EP0313565B1 - Procédé de production d'un arbre à cames - Google Patents

Procédé de production d'un arbre à cames Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0313565B1
EP0313565B1 EP87904397A EP87904397A EP0313565B1 EP 0313565 B1 EP0313565 B1 EP 0313565B1 EP 87904397 A EP87904397 A EP 87904397A EP 87904397 A EP87904397 A EP 87904397A EP 0313565 B1 EP0313565 B1 EP 0313565B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
shaft
cam
cam rings
rings
tubular shaft
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP87904397A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP0313565A1 (fr
Inventor
Geoffrey Michael Suter
Ronald John Dawson
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Vitesco Technologies Lohmar Verwaltungs GmbH
Original Assignee
Emitec Gesellschaft fuer Emissionstechnologie mbH
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from GB868617052A external-priority patent/GB8617052D0/en
Priority claimed from GB878705385A external-priority patent/GB8705385D0/en
Application filed by Emitec Gesellschaft fuer Emissionstechnologie mbH filed Critical Emitec Gesellschaft fuer Emissionstechnologie mbH
Publication of EP0313565A1 publication Critical patent/EP0313565A1/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0313565B1 publication Critical patent/EP0313565B1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01L—CYCLICALLY OPERATING VALVES FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES
    • F01L1/00—Valve-gear or valve arrangements, e.g. lift-valve gear
    • F01L1/02—Valve drive
    • F01L1/04—Valve drive by means of cams, camshafts, cam discs, eccentrics or the like
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01L—CYCLICALLY OPERATING VALVES FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES
    • F01L1/00—Valve-gear or valve arrangements, e.g. lift-valve gear
    • F01L1/02—Valve drive
    • F01L1/04—Valve drive by means of cams, camshafts, cam discs, eccentrics or the like
    • F01L1/047—Camshafts
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21D—WORKING OR PROCESSING OF SHEET METAL OR METAL TUBES, RODS OR PROFILES WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21D53/00—Making other particular articles
    • B21D53/84—Making other particular articles other parts for engines, e.g. connecting-rods
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21D—WORKING OR PROCESSING OF SHEET METAL OR METAL TUBES, RODS OR PROFILES WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21D53/00—Making other particular articles
    • B21D53/84—Making other particular articles other parts for engines, e.g. connecting-rods
    • B21D53/845—Making camshafts

