Means for anchoring structural elements or bulkheads
    • E02D5/76—Anchorings for bulkheads or sections thereof in as much as specially adapted therefor

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a clampable compression anchor with the features of the respective preambles of claims 1, 2 or 3.
  • a compression anchor in which the tension members formed by rods are held bundled with ribbing by spaced-apart holders.
  • spacers require an unnecessarily large borehole cross section and thus unnecessarily high manufacturing costs.
  • these spacers hinder the longitudinal flow of the hardening building material in the tension member bundle.
  • a tension cable in particular for inclined cable bridges made of prestressed concrete, is known, in which a large number of tension rods are arranged in a ring around a central injection channel. Smooth tendons and ribbed tendons are used as tendons. The arrangement is such that several concentric hexagon patterns are formed. The tendon is surrounded by a metallic tube as a sheath. Here tendons with different training in a very specific arrangement are necessary. The formation of a tie anchor is complex.
  • a tendon for prestressed concrete constructions and prestressed concrete prefabricated parts is known from PCT application WO 85/05394, which comprises a central monostrand which consists of several twisted rods. This tensionable monostrand is arranged in a steel jacket. The monostrand forming a tendon is surrounded by a slack reinforcement, which is formed from longitudinally arranged main reinforcement bars. A spacer is used as spacers for these main reinforcement bars, which has at least one spiral bar that surrounds the steel jacket of the monostrand. No spacers are provided for the twisted rods of the monostrand itself. If the steel jacket and possibly a flame retardant jacket are dispensed with, the concrete can form a kind of interlocking with the monostrand, but there is no guarantee that the monostrand will flow through the concrete.
  • the invention has for its object to provide a clampable grouting anchor that largely retains the advantage of the smallest possible borehole cross-section, but on the other hand no increased grouting length, no increased free steel length and no increased grouting time for the hardening building material makes necessary.
  • the grout should also be inexpensive to manufacture.
  • the longitudinal flow of the hardening building material in the tension member bundle should not be hindered.
  • the tensionable ground anchor 1 has a plurality of tension members 3 accommodated in a borehole 2, which are surrounded by hardenable, injected building material at least over the compression path.
  • the individual tension members 3 are formed from steel rods or steel strands. They are held together by holders 5, which are arranged at a distance from one another.
  • At least one central tension member 3 ' is surrounded by outer, ring-shaped tension members 3.
  • the central tension member 3 ' receives a spacer in the form of a helix 6. This is available at least over the pressing section with injected, hardening building material. It is formed by a plastic cord which is wound on the central tension member 3 'with a preferably slope of 30 cm.
  • the closely spaced, touching steel rods 3 have conventional circumferential ribs.
  • From Stranded tension members 3 have a helically ribbed outer surface. Both the steel rods and the strands ensure that the injected, hardening building material passes through the outer ring of the tension members into the center.
  • the central tension member 3 'or the central tension members 3' are provided with a spacer in the form of a helix 6 through the wound plastic cord. This ensures that in addition to the outer tension members 3 and the tension members located in the center 3 'are completely closed by the hardening building material, at least with a thickness of about 1 mm. In addition to the required holding force, this also ensures the necessary corrosion protection.
  • two inner tension members 3 ' are wrapped by a helix 6 made of plastic wire.
  • the remaining outer, ring-shaped tension members 3 surround the core formed by the two tension members 3 'close together.
  • an inner tension member 3 'with two outer tension members 3 is connected by the coil 6 to a unit. This also ensures that the hardenable building material can enter the bundle interior.
  • two tension members of the outer ring are combined by a coil 6, whereby the access of the hardenable building material to the second central tension member 3 'is made possible.
  • the remaining tension members 3 are loosely arranged to save space.
  • tension members are conceivable, in which one or more tension members are provided with a helix.
  • Injection pipes for feeding the hardenable building material are assigned to the bundle of tension members in a manner not shown, like a tension member.
  • Such a channel formed by an injection pipe or hose leads to the anchor end facing the bottom of the borehole.

