EP0291698B1 - Improved process for the hydrocracking of carbon containing synthetic wastes - Google Patents
Improved process for the hydrocracking of carbon containing synthetic wastes Download PDFInfo
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- EP0291698B1 EP0291698B1 EP88106094A EP88106094A EP0291698B1 EP 0291698 B1 EP0291698 B1 EP 0291698B1 EP 88106094 A EP88106094 A EP 88106094A EP 88106094 A EP88106094 A EP 88106094A EP 0291698 B1 EP0291698 B1 EP 0291698B1
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- waste
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G1/00—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures from oil-shale, oil-sand, or non-melting solid carbonaceous or similar materials, e.g. wood, coal
Definitions
- the invention relates to an improved process for the hydrolytic cleavage of carbon-containing synthetic wastes by thermal pretreatment of the same in an inert atmosphere and subsequent hydrogenation of the pretreated material at elevated temperature, production or. waste-specific types of waste are used.
- Waste has been used in landfills for decades, e.g. stored in abandoned gravel pits, mine pits and other places. For a long time, the chemical structure of the waste and its long-term effects on soil and groundwater have not been taken into account. More recently, certain wastes have been stored in so-called special landfills. One tries to seal the landfill against ground water and soil.
- Pyrolysis is now also being operated on a technical scale (see, for example, "United Economic Services GMbH", October 4, 1985, p. 9).
- pyrolysis has the disadvantages of the predominant formation of gaseous products and a heavily contaminated coke residue in a relatively large amount and the formation of effluent-containing wastewater from nitrogen-containing wastes (Rubbish and Waste, 6 (1980) p. 189, right column). The problem of waste processing is therefore still not solved satisfactorily in accordance with this prior art.
- This invention relates to hydrogenation treatment with or without catalyst, synthetic waste materials such as e.g. Plastics or plastic mixtures, rubber, waste tires, textile waste, chemical industrial waste, waste oils, waste oils and others, the hydrogenating treatment being carried out at pressures from 30 to 500 bar, preferably from 50 to 450 bar and particularly preferably from 50 to 350 bar, and at temperatures from 200 to 600 ° C, preferably from 200 to 540 ° C and particularly preferably from 300 to 540 ° C and residence times from 1 minute to 8 hours, preferably from 10 minutes to 6 hours and particularly preferably from 15 minutes to 4 hours .
- synthetic waste materials such as e.g. Plastics or plastic mixtures, rubber, waste tires, textile waste, chemical industrial waste, waste oils, waste oils and others
- Rubbing oils can be added to the waste feed products, as well as coal, coal components, crude oil, crude oil components and crude oil residues, shale oils and shale oil components, oil sand extracts and their components, bitumen, asphalt, asphaltenes and similar materials.
- the feed product or the feed mixture can also be treated with solvents and then the extract can be used in the hydrogenating treatment.
- the process allows the synthetic waste materials to be converted into valuable hydrocarbons without further separation.
- These are gaseous C1-C4 hydrocarbons, liquid hydrocarbons in the naphtha boiling range and middle distillates and heavy oils that can be used as heating oils or diesel fuel.
- the pre-sorting of waste materials is preferably carried out in such a way that carbon-containing organic waste of synthetic origin, e.g. Plastics and mixtures of plastics, rubber, waste tires, textile waste and other organic synthetic waste are at least roughly separated from vegetable waste and / or biomass and then subjected to a hydrogenating treatment or the same in a mixture with other organic industrial waste such as e.g. Paint and paint residues, organic chemicals, waste from industrial plants, organic synthetic shredder waste from the automotive industry, cable waste, sewage sludge, waste oils or other industrial organic waste of synthetic origin are subjected to the hydrogenation.
- organic waste of synthetic origin e.g. Plastics and mixtures of plastics, rubber, waste tires, textile waste and other organic synthetic waste are at least
- waste materials such as paper, food residues, agricultural and forestry waste, plant residues and others are at least roughly separated or remain to a certain extent in the synthetic portion.
- Household garbage can be processed, for example, in such a way that plastics, rubber, textiles and other synthetic materials are roughly separated from the vegetable components and subjected separately to a hydrolytic cleavage, or mixed with waste tires and / or industrial chemicals and / or plastic waste and / or waste oils and others are subjected to this hydrolytic cleavage.
- coal components such as, for example, residual oils from coal, coal oils, pyrolysis oils, crude oil, residual oils from crude oil, other crude oil components, oil shale and oil extractor components, oil sand extracts, asphalt and Bitumen and similar materials as well as mixtures of these materials.
- the separation of the above-mentioned inorganic materials from the carbon-containing synthetic organic waste can be carried out according to the prior art. These inorganic materials can be stored in landfills unless they are returned and reprocessed. The crushing and shredding and separation of waste materials can also be carried out according to the prior art. If this is not contradicted by equipment, the process can also be carried out in the presence of inorganic materials.
- Waste components that cannot be converted to hydrocarbons e.g. Sulfur.
- Nitrogen, oxygen and halogen in the form of their compounds are converted into their hydrogen compounds, namely H2S, NH3, HCl, H2O and others. These compounds can be separated and worked up by gas washing and further working up according to the prior art.
- Another advantage of the process is that the formation of hazardous compounds that occur during waste incineration, namely NO x , SO x or dioxins, is avoided. Furthermore, plastics, such as polyvinyl chloride, which are problematic in combustion, can be processed without risk to the environment.
- the hydrogenation of carbon-containing waste materials can be carried out in the absence of catalysts with very good results according to this disclosure.
- the interference with the increased formation of certain hydrocarbon fractions can, however, be obtained in the presence of catalysts, e.g. in the presence of metals and their compounds which are catalytically active in hydrogenation reactions, e.g.
- catalysts can consist of a single active component or a mixture of at least 2 of the components mentioned, and wherein these metals or their compounds can be applied to catalyst supports, such as on aluminum oxide, silicon oxide, aluminum silicate, zeolites and other supports which are known from the prior art, as well as on mixtures of these supports or without a support. Certain zeolites and other supports are also active as catalysts in the disclosed process even without doping.
- Suitable catalysts are so-called disposable catalysts such as hearth furnace coke, gasification dusts and ashes such as, for example, high-temperature Winkler dust and ashes, dusts and ashes which are obtained in the hydrogenating gasification of coal, in which methane is formed (HKV dust), and materials that contain iron oxides such as red mud, Bavarian mass, Lux mass, Dusts from the steel industry and others.
- gasification dusts and ashes such as, for example, high-temperature Winkler dust and ashes, dusts and ashes which are obtained in the hydrogenating gasification of coal, in which methane is formed (HKV dust)
- materials that contain iron oxides such as red mud, Bavarian mass, Lux mass, Dusts from the steel industry and others.
- these materials can be used as catalysts, or doped with metals and / or metal compounds which are active in hydrogenations, in particular with metals and / or their compounds such as Fe, Cr, Zn, Mo, W, Mn, Ni, Co, Pt, Pd, furthermore alkali and alkaline earth metals or their compounds such as Li, Na, K, Rb, Be, Mg, Ca, Sr or Ba as well as mixtures of these metals and / or their compounds.
- metals and / or their compounds such as Fe, Cr, Zn, Mo, W, Mn, Ni, Co, Pt, Pd, furthermore alkali and alkaline earth metals or their compounds such as Li, Na, K, Rb, Be, Mg, Ca, Sr or Ba as well as mixtures of these metals and / or their compounds.
- the catalysts can optionally be sulfided before or during the process.
- All catalysts can be used as individual components or in a mixture of at least two of the components.
- the hydrogenating treatment can be carried out within wide limits of temperature and pressure, depending on the waste material used, namely from 200-600 ° C. and 30-500 bar, with residence times of 1 minute to 8 hours.
- the hydrogenation gas can be of different quality, for example, it can contain certain amounts of CO, CO2, H2S, methane, ethane, and others in addition to hydrogen.
- Suitable hydrogen qualities are, for example, those which are obtained when gasifying carbon-containing materials.
- Such materials can be residues from mineral oil processing or other oils or hydrocarbons from mineral oil origin, or coal such as lignite, but also hard coal, wood, peat or residues from coal processing such as coal hydrogenation.
- Suitable gasification materials are also biomass and the vegetable portion of household waste. Of course, pure hydrogen qualities, such as those obtained electrolytically, are also very suitable.
- Household waste can accordingly be processed in such a way that first a separation into a vegetable and a synthetic part takes place and then the vegetable part is gasified to provide hydrogen in the hydrogenation process, while the synthetic part is treated with hydrogen.
- treatment with suitable solvents is also possible, especially with hydrogen-transferring solvents, this treatment being carried out before the actual hydrogenation.