Definitions

  • This invention relates to a method for production of a tubular fabricated camshaft for a reciprocating piston machine, such as an internal combustion engine or a compressor, wherein a plurality of camshaft elements are secured to a central tubular member passing through such elements.
  • the elements comprise cams and may also comprise bearings, gears etc. all of which are secured to and axially spaced along the central tubular member.
  • Camshafts have conventionally been produced as either castings or forgings, usually of steel, and have comprised a solid central member having a plurality of axially spaced integral cams and bearings thereon.
  • advantages are to be gained in manufacturing camshafts as fabrications of separate elements wherein the cams and bearings are initially pre-formed to shape and then assembled on and secured at predetermined positions along the length of a central tubular shaft.
  • Such fabricated tubular camshafts offer the advantages, when compared with solid cast or forged camshafts, of weight reduction; facilitation of lubricant supply to the cam and bearing surfaces from the hollow interior of the shaft and the possibility of selecting different materials for the cam, bearing and shaft.
  • GB-A-275842 (Yessenoff) teaches the welding of preformed cam rings and bearing rings to a central tubular shaft wherein the cams, apart from a central aperture, may be solid or may be formed from drawn tubing or from strips of metal bent to a required cam profile.
  • GB-A-1115093 (GKN Screws & Fasteners Limited) teaches the mechanical locking of preformed cam rings to a central tubular shaft, the cam rings being of substantially constant wall thickness and formed by drawing a tube to the desired cam profile and then cutting portions off the drawn tube to provide the individual cam rings.
  • each cam ring is mechanically locked to the shaft at a desired axial position and angular orientation by a key engaged within the hollow cam ring nose and within an aperture in the shaft wall; each cam ring optionally being further secured to the shaft by an adhesive, or by soldering, brazing or welding.
  • GB-A-1117816 (GKN Screws & Fasteners Limited) teaches the securing of centrally apertured preformed solid cam and bearing elements to a central tubular shaft by radially outwardly deforming the shaft into gripping engagement within the cam and bearing apertures.
  • Such radially outward deformation of the shaft is taught as being accomplished by drawing an oversize mandrel through the shaft or by expanding the shaft by fluid pressure or explosive forming techniques.
  • the central aperture of each solid cam or bearing is recessed radially outwardly, effectively to provide a spline arrangement, to enhance a secure gripping engagement between the radially outwardly expanded part of the shaft and the cams and bearings.
  • JP-A-7644/1971 (Nakamura et al) teaches the securing of preformed cam rings to a central tubular shaft by fluid pressure radially outward expansion of the shaft into the hollow interior of each cam ring.
  • the fluid pressure is applied to one end of the tubular shaft (the other end being sealed) whilst the preformed cam rings are held in predetermined axial spacing and angular orientation relative to the shaft in a closed die having cam recesses corresponding to and accommodating the cam rings in their desired positions.
  • JP-A-7644/1971 A similar teaching to that of JP-A-7644/1971 is contained in GB-A-1530519 (Klockner Hum- boldt Deutz AG) wherein a central tubular shaft is radially outwardly expanded either by hydraulic, electro-hydraulic or mechanical means into the hollow interiors of preformed cam rings of substantially constant wall thickness.
  • cam rings are formed from an initially circular cross section to a desired cam profile solely by being pressed within the forming tool in a predetermined axially spaced relationship about the central tubular shaft whilst, during the same pressing operation, the shaft is deformed relative to the cam rings whereby the cam rings are retained on the shaft against axial and angular displacement relative thereto.
  • the pressing of the cam rings and deformation of the shaft may be carried out with the cam rings and the shaft at ambient temperature.
  • the initially circular cam rings may be heated prior to their assembly around the shaft and then cooled to achieve an interference fit relative to the shaft either before, during or after the pressing of the cam rings and deformation of the shaft in the forming tool.