Abstract

The tensionable earth anchor (1) has several tension members (3, 3') of bunched bars or strands. These tension members (3, 3') are arranged close together by means of spacers at such a distance from one another that the injected, hardening structural material can also pass through transversely to the longitudinal axis of the anchor (1). A spiral (6) is put on at least one of the tension members (3) for holding them at a distance apart. <IMAGE>

Description

Die Erfindung betrifft einen spannbaren Verpreßanker mit den Merkmalen der jeweiligen Oberbegriffe der Patentansprüche 1, 2 oder 3.The invention relates to a clampable compression anchor with the features of the respective preambles of claims 1, 2 or 3.

Aus der FR-PS 2 101 916 ist ein Verpreßanker bekannt, bei dem die von Stäben gebildeten Zugglieder mit Rippung durch voneinander im Abstand angeordnete Halter gebündelt gehalten sind. Solche Abstandshalter erfordern aber einen unnötig großen Bohrlochquerschnitt und damit unnötig hohe Herstellungskosten. Zusätzlich behindern diese Abstandshalter das Längsfließen des erhärtenden Baustoffes im Zuggliedbündel.From FR-PS 2 101 916 a compression anchor is known, in which the tension members formed by rods are held bundled with ribbing by spaced-apart holders. However, such spacers require an unnecessarily large borehole cross section and thus unnecessarily high manufacturing costs. In addition, these spacers hinder the longitudinal flow of the hardening building material in the tension member bundle.

Aus der DE-OS 34 31 211 ist ein weiterer Verpreßanker bekannt, bei dem die Zugglieder ohne getrennte Abstandshalter dicht aneinander gepackt sind. Hierbei wird ausgenutzt, daß die Zugglieder infolge der vorhandenen Rippen einen gewissen minimalen Abstand voneinander besitzen. Desgleichen bilden die von Litzen gebildeten Zugglieder gewisse Durchtritte für den erhärtenden Baustoff in das Zentrum des Zuggliedbündels. Es hat sich gezeigt, daß ein solcher kompaktgebündelter Verpreßanker zwar einen verhältnismäßig kleinen Bohrlochquerschnitt erfordert, jedoch werden wegen der verringerten Durchtritte in das Zuggliedbündel und die nicht in größerer Stärke vorhandene innere Zementschicht eine größere Verpreßlänge, eine kleinere Verpreßgeschwindigkeit sowie eine größere freie Stahllänge vorgeschrieben.From DE-OS 34 31 211 a further compression anchor is known, in which the tension members are packed tightly together without separate spacers. This takes advantage of the fact that the tension members have a certain minimum distance from one another due to the ribs present. Likewise, the tension members formed by strands form certain passages for the hardening building material into the center of the tension member bundle. It has been shown that such a compact bundled anchoring anchor requires a relatively small borehole cross section, but because of the reduced penetrations into the bundle of tension members and the inner cement layer, which is not of greater thickness, a larger grouting length, a lower grouting speed and a larger free steel length are prescribed.

Aus der DE-OS 24 30 170 ist es bei einem Bündel von Spanngliedern für Spannbetonbauteile oder -bauwerke bekannt, jedes einzelne Spannglied mit Abstandshaltedrähten zu versehen. Diese verlaufen bei einem Spannglied aus Litzen oder Seildrähten in den Zwickeln derselben, also schraublinienförmig. Hierdurch soll erreicht werden, daß die in Kanälen des Bauwerkes untergebrachten Spannglieder von eingebrachten Korrosionsschutz- oder Verbundmassen, z.B. Einpreßmörtel, gut durchflossen werden.From DE-OS 24 30 170 it is known with a bundle of tendons for prestressed concrete components or structures to provide each individual tendon with spacer wires. With a tendon made of strands or rope wires, these run in the gussets of the same, that is to say in the form of a screw line. Hereby the aim is to ensure that the tendons housed in the channels of the structure are well traversed by corrosion protection or composite materials such as grout.

