EP0305344B1 - Schaltung zum Ansteuern von induktiven Lasten, insbesondere zum Antreiben von Elektro-Einspritzventilen eines Dieselmotors - Google Patents

Schaltung zum Ansteuern von induktiven Lasten, insbesondere zum Antreiben von Elektro-Einspritzventilen eines Dieselmotors Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0305344B1
EP0305344B1 EP88830336A EP88830336A EP0305344B1 EP 0305344 B1 EP0305344 B1 EP 0305344B1 EP 88830336 A EP88830336 A EP 88830336A EP 88830336 A EP88830336 A EP 88830336A EP 0305344 B1 EP0305344 B1 EP 0305344B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
supply
circuit
current
load
capacitor
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Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
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EP88830336A
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English (en)
French (fr)
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EP0305344A1 (de
Inventor
Marco Calfus
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Marelli Europe SpA
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Marelli Autronica SpA
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Priority to AT88830336T priority Critical patent/ATE71186T1/de
Publication of EP0305344A1 publication Critical patent/EP0305344A1/de
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F02D41/00—Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents
    • F02D41/20—Output circuits, e.g. for controlling currents in command coils
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02B—INTERNAL-COMBUSTION PISTON ENGINES; COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL
    • F02B1/00—Engines characterised by fuel-air mixture compression
    • F02B1/02—Engines characterised by fuel-air mixture compression with positive ignition
    • F02B1/04—Engines characterised by fuel-air mixture compression with positive ignition with fuel-air mixture admission into cylinder
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02B—INTERNAL-COMBUSTION PISTON ENGINES; COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL
    • F02B3/00—Engines characterised by air compression and subsequent fuel addition
    • F02B3/06—Engines characterised by air compression and subsequent fuel addition with compression ignition
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F02D41/00—Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents
    • F02D41/20—Output circuits, e.g. for controlling currents in command coils
    • F02D2041/2003—Output circuits, e.g. for controlling currents in command coils using means for creating a boost voltage, i.e. generation or use of a voltage higher than the battery voltage, e.g. to speed up injector opening
    • F02D2041/2006—Output circuits, e.g. for controlling currents in command coils using means for creating a boost voltage, i.e. generation or use of a voltage higher than the battery voltage, e.g. to speed up injector opening by using a boost capacitor
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F02D41/00—Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents
    • F02D41/20—Output circuits, e.g. for controlling currents in command coils
    • F02D2041/2003—Output circuits, e.g. for controlling currents in command coils using means for creating a boost voltage, i.e. generation or use of a voltage higher than the battery voltage, e.g. to speed up injector opening
    • F02D2041/201—Output circuits, e.g. for controlling currents in command coils using means for creating a boost voltage, i.e. generation or use of a voltage higher than the battery voltage, e.g. to speed up injector opening by using a boost inductance
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F02D41/00—Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents
    • F02D41/20—Output circuits, e.g. for controlling currents in command coils
    • F02D2041/202—Output circuits, e.g. for controlling currents in command coils characterised by the control of the circuit
    • F02D2041/2051—Output circuits, e.g. for controlling currents in command coils characterised by the control of the circuit using voltage control