  • the method according to the invention may include the additional step of further deforming the tubular shaft relative to the cam rings by fluid pressure applied internally of the shaft.
  • further deformation of the shaft is carried out in a further forming tool having an axially extending central cavity and a pluality of cam shaped cavities into which fit the shaft and the cam rings respectively; the interior dimensions of the cam shaped cavities being in excess of the exterior dimensions of the cam rings whereby, upon the application of fluid pressure internally of the shaft, the cam rings are elastically deformed and the shaft is plastically deformed.
  • the method of the invention conveniently also includes the additional step of subjecting the camshaft to a heat treatment process to harden the cam rings.
  • the method may also include the additional step of further attaching the cam rings to the tubular shaft by a method employing brazing, soldering, hot welding (gas, electric arc, laser or electron beam), cold welding, dipping, gluing, pinning, mechanical interlocking or any other suitable attachment method.
  • a further attachment method may conveniently be carried out during the said heat treatment process, such method comprising the melting of a braze or solder metal prepositioned between the shaft and the cam ring.
  • a camshaft produced in accordance with the invention and comprising, in this example, a central tubular shaft 10 upon which are mounted eight cam rings 12 of predetermined cam profile and five bearings journals 14 of circular profile; the tubular shaft being radially deformed relative to the cam rings whereby the rings are retained on the shaft against axial and angular displacement relative thereto.
  • each of the cam rings 12 is retained on the shaft 10 is illustrated diagrammatically in Figure4.
  • a central tubular shaft 10 of uniform circular cross sectional form which is conveniently formed of a low carbon steel although it could be formed of aluminium or any other suitable plastically deformable material.
  • a cam ring 12 of circular cross sectional form and constant wall thickness which is of a slightly greater internal diameter than the external diameter of the tubular shaft; the cam ring being provided as a "slice" cut from a length of tubing of uniform circular cross sectional form.
  • the material of the tube from which the cam ring is cut is conveniently a high strength hardenable ductile steel or other steel suited to cam performance.
  • FIG 4 Also shown in Figure 4 are two opposed parts 16 and 18 of a forming tool including respective opposed cam forming die cavities 20 and 22 in the two parts of the tool; the cavity 20 being to the desired cam profile and the cavity 22 being semicircular.
  • the necessary number of circular cam rings 12 and circular bearing journals 14 are assembled on the central tubular shaft 10 with each cam ring and bearing journal located respectively in a corresponding die cavity 22.
  • the tool is then closed to the position shown in Figure 5 whereby the initially circular cam rings 12 are each pressed to the cam profile defined by the shape of the cam forming die cavity 22-22.
  • the central tubular shaft 10 is deformed radially within each hollow cam ring essentially to the shape shown in Figure 5 whereby the cam rings are retained on the shaft against axial and angular displacement relative thereto.
  • each of the radially deformed portions 24 of the tubular shaft 10 may not be deformed precisely to the shape shown in Figure 6; for example, each deformed portion may not entirely fill the hollow interior of its associated cam ring.
  • the parts 26 of the shaft located axially between adjacent cam rings, or between a cam ring and a bearing journal, are retained in the forming tool in a cooperating generally cylindrical cavity against deformation during closure of the forming tool although, as may be best seen in Figure 3, the tubular shaft may become deformed radially outwardly around at least part of its periphery to provide radially outwardly extending bulges 28 on each axially outer side of a cam ring or bearing journal to provide an additional retention of the respective cam ring or journal against axial movement relative to the shaft.
  • the mechanical pressing operation described above may be carried out with all of the elements of the camshaft maintained at ambient temperature i.e. the production of the camshaft is carried out by a cold pressing operation.
  • each of the initially circular cam rings, and the bearing journals may be heated prior to their assembly on the central tubular shaft and then cooled either before, during or after the mechanical pressing operation to achieve an interference fit of the cam rings and bearing journals relative to the shaft.