Aus der DE-OS 32 34 246 ist ein Spannkabel, insbesondere für Schrägkabelbrücken aus Spannbeton bekannt, bei dem eine Vielzahl von Spannstäben kranzförmig um einen zentrischen Injektionskanal angeordnet sind. Als Spannglieder sind glatte Spannstäbe und gerippte Spannstäbe verwendet. Die Anordnung ist so, daß mehrere konzentrische Seckseckmuster gebildet werden. Das Spannglied wird von einem metallischen Rohr als Hülle umgeben. Hier sind Spannglieder mit unterschiedlicher Ausbildung in ganz bestimmter Anordnung notwendig. Die Bildung eines Verpeßankers ist aufwendig.From DE-OS 32 34 246 a tension cable, in particular for inclined cable bridges made of prestressed concrete, is known, in which a large number of tension rods are arranged in a ring around a central injection channel. Smooth tendons and ribbed tendons are used as tendons. The arrangement is such that several concentric hexagon patterns are formed. The tendon is surrounded by a metallic tube as a sheath. Here tendons with different training in a very specific arrangement are necessary. The formation of a tie anchor is complex.

Aus der PCT-Anmeldung WO 85/05394 ist ein Spannglied für Spannbetonkonstruktionen und Spannbeton-Fertigteile bekannt, welches eine zentrische Monolitze umfaßt, die aus mehreren verdrillten Stäben besteht. Diese spannbare Monolitze ist in einem Stahlmantel angeordnet. Die ein Spannglied bildende Monolitze ist von einer schlaffen Bewehrung umgeben, die aus längs angeordneten Hauptbewehrungsstäben gebildet ist. Als Distanzstücke für diese Hauptbewehrungsstäbe findet ein Distanzstück Verwendung, welches mindestens einen Wendelstab aufweist, der den Stahlmantel der Monolitze umgibt. Für die verdrillten Stäbe der Monolitze selbst sind keine Distanzhalterungen vorgesehen. Wird auf den Stahlmantel und ggf. auf einen Flammschutzmantel verzichtet, kann der Beton eine Art Verzahnung mit der Monolitze eingehen, jedoch wird keine sichere Gewähr für das Querfließen der Monolitze durch den Beton gegeben.A tendon for prestressed concrete constructions and prestressed concrete prefabricated parts is known from PCT application WO 85/05394, which comprises a central monostrand which consists of several twisted rods. This tensionable monostrand is arranged in a steel jacket. The monostrand forming a tendon is surrounded by a slack reinforcement, which is formed from longitudinally arranged main reinforcement bars. A spacer is used as spacers for these main reinforcement bars, which has at least one spiral bar that surrounds the steel jacket of the monostrand. No spacers are provided for the twisted rods of the monostrand itself. If the steel jacket and possibly a flame retardant jacket are dispensed with, the concrete can form a kind of interlocking with the monostrand, but there is no guarantee that the monostrand will flow through the concrete.

Der Erfindung liegt die Aufgabe zugrunde, einen spannbaren Verpreßanker zu schaffen, der den Vorteil des kleinstmöglichen Bohrlochquerschnittes weitgehend beibehält, andererseits aber keine erhöhte Verpreßlänge, keine erhöhte freie Stahllänge sowie keine erhöhte Verpreßdauer für den erhärtenden Baustoff erforderlich macht. Der Verpreßanker soll zudem preisgünstig einfach herstellbar sein. Zugleich soll das Längsfließen des erhärtenden Baustoffes im Zuggliedbündel nicht behindert werden.The invention has for its object to provide a clampable grouting anchor that largely retains the advantage of the smallest possible borehole cross-section, but on the other hand no increased grouting length, no increased free steel length and no increased grouting time for the hardening building material makes necessary. The grout should also be inexpensive to manufacture. At the same time, the longitudinal flow of the hardening building material in the tension member bundle should not be hindered.