- dissolved and undissolved material can be separated from one another and subjected separately to hydrogenation, or dissolved and undissolved material can be reacted together in a reactor in a hydrogenating manner.
- the solvent can be separated off and recycled by subsequent distillation.
- the undissolved material can be subjected to gasification or coking.
- waste material used can be mixed with coal and coal components, crude oil and crude oil components and other similar materials, as already explained above.
- Suitable hydrogen-transferring solvents are, for example, tetralin, anthracene oil, isopropanol, oils containing cresols, decalin, naphthalene, tetrahydrofuran, dioxane and other hydrocarbons from crude oil and coal or hydrocarbons which originate from the process itself, and also oxygen-containing hydrocarbons and oils.
- water and steam can also be added, the latter also being able to be added to the alternative hydrogenating treatments already explained above.
- the waste material can first be separated into a vegetable, biomass or cellulose portion and a synthetic portion, both portions being further processed separately, and the vegetable, biomass or cellulose portion being essentially hydrolytically split, for example in the presence of bases or acids, this conversion preferably being carried out in the presence of protic solvents, in particular water and alcohols and / or in the presence of carbon monoxide and / or hydrogen and, on the other hand, the essentially synthetic portion of the hydrogenating treatment described above.
- Parts of the synthetic organic waste can also be pretreated hydrolytically.
- This method according to the invention is characterized in that at least 2 such wastes are used and one or more production or waste producer-specific waste type (s) are subjected to the treatment separately from one another and separately from any other waste mixtures which may be used, and for this purpose these different wastes undergo separate pretreatments, However, afterwards they are jointly subjected to the hydrogenating treatment, the reaction conditions of temperature, pressure and residence time in these pretreatment stages being adapted to the respective wastes in such a way that both the handling of the products from their pretreatments and the formation of liquid hydrocarbons in the subsequent joint hydrogenation are facilitated become.
- At least two types of waste are used in separate pretreatment stages. At least one of these types of waste is specific to the producer of the waste or specific to the production and is therefore comparatively homogeneous. Due to the separate thermal pretreatment of 2 or more production or waste producer-specific types of waste, these can be pretreated in a targeted manner, according to their properties, by using the appropriate temperatures, pressures and residence times, so that further treatment by hydrogenation, including transport and conversion to liquid hydrocarbons is particularly favored.
- production- and waste-specific waste are mentioned: So For example, in the cable industry there is a large amount of cable waste, in the automotive industry there is a large amount of so-called shredder waste, in the paint industry there is a large amount of paint and varnish waste, in the carpet industry there is a large amount of carpet waste and in the textile industry there is a large amount Amounts of textile waste accumulate, in the rubber and tire industry large amounts of elastomer waste or their processing products accrue, in the plastics industry such as in the manufacture and processing of plastics, foams, elastomers, insulating materials large amounts of waste accrue, in the chemical industry Industry generates large amounts of synthetic-organic waste in the production of chemicals, which cannot be listed in detail here. However, pre-sorted synthetic-organic waste can also occur in technical waste separation plants.
- the production-specific or waste-generator-specific waste is a mixture of synthetic organic materials.
- Shredder waste usually consists of plastic mixtures, cable waste from mixtures of different components, textile waste from mixtures.
- waste producer or production-specific waste can be used at least temporarily, for example until a supply of such waste has been used up.
- the pretreatment according to the invention of the wastes, which are subsequently subjected to hydrogenation can convert these wastes into products which, as a result of the viscosities obtained, can be handled much more easily in the subsequent steps.
- the pretreated products can be easily pumped or conveyed with screw conveyors and, depending on the conditions used, can be converted much easier into liquid hydrocarbons in the subsequent hydrogenation.
- the pretreatment according to the invention is carried out in an inert atmosphere.
- the process can also be carried out with or without catalysts.
- the pretreatment is carried out in mixing devices in a general sense, in particular in extruders and mixing / kneading devices, since these generally convey to downstream equipment without pulsation.
- extruders can be used, for example, with single or multiple screw conveyors or, for example, those as described in DE-OS 30 01 318 or in DE-OS 29 49 537, in the latter the screw conveyor (s) behind the actual conveyor section into one extended reaction space protrudes (s), so that this additional mixing occurs through the screw (s).
- kneading disc screw presses kneaders, hollow screw heat exchangers, screw kneaders, kneading extruders, stirring apparatuses, continuous mixers, kneaders, grinding devices or mills such as bead, hammer or vibrating mills
- stirring apparatuses continuous mixers
- kneaders stirred tanks, mills and the like
- a feed extruder can optionally be connected downstream, which brings about an increase in pressure up to the pressure of the hydrogenation reactor.
- Apparatus which are very suitable according to the invention are, in particular, apparatus which mix and knead simultaneously.
- the desired plasticization, dispersion, homogenization, degassing and degradation reaction which leads to the desired viscosities, takes place in a particularly suitable manner.
- the reaction rate can also be increased by improving the mixing.
- the devices mentioned can optionally also be adapted to certain feedstocks, such as containing gas feeds, feed devices at different points on the pretreatment section, drying, heating and cooling sections, addition devices for liquid feed products and the like.
- several of the devices mentioned can be connected in series or in parallel , so that a mixture of feedstocks with the desired properties is present at the entrance of the hydrogenation reactor (s) connected, in particular with regard to the degree of degradation and viscosity.
- waste products to be used there are, for example, coarse mills, cutting devices, separating devices for inorganic materials, melting devices, devices for metal deposition and the like, in front of the devices mentioned.
- the thermal pretreatment is carried out in the mixing device at 75-600 ° C, preferably from 75-540 ° C, e.g. of 75-500 ° C, particularly preferably at 120-475 ° C, a pressure of 1-600 bar, preferably of 1-500 bar, particularly preferably of 1-350 bar and a residence time of 1 minute to 6 hours, preferably of 1 minute to 4 hours.
- the pretreatment according to the invention can also be carried out under a pressure lower than 1 bar, for example in order to draw off gases formed.
- inert gas can be introduced in one or more stages, depending on the mixing device used.
- Inert gases can be nitrogen, for example.
- Carbon dioxide, steam, carbon monoxide, methane and other low-boiling hydrocarbons, noble gases, etc. be, as well as mixtures of these gases.
- mixing devices for thermal pretreatment can be combined in parallel connection or in series connection.
- the gases mentioned can also be added before the actual pretreatment.
- the conversion in the mixing device can also be carried out in the presence of protic solvents, in particular in the presence of water and / or methanol and / or at least one component from the group: ethanol, C3-C4 alcohols and higher alcohols.
- Protic solvents depending on the type of waste used, can at least partially lead to hydrolysis.
- the pretreatment according to the invention can be carried out in the presence of solvents which do not have a hydrogen transfer effect, such as, for example, of aromatics such as benzene, toluene or the xylenes.
- solvents which do not have a hydrogen transfer effect such as, for example, of aromatics such as benzene, toluene or the xylenes.
- Non-aromatic solvents can also be used, such as saturated or substantially saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons in boiling ranges between, for example, 30 and more than 500 ° C.
- the high-boiling fractions can, for example, be residual oils, as already mentioned above.
- the thermal pretreatment can be carried out with or without catalysts, as disclosed at the outset in the description.
- Catalysts can be introduced into the pretreatment device or added before it.
- the waste from organic synthetic materials can be converted into liquid hydrocarbons which boil essentially in the naphtha or gasoline range or middle distillate range.
- a particular advantage of the method according to the invention results from the fact that the conditions in the pretreatment device can be set in such a way that a product is obtained which can be handled without problems in subsequent steps, e.g. can be pumped or conveyed via screw conveyors, the conditions being adapted to the type of waste used.
- the pretreated product can also be conveyed directly from the pretreatment device into the hydrogenation reactor, for example by extruders.
- inorganic materials such as stones, metals, glass and others before the pretreatment, at least rough materials.
- Vegetables can be processed separately, for example by fermentation or gasification.
- An important advantage of the present invention results from the fact that, by the thermal pretreatment according to the invention in combination with the subsequent hydrogenation of the pretreated waste, any types of waste can be used as the feed product, these being converted into valuable liquid hydrocarbons in high yields.
- the heteroatoms, such as oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen or halogens, which are contained in waste materials, are converted according to the invention into their hydrogen derivatives, which can be worked up further without problems according to the prior art.
- halogenated wastes are, for example, polychlorobiphenylenes, polyvinyl chloride, fluorine-containing polymers or halogens-containing solvents.
- a particularly advantageous effect of the thermal pretreatment is the result that, as a function of temperature, residence time and pressure, halogens are largely eliminated as hydrogen halides in the pretreatment.
- halogens are largely eliminated as hydrogen halides in the pretreatment.