  • the internal diameters of the initially circular cam rings and of the bearing journals are slightly less than the external diameter of the central tubular shaft.
  • the invention also provides additional methods of enhancing the retention of the cam rings and bearing journals against axial and angular displacement relative to the shaft.
  • the cam rings and bearing journals may be further secured to the central shaft by brazing, soldering, hot welding by means of gas, electric arc, laser or electron beam, cold welding, dipping, gluing, pinning, mechanical interlocking or by any other suitable securing method.
  • the retention of the cam rings in particular may be enhanced by the application of fluid pressure applied internally to the central tubular shaft 10 in a further forming tool.
  • fluid pressure applied internally of the central tubular shaft 10, after the die parts 30 and 32 have been closed and locked together, whereby the shaft is radially outwardly expanded by the application of the fluid pressure.
  • the tubular shaft 10 is plastically deformed whereas the cam rings 12 are elastically deformed due to the fact that the die cavities 34-36 have interior dimensions in excess of the exterior dimensions of the cam rings thereby permitting limited radially outward elastic expansion of the cam rings.
  • the elastically deformed cam rings will then contract back onto the plastically deformed central tubular shaft.
  • the size of the cam ring die cavities 34-36 in this furtherforming tool must not be too large otherwise the radial expansion of the central tubular shaft 10 may expand the cam rings 12 beyond their elastic limit; conversely the die cavities must not be too small otherwise the cam rings will not achieve the desired degree of elastic deformation.
  • each of the die cavities 34-36 of the further forming tool is modified as shown in Figure 7 or 8 wherein, in Figure 7, diametrically opposed shims 38 have been located across the cam width in each of the upper and lower die parts 30 and 32 whereas, in Figure 8, the shims have been located across the parting line of the die parts.
  • each of the cam rings 12 is pressed from its initially circular cross section from substantially to its final desired cam profile in the mechanical forming tool diagrammativally illustrated in Figure 4. No further substantial machining of the cam rings is required although a light finish machining may be applied.
  • the cam rings and central tubular shaft may be heated to a temperature within the range 850 degrees C to 900 degrees C and it is thus convenient, whilst the components are at this elevated temperature, to carry out the optional additional securing step referred to above by brazing or soldering.
  • a brazing process could be carried out by pre-positioning a foil or strip or braze metal between the cam rings and the central tubular shaft before the initial mechanical pressing operation; said braze metal then melting during the bulk heat treatment step to braze the cam rings (and the bearing journals if desired) onto the central tubular shaft.
  • any subsequent fluid pressure expansion step need not further deform those portions of the central tubular shaft fully into the hollow interior of each cam ring.
  • a piece of filler material such as a steel bar may be initially located within each cam ring below the cam nose position so as to provide extra rigidity to the cam nose when formed.
  • a plurality of axially spaced apart cam rings of initially circular cross sectional form will be assembled onto a central tubular shaft within the forming tool with a said cam ring located at each of a plurality of corresponding cam forming die cavities within the forming tool.
  • Assembly of the initially circular cam rings (and the circular bearing journals) on the central tubular shaft within the forming tool is thus greatly facilitated in that it is only necessary to locate the cam rings and bearing journals at the respective die cavities; there being no necessity accurately to locate any of the components angularly relative to the central shaft before the forming tool is closed.
  • the cam rings themselves are susceptible of low production cost in that they are produced simply as cut sections or "slices" of predetermined axial dimension from a relatively inexpensive circular cross section tube stock.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Valve-Gear Or Valve Arrangements (AREA)
  • Gears, Cams (AREA)