Die Erfindung löst diese Aufgabe mit den kennzeichnenden Merkmalen der jeweiligen Patentansprüche 1, 2 oder 3.The invention solves this problem with the characterizing features of the respective claims 1, 2 or 3.

Weitere Ausgestaltungen der Erfindung ergeben sich aus den Unteransprüchen.Further refinements of the invention result from the subclaims.

Die Erfindung wird nachfolgend anhand von in der Zeichnung dargestellten Ausführungsbeispielen näher erläutert. In der Zeichnung zeigen:

  • Fig. 1 einen schematischen vertikalen Schnitt eines spannbaren Erdankers;
  • Fig. 2 bis 5 Querschnitte des Zuggliedbündels vor dem Einsetzen in das Bohrloch.
The invention is explained in more detail below with reference to exemplary embodiments shown in the drawing. The drawing shows:
  • Figure 1 is a schematic vertical section of a tensionable ground anchor.
  • Fig. 2 to 5 cross sections of the tension member bundle before insertion into the borehole.

Nach Figur 1 weist der spannbare Erdanker 1 mehrere in einem Bohrloch 2 untergebrachte Zugglieder 3 auf, die zumindest über die Verpreßstrecke von erhärtbarem, injizierten Baustoff umgeben sind.According to FIG. 1, the tensionable ground anchor 1 has a plurality of tension members 3 accommodated in a borehole 2, which are surrounded by hardenable, injected building material at least over the compression path.

Die einzelnen Zugglieder 3 sind aus Stahlstäben oder von Stahllitzen gebildet. Sie sind durch Halter 5, die im Abstand voneinander angeordnet sind, gebündelt gehalten.The individual tension members 3 are formed from steel rods or steel strands. They are held together by holders 5, which are arranged at a distance from one another.

Nach Fig. 2 wird wenigstens ein zentrisches Zugglied 3′ von äußeren, kranzförmig angeordneten Zuggliedern 3 umschlossen. Das zentrische Zugglied 3′erhält eine Abstandshalterung in Form einer Wendel 6. Diese ist zumindest über die Verpreßstrecke mit injiziertem, erhärtendem Baustoff vorhanden. Sie ist von einer Kunststoffschnur gebildet, die auf das zentrische Zugglied 3′ mit vorzugsweise einer Steigung von 30 cm aufgewickelt ist. Die dicht aneinanderliegenden, sich berührenden Stahlstäbe 3 besitzen übliche Umfangsrippen. Die aus Litzen bestehenden Zugglieder 3 besitzen eine wendelartig gerippte Außenoberfläche. Sowohl bei den Stahlstäben wie bei den Litzen wird somit ein Durchtritt des injizierten, erhärtenden Baustoffes quer durch den Außenkranz der Zugglieder in das Zentrum gewährleistet.According to Fig. 2, at least one central tension member 3 'is surrounded by outer, ring-shaped tension members 3. The central tension member 3 'receives a spacer in the form of a helix 6. This is available at least over the pressing section with injected, hardening building material. It is formed by a plastic cord which is wound on the central tension member 3 'with a preferably slope of 30 cm. The closely spaced, touching steel rods 3 have conventional circumferential ribs. From Stranded tension members 3 have a helically ribbed outer surface. Both the steel rods and the strands ensure that the injected, hardening building material passes through the outer ring of the tension members into the center.

Um nun auch im Zentrum eine günstige Umschließung eines oder mehrerer Zugglieder zu erhalten, ist das zentrische Zugglied 3′ bzw. sind die zentrischen Zugglieder 3′ mit einer Abstandhalterung in Form einer Wendel 6 durch die aufgewickelte Kunststoffschnur versehen. Dadurch wird erreicht, daß neben den äußeren Zuggliedern 3 auch die im Zentrum befindlichen Zugglieder 3′ völlig vom erhärtenden Baustoff, zumindest mit einer Stärke von ca. 1 mm unschlossen werden. Dadurch wird neben der erforderlichen Haltekraft auch der notwendige Korrosionsschutz gewährleistet.In order to get a cheap enclosure of one or more tension members in the center, the central tension member 3 'or the central tension members 3' are provided with a spacer in the form of a helix 6 through the wound plastic cord. This ensures that in addition to the outer tension members 3 and the tension members located in the center 3 'are completely closed by the hardening building material, at least with a thickness of about 1 mm. In addition to the required holding force, this also ensures the necessary corrosion protection.