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a circuit for the piloting of inductive loads, and particularly for the control of the electro-injectors of a diesel-cycle internal combustion engine, of the kind defined in the preamble of the amended Claim 1.
  • FR-A-2533263 discloses a circuit of this type for driving the fuel injectors in the engine of a motor-vehicle.
  • This known circuit is capable of operating the injectors properly also at very high rotational speeds, but this is possible only if the voltage supply is capable of delivering a sufficient current.
  • the voltage supply is typically constituted by the battery of the motor vehicle.
  • this battery is unable to deliver a sufficiently high current for the piloting circuit to be able to energise the electro-injectors in the desired manner. This may occur, for example, when the battery is not sufficiently charged or when, for various reasons, the impedance "felt" by the battery is unusually high. In such a situation, the prior-art circuit described above is unable to pilot the electro-injectors in a satisfactory manner.
  • a circuit according to the invention for the piloting of a plurality of inductive loads L i comprises an input terminal 1 connected in use to a low-tension, direct-voltage supply V B , such as a battery.
  • the inductive loads L i may represent the solenoids for operating the electro-injectors of a diesel engine for a motor vehicle.
  • the supply V B is constituted by the battery of the motor vehicle.
  • a storage coil, indicated L1 can be connected to the input terminal 1 through a controlled electronic switch, generally indicated SW1, which is open at rest.
  • the switch SW1 has been shown as an interrupter with which a diode D1 is connected in parallel.
  • This switch may be be be constituted, for example, by an integrated MOSFET-type transistor, and in that case the diode D1 is constituted by its parasitic diode.
  • a diode whose anode is connected to earth and whose cathode is connected between the storage coil L1 and the controlled switch SW1 is indicated R1.
  • a further controlled switch SW2, similar to SW1 is connected between L1 and earth in the manner illustrated.
  • L1 is connected to a first terminal of a capacitor C whose other terminal is connected to earth.
  • a plurality of branch circuits is connected in parallel with C and each includes an inductive load L i in series with which a controlled electronic switch SW i of a similar type to SW1 and SW2 is connected.
  • a respective capacitor C i may be connected in parallel with each load L i for quenching it, that is, for rapidly cancelling out the current in the corresponding load L i when the latter is deactivated.
  • a resistor and a capacitor, indicated R c and C c , are connected in parallel with each other between the earth and a junction N to which are connected the cathodes of diodes D c , each of which has its anode connected between a load L i and the associated controlled switch SW i .
  • the diodes D c together form an OR-type circuit.
  • a further controlled switch SW4 is connected between the junction N and the input 1.
  • An electronic control unit produced in known manner is indicated ECU and comprises, for example, a microprocessor unit and input/output interface circuits.
  • the unit ECU has a series of inputs connected to the earth of the circuit described above, to the positive pole of the supply V B , and to a sensor S which is adapted to provide electrical signals indicative of the current flowing in the storage coil L1 during operation.
  • the sensor S may be constituted, for example, by a Hall-effect sensor.
  • the non-earth terminal of the capacitor C may be connected to the unit ECU for detecting the current flowing in L1: the voltage established across the terminals of C at particular stages of operation is related to the intensity of the current flowing in L1.
  • a further alternative solution for the detection of the current flowing in L1 could be constituted, for example, by a shunt resistor connected in series with L1 and connected to the ECU.
  • the unit ECU has a plurality of outputs connected in order to the control inputs of the switches SW1, SW2, SW3 and SW i .
  • the unit ECU may be provided with further electrical input signals, such as, for example, the rate of revolution of the engine, etc.
  • Figure 3 shows the states of SW1, SW2 and of the switch SW i associated with the load L i to be energised, and the traces of the current I L1 in the storage coil, of the voltage V C across the capacitor C and of the current I Li in the load.
  • the unit ECU causes the switches SW1 and SW2 to close at a time t O . All the other switches remain open. In this condition, an increasing current flows in the storage coil L1, as shown in Figure 3.
  • SW1 and SW2 are opened, whilst the switch SW i associated with the load to be energised is closed.
  • the storage inductor L1 is disconnected from the supply but is connected to the capacitor C with which it forms a resonant circuit.
  • This resonant circuit is discharged to the load L i associated with the switch SW i which is closed.