- about 90% of the halogen is already removed from waste containing polyvinyl chloride at 250 ° C., a residence time of 30 minutes and a nitrogen pressure of 10 bar or less as hydrogen chloride.
- Halogen elimination can also be promoted by increasing the temperature and increasing the residence time. Furthermore, the elimination of halogen by catalysts such as those mentioned at the beginning are mentioned, are favored. Such catalysts which are used according to the prior art for the elimination of hydrogen halide, such as Friedel-Crafts catalysts and / or organic amines and / or other basic compounds, can also be used according to the invention. Examples of basic compounds which may be mentioned are: alkali and alkaline earth metal hydroxides, oxides or carbonates, alkali and alkaline earth metal alcoholates, but also, for example, reactive metals themselves, such as sodium.
- the metering can be carried out in accordance with the halogen present, in particular for the reaction in the pretreatment stage or stages, but to the extent necessary also directly in the hydrogenation stage. As a result, hydrogen halides can be split off even under mild conditions.
- materials can also be added to the waste used, or added to the pretreatment device or the hydrogenation reactor, such as, for example, crude oil, crude oil components and products which are obtained from crude oil, asphalts, bitumen, mineral tars, coal, coal components, products from coal, lignite , Peat, pyrolysis oils such as those obtained from coking processes or pyrolysis processes, oil sands, oil sand products, residual oils from crude oil processing, from cracking plants, vacuum residues, shale oils and Schleferöl products and similar materials.
- crude oil, crude oil components and products which are obtained from crude oil, asphalts, bitumen, mineral tars, coal, coal components, products from coal, lignite , Peat, pyrolysis oils such as those obtained from coking processes or pyrolysis processes, oil sands, oil sand products, residual oils from crude oil processing, from cracking plants, vacuum residues, shale oils and Schleferöl products and similar materials.
- a hydrolysis stage can precede the thermal pretreatment.
- the hydrolysis reaction is preferably carried out in a mixing device as described above, in the presence of protic solvents, in particular in the presence of water and / or methanol and / or at least one component from the group:
- Ethanol, C3C4 alcohols and higher alcohols at a pressure of 1-150 bar, preferably of 1-120 bar and a temperature of 50-300 ° C and preferably 75-250 ° C. Lower pressures are preferred if the gases that are formed during the hydrolysis are to be removed from the hydrolysis device.
- the hydrolysis stage can alternatively be switched between the pretreatment and the hydrogenation.
- the hydrolysis conditions are preferably adapted to the temperature and the pressure in the pretreatment stage or hydrogenation stage or both.
- vegetables and biomass can be hydrolytically split and separated from waste of synthetic organic origin.
- the hydrolysis reaction can be accelerated by adding acids or bases, including organic amines, in accordance with the prior art.
- the hydrolytic reaction can also be carried out in the presence of hydrogen, hydrogen-containing gases, hydrogen-transferring solvents, with or without CO and / or CO2 and / or the water (steam), catalysts as mentioned above by way of example or solvents which are not used Mass transfer are suitable, or in the presence of inert gases.
- grating oils can also be added according to the invention in the pretreatment device or before or after it.
- the grinding oils can originate from the process itself or can be of foreign origin.
- metals or metal compounds which are present in the wastes can advantageously be worked up, since they occur in residues or ashes in a relatively high concentration after the hydrogenation. These residues or ashes can be worked up, for example, to obtain the pure metals.
- S (e.g. shredder or cable waste) passes through V and then H to form P
- S1 e.g. textile waste
- S2 e.g. elastomer waste
- V1 and V2 pass separately V1 and V2 and together H with the formation of P.
- S1 to S n can also pass through separate types of waste (where n corresponds to the number of available types of waste) ).
- S1 eg shredder waste
- H S2 In H S2 is used directly (eg waste oil and / or paint and varnish residues); (2 alternatives for the supply of S2 are mentioned).
- S 1-n and S 2-n can also be used analogously.
- G is used over V1 in H, while S flows separately over V2 to H.
- reaction conditions in the pretreatment stage (s) and hydrogenation stage (s) essentially correspond to the conditions disclosed in detail in the applications and the patent of the same applicant, namely DE-PS 34 42 506, EP-A-0 182 309 and European application No. 87 100 875.1. whereby these can be adapted to the respective types of waste to the required and disclosed extent.
- the hydrolytic cleavage accordingly takes place at a temperature of 200 to 600 ° C., preferably 200 to 540 ° C. and particularly preferably 300 to 540 ° C., a pressure of 30 to 500 bar, preferably 50 to 450 bar, particularly preferably of 50 to 350 bar and a residence time of 1 minute to 8 hours, preferably 10 minutes to 6 hours and particularly preferably 15 minutes to 4 hours.
- the conditions of the pretreatment according to claim 1 can be varied within wide temperature, pressure and residence time ranges, the conditions of the subsequent hydrogenation can also be varied within wide ranges, the two treatments complementing one another.
- the pretreatment according to the invention is carried out at a relatively high temperature and residence time or corresponding pressure
- the subsequent hydration can, depending on the product used, be carried out under relatively mild conditions will. This applies in particular if the pretreatment has already led to extensive dismantling.
- Both stages therefore complement one another in accordance with the invention and can be adapted excellently to the waste material as required.
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Abstract
Description
Die Erfindung betrifft ein verbessertes Verfahren zur hydrierenden Spaltung Kohlenstoff enthaltender synthetischer Abfälle durch thermische Vorbehandlung derselben in Inertatmosphere und anschließende Hydrierung des vorbehandelten Materials bei erhöhter Temperatur, wobei wenigstens anteilsweise produktions-bzw. abfallspezifische Abfallsorten eingesetzt werden.The invention relates to an improved process for the hydrolytic cleavage of carbon-containing synthetic wastes by thermal pretreatment of the same in an inert atmosphere and subsequent hydrogenation of the pretreated material at elevated temperature, production or. waste-specific types of waste are used.
Es ist in der Öffentlichkeit allgemein bekannt, daß die sich weltweit ansammelnden Abfälle ein zunehmendes Umweltproblem darstellen.It is well known to the public that waste accumulating worldwide is an increasing environmental problem.
Seit Jahrzehnten wird bis heute Abfall in Deponien, z.B. in verlassenen Kiesgruben, Bergwerksgruben und anderen Stellen gelagert. Lange Zeit hat man hierbei die chemische Struktur des Abfalls und seine langfristige Einwirkung auf Boden und Grundwasser nicht beachtet. In jüngerer Zeit werden bestimmte Abfälle in sog. Sonderdeponien gelagert. Hierbei bemüht man sich, die Deponie gegenüber Grundwasser und Boden abzudichten.Waste has been used in landfills for decades, e.g. stored in abandoned gravel pits, mine pits and other places. For a long time, the chemical structure of the waste and its long-term effects on soil and groundwater have not been taken into account. More recently, certain wastes have been stored in so-called special landfills. One tries to seal the landfill against ground water and soil.
Die Fachwelt hat sich daher seit einiger Zeit intensiv um eine Aufarbeitung bzw. Verarbeitung des Abfalls bemüht, einmal zur Schonung der Umwelt und zum anderen um verwertbare Produkte aus dem Abfall zu gewinnen.For some time now, experts have made intensive efforts to process or process the waste, on the one hand to protect the environment and on the other hand to obtain usable products from the waste.
So wird in "The Oil and Gas Joumal", Dec., 25, 1978, S. 80, eine Pilotanlage beschrieben, in der durch Pyrolyse Kunststoffe in Gase und Öle umgewandelt werden können.A pilot plant is described in "The Oil and Gas Joumal", Dec., 25, 1978, p. 80, in which plastics can be converted into gases and oils by pyrolysis.
In "Hydrocarbon Processing", April 1979, S. 183, wird eine Verbrennungsanlage, insbesondere für spezielle Abfälle beschrieben.
Auch der biochemische Abbau von Kunststoffen wurde untersucht (s. z.B. "European Chemical News", Sept. 10, 1979, S. 28). In "Chemical Engineering", 13. August 1979, S. 41, wird ein Ver-fahren beschrieben, nach dem gefährliche Abfälle in erhärtende Materialien, z.B. Zement eingegossen werden. Ein Überblick über die wichtigsten Verfahren ist in "Chemical and Engineering News", 01. Okt. 1979, S. 34 dargestellt Hier wird insbesondere die Vergasung von Biomasse, nämlich Holzabfällen und dergl. zu Kohlenmonoxid und Wasserstoff beschrieben. Auf S. 36, linke Spalte dieser Schrift wird auch ein Versuchsprogramm zur Umsetzung von zerkleinertem Holz in Wasser suspendiert, mit Wasserstoff in Gegenwart von Raney Nickel, als Katalysator beschrieben.
