EP0309440B1 - Heating plant - Google Patents

Heating plant Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0309440B1
EP0309440B1 EP88890237A EP88890237A EP0309440B1 EP 0309440 B1 EP0309440 B1 EP 0309440B1 EP 88890237 A EP88890237 A EP 88890237A EP 88890237 A EP88890237 A EP 88890237A EP 0309440 B1 EP0309440 B1 EP 0309440B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
pipe
heating
flow
return
valves
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Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
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EP88890237A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP0309440A2 (en
EP0309440A3 (en
Inventor
Alois Schwarz
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24D—DOMESTIC- OR SPACE-HEATING SYSTEMS, e.g. CENTRAL HEATING SYSTEMS; DOMESTIC HOT-WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; ELEMENTS OR COMPONENTS THEREFOR
    • F24D3/00—Hot-water central heating systems
    • F24D3/10—Feed-line arrangements, e.g. providing for heat-accumulator tanks, expansion tanks ; Hydraulic components of a central heating system
    • F24D3/1058—Feed-line arrangements, e.g. providing for heat-accumulator tanks, expansion tanks ; Hydraulic components of a central heating system disposition of pipes and pipe connections
    • F24D3/1066—Distributors for heating liquids
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24D—DOMESTIC- OR SPACE-HEATING SYSTEMS, e.g. CENTRAL HEATING SYSTEMS; DOMESTIC HOT-WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; ELEMENTS OR COMPONENTS THEREFOR
    • F24D19/00—Details
    • F24D19/0097—Casings or frame structures for hydraulic components

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a heating system with a feed pump for the heating medium and a boiler, to which a flow line and a return line for the heating medium are connected, the flow line being led to at least one flow distributor line and the return line being connected to a return manifold line and between the flow distributor line and the return manifold individual heating circuits connected to these with radiators, underfloor heating pipes and the like. and control valves or shut-off valves assigned to them are arranged.
  • the invention is therefore based on the object of providing a heating system in which the amounts of heating medium flowing in the individual heating circuits can be determined in a simple manner and subsequently adjusted by adjusting throttle valves located in these heating circuits.
  • This is achieved according to the invention in that two three-way valves are arranged in the feed line and / or in the return line, to the free connections of which a flow meter can be connected. After connecting a flow meter, the two three-way valves are switched so that the heating medium is passed over the meter. Furthermore, the shut-off valves of all heating circuits, with the exception of the heating circuit whose throttle valve is to be preset, are brought into their closed position.
  • the measuring device indicates the amount of heating medium that is moved by the feed pump through the heating circuit in question in the time unit.
  • the throttle valve assigned to this heating circuit is adjusted so that the desired amount of heating medium is conveyed through this heating circuit. In this way, all of the throttle valves provided in the individual heating circuits are set in succession.
  • a throttle valve and a shut-off valve are preferably provided in each heating circuit in the area of the feed manifold line and / or in the area of the return manifold line.
  • Fig. 1 the essential fittings of a heating system 1 are shown.
  • This contains a flow line 2 and a return line 3.
  • the flow line 2 leads to a plurality of flow distributor lines 21a, 21b and 21c, to which lines 23a, 23b and 23c are connected to different rooms 25a and 25b, in which radiators 26a and underfloor heating pipes 26b are located, with the activation of shut-off valves 22.
  • the lines 27 departing from these spaces 25a and 25b are connected via throttle valves 28 to the return collector line 29, to which the return line 3 is connected.
  • the calibration of this heating system or the setting of the throttle valves 28 located in the individual heating circuits is carried out by connecting the flow meter 6 to the three-way valves 3 and 4 and by switching these three-way valves 3 and 4 so that the return line 3 via the meter 6 is performed.
  • this flow rate is displayed by the quantity measuring device 6 or this amount can be regulated by adjusting the assigned throttle valve 28. In this way, the Flow rates of all heating circuits are measured and their throttle valves 28 are set, whereby the entire heating system is set in the required manner with regard to the heat output.
  • Fig. 2 the position of the three-way valves 4 and 5 for the calibration of the heating circuits is shown. If an overpressure occurs in the feed line 2, the overflow valve 8 opens and heating medium flows out via the three-way valve 5, without the measurement result being influenced thereby.
  • Fig. 3 such a position of the three-way valves 4 and 5 is shown, through which a measurement of the total delivery rate of the pump can be made.
  • the three-way valves 4 and 5 are adjusted so that the flow from the supply line 2 takes place exclusively via the overflow valve 8, the three-way valve 4, the flow meter 6 and the three-way valve 5 into the return line 3.