Bei der Anordnung nach Fig. 3 sind zwei innere Zugglieder 3′ von einer Wendel 6 aus Kunststoffdraht umwickelt. Die übrigen äußeren, kranzförmig angeordneten Zugglieder 3 umgeben dicht aneinanderliegend den von den beiden Zuggliedern 3′ gebildeten Kern.3, two inner tension members 3 'are wrapped by a helix 6 made of plastic wire. The remaining outer, ring-shaped tension members 3 surround the core formed by the two tension members 3 'close together.

Bei der Figur 4 ist ein inneres Zugglied 3′ mit zwei äußeren Zuggliedern 3 durch die Wendel 6 zu einer Einheit verbunden. Auch hierdurch wird der Zutritt des erhärtbaren Baustoffes in das Bündelinnere gewährleistet. Außerdem sind noch zwei Zugglieder des äußeren Kranzes von einer Wendel 6 zusammengefaßt, wodurch der Zutritt des erhärtbaren Baustoffes zu dem zweiten zentrischen Zugglied 3′ ermöglicht wird. Die übrigen Zugglieder 3 sind platzsparend lose dazu angeordnet.In Figure 4, an inner tension member 3 'with two outer tension members 3 is connected by the coil 6 to a unit. This also ensures that the hardenable building material can enter the bundle interior. In addition, two tension members of the outer ring are combined by a coil 6, whereby the access of the hardenable building material to the second central tension member 3 'is made possible. The remaining tension members 3 are loosely arranged to save space.

Bei der Figur 5 sind die inneren drei Zugglieder 3′ durch die Wendel 6 zu einer Einheit zusammengefaßt. Die äußeren, kranzförmig angeordneten Zugglieder umgeben diesen Kern dichtgepackt.In Figure 5, the inner three tension members 3 'are combined by the coil 6 into one unit. The outer, ring-shaped tension members surround this core tightly packed.

Es sind noch viele weitere Anordnungen von Zuggliedern denkbar, bei denen ein oder mehrere Zugglieder mit einer Wendel versehen sind.Many other arrangements of tension members are conceivable, in which one or more tension members are provided with a helix.

Injektionsrohre zum Zubringen des erhärtbaren Baustoffes sind in nicht dargestellter Weise dem Zuggliedbündel, wie ein Zugglied zugeordnet. Ein solcher von einem Injektionsrohr oder Schlauch gebildeter Kanal führt bis zum dem Bohrlochgrund zugekehrten Ankerende.Injection pipes for feeding the hardenable building material are assigned to the bundle of tension members in a manner not shown, like a tension member. Such a channel formed by an injection pipe or hose leads to the anchor end facing the bottom of the borehole.

Claims (7)