  • the current I Li decays in the manner illustrated, whilst the voltage across the capacitor C(i) increases and then decreases until it reaches zero at a time t2.
  • the current in the selected load therefore increases from the time t1 until it reaches a maximum value at the time t2, and then starts to decay, as shown in Figure 3.
  • the unit ECU may be arranged to cause successive openings and closings of SW1 after the time t2, with resultant "chopping" of the current I Li , as shown by the broken line in Figure 3.
  • control unit ECU may be arranged to detect the intensity of the current which can be delivered by the supply. This may be achieved by the acquisition of the signals provided by the sensor S, or by the reading of the voltage across C when SW1 and SW2 are open, or even by the reading of the voltage across a shunt resistor arranged in series with the storage coil L1.
  • the unit ECU can also determine (and possibly signal for diagnostic purposes) whether the inadequacy of the current is due to a low charge level of the supply or to an anomaly in the circuitry connected to the supply, by reading the voltage V B of the supply.
  • the unit ECU when the unit ECU detects that the current which can be delivered by the supply is less than a predetermined threshold, it puts into operation a second procedure for the transfer of current to the load L i selected from time to time.
  • the unit ECU causes successive simultaneous closures of SW1 and SW2, as indicated at the times t0, t2 and t4 in Figure 4.
  • the switches SW3 and SW i are kept open.
  • the first operating mode of the circuit of Figure 1, described with reference to Figure 3, is preferable since it is more convenient from an energy point of view. However, this operating mode is only possible if the supply is able to deliver sufficent current. When this does not occur, the circuit according to the invention nevertheless enables a rapid injection of current to the loads to be achieved by the charging and subsequent discharging of the capacitor C, as described with reference to Figure 4.
  • the charging of C obviously takes a certain time, which depends on the intensity of the current which can be delivered by the supply.
  • the unit ECU is correspondingly programmed to start the charging of C correspondingly in advance of the time (t6 in Figure 4) at which the passage of current to the selected load must be triggered.
  • the circuit of Figure 1 requires a single large-capacitance capacitor (the capacitor C) which is used for the injection of the current to the loads L i in a predetermined sequential order actuated by the unit ECU by means of corresponding sequential piloting of the switches SW i .
  • Capacitors C i of considerably smaller capacitance are consequently sufficient to achieve any final inversion of the current in the loads.
  • the "clamping" circuit described above also enables the partial recovery of the reactive energy of the load which is excited from time to time, enabling this energy to be recycled towards the supply V B .
  • This energy recovery takes place essentially each time a switch SW i is opened after the injection of current to the associated load L. This can occur essentially in three circumstances, that is, when the current in the load L i is changed from the maximum level to the holding level (section c of the ideal curve of Figure 2), when the current in the load is quenched (section e of Figure 2) and, although to a lesser extent, during the stages when the current in the load is being chopped, such as, for example, those described with reference to Figure 3.
  • Figure 5 shows examples of the traces of the current I i in a load and of the voltage V c across the clamping capacitor, and the corresponding stages of the switch SW i associated with the load in question and of the switch SW3.
  • the unit ECU When the current I H is reached in the load (a condition which can be detected by the unit ECU, for example, by means of a further Hall-effect sensor associated with L i ) at the time t1, the unit ECU causes the switch SW i which was previously been opened, to close again and opens SW3. In these conditions, the clamping capacitor remains charged at the voltage to which it has previously been brought.
  • This characteristic may be of considerable interest for applications of the circuit according to the invention in the automotive field, particularly in motor cars provided with batteries and/or with relatively low power-recharging systems.
  • resistors each connected in parallel with a diode D c , may be provided in place of R c .
  • circuit according to the invention are, for example, for controlling the relays which scan the punched cards or tapes in Jacquard-type textile machines, for controlling the electro-injectors of an Otto-cycle engine, for controlling the printing heads of matrix printers, etc.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Electrical Control Of Air Or Fuel Supplied To Internal-Combustion Engine (AREA)
  • Fuel-Injection Apparatus (AREA)
  • Electronic Switches (AREA)
  • Dc-Dc Converters (AREA)
  • Inverter Devices (AREA)
  • Direct Current Feeding And Distribution (AREA)