Abstract

On produit sous une forme tubulaire un arbre à cames pour un moteur à combustion interne en assemblant plusieurs anneaux de came initialement circulaires (12) sur un élément tubulaire central (10), en déformant les anneaux de came pour leur donner un profil de came désiré par pressage contre les empreintes d'estampage (20-22) d'un outil de formage, puis en étendant radialement vers l'extérieur l'élément tubulaire dans les anneaux à profil de came désirés par application d'une pression de fluide interne à l'élément tubulaire (10). Les anneaux de came façonnés (12) sont ensuite fixés pour résister à tout mouvement rotationnel et axial par rapport à l'élément tubulaire (10). Dans une autre version, le pressage des anneaux de came destinés à leur donner un profil de came désiré peut également déformer l'élément tubulaire par rapport aux anneaux de came, de façon à les fixer à l'élément tubulaire, sans qu'il faille ultérieurement appliquer une pression de fluide interne à l'élément tubulaire central.

Claims (8)

1. Procédé pour fabriquer un arbre à cames comprenant un arbre tubulaire central et une pluralité de bagues-cames creuses mutuelement espacées axialement le long de l'arbre, caractérisé en ce que les bagues-cames ont au départ une forme circulaire creuse en section droite et sont assemblées autour de l'arbre, dans un outil de formage, en étant mutuellement espacées axialement, et que l'outil de formage est fermé afin de presser chacune des bagues-cames, ayant au départ une section droite circulaire, en un profile de cam désiré, pendant que l'arbre tubulaire est déformé radialement à l'intérieur de chacune des bagues-cames creuses, de manière que les bagues-cames soient immobilisées sur l'arbre à l'encontre de déplacements axiaux et angulaires par rapport à lui.
2. Procédé selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que le pressage des bagues-cames et la déformation de l'arbre sont effectués alors que les bagues-cames et l'arbre ont la température ambiante.
3. Procédé selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que les bagues-cames, initialement circulaires, sont chauffées avant leur assemblage autour de l'arbre et sont refroidies ensuite pour proudire leur frettage sur l'arbre, soit avant ou pendant, soit après le pressage des bagues-cames et la déformation de l'arbre dans l'outil de formage.
4. Procédé selon la revendication 1, caractérisé par l'étape additionnelle consistant à soumettre l'arbre tubulaire à une déformation supplémentaire, par rapport aux bagues-cames, par une pression de fluide appliquée à l'intérieur de l'arbre.
5. Procédé selon la revendication 4, caractérisé en ce que la déformation supplémentaire de l'arbre est effectuée dans un outil de formage supplémentaire, possédant une cavité centrale s'étendant axialement et une pluralité de cavités ayant la forme de cames, dans lesquelles s'ajustent l'arbre et les bagues-cames respectivement, les dimensions internes des cavités en forme de cames étant plus grandes que les dimensions externes des bagues-cames, de sorte que, lors de l'application de la pression de fluide à l'intérieur de l'arbre, les bagues-cames soient déformées dans le domaine élastique et l'arbre soit déformé dans le domaine plastique.
6. Procédé selon l'une quelconque des revendications 2 à 5, caractérisé par l'étape additionnelle consistant à soumettre l'arbre à cames à un processus de traitement thermique pour tremper les bagues-cames.
7. Procédé selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 6, caractérisé par l'étape additionnelle consistant à réaliser une fixation supplémentaire des bagues-cames à l'arbre tubulaire par une méthode utilisant le brasage, le soudage à chaud au moyen de gaz, d'un arc électrique, d'un faisceau laser ou d'un faisceau électronique, le soudage à froid, l'immersion, le collage, la fixation par goupilles, le verrouillage mécanique ou toute autre méthode de fixation adéquate.
8. Procédé selon la revendication 7 lorsqu'elle est dépendante de la revendication 6, caractérisé en ce que la méthode de fixation supplémentaire est mise en oeuvre pendant le processus de traitement thermique et comprend la fusion d'un métal d'apport de brasage ou de soudage disposé préalablement entre l'arbre et les bagues-cames.
EP87904397A 1986-07-12 1987-07-09 Procédé de production d'un arbre à cames Expired - Lifetime EP0313565B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB868617052A GB8617052D0 (en) 1986-07-12 1986-07-12 Camshaft
GB8617052 1986-07-12
GB878705385A GB8705385D0 (en) 1987-03-07 1987-03-07 Camshaft
GB8705385 1987-03-07

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0313565A1 EP0313565A1 (fr) 1989-05-03
EP0313565B1 true EP0313565B1 (fr) 1990-09-12

Family

ID=26291027

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP87904397A Expired - Lifetime EP0313565B1 (fr) 1986-07-12 1987-07-09 Procédé de production d'un arbre à cames

Country Status (9)

Country Link
EP (1) EP0313565B1 (fr)
JP (1) JPH02501323A (fr)
KR (1) KR880701813A (fr)
CN (1) CN1009570B (fr)
BR (1) BR8707744A (fr)
CA (1) CA1289776C (fr)
ES (1) ES2007075A6 (fr)
GB (1) GB2211127B (fr)
WO (1) WO1988000643A1 (fr)

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE10234368C1 (de) * 2002-07-27 2003-09-25 Daimler Chrysler Ag Verfahren zur Herstellung von Wellen mit Funktionselementen
WO2005088082A1 (fr) 2004-03-11 2005-09-22 Daimlerchrysler Ag Arbre a cames et procede pour produire un arbre a cames
EP1970140A1 (fr) 2007-03-16 2008-09-17 Muhr und Bender KG Procédé de fabrication d'arbres à came montés