1. Prestressable grouting anchor,
   with a plurality of bunched tension members (3, 3′) comprising rods or stranded wires, said members being situated closely adjacent one another and one member (3′) being arranged internally and surrounded by a ring of external members (3), and
   with spacer elements which hold the tension members (3, 3′), over the grouting length, at such small spacings from one another as still to allow the throughflow of the injected hardening building material even transversely with respect to the longitudinal axis of the anchor,
   characterised in that
   only the single internal tension member (3′) has a helical element (6) wound around it as a spacer element.
2. Prestressable grouting anchor,
   with a plurality of bunched tension members comprising rods or stranded wires, said members being situated closely adjacent one another and a plurality thereof (3′) being arranged internally and surrounded by a ring of external members (3), and
   with spacer elements which hold the tension members (3, 3′), over the grouting length, at such small spacings from one another as still to allow throughflow of the injected hardening building material even transversely with respect to the longitudinal axis of the anchor,
   characterised in that
   a joint helical element (6) is wound as a spacer element around a plurality of internal tension members (3′) which are arranged adjoining one another.
3. Prestressable grouting anchor,
   with a plurality of bunched tension members (3, 3′) comprising rods or stranded wires, which members are situated closely adjacent one another, with at least one of said members arranged internally and surrounded by a ring of external members, and
   with spacer elements which hold the tension members, over the grouting length, at such small spacings from one another as still to allow the throughflow of the injected hardening building material even transversely with respect to the longitudinal axis of the anchor,
   characterised in that
   at least one tension member (3′) is combined by a joint helical element (6), constituting a spacer element, with at least one external tension member (3) to form an integral unit.
4. Grouting anchor according to claim 3, characterised in that additionally external tension members (3) have a further helical element (6′) wound around them.
5. Grouting anchor according to claims 1 to 5, characterised in that the helical element (6, 6′) is constituted by a cord of synthetic plastic material.
6. Grouting anchor according to claims 1 to 5, characterised in that an external or internal longitudinal duct is provided for injection of the hardening building material instead of a tension member (3, 3′).
7. Grouting anchor according to claim 6, characterised in that the duct is constituted by a flexible grouting tube which is taken to that end of the anchor which is directed towards the bottom of the borehole.
EP19890106428 1988-04-20 1989-04-11 Tensionable earth anchor Expired - Lifetime EP0338388B1 (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AT89106428T ATE75510T1 (en) 1988-04-20 1989-04-11 TENSIONABLE GROUND ANCHOR.

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE3813283A DE3813283A1 (en) 1988-04-20 1988-04-20 TENSIBLE THANKS
DE3813283 1988-04-20

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0338388A2 EP0338388A2 (en) 1989-10-25
EP0338388A3 EP0338388A3 (en) 1990-05-30
EP0338388B1 true EP0338388B1 (en) 1992-04-29

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Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP19890106428 Expired - Lifetime EP0338388B1 (en) 1988-04-20 1989-04-11 Tensionable earth anchor

Country Status (3)

Country Link
EP (1) EP0338388B1 (en)
AT (1) ATE75510T1 (en)
DE (2) DE3813283A1 (en)

Family Cites Families (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE1813627C3 (en) * 1968-12-10 1976-09-16 Gerhard Dipl Ing Kuelessa HOT ROLLED CONCRETE REINFORCEMENT OR ANCHOR BAR
DE2041526C3 (en) * 1970-08-21 1980-06-04 Dyckerhoff & Widmann Ag, 8000 Muenchen Tension member for a grouting anchor
DE2430170C3 (en) * 1974-06-24 1979-10-11 Philipp Holzmann Ag, 6000 Frankfurt Tendon made of high tensile strength steel for prestressed concrete components or structures
DE3234246C2 (en) * 1982-09-15 1984-11-29 Ulrich Dr.Ing. e.h. Dr.Ing. 8000 München Finsterwalder Cables, in particular for cable-stayed bridges made of prestressed concrete
DE3418318A1 (en) * 1984-05-17 1985-11-21 Friedrich J. Ing. Rottenmann Bodner REINFORCEMENT ELEMENT FOR CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION PARTS
DE3431211A1 (en) * 1984-08-24 1986-03-06 Stump Bohr Gmbh, 8045 Ismaning Multi-steel anchor
DE3529001A1 (en) * 1985-08-13 1987-02-26 Dyckerhoff & Widmann Ag Method for installing a spiral of steel wire in a tubular hollow space, e.g. a sheath

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DE58901261D1 (en) 1992-06-04
EP0338388A3 (en) 1990-05-30
ATE75510T1 (en) 1992-05-15
DE3813283A1 (en) 1989-11-09
EP0338388A2 (en) 1989-10-25

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