Claims (9)

1. Schaltung zum Ansteuern von iduktiven Lasten (Li), insbesonders zum Antreiben von Elektroeinspritzventilen eines Dieselmotors mit:
― einem Eingang (1) für den Anschluß an eine Niederspannungsversorgung (VB),
― einer Speicherspule (L₁) zum Speichern der von der Versorgung (VB) gelieferten Energie, und
― elektronischen Schaltern (SW₁, SW₂, SWi) zur Steuerung der Verbindung zwischen dem Eingang (1), der Speicherspule (L₁) und jeder Last (Li) in einer vorbestimmten Weise, um eine schnelle Übermittlung von Strom zu jeder der ausgewählten Lasten zu erreichen,
― einem Kondensator (C), der parallel zu den die Lasten (Li) enthaltenden Zweigschaltungen angeordnet ist und der mit der Spule (L₁) und den elektronischen Schaltern (SW₁, SW₂, SWi) verbunden ist, und
― einer elektronischen Steuereinheit (ECU) zum Ansteuern der elektronischen Schalter (SW₁, SW₂, SWi) gemäß einem ersten Betriebsmodus, bei dem die Schalter, um Strom in eine der Lasten (Li) zu leiten, nach dem Verbinden der Speicherspule (L₁) mit der Versorgung (VB) in Aufeinanderfolge bewirken:
die Verbindung der Speicherspule (L₁) mit dem Kondensator (C), so daß ein Schwingkreis gebildet wird, und anschließend die Entladung des Schwingkreises (L₁, C) in die Last (Li); dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß sie außerdem Sensoren (S) umfaßt, welche dazu dienen, elektrische Signale zu erzeugen, die den von der Versorgung (VB) gelieferten Strom anzeigen, und daß die Steuereinheit (ECU) mit den Sensoren (S) verbunden und dazu vorgesehen ist, die elektronischen Schalter (SW₁, SW₂, SWi) in dem ersten Betriebsmodus anzusteuern, wenn der von der Versorgung gelieferte Strom höher ist als ein vorbestimmter Wert, und in einem zweiten Betriebsmodus, wenn der von der Versorgung gelieferte Strom niedriger ist als ein vorbestimmter Wert; wobei die Einheit (ECU) und die besagten Schalter (SW₁, SW₂) dazu geeignet sind, die Verbindung des Kondensators (C) und der Speicherspule (L₁) mit der Versorgung (VB) so zu steuern, daß in dem zweiten Betriebsmodus ein spannungserhöhendes Glied (C, L₁, R₂) gebildet wird, so daß der Kondensator (C) bis auf einen vorbestimmten Spannungspegel, der höher ist als die Versorgungsspannung, aufgeladen wird und anschließend die in dem Kondensator (C) gespeicherte Energie in eine bestimmte Last (Li) entladen wird.
2. Schaltung nach Anspruch 1, die weiters einen mit jeder Last (Li) parallelgeschalteten Kondensator (Ci) umfaßt, der der Stromumkehr dient, um zu ermöglichen, daß der Strom in der entsprechenden Last (Li) schnell gelöscht werden kann, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß jeder dieser invertierend wirkenden Kondensatoren (Ci) eine geringere Kapazität besitzt als der besagte Kondensator (C).
3. Schaltung nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Sensoren einen mit der Speicherspule (L₁) in Serie geschalteten Parallelwiderstand umfassen.
4. Schaltung nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Sensoren einen auf einem galvanometrischen Effekt beruhenden Sensor (S), insbesonders einen Halleffekt-Sensor umfassen.
5. Schaltung nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Kontrolleinheit (ECU) dazu geeignet ist, die an dem Kondensator (C) anliegende Spannung zu ermitteln.
6. Schaltung nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, die eine Vielzahl einander parallelgeschalteter Zweigschaltungen umfaßt, von denen jede eine Last (Li) enthält, und bei der die elektronischen Schalter:
― einen ersten Schalter (SW₁) zwischen der Versorgung (VB) und der Speicherspule (L₁),
― einen zweiten Schalter (SW₂) parallel mit den Zweigschaltungen, und
― einen Steuerschalter (SW₁) in jeder Zweigschaltung zwischen der entsprechenden Last (Li) und der Versorgung (VB)
umfassen, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß sie außerdem als Klemmschaltung wirkende Mittel (Rc, Dc) umfaßt, die der Begrenzung und möglichen Dissipation der von jeder Last (Li) erzeugten Spannung dienen, wenn der zugehörige Steuerschalter (SW₁) den Stromfluß in die Last (Li) unterbricht.
7. Schaltung nach Anspruch 6, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Mittel zur Klemmung aus einer Klemmschaltung vom RC-Parallelschaltungstyp bestehen und daß die Lasten (Li) über eine ODER-Schaltung (Dc) mit der Klemmschaltung verbunden sind.
8. Schaltung nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß sie ebenfalls Mittel zur Energierückgewinnung (SW₃, Rc, CC) beinhaltet, die von der ECU-Einheit gesteuert werden und ermöglichen, daß ein Teil der in der Last (Li) gespeicherten reaktiven Energie in die Versorgung (Vb) rückgeführt wird, und zwar jedesmal, wenn eine Last (Li) ausgeschaltet wird.
9. Schaltung nach Anspruch 7 und 8, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die der Rückgewinnung dienende Schaltung einen weiteren elektronischen Schalter (SW₃) umfaßt, der zwischen der Klemmschaltung (Rc, Cc) und der Versorgung (VB) angeschlossen ist und von der elektronischen Einheit (ECU) gesteuert wird.
EP88830336A 1987-08-25 1988-08-02 Schaltung zum Ansteuern von induktiven Lasten, insbesondere zum Antreiben von Elektro-Einspritzventilen eines Dieselmotors Expired - Lifetime EP0305344B1 (de)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AT88830336T ATE71186T1 (de) 1987-08-25 1988-08-02 Schaltung zum ansteuern von induktiven lasten, insbesondere zum antreiben von elektroeinspritzventilen eines dieselmotors.