Families Citing this family (15)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO1989002997A1 (fr) * 1987-10-01 1989-04-06 Husted Royce Hill Arbres a came et procedes de fabrication
DE3803683A1 (de) * 1988-02-07 1989-08-17 Emitec Emissionstechnologie Gebaute welle, insbesondere nockenwelle, kurbelwelle oder getriebewelle
DE3803685A1 (de) * 1988-02-07 1989-08-17 Emitec Emissionstechnologie Nockenwelle
DE4406754C2 (de) * 1994-03-02 1998-11-19 Emitec Emissionstechnologie Mehrfachnocken
WO1996027460A1 (fr) * 1995-03-06 1996-09-12 Karl Mettler Fabrication de la came aux cotes definitives par deformation a froid
DE19622372B4 (de) * 1996-06-04 2006-06-01 Htm Härtetechnik & Metallbearbeitung Gmbh Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Herstellen von Nockenwellen
US6936119B2 (en) * 2000-07-12 2005-08-30 Mannesmannrohren-Werke Ag Method for producing metallic, non-rotationally symmetrical rings with a constant wall thickness over their circumference
JP4565540B2 (ja) * 2003-08-25 2010-10-20 武蔵精密工業株式会社 カムシャフト
GB0323232D0 (en) * 2003-10-03 2003-11-05 Rolls Royce Plc Electrical machine
KR100799604B1 (ko) * 2006-08-24 2008-01-30 주식회사 미보 캠과 샤프트의 조립방법
DE102009057633B3 (de) * 2009-12-09 2011-03-31 Thyssenkrupp Presta Teccenter Ag Verfahren zur Herstellung einer gebauten Nockenwelle, Nockenwellengrundkörper und gebaute Nockenwelle
DE102012017040A1 (de) * 2012-08-29 2014-03-27 Gkn Sinter Metals Holding Gmbh Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Verbundbauteils sowie ein Verbundbauteil
US10208834B2 (en) * 2014-01-09 2019-02-19 Enplas Corporation Injection molded shaft
DE102014106924A1 (de) 2014-05-16 2015-11-19 Thyssenkrupp Presta Teccenter Ag Verfahren zur Herstellung einer gebauten Nockenwelle
DE102015206967A1 (de) 2015-04-17 2016-10-20 Thyssenkrupp Ag Verfahren zum Positionieren eines Nockenwellenelementes auf einem Wellensegment einer Nockenwelle

Family Cites Families (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB1117816A (en) * 1965-07-31 1968-06-26 Gkn Screws Fasteners Ltd Improvements relating to cam shafts
GB1115093A (en) * 1965-12-30 1968-05-22 G K N Screws And Fasteners Ltd Improvements in or relating to cam shafts
DE2546802C3 (de) * 1975-10-18 1979-08-09 Kloeckner-Humboldt-Deutz Ag, 5000 Koeln Nockenwette für Hubkolbenmaschinen

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE10234368C1 (de) * 2002-07-27 2003-09-25 Daimler Chrysler Ag Verfahren zur Herstellung von Wellen mit Funktionselementen
WO2005088082A1 (fr) 2004-03-11 2005-09-22 Daimlerchrysler Ag Arbre a cames et procede pour produire un arbre a cames
EP1970140A1 (fr) 2007-03-16 2008-09-17 Muhr und Bender KG Procédé de fabrication d'arbres à came montés
DE102007012756A1 (de) 2007-03-16 2008-09-18 Muhr Und Bender Kg Verfahren zum Herstellen von gebauten Nockenwellen

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
EP0313565A1 (fr) 1989-05-03
GB2211127A (en) 1989-06-28
GB2211127B (en) 1990-01-31
KR880701813A (ko) 1988-11-05
WO1988000643A1 (fr) 1988-01-28
BR8707744A (pt) 1989-08-15
ES2007075A6 (es) 1989-06-01
GB8828529D0 (en) 1989-02-01
JPH02501323A (ja) 1990-05-10
JPH0524322B2 (fr) 1993-04-07
CN87104854A (zh) 1988-01-27
CN1009570B (zh) 1990-09-12
CA1289776C (fr) 1991-10-01

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