In Europa Chemie", 25, 1979, S. 417, wird ein Verfahren beschrieben, nach dem unsortierte Kunststoffabfälle plastifiziert und verpresst werden. Die Wirbelschichtverbrennung von Abfällen wird in "Chemische Industrie", XXXII, April 1980, S. 248, beschrieben. Die Umund Alkalien wird in "Chemistry International". 1980, No. 4, wandlung von Abfällen-und Biomasse durch Erhitzen mit Wasser S. 20 beschrieben.
Zahlreiche andere Publikationen sind darüber hinaus bekannt geworden.In "Hydrocarbon Processing", April 1979, p. 183, an incineration plant is described, in particular for special waste.
The biochemical degradation of plastics was also examined (see, for example, "European Chemical News", Sept. 10, 1979, p. 28). In "Chemical Engineering", August 13, 1979, p. 41, a process is described according to which hazardous waste is poured into hardening materials, for example cement. An overview of the most important processes is given in "Chemical and Engineering News", October 1, 1979, p. 34. In particular, the gasification of biomass, namely wood waste and the like to carbon monoxide and hydrogen, is described. On page 36, left column of this document, a test program for converting shredded wood into water is also described, using hydrogen in the presence of Raney nickel as a catalyst.
In Europa Chemie ", 25, 1979, p. 417, a method is described according to which unsorted plastic waste is plasticized and pressed. The fluidized bed combustion of waste is described in" Chemische Industrie ", XXXII, April 1980, p. 248. Die Um and alkalis is described in "Chemistry International", 1980, No. 4, conversion of waste and biomass by heating with water p. 20.
Numerous other publications have also become known.
In jüngster Zeit wurde vor allem die Verbrennung in modernsten Anlagen weiter entwickelt und Großanlagen errichtet, die nach diesem Verfahren arbeiten. Obgleich Entstaubung und Rauchgaswäsche in solchen Anlagen integriert sind, entweichen Schadstoffe auch bei sorgfältiger Reinigung, so z.B. Schwermetalle, SO₂, NOX u.a., in Abhängigkeit von der Verbrennungstemperatur auch Dioxin, in kleinen Anteilen in die Atmosphäre.In recent times, combustion in the most modern plants in particular has been further developed and large plants have been built that use this method. Although dedusting and flue gas scrubbing are integrated in such systems, pollutants escape into the atmosphere in small proportions even with careful cleaning, such as heavy metals, SO₂, NO X and, depending on the combustion temperature, also dioxin.
Auch die Pyrolyse wird inzwischen in technischem Umfang betrieben (s. beispielsweise "Vereinigte Wirtschaftsdienste GMbH", 04. Okt. 1985, S. 9). Die Pyrolyse hat jedoch die Nachteile der überwiegenden Bildung gasförmiger Produkte und eines stark verschmutzten Koksrückstandes in relativ großer Menge und die Bildung Bläusäure enthaltender Abwässer aus Stickstoff enthaltenden Abfällen (Müll und Abfall, 6 (1980) S. 189, rechte Spalte). Das Problem der Abfall-Verarbeitung ist gemäß diesem Stand der Technik daher nach wie vor nicht zufriedenstellend gelöst.Pyrolysis is now also being operated on a technical scale (see, for example, "United Economic Services GMbH", October 4, 1985, p. 9). However, pyrolysis has the disadvantages of the predominant formation of gaseous products and a heavily contaminated coke residue in a relatively large amount and the formation of effluent-containing wastewater from nitrogen-containing wastes (Rubbish and Waste, 6 (1980) p. 189, right column). The problem of waste processing is therefore still not solved satisfactorily in accordance with this prior art.
Eine überraschende, im Vergleich zum Stand der Technik viel günstigere Lösung dieses Problems, insbesondere im Hinblick auf die hohen Ausbeuten an wertvollen flüssigen Produkten, ist vom gleichen Anmelder in dem Deutschen Patent DE-PS 34 42 506 offenbart sowie in der europäischen Nach anmeldung Nr. 85 11 5435.9.A surprising, compared to the prior art much cheaper solution to this problem, especially in view of the high yields of valuable liquid products, is disclosed by the same applicant in German patent DE-PS 34 42 506 and in European post-application No. 85 11 5435.9.
Diese Erfindung betrifft die hydrierende Behandlung mit oder ohne Katalysator, von synthetischen Abfallmaterialien wie z.B. Kunststoffen bzw. Kunststoffgemischen, Gummi, Abfallreifen, Textilabfällen, chemischen Industrieabfällen, Abfallölen, Altölen und anderen, wobei die hydrierende Behandlung bei Drucken von 30 bis 500 bar, vorzugsweise von 50 bis 450 bar und besonders bevorzugt von 50 bis 350 bar durchgeführt wird, sowie bei Temperaturen von 200 bis 600°C, vorzugsweise von 200 bis 540°C und besonders bevorzugt von 300 bis 540°C und Verweilzeiten von 1 Minute bis 8 Stunden, vorzugsweise von 10 Minuten bis 6 Stunden und besonders bevorzugt von 15 Minuten bis 4 Stunden.This invention relates to hydrogenation treatment with or without catalyst, synthetic waste materials such as e.g. Plastics or plastic mixtures, rubber, waste tires, textile waste, chemical industrial waste, waste oils, waste oils and others, the hydrogenating treatment being carried out at pressures from 30 to 500 bar, preferably from 50 to 450 bar and particularly preferably from 50 to 350 bar, and at temperatures from 200 to 600 ° C, preferably from 200 to 540 ° C and particularly preferably from 300 to 540 ° C and residence times from 1 minute to 8 hours, preferably from 10 minutes to 6 hours and particularly preferably from 15 minutes to 4 hours .
Zu den Abfall-Einsatzprodukten können Anreiböle zugefügt werden sowie Kohle, Kohlebestandteile, Rohöl, Rohölbestandteile und Rohölrückstände, Schieferöle und Schieferölbestandteile, Ölsandextrakte und ihre Bestandteile, Bitumen, Asphalt, Asphaltene und ähnliche Materialien.Rubbing oils can be added to the waste feed products, as well as coal, coal components, crude oil, crude oil components and crude oil residues, shale oils and shale oil components, oil sand extracts and their components, bitumen, asphalt, asphaltenes and similar materials.
Das Einsatzprodukt bzw. das Einsatzgemisch kann ferner mit Lösungsmitteln behandelt werden und anschließend der Extrakt in die hydrierende Behandlung eingesetzt werden.The feed product or the feed mixture can also be treated with solvents and then the extract can be used in the hydrogenating treatment.
Das Verfahren erlaubt, nach Abtrennung anorganischer Bestandteile wie Glas, Metallen, Steinmaterialien und anderen, die synthetischen Abfallmaterialien ohne weitere Trennung in wertvolle Kohlenwasserstoffe umzuwandeln. Diese sind gasförmige C₁-C₄-Kohlenwasserstoffe, flüssige Kohlenwasserstoffe im Naphtha-Siedebereich sowie Mitteldestillate und schwere Öle, die als Heizöle bzw. Dieselkraftstoff eingesetzt werden können. Die Vorsortierung von Abfallmaterialien erfolgt bevorzugt in der Weise, daß Kohlenstoff enthaltende organische Abfälle synthetischen Ursprungs wie z.B. Kunststoffe und Gemische von Kunststoffen, Gummi, Abfallreifen, Textilabfälle sowie weitere organische synthetische Abfälle wenigstens grob von vegetabilischem Abfall und/oder Biomasse abgetrennt werden und anschließend einer hydrierenden Behandlung unterworfen werden oder dieselben im Gemisch mit anderen organischen Industdeabfällen synthetischen Ursprungs wie z.B. Lack- und Farbresten, organischen Chemikalien, Abfällen aus Industrieanlagen, organischen synthetischen Shredderabfällen aus der Autoindustrie, Kabelabfällen, Klärschlamm, Altölen oder anderen industriellen organischen Abfällen synthetischen Ursprungs der Hydrierung unterworfen werden.After separating inorganic components such as glass, metals, stone materials and others, the process allows the synthetic waste materials to be converted into valuable hydrocarbons without further separation. These are gaseous C₁-C₄ hydrocarbons, liquid hydrocarbons in the naphtha boiling range and middle distillates and heavy oils that can be used as heating oils or diesel fuel. The pre-sorting of waste materials is preferably carried out in such a way that carbon-containing organic waste of synthetic origin, e.g. Plastics and mixtures of plastics, rubber, waste tires, textile waste and other organic synthetic waste are at least roughly separated from vegetable waste and / or biomass and then subjected to a hydrogenating treatment or the same in a mixture with other organic industrial waste such as e.g. Paint and paint residues, organic chemicals, waste from industrial plants, organic synthetic shredder waste from the automotive industry, cable waste, sewage sludge, waste oils or other industrial organic waste of synthetic origin are subjected to the hydrogenation.