Abstract

Heating plant with a feed pump and with a heating boiler, to which a forward run pipe (2) as well as a return run pipe (3) for the heating medium are connected, the forward run pipe (2) being conducted to at least one forward run distributor pipe (21) and the return run pipe (3) being connected to a return run collector pipe (29) and there being arranged between the forward run distributor pipe (21) and the return run collector pipe (29), and connected to these, individual heating circuits with radiators (26a), floor heating pipes (26b) and the like, and shut-off valves or control valves assigned to these. At the same time, there are arranged in the forward run pipe (2) and/or in the return run pipe (3) two three-way valves (4, 5), to the third connections of which a flow measuring device (6) can be connected. <IMAGE>

Description

Die Erfindung betrifft eine Heizungsanlage mit einer Förderpumpe für das Heizungsmedium und einem Heizungskessel, an welchen eine Vorlaufleitung sowie eine Rücklaufleitung für das Heizungsmedium angeschlossen sind, wobei die Vorlaufleitung an mindestens eine Vorlaufverteilerleitung geführt ist sowie die Rücklaufleitung an eine Rücklaufsammlerleitung angeschlossen ist und zwischen der Vorlaufverteilerleitung und der Rücklaufsammlerleitung einzelne an diese angeschlossene Heizkreise mit Radiatoren, Fußbodenheizungsrohren u.dgl. und diesen zugeordneten Regelventile bzw. Absperrventile angeordnet sind.The invention relates to a heating system with a feed pump for the heating medium and a boiler, to which a flow line and a return line for the heating medium are connected, the flow line being led to at least one flow distributor line and the return line being connected to a return manifold line and between the flow distributor line and the return manifold individual heating circuits connected to these with radiators, underfloor heating pipes and the like. and control valves or shut-off valves assigned to them are arranged.

Um einen den wärmetechnischen Erfordernissen entsprechenden Betrieb einer derartigen Heizungsanlage zu gewährleisten, ist es erforderlich, relativ genau diejenigen Mengen an Heizungsmedium, welche in einer Zeiteinheit durch die einzelnen Heizkreise hindurchströmen, zu ermitteln, da durch diese Mengen an Heizungsmedium die maximalen Heizleistungen bestimmt werden. Durch Drosselung des Durchflusses des Heizungsmediums kann die Heizleistung, welche durch den betreffenden Heizkreis zu den Heizeinrichtungen, wie Radiatoren, Fußbodenheizungsrohren u.dgl., gefördert wird, auf denjenigen Betrag beschränkt werden, welcher für den betreffenden Raum gewünscht wird.In order to ensure that such a heating system operates in accordance with the thermal requirements, it is necessary to determine relatively precisely the quantities of heating medium which flow through the individual heating circuits in one unit of time, since the maximum heating outputs are determined by these quantities of heating medium. By throttling the flow of the heating medium, the heating power which is conveyed through the relevant heating circuit to the heating devices, such as radiators, underfloor heating pipes and the like, can be limited to the amount which is desired for the room in question.