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
IT6773087 1987-08-25
IT67730/87A IT1217171B (it) 1987-08-25 1987-08-25 Circuito per il pilotaggio di carichi induttivi in particolare per il comando degli elettroiniettori di un motore a combustione interna a ciclo diesel

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0305344A1 EP0305344A1 (de) 1989-03-01
EP0305344B1 true EP0305344B1 (de) 1992-01-02

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EP88830336A Expired - Lifetime EP0305344B1 (de) 1987-08-25 1988-08-02 Schaltung zum Ansteuern von induktiven Lasten, insbesondere zum Antreiben von Elektro-Einspritzventilen eines Dieselmotors

Country Status (9)

Country Link
EP (1) EP0305344B1 (de)
JP (1) JP2831359B2 (de)
AT (1) ATE71186T1 (de)
BR (1) BR8804357A (de)
DE (1) DE3867384D1 (de)
ES (1) ES2027420T3 (de)
GR (1) GR3003510T3 (de)
IT (1) IT1217171B (de)
PT (1) PT88331B (de)

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JP2707804B2 (ja) * 1990-06-18 1998-02-04 トヨタ自動車株式会社 圧電素子の駆動装置
IT1261360B (it) * 1993-11-19 1996-05-20 Fiat Ricerche Sistema elettronico per il controllo di carichi induttivi di iniettoridi un impianto di alimentazione per motori a combustione interna
US5907466A (en) * 1995-09-23 1999-05-25 Robert Bosch Gmbh Device and process for activating at least two electromagnetic loads
FR2766005B1 (fr) * 1997-07-09 1999-09-17 Magneti Marelli France Circuit de commande de puissance, pour actionneur electro-magnetique tel qu'injecteur ou electro-vanne
DE19815628C1 (de) * 1998-04-07 1999-09-23 Siemens Ag Steuereinrichtung für ein Kraftstoff-Einspritzsystem
DE19821561A1 (de) * 1998-05-14 1999-11-18 Bosch Gmbh Robert Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Ansteuerung eines elektromagnetischen Verbrauchers
DE19833830A1 (de) * 1998-07-28 2000-02-03 Bosch Gmbh Robert Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Steuerung wenigstens eines Magnetventils
DE19922485B4 (de) * 1999-05-15 2008-06-12 Robert Bosch Gmbh Verfahren und Schaltungsanordnung zur Ansteuerung eines Doppelspulen-Hochdruckeinspritzmagnetventils für die Kraftstoffeinspritzung
DE10007691B4 (de) 2000-02-19 2006-10-26 Robert Bosch Gmbh Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Speichern und/oder Auslesen von Daten eines Kraftstoffzumesssystems
ITBO20000489A1 (it) * 2000-08-04 2002-02-04 Magneti Marelli Spa Metodo e dispositivo per il pilotaggio di un iniettore in un motore acombustione interna .
DE10140093A1 (de) * 2001-08-16 2003-02-27 Bosch Gmbh Robert Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Ansteuern eines Magnetventils
GB0807859D0 (en) * 2008-04-30 2008-06-04 Mobilizer Ltd A System for and method of determining the quantity of fuel injected into internal combustion engines

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3896346A (en) * 1972-11-21 1975-07-22 Electronic Camshaft Corp High speed electromagnet control circuit
US4327693A (en) * 1980-02-01 1982-05-04 The Bendix Corporation Solenoid driver using single boost circuit
FR2533263B1 (fr) * 1982-09-16 1987-03-20 Renault Dispositif de commande d'organes electromagnetiques a actionnement rapide, tels qu'electrovannes ou injecteurs pour moteurs a combustion interne
US4479161A (en) * 1982-09-27 1984-10-23 The Bendix Corporation Switching type driver circuit for fuel injector
JPS5976170A (ja) * 1982-10-21 1984-05-01 Mitsubishi Electric Corp チヨツパ装置
FR2538942B1 (fr) * 1982-12-29 1989-05-05 Renault Dispositif de commande d'organe(s) electromagnetique(s) a actionnement rapide, tel(s) qu'electrovanne(s) ou injecteur(s)
DE3324937A1 (de) * 1983-07-11 1985-01-31 Magnet-Motor GmbH, 8130 Starnberg Geregelte stromversorgungseinheit
IT1182673B (it) * 1985-11-12 1987-10-05 Iveco Fiat Dispositivo atto a trasferire in modo rapido una corrente in un carico di tipo induttivo

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
JP2831359B2 (ja) 1998-12-02
ES2027420T3 (es) 1992-06-01
GR3003510T3 (de) 1993-03-16
ATE71186T1 (de) 1992-01-15
PT88331A (pt) 1989-06-30
DE3867384D1 (de) 1992-02-13
EP0305344A1 (de) 1989-03-01
IT1217171B (it) 1990-03-14
PT88331B (pt) 1993-12-31
BR8804357A (pt) 1989-03-21
JPS6474064A (en) 1989-03-20
IT8767730A0 (it) 1987-08-25

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