Andere Abfallmaterialien wie Papier, Lebensmittelreste, landwirtschaftliche und forstwirtschaftliche Abfälle, Pflanzenrückstände und andere werden zumindest grob abgetrennt oder verbleiben in dem synthetischen Anteil in gewissem Umfang.Other waste materials such as paper, food residues, agricultural and forestry waste, plant residues and others are at least roughly separated or remain to a certain extent in the synthetic portion.
Hausmüll kann beispielsweise in der Weise aufgearbeitet werden, daß Kunststoffe, Gummi, Textilien und andere synthetische Materialien von den vegetabilischen Anteilen grob abgetrennt werden und getrennt einer hydrierenden Spaltung unterworfen werden, oder gemischt mit Abfallreifen und/oder Industriechemikalien und/oder Plastikabfällen
und/oder Altölen und anderen dieser hydrierenden Spaltung unterworfen werden.Household garbage can be processed, for example, in such a way that plastics, rubber, textiles and other synthetic materials are roughly separated from the vegetable components and subjected separately to a hydrolytic cleavage, or mixed with waste tires and / or industrial chemicals and / or plastic waste
and / or waste oils and others are subjected to this hydrolytic cleavage.
Das Verfahren ist auch sehr gut geeignet für die hydrierende Spaltung der genannten Abfälle bzw. Abfallgemische in Kombination mit Kohle, Kohlekomponenten wie beispielsweise Rückstandsölen aus Kohle, Kohleölen, Pyrolyseölen, Rohöl, Rückstandsölen aus Rohöl, anderen Rohölkomponenten, Ölschiefer und Ölschleferkomponenten, Ölsandextrakten, Asphalt und Bitumen und ähnlichen Materialien sowie mit Gemischen der genannten Materialien.The process is also very well suited for the hydrolytic splitting of the waste or waste mixtures mentioned in combination with coal, coal components such as, for example, residual oils from coal, coal oils, pyrolysis oils, crude oil, residual oils from crude oil, other crude oil components, oil shale and oil extractor components, oil sand extracts, asphalt and Bitumen and similar materials as well as mixtures of these materials.
Die Abtrennung der oben genannten anorganischen Materialien vom Kohlenstoff enthaltenden synthetischen organischen Abfall kann gemäß dem Stand der Technik durchgeführt werden. Diese anorganischen Materialien können in Deponien gelagert werden, sofern sie nicht rückgeführt und wiederaufarbeitet werden. Die Zerkleinerung und das Shredden und Abtrennen von Abfallmatedalen kann ebenfalls gemäß dem Stand der Technik durchgeführt werden. Sofern apparative Gründe dem nicht entgegen stehen, kann das Verfahren auch in Gegenwart anorganischer Materialien durchgeführt werden.The separation of the above-mentioned inorganic materials from the carbon-containing synthetic organic waste can be carried out according to the prior art. These inorganic materials can be stored in landfills unless they are returned and reprocessed. The crushing and shredding and separation of waste materials can also be carried out according to the prior art. If this is not contradicted by equipment, the process can also be carried out in the presence of inorganic materials.
Abfallkomponenten, die nicht in Kohlenwasserstoffe umgewandelt werden können, wie z.B. Schwefel. Stickstoff, Sauerstoff und Halogen in Form ihrer Verbindungen, werden in ihre Wasserstoffverbindungen umgewandelt, nämlich H₂S, NH₃, HCl, H₂O und andere. Diese Verbindungen können durch Gaswäsche und weitere Aufarbeitung gemäß dem Stand der Technik getrennt und aufgearbeitet werden.Waste components that cannot be converted to hydrocarbons, e.g. Sulfur. Nitrogen, oxygen and halogen in the form of their compounds are converted into their hydrogen compounds, namely H₂S, NH₃, HCl, H₂O and others. These compounds can be separated and worked up by gas washing and further working up according to the prior art.
Ein weiterer Vorzug des Verfahrens ist, daß die Bildung gefährlicher Verbindungen, die bei der Abfallverbrennung auftreten, nämlich NOx, SOx oder Dioxine, vermieden wird. Weiterhin können Kunststoffe, wie beispielsweise Polyvinylchlorid, die in der Verbrennung problematisch sind, ohne Risiko bezüglich der Unwelt aufgearbeitet werden.Another advantage of the process is that the formation of hazardous compounds that occur during waste incineration, namely NO x , SO x or dioxins, is avoided. Furthermore, plastics, such as polyvinyl chloride, which are problematic in combustion, can be processed without risk to the environment.
Die Hydrierung Kohlenstoff enthaltender Abfallmaterialien kann gemäß dieser Offenbarung mit sehr guten Ergebnissen in Abwesenheit von Katalysatoren durchgeführt werden. Die Beeinflussung bezüglich der erhöhten Bildung bestimmter Kohlenwasserstoff-Fraktionen kann jedoch in Gegenwart von Katalysatoren erhalten werden, wie z.B. in Gegenwart von Metallen und deren Verbindungen, die in Hydrierreaktionen katalytisch aktiv sind, wie z.B. Fe, Cr, Zn, Mo, W, Mn, Ni, Pd, Co, Pt, weiterhin Alkali und Erdalkalien wie Li, Na, K, Rb, Be, Mg, Ca, Sr oder Ba und anderen Metallen und/oder ihren Verbindungen, wobei diese Katalysatoren aus einer einzelnen aktiven Komponente oder einem Gemisch von wenigstens 2 der genannten Komponenten bestehen können, und wobei diese Metalle bzw. ihre Verbindungen auf Katalysatorträgem angewandt werden können, wie z.B. auf Aluminiumoxid, Siliziumoxid, aluminiumsilikat, Zeolithen und anderen Trägern, die gemäß dem Stand der Technik bekannt sind, ebenso wie auf Gemischen dieser Träger oder auch ohne Träger. Bestimmte Zeolithe und andere Träger sind auch ohne Dotierung im offenbarten Verfahren als Katalysator aktiv.The hydrogenation of carbon-containing waste materials can be carried out in the absence of catalysts with very good results according to this disclosure. The interference with the increased formation of certain hydrocarbon fractions can, however, be obtained in the presence of catalysts, e.g. in the presence of metals and their compounds which are catalytically active in hydrogenation reactions, e.g. Fe, Cr, Zn, Mo, W, Mn, Ni, Pd, Co, Pt, furthermore alkali and alkaline earths such as Li, Na, K, Rb, Be, Mg, Ca, Sr or Ba and other metals and / or their compounds , wherein these catalysts can consist of a single active component or a mixture of at least 2 of the components mentioned, and wherein these metals or their compounds can be applied to catalyst supports, such as on aluminum oxide, silicon oxide, aluminum silicate, zeolites and other supports which are known from the prior art, as well as on mixtures of these supports or without a support. Certain zeolites and other supports are also active as catalysts in the disclosed process even without doping.
Andere geeignete Katalysatoren sind sogenannte Wegwerfkatalysatoren wie Herdofenkoks, Vergasungsstäube und -aschen wie beispielsweise Hochtemperatur-Winkler-Staub und -Asche, Stäube und Aschen die bei der hydrierenden Vergasung von Kohle erhalten werden, bei der Methan gebildet wird (HKV-Staub), weiterhin Materialien, die Eisenoxide enthalten wie beispielsweise Rotschlamm, Bayermasse, Luxmasse, Stäube aus der Stahlindustrie und andere. Diese Materialien können als solche als katalysatoren eingezetz, werden oder dotiert mit Metallen und/oder Metallverbindungen, die bei Hydrierungen aktiv sind, insbesondere mit Metallen und/oder ihren Verbindungen wie Fe, Cr, Zn, Mo, W, Mn, Ni, Co, Pt, Pd, weiterhin Alkali und Erdalkalimetallen bzw. deren Verbindungen wie Li, Na, K, Rb, Be, Mg, Ca, Sr oder Ba sowie Gemischen dieser Metalle und/oder deren Verbindungen.Other suitable catalysts are so-called disposable catalysts such as hearth furnace coke, gasification dusts and ashes such as, for example, high-temperature Winkler dust and ashes, dusts and ashes which are obtained in the hydrogenating gasification of coal, in which methane is formed (HKV dust), and materials that contain iron oxides such as red mud, Bavarian mass, Lux mass, Dusts from the steel industry and others. As such, these materials can be used as catalysts, or doped with metals and / or metal compounds which are active in hydrogenations, in particular with metals and / or their compounds such as Fe, Cr, Zn, Mo, W, Mn, Ni, Co, Pt, Pd, furthermore alkali and alkaline earth metals or their compounds such as Li, Na, K, Rb, Be, Mg, Ca, Sr or Ba as well as mixtures of these metals and / or their compounds.