Dies erfolgt dadurch, daß ein im betreffenden Heizkreis vorgesehenes Drosselventil voreingestellt wird. Die gewählte Einstellung bleibt unabhängig davon, ob in weiterer Folge dieser Raum beheizt wird oder ob mittels der den Heizeinrichtungen zugeordneten Absperrventile die Heizung dieses Raumes vermindert bzw. unterbleibt, erhalten. Sobald sämtliche der den einzelnen Heizkreisen zugeordneten Drosselventile in dieser Weise voreingestellt wurden, ist gewährleistet, daß den einzelnen Räumen in Abhängigkeit von den Gegebenheiten, wie der Größe und der Lage dieser Räume, die erforderliche Heizleistung zugeführt wird, um die angestrebte, gegebenenfalls unterschiedliche Heizung sämtlicher Räume eines Objektes zu erzielen.This is done by presetting a throttle valve provided in the heating circuit in question. The selected setting remains irrespective of whether this room is subsequently heated or whether it is by means of the heating devices associated shut-off valves the heating of this room is reduced or not received. As soon as all of the throttle valves assigned to the individual heating circuits have been preset in this way, it is ensured that the required heating power is supplied to the individual rooms depending on the circumstances, such as the size and location of these rooms, in order to achieve the desired, possibly different heating of all To achieve spaces of an object.

Es ist bekannt die maximale Heizleistung eines Heizkreises dadurch zu ermitteln, daß aufgrund des Verlegeplanes die Durchflußmengen des Heizungsmediums in den Heizkreisen berechnet wird. Die Durchflußmenge wird insbesondere durch den Querschnitt und die Länge der Rohre aber auch durch die Anzahl der Krümmungen u.dgl. bestimmt. In Abhängigkeit vom Ergebnis dieser Berechnungen werden in weiterer Folge die den Heizkreisen zugeordneten Drosselventile, die sich üblicherweise im Bereich der Heizeinrichtungen befinden, eingestellt.It is known to determine the maximum heating output of a heating circuit by calculating the flow rates of the heating medium in the heating circuits based on the installation plan. The flow rate is particularly by the cross section and length of the tubes but also by the number of bends and the like. certainly. Depending on the result of these calculations, the throttle valves assigned to the heating circuits, which are usually located in the area of the heating devices, are subsequently set.

Es ist weiters auch vorgeschlagen worden, in den einzelnen Heizkreisen Durchflußmengenmeßgeräte anzuordnen (vgl. EP-A-0063530), durch welche die in einer Zeiteinheit durch die einzelnen Heizkreise hindurchfließenden Mengen des Heizungsmediums ermittelt werden und aufgrund des Meßergebnisses die Drosselventile eingestellt werden. Eine derartige Anordnung ist jedoch insoferne unwirtschaftlich, als in jedem einzelnen Heizkreise ein gesondertes Durchflußmengenmeßgerät benötigt wird.It has also been proposed to arrange flow rate measuring devices in the individual heating circuits (cf. EP-A-0063530), by means of which the quantities of the heating medium flowing through the individual heating circuits in a time unit are determined and the throttle valves are set on the basis of the measurement result. However, such an arrangement is uneconomical in that a separate flow rate measuring device is required in each individual heating circuit.

Der Erfindung liegt demnach die Aufgabe zugrunde, eine Heizungsanlage zu schaffen, bei welcher in einfacher Weise die in den einzelnen Heizkreisen strömenden Mengen des Heizungsmediums ermittelt und in weiterer Folge durch Verstellung von in diesen Heizkreisen befindlichen Drosselventilen eingestellt werden können. Dies wird erfindungsgemäß dadurch erzielt, daß in der Vorlaufleitung und bzw. oder in der Rücklaufleitung zwei Dreiwegventile angeordnet sind, an deren freie Anschlüsse ein Durchflußmengenmeßgerät anschließbar ist. Nach Anschließen eines Durchflußmengenmeßgerätes werden die beiden Dreiwegeventile so umgestellt, daß das Heizungsmedium über das Meßgerät geführt wird. Weiters werden die Absperrventile sämtlicher Heizkreise, ausgenommen desjenigen Heizkreises, dessen Drosselventil voreingestellt werden soll, in ihre Schließstellung gebracht. In weiterer Folge wird durch das Meßgerät angezeigt, welche Menge an Heizungsmediums mittels der Förderpumpe durch den betreffenden Heizkreis in der Zeiteinheit hindurchbewegt wird. Dabei wird das diesem Heizkreis zugeordnete Drosselventil so verstellt, daß durch diesen Heizkreis die gewünschte Menge an Heizungsmedium gefördert wird. In dieser Weise werden nacheinander sämtliche in den einzelnen Heizkreisen vorgesehenen Drosselventile eingestellt.The invention is therefore based on the object of providing a heating system in which the amounts of heating medium flowing in the individual heating circuits can be determined in a simple manner and subsequently adjusted by adjusting throttle valves located in these heating circuits. This is achieved according to the invention in that two three-way valves are arranged in the feed line and / or in the return line, to the free connections of which a flow meter can be connected. After connecting a flow meter, the two three-way valves are switched so that the heating medium is passed over the meter. Furthermore, the shut-off valves of all heating circuits, with the exception of the heating circuit whose throttle valve is to be preset, are brought into their closed position. Subsequently, the measuring device indicates the amount of heating medium that is moved by the feed pump through the heating circuit in question in the time unit. The throttle valve assigned to this heating circuit is adjusted so that the desired amount of heating medium is conveyed through this heating circuit. In this way, all of the throttle valves provided in the individual heating circuits are set in succession.