Die Katalysatoren können ggfs. vor oder während des Verfahrens sulfidiert werden.The catalysts can optionally be sulfided before or during the process.
Alle Katalysatoren können als Einzelkomponenten oder im Gemisch von wenigstens zwei der Komponenten eingesetzt werden.All catalysts can be used as individual components or in a mixture of at least two of the components.
Die hydrierende Behandlung kann in weiten Grenzen von Temperatur und Druck durchgeführt werden in Abhängigkeit von dem eingesetzten Abfallmaterial, nämlich von 200-600°C und 30-500 bar, bei Verweilzeiten von 1 Minute bis 8 Stunden.The hydrogenating treatment can be carried out within wide limits of temperature and pressure, depending on the waste material used, namely from 200-600 ° C. and 30-500 bar, with residence times of 1 minute to 8 hours.
Das Hydriergas kann von verschiedener Qualität sein, es kann beispielsweise außer Wasserstoff gewisse Mengen an CO, CO₂, H₂S, Methan, Ethan, und anderen enthalten.The hydrogenation gas can be of different quality, for example, it can contain certain amounts of CO, CO₂, H₂S, methane, ethane, and others in addition to hydrogen.
Geeignete Wasserstoffqualitäten sind beispielsweise solche, die bei Vergasungen von Kohlenstoff enthaltenden Materialien erhalten werden.Suitable hydrogen qualities are, for example, those which are obtained when gasifying carbon-containing materials.
Solche Materialien können Rückstände aus der Mineralölverarbeitung sein oder andere Öle oder Kohlenwasserstoffe von Mineralölursprung, oder Kohle wie beispielsweise Braunkohle, aber auch Steinkohle, Holz, Torf oder Rückstände aus der Kohleverarbeitung wie beispielsweise der Kohlehydrierung. Geeignete Vergasungsmaterialien sind auch Biomasse und der vegetabilische Anteil vomHausmüll. Selbstverständlich sind reine Wasserstoffqualitäten, wie sie beispielsweise elektolytisch gewonnen werden, ebenfalls sehr gut geeignet.Such materials can be residues from mineral oil processing or other oils or hydrocarbons from mineral oil origin, or coal such as lignite, but also hard coal, wood, peat or residues from coal processing such as coal hydrogenation. Suitable gasification materials are also biomass and the vegetable portion of household waste. Of course, pure hydrogen qualities, such as those obtained electrolytically, are also very suitable.
Hausmüll kann demgemäß in der Weise aufgearbeitet werden, daß zunächst eine Trennung in einen vegetabilischen und einen synthetischen Anteil erfolgt und anschließend der vegetabilische Anteil vergast wird zur Bereitstellung von Wasserstoff im Hydrierverfahren, während der synthetische Anteil mit Wasserstoff behandelt wird.Household waste can accordingly be processed in such a way that first a separation into a vegetable and a synthetic part takes place and then the vegetable part is gasified to provide hydrogen in the hydrogenation process, while the synthetic part is treated with hydrogen.
Gemäß diesem Verfahren ist auch eine Behandlung mit geeigneten Losungsmitteln möglich, insbesondere mit Wasserstoff übertragenden Lösungsmitteln, wobei diese Behandlung vor der eigentlichen Hydrierung vorgenommen wird. Anschließend kann gelöstes und ungelöstes Material von einander getrennt werden und getrennt einer Hydrierung unterworfen werden oder gelöstes und ungelöstes können gemeinsam in einem Reaktor hydrierend umgesetzt werden. Durch nachfolgende Destillation kann das Lösungsmittel abgetrennt und rückgeführt werden. Alternativ kann das nichtgelöste Material einer Vergasung oder Verkokung unterworfen werden.According to this method, treatment with suitable solvents is also possible, especially with hydrogen-transferring solvents, this treatment being carried out before the actual hydrogenation. Subsequently, dissolved and undissolved material can be separated from one another and subjected separately to hydrogenation, or dissolved and undissolved material can be reacted together in a reactor in a hydrogenating manner. The solvent can be separated off and recycled by subsequent distillation. Alternatively, the undissolved material can be subjected to gasification or coking.
Auch bei dieser Variante kann das eingesetzte Abfallmaterial mit Kohle und Kohlekomponenten, Rohöl und Rohölkomponenten und anderen, ähnlichen Materialien gemischt werden, wie oben bereits ausgeführt.In this variant too, the waste material used can be mixed with coal and coal components, crude oil and crude oil components and other similar materials, as already explained above.
Geeignete Wasserstoff übertragende Lösungsmittel sind beispielsweise Tetralin, Anthrazenöl, Isopropanol, Kresole enthaltende Öle, Dekalin, Naphthalin, Tetrahydrofuran, Dioxan und andere Kohlenwasserstoffe aus Rohöl und Kohle oder auch Kohlenwasserstoffe die aus dem Prozeß selbst stammen, ferner Sauerstoff enthaltende Kohlenwasserstoffe und Öle. Schließlich kann auch Wasser und Dampf zugesetzt werden, wobei letzterer auch den bereits oben erläuterten alternativen hydrierenden Behandlungen zugesetzt werden kann.Suitable hydrogen-transferring solvents are, for example, tetralin, anthracene oil, isopropanol, oils containing cresols, decalin, naphthalene, tetrahydrofuran, dioxane and other hydrocarbons from crude oil and coal or hydrocarbons which originate from the process itself, and also oxygen-containing hydrocarbons and oils. Finally, water and steam can also be added, the latter also being able to be added to the alternative hydrogenating treatments already explained above.
Andererseits kann das Abfallmaterial zunächst in einen Vegetabilien-, Biomass- oder Cellulose-Anteil und einen synthetischen Anteil getrennt werden, wobei beide Anteile getrennt weiter verarbeitet werden, und wobei der Vegetabilien-, Biomass- oder Cellulose-Anteil im wesentlichen hydrolytisch gespalten wird, beispielsweise in Gegenwart von Basen oder Säuren, wobei diese Umwandlung vorzugsweise in Gegenwart protischer Lösungsmittel, insbesondere von Wasser und Alkoholen durchgeführt werden kann und/oder in Gegenwart von Kohlenmonoxid und/oder Wasserstoff und andererseits der im wesentlichen synthetische Anteil der oben beschriebenen hydrierenden Behandlung unterworfen wird. Auch Teile des synthetischen organischen Abfalls können hydrolytisch vorbehandelt werden.On the other hand, the waste material can first be separated into a vegetable, biomass or cellulose portion and a synthetic portion, both portions being further processed separately, and the vegetable, biomass or cellulose portion being essentially hydrolytically split, for example in the presence of bases or acids, this conversion preferably being carried out in the presence of protic solvents, in particular water and alcohols and / or in the presence of carbon monoxide and / or hydrogen and, on the other hand, the essentially synthetic portion of the hydrogenating treatment described above. Parts of the synthetic organic waste can also be pretreated hydrolytically.
Eine Verbesserung dieses in DE-PS 34 42 503 bzw. der europäischen Nachanmeldung Nr. 85 11 4535.9 offenbarten Verfahrens liegt in der vorliegenden Erfindung vor.An improvement of this method disclosed in DE-PS 34 42 503 or European subsequent application No. 85 11 4535.9 is present in the present invention.
Gegenstand der Erfindung ist dementsprechend ein Verfahren zur hydrierenden Spaltung Kohlenstoff enthaltender organischer Abfälle synthetischen Ursprungs (Abfälle) mit Wasserstoff und/oder Wasserstoff enthaltenden Gasen und/oder Wasserstoff übertragenden Lösungsmitteln, bei welchem
- a) diese Abfälle zunächst einer Vorbehandlung in einer Inertatmosphäre bei einer Temperatur von 75 bis 600°C, vorzugsweise von 75 bis 540°C, besonders bevorzugt von 120 bis 475°C, einem Druck von 1 bis 600 bar, vorzugsweise 1 bis 500 bar und besonders bevorzugt von 1 bis 350 bar und einer Verweilzeit von 1 Minute bis 6 Stunden, vorzugsweise 1 Minute bis 4 Stunden, unterworfen wird und
- b) die hydrierende Spaltung bei einer Temperatur von 200 bis 600°C, vorzugsweise von 200 bis 540°C und besonders bevorzugt von 300 bis 540°C, einem Druck von 30 bis 500 bar, vorzugsweise von 50 bis 450 bar, besonders bevorzugt von 50 bis 350 bar und einer Verweilzeit von 1 Minute bis 8 Stunden, vorzugsweise von 10 Minuten bis 6 Stunden und besonders bevorzugt von 15 Minuten bis 4 Stunden durchgeführt wird.
- a) this waste is first pretreated in an inert atmosphere at a temperature of 75 to 600 ° C, preferably 75 to 540 ° C, particularly preferably 120 to 475 ° C, a pressure of 1 to 600 bar, preferably 1 to 500 bar and particularly preferably from 1 to 350 bar and a residence time of 1 minute to 6 hours, preferably 1 minute to 4 hours, and
- b) the hydrogenative cleavage at a temperature of 200 to 600 ° C, preferably from 200 to 540 ° C and particularly preferably from 300 to 540 ° C, a pressure of 30 to 500 bar, preferably from 50 to 450 bar, particularly preferably of 50 to 350 bar and a residence time of 1 minute to 8 hours, preferably from 10 minutes to 6 hours and particularly preferably from 15 minutes to 4 hours.
Dieses erfindungsgemäße Verfahren ist dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß mindestens 2 solcher Abfälle eingesetzt werden und eine oder mehrere produktions- bzw. abfallerzeugerspezifische Abfallsorte(n) getrennt von einander und getrennt von gegebenenfalls miteingesetzten sonstigen Abfallgemischen der Behandlung unterworfen werden und dazu diese unterschiedlichen Abfälle getrennte Vorbehandlungen durchlaufen, jedoch danach gemeinsam der hydrierenden Behandlung unterworfen werden, wobei die Reaktionsbedingungen von Temperatur, Druck und Verweilzeit in diesen Vorbehandlungsstufen derart an die jeweiligen Abfälle angepaßt werden, daß sowohl die Handhabung der Produkte aus ihren Vorbehandlungen als auch die Bildung flüssiger Kohlenwasserstoffe in der anschließenden gemeinsamen Hydrierung erleichtert werden.This method according to the invention is characterized in that at least 2 such wastes are used and one or more production or waste producer-specific waste type (s) are subjected to the treatment separately from one another and separately from any other waste mixtures which may be used, and for this purpose these different wastes undergo separate pretreatments, However, afterwards they are jointly subjected to the hydrogenating treatment, the reaction conditions of temperature, pressure and residence time in these pretreatment stages being adapted to the respective wastes in such a way that both the handling of the products from their pretreatments and the formation of liquid hydrocarbons in the subsequent joint hydrogenation are facilitated become.
Erfindungsgemäß werden zumindest 2 Abfallsorten in getrennten Vorbehandlungsstufen eingesetzt. Wenigstens eine dieser Abfallsorten ist abfallerzeugerspezifisch bzw. produktionsspezifisch und demgemäß vergleichsweise homogen. Durch die getrennte thermische Vorbehandlung von 2 oder mehreren produktions- oder abfallerzeugerspezifischen Abfallsorten lassen sich diese gezielt, ihren Eigenschaften entsprechend, durch Anwendung der geeigneten Temperaturen, Drucke und Verweilzeiten so vorteilhaft vorbehandeln, daß die Weiterbehandlung durch Hydrieren einschließlich des Transportierens und der Umwandlung in flüssige Kohlenwasserstoffe besonders begünstigt wird.According to the invention, at least two types of waste are used in separate pretreatment stages. At least one of these types of waste is specific to the producer of the waste or specific to the production and is therefore comparatively homogeneous. Due to the separate thermal pretreatment of 2 or more production or waste producer-specific types of waste, these can be pretreated in a targeted manner, according to their properties, by using the appropriate temperatures, pressures and residence times, so that further treatment by hydrogenation, including transport and conversion to liquid hydrocarbons is particularly favored.
Einige Beispiele an produktions- und abfallspezifischen Abfällen seien genannt: So fallen beispielsweise in der Kabelindustrie große Mengen an Kabelabfällen an, in der Autoindustrie fallen große Mengen an sog. Shredderabfällen, in der Farbindustrie fallen große Mengen an Farb- und Lackabfällen an, in der Teppichindustrie fallen große Mengen an Teppichabfällen an, in der Textilindustrie fallen große Mengen an Textilabfällen an, in der Gummi- und Reifenindustrie fallen große Mengen an Elastomerabfällen bzw. deren Weiterverarbeitungsprodukten an, in der Kunststoffindustrie wie beispielweise bei der Herstellung und Verarbeitung von Plasten, Schaumstoffen, Elastomeren, Isoliermaterialien fallen große Mengen an Abfällen an, in der chemischen Industrie fallen große Mengen an synthetisch-organischen Abfällen an, bei der Erzeugung von Chemikalien, die hier im einzelnen nicht aufgezählt werden können. Aber auch in technischen Mülltrennanlagen können vorsortierte synthetisch-organische Abfälle anfallen.Some examples of production- and waste-specific waste are mentioned: So For example, in the cable industry there is a large amount of cable waste, in the automotive industry there is a large amount of so-called shredder waste, in the paint industry there is a large amount of paint and varnish waste, in the carpet industry there is a large amount of carpet waste and in the textile industry there is a large amount Amounts of textile waste accumulate, in the rubber and tire industry large amounts of elastomer waste or their processing products accrue, in the plastics industry such as in the manufacture and processing of plastics, foams, elastomers, insulating materials large amounts of waste accrue, in the chemical industry Industry generates large amounts of synthetic-organic waste in the production of chemicals, which cannot be listed in detail here. However, pre-sorted synthetic-organic waste can also occur in technical waste separation plants.
Die Aufzählung der genannten produktionsspezifischen bzw. abfallerzeugerspezifischen Abfälle ist nicht als limitierend anzusehen, da gemäß vorliegender Erfindung alle synthetischen organischen Verbindungen hydrierend in wertvolle Produkte im allgemeinen überwiegend in Kohlenwasserstoff-Fraktionen im Benzin und Mittelöl- (Diesolöl-) Siedebereich umgesetzt werden können.The list of the production-specific or waste-generator-specific wastes mentioned is not to be regarded as limiting, since, according to the present invention, all synthetic organic compounds can be converted into valuable products by hydrogenation, generally predominantly in hydrocarbon fractions in the gasoline and medium oil (diesel oil) boiling range.
Bei den produktionsspezifischen bzw. abfallerzeugerspezifischen Abfällen handelt es sich um Gemische synthetischer organischer Materialien. So bestehen Shredderabfälle gewöhnlich aus Kunststoffgemischen, Kabelabfälle aus Gemischen verschiedener Komponenten, Texfilabfälle aus Gemischen.The production-specific or waste-generator-specific waste is a mixture of synthetic organic materials. Shredder waste usually consists of plastic mixtures, cable waste from mixtures of different components, textile waste from mixtures.
Gleiches gilt für andere Abfälle. Erfindungsgemäß können jedoch auch einheitliche bzw. sehr einheitliche Abfälle sehr gut umgesetzt werden. Der Einsatz der abfallerzeuger- oder produktionsspezifischen Abfälle kann zumindest zeitweise erfolgen, beispielsweise bis ein Vorrat an solchen Abfällen verbraucht ist.The same applies to other waste. According to the invention, however, uniform or very uniform waste can also be implemented very well. The waste producer or production-specific waste can be used at least temporarily, for example until a supply of such waste has been used up.
Die Untersuchungen der Anmelderin haben gezeigt, daß durch die erfindungsgemäße Vorbehandlung der Abfälle, die anschliessend einer Hydrierung unterworfen werden, diese Abfälle in Produkte umgewandelt werden können, die als Folge der erhaltenen Viskositäten in den Folgeschritten viel einfacher gehandhabt werden können. So können die vorbehandelten Produkte beispielsweise problemlos gepumpt oder mit Schneckenförderern gefördert werden und je nach angewandten Bedingungen wesentlich leichter in flüssige Kohlenwasserstoffe in der anschliessenden Hydrierung umgewandelt werden.The investigations of the applicant have shown that the pretreatment according to the invention of the wastes, which are subsequently subjected to hydrogenation, can convert these wastes into products which, as a result of the viscosities obtained, can be handled much more easily in the subsequent steps. For example, the pretreated products can be easily pumped or conveyed with screw conveyors and, depending on the conditions used, can be converted much easier into liquid hydrocarbons in the subsequent hydrogenation.
Die erfindungsgemäße Vorbehandlung wird in Inertatmosphere durchgeführt. Das Verfahren kann ferner mit oder ohne Katalysatoren durchgeführt werden.The pretreatment according to the invention is carried out in an inert atmosphere. The process can also be carried out with or without catalysts.