Da die Einstellung der Drosselventile unverändert bleibt, können in weiterer Folge die Dreiwegventile wiederum umgestellt werden und kann das Durchflußmengenmeßgerät entfernt werden. Durch die Anordnung der beiden Dreiwegventile ist somit gewährleistet, daß jederzeit eine Messung der durch die einzelnen Heizkreise hindurchfließenden Mengen an Heizungsmedium und damit eine Eichung der gesamten Anlage vorgenommen werden kann, ohne daß hiefür das Erfordernis besteht, für den Einbau des Durchflußmengen-Meßgerätes die Anlage zu entleeren und ohne daß das Erfordernis besteht, in der Anlage ständig zumindest ein Durchfluß-Mengenmeßgerät anzuordnen, welches außerdem deshalb, da es andauernd durchströmt wird, funktionsunfähig wird.Since the setting of the throttle valves remains unchanged, the three-way valves can subsequently be changed over and the flow meter can be removed. The arrangement of the two three-way valves thus ensures that at any time a measurement of the quantities of heating medium flowing through the individual heating circuits and thus a calibration of the entire system can be carried out without there being a need to empty the system for the installation of the flow rate measuring device and without the need to in to arrange the system constantly at least one flow meter, which also, because it is continuously flowed through, becomes inoperative.

Vorzugsweise sind im Bereich der Vorlaufverteilerleitung und bzw. oder im Bereich der Rücklaufsammlerleitung in jedem Heizkreis ein Drosselventil und ein Absperrventil vorgesehen. Diese Anordnung ist deshalb zweckmäßig, da somit die gesamten für die Eichung der Anlage erforderlichen Armaturen räumlich eng beisammen angeordnet sind, wodurch die erforderlichen Messungen bzw. Eichungen in einfacher Weise durchgeführt werden können.A throttle valve and a shut-off valve are preferably provided in each heating circuit in the area of the feed manifold line and / or in the area of the return manifold line. This arrangement is expedient, since the entire fittings required for the calibration of the system are thus spatially closely arranged, as a result of which the required measurements or calibrations can be carried out in a simple manner.

Der Gegenstand der Erfindung ist nachstehend anhand eines in der Zeichnung dargestellten Ausführungsbeispiels näher erläutert.The object of the invention is explained below with reference to an embodiment shown in the drawing.

Es zeigen:

Fig. 1
eine schematische Darstellung einer erfindungsgemäßen Heizungsanlage und die
Fig. 2 und 3
Details der Anlage gemäß Fig.1 in gegenüber dieser vergrößerter Darstellung.

Show it:
Fig. 1
is a schematic representation of a heating system according to the invention and the
2 and 3
Details of the system according to Figure 1 in comparison with this enlarged view.

In Fig. 1 sind die wesentlichen Armaturen einer Heizungsanlage 1 dargestellt. Diese enthält eine Vorlaufleitung 2 und eine Rücklaufleitung 3. Die Vorlaufleitung 2 führt zu einer Mehrzahl von Vorlaufverteilerleitungen 21a, 21b und 21c, an welche unter Einschaltung von Absperrventilen 22 Leitungen 23a, 23b und 23c an unterschiedliche Räume 25a und 25b, in welchen sich Radiatoren 26a bzw. Fußbodenheizungsrohre 26b befinden, angeschlossen sind. Die von diesen Räumen 25a und 25b abgehenden Leitungen 27 sind über Drosselventile 28 an die Rücklaufsammlerleitung 29 angeschlossen, an welche die Rücklaufleitung 3 angeschlossen ist.In Fig. 1 the essential fittings of a heating system 1 are shown. This contains a flow line 2 and a return line 3. The flow line 2 leads to a plurality of flow distributor lines 21a, 21b and 21c, to which lines 23a, 23b and 23c are connected to different rooms 25a and 25b, in which radiators 26a and underfloor heating pipes 26b are located, with the activation of shut-off valves 22. The lines 27 departing from these spaces 25a and 25b are connected via throttle valves 28 to the return collector line 29, to which the return line 3 is connected.

In der Rücklaufleitung 3 befinden sich zwei Dreiwegventile 4 und 5, an deren freie Anschlüsse ein Durchfluß-Mengenmeßgerät 6 anschließbar ist. Weiters befinden sich in der Heizungsanlage ein Expansionsgefäß 7 und ein Überströmventil 8, elektrische Steuereinrichtungen 9 und weitere Armaturen, insbesondere eine Förderpumpe, welche dem Stand der Technik zugehören.In the return line 3 there are two three-way valves 4 and 5, to the free connections of which a flow meter 6 can be connected. Furthermore, there is an expansion vessel 7 and an overflow valve 8, electrical control devices 9 and further fittings, in particular a feed pump, which belong to the prior art, in the heating system.

Die Eichung dieser Heizungsanlage bzw. die Einstellung der in den einzelnen Heizkreisen befindlichen Drosselventile 28 erfolgt dadurch, daß an die Dreiwegventile 3 und 4 das Durchfluß-Mengenmeßgerät 6 angeschlossen wird und daß diese Dreiwegventile 3 und 4 umgestellt werden, sodaß die Rücklaufleitung 3 über das Mengenmeßgerät 6 geführt ist. Sobald in weiterer Folge die Absperrventile 22 sämtlicher Heizkreise, ausgenommen desjenigen, dessen Durchflußmenge in der Zeiteinheit gemessen und eingestellt werden soll, geschlossen werden, wird diese Durchflußmenge durch das Mengenmeßgerät 6 angezeigt bzw. kann diese Menge durch Verstellung des zugeordneten Drosselventiles 28 geregelt werden. Auf diese Weise werden nacheinander die Durchflußmengen sämtlicher Heizkreise gemessen und werden deren Drosselventile 28 eingestellt, wodurch die gesamte Heizungsanlage in der erforderlichen Weise hinsichtlich der Wärmeleistung eingestellt wird.The calibration of this heating system or the setting of the throttle valves 28 located in the individual heating circuits is carried out by connecting the flow meter 6 to the three-way valves 3 and 4 and by switching these three-way valves 3 and 4 so that the return line 3 via the meter 6 is performed. As soon as the shut-off valves 22 of all heating circuits, with the exception of the one whose flow rate is to be measured and set in the time unit, are subsequently closed, this flow rate is displayed by the quantity measuring device 6 or this amount can be regulated by adjusting the assigned throttle valve 28. In this way, the Flow rates of all heating circuits are measured and their throttle valves 28 are set, whereby the entire heating system is set in the required manner with regard to the heat output.

In Fig. 2 ist die Stellung der Dreiwegventile 4 und 5 für die Eichung der Heizkreise dargestellt. Soferne in der Vorlaufleitung 2 ein Überdruck auftritt, öffnet das Überströmventil 8 und fließt Heizungsmedium über das Dreiwegventil 5 ab, ohne daß hierdurch das Meßergebnis beeinflußt wird. In Fig. 3 ist eine solche Stellung der Dreiwegventile 4 und 5 dargestellt, durch welche eine Messung der Gesamtförderleistung der Pumpe erfolgen kann. Hierfür sind die Dreiwegventile 4 und 5 so verstellt, daß die Strömung von der Vorlaufleitung 2 ausschließlich über das Überströmventil 8, das Dreiwegventil 4, das Mengenmeßgerät 6 und das Dreiwegventil 5 in die Rücklaufleitung 3 erfolgt.In Fig. 2 the position of the three-way valves 4 and 5 for the calibration of the heating circuits is shown. If an overpressure occurs in the feed line 2, the overflow valve 8 opens and heating medium flows out via the three-way valve 5, without the measurement result being influenced thereby. In Fig. 3 such a position of the three-way valves 4 and 5 is shown, through which a measurement of the total delivery rate of the pump can be made. For this purpose, the three-way valves 4 and 5 are adjusted so that the flow from the supply line 2 takes place exclusively via the overflow valve 8, the three-way valve 4, the flow meter 6 and the three-way valve 5 into the return line 3.

Claims (2)

1. A heating installation with a feed pug and a boiler, to which a flow pipe and a return pipe for the heating medium are connected, the flow pipe being conveyed to at least one flow divider pipe and the return pipe being connected to a return collector pipe, as well as individual heating circuits connected to the flow divider pipe and the return collector pipe being arranged therebetween, said circuits comprising radiators, floor heating pipes and the like and shut-off valves and control valves associated therewith, characterized in that two three-way valves (4, 5) are arranged in the flow pipe (2) and/or in the return pipe (3), to the third connectors of which three-way valves (4, 5) a through-flow meter (6) may be connected.
2. A heating installation according to claim 1, characterized in that at least one shut-off valve (22) and one flow control valve (28) are arranged in the region of the flow divider pipe (21) and/or in the region of the return collector pipe (29) in each heating circuit (23, 27).
EP88890237A 1987-09-17 1988-09-13 Heating plant Expired - Lifetime EP0309440B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AT2346/87 1987-09-17
AT234687 1987-09-17

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0309440A2 EP0309440A2 (en) 1989-03-29
EP0309440A3 EP0309440A3 (en) 1990-07-11
EP0309440B1 true EP0309440B1 (en) 1992-01-08

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EP88890237A Expired - Lifetime EP0309440B1 (en) 1987-09-17 1988-09-13 Heating plant

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EP (1) EP0309440B1 (en)
AT (1) ATE71452T1 (en)
DE (1) DE3867581D1 (en)

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP4357683A1 (en) * 2022-10-20 2024-04-24 Pres-Block S.P.A. System and related method for calibrating the balancing pressure of a thermo-hydraulic system

Families Citing this family (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE9306257U1 (en) * 1993-04-26 1993-07-15 Heinemann, Horst, 8913 Schondorf, De
FR2812377B1 (en) 2000-07-26 2002-12-13 Rehau Sa POWER SUPPLY ASSEMBLY BETWEEN A GENERATOR CARRYING A FLUID AT BASIC TEMPERATURE AND AT LEAST TWO CIRCUITS FOR USE OF THIS FLUID AT DIFFERENT TEMPERATURES
SM200100020B (en) * 2001-10-15 2003-04-16 R D Z S P A Hydraulic circuit structure, particularly for the distribution of water for heating or cooling
KR101040693B1 (en) * 2011-03-10 2011-06-10 윤석구 The central heating and hot water supply systems for saving energy

Family Cites Families (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2504245B1 (en) * 1981-04-17 1985-11-29 Desbordes A Ets METHOD FOR ADJUSTING THE FLOW OF THE FLUID FLOWING IN A CENTRAL HEATING SYSTEM, AND EQUIPMENT INTENDED FOR ITS IMPLEMENTATION
CH648111A5 (en) * 1982-09-08 1985-02-28 Vaillant Gmbh DEVICE FOR CONNECTING A HEAT SOURCE OF A HOT WATER HEATING SYSTEM TO AT LEAST ONE CONSUMER.

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP4357683A1 (en) * 2022-10-20 2024-04-24 Pres-Block S.P.A. System and related method for calibrating the balancing pressure of a thermo-hydraulic system

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DE3867581D1 (en) 1992-02-20
EP0309440A2 (en) 1989-03-29
EP0309440A3 (en) 1990-07-11
ATE71452T1 (en) 1992-01-15

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