Die Vorbehandlung erfolgt erfindungsgemäß in Mischvorrichtungen im allgemeinen Sinn, insbesondere in Extrudern und Misch/Knet-Vorrichtungen, da diese im allgemeinen pulsationsfrei in eine nachgeschaltete Apparatur fördem. Hierzu können Extruder beispielsweise mit Einfach- oder Mehrfachschneckenförderung verwendet werden oder beispielsweise solche wie sie in der DE-OS 30 01 318 oder in der DE-OS 29 49 537 beschrieben sind, wobei in letzteren die Förderschnecke(n) hinter der eigentlichen Förderstrecke in einen erweiterten Reaktionsraum hineinragt(en), so daß auch in diesem zusätzliche Durchmi schung durch die Schnecke(n) erfolgt. Jedoch auch zahlreiche andere Mischvorrichtungen wie beispielsweise Knetscheiben-Schneckenpressen, Ko-Kneter, Hohlschnecken-Wärmetauscher, Schneckenkneter, Knet-Extruder, Rührapparaturen, Durchlaufmischer, Kneter, Mahlvordchtungen bzw. Mühlen wie Perl-, Hammer- oder Schwingmühlen sind für die erfindungsgemäße Vorbehandlung geeignet. Im Falle von Knetem, Rührbehältem, Mühlen und dergl. kann ggfs. ein Förderextruder nachgeschaltet werden, der eine Druckerhöhung bis zum Druck des Hydrierreaktors bewirkt.According to the invention, the pretreatment is carried out in mixing devices in a general sense, in particular in extruders and mixing / kneading devices, since these generally convey to downstream equipment without pulsation. For this purpose, extruders can be used, for example, with single or multiple screw conveyors or, for example, those as described in DE-OS 30 01 318 or in DE-OS 29 49 537, in the latter the screw conveyor (s) behind the actual conveyor section into one extended reaction space protrudes (s), so that this additional mixing occurs through the screw (s). However, numerous other mixing devices such as, for example, kneading disc screw presses, kneaders, hollow screw heat exchangers, screw kneaders, kneading extruders, stirring apparatuses, continuous mixers, kneaders, grinding devices or mills such as bead, hammer or vibrating mills are suitable for the pretreatment according to the invention. In the case of kneaders, stirred tanks, mills and the like, a feed extruder can optionally be connected downstream, which brings about an increase in pressure up to the pressure of the hydrogenation reactor.
Erfindungsgemäß sehr gut geeignete Apparate sind insbesondere solche, die gleichzeitig mischen und kneten. Hierbei erfolgt in besonders geeigneter Weise die gewünschte Plastifizierung, Dispergierung, Homogenisierung, Entgasung und Abbau-Reaktion, die zu den gewünschten Viskositäten führt. Bekanntlich läßt sich durch Verbesserung der Durchmischung auch eine Erhöhung der Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit erreichen. Die genannten Vorrichtungen können ggfs. bestimmten Einsatzstoffen zusätzlich angepaßt werden, wie beispielsweise Gaszuführungen enthalten, Aufgabevorrichtungen an unterschiedlichen Stellen der Vorbehandlungsstrecke, Trocknungs-, Erhitzungs- und Kühlstrecken, Zugabevorrichtungen für flüssige Einsatzprodukte und dergl. Ferner können mehrere der genannten Vorrichtungen hintereinander oder parallel geschaltet sein, so daß insgesamt am Eingang des (der) nachgeschalteten Hydrierreaktors(en) ein Einsatzproduktgemisch der gewünschten Eigenschaften vorliegt, insbesondere bezüglich Abbaugrad und Viskosität.Apparatus which are very suitable according to the invention are, in particular, apparatus which mix and knead simultaneously. The desired plasticization, dispersion, homogenization, degassing and degradation reaction, which leads to the desired viscosities, takes place in a particularly suitable manner. As is known, the reaction rate can also be increased by improving the mixing. The devices mentioned can optionally also be adapted to certain feedstocks, such as containing gas feeds, feed devices at different points on the pretreatment section, drying, heating and cooling sections, addition devices for liquid feed products and the like. Furthermore, several of the devices mentioned can be connected in series or in parallel , so that a mixture of feedstocks with the desired properties is present at the entrance of the hydrogenation reactor (s) connected, in particular with regard to the degree of degradation and viscosity.
Je nach einzusetzenden Abfallprodukten befinden sich vor den genannten Vorrichtungen beispielsweise Grobmühlen, Schneidvorrichtungen, Abtrennvorrichtungen für anorganische Materialien, Aufschmelzvorrichtungen, Vorrichtungen zur Metallabscheidung und dergl., ggfs. kann auch eine Gefderzerkleinerung angewendet werden.Depending on the waste products to be used, there are, for example, coarse mills, cutting devices, separating devices for inorganic materials, melting devices, devices for metal deposition and the like, in front of the devices mentioned.
Die thermische Vorbehandlung wird in der Mischvorrichtung bei 75-600°C durchgeführt, vorzugsweise von 75-540°C, z.B. von 75- 500°C, besonders bevorzugt bei 120-475°C, einem Druck von 1-600 bar, vorzugsweise von 1-500 bar, besonders bevorzugt von 1-350 bar und einer Verweilzeit von 1 Minute bis 6 Stunden, vorzugsweise von 1 Minute bis 4 Stunden.The thermal pretreatment is carried out in the mixing device at 75-600 ° C, preferably from 75-540 ° C, e.g. of 75-500 ° C, particularly preferably at 120-475 ° C, a pressure of 1-600 bar, preferably of 1-500 bar, particularly preferably of 1-350 bar and a residence time of 1 minute to 6 hours, preferably of 1 minute to 4 hours.
Grundsätzlich kann die erfindungsgemäße Vorbehandlung, auch unter einem geringeren Druck als 1 bar durchgeführt werden, beispielsweise um entstandene Gase abzusaugen.In principle, the pretreatment according to the invention can also be carried out under a pressure lower than 1 bar, for example in order to draw off gases formed.
Bei der thermischen Vorbehandlung kann Inertgas in einer oder mehreren Stufen eingeführt werden, in Abhängigkeit von der verwendeten Mischvorrichtung. Inertgase können beispielsweise Stickstoff. Kohlendioxid, Dampf, Kohlenmonoxid, Methan und andere niedrig siedende Kohlenwasserstoffe, Edelgase u.a. sein, sowie Gemische dieser Gase.In the thermal pretreatment, inert gas can be introduced in one or more stages, depending on the mixing device used. Inert gases can be nitrogen, for example. Carbon dioxide, steam, carbon monoxide, methane and other low-boiling hydrocarbons, noble gases, etc. be, as well as mixtures of these gases.
Erfindungsgemäß können Mischvorrichtungen zur thermischen Vorbehandlung kombiniert werden in paralleler Schaltung oder in Hintereinanderschaltung. Die genannten Gase können auch vor der eigentlichen Vorbehandlung zugesetzt werden.According to the invention, mixing devices for thermal pretreatment can be combined in parallel connection or in series connection. The gases mentioned can also be added before the actual pretreatment.
Erfindungsgemäß kann die Umwandlung in der Mischvorrichtung auch in Gegenwart protischer Lösungsmittel durchgeführt werden, insbesondere in Gegenwart von Wasser und/oder Methanol und/ oder wenigstens einer Komponente aus der Gruppe: Ethanol, C₃-C₄-Alkohole und höhere Alkohole.According to the invention, the conversion in the mixing device can also be carried out in the presence of protic solvents, in particular in the presence of water and / or methanol and / or at least one component from the group: ethanol, C₃-C₄ alcohols and higher alcohols.
Protische Lösungsmittel können in Abhängigkeit von der Art des eingesetzten Abfalls, wenigstens teilweise zur Hydrolyse führen.Protic solvents, depending on the type of waste used, can at least partially lead to hydrolysis.
Weiterhin kann die erfingungsgemäße Vorbehandlung in Gegenwart von Lösungsmitteln durchgeführt werden, die nicht Wasserstoff übertragend wirken, wie Z.B. von Aromaten wie Benzol, Toluol oder den Xylolen. Auch nichtaromatische Lösungsmittel können verwendet werden, wie beispielsweise gesättigte oder im wesentlichen gesättigte aliphatische Kohlenwasserstoffe in Siedebereichen zwischen beispielsweise 30 und mehr als 500°C. Die hochsiedenden Fraktionen können beispielsweise RUckstandsöle, wie oben bereits erwähnt, sein.Furthermore, the pretreatment according to the invention can be carried out in the presence of solvents which do not have a hydrogen transfer effect, such as, for example, of aromatics such as benzene, toluene or the xylenes. Non-aromatic solvents can also be used, such as saturated or substantially saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons in boiling ranges between, for example, 30 and more than 500 ° C. The high-boiling fractions can, for example, be residual oils, as already mentioned above.
Die thermische Vorbehandlung kann erfindungsgemäß mit oder ohne Katalysatoren durchgeführt werden, wie sie eingangs in der Beschreibung offenbart sind. Katalysatoren können in die Vorbehandlungsvorrichtung eingeführt werden oder vor derselben zugesetzt werden.According to the invention, the thermal pretreatment can be carried out with or without catalysts, as disclosed at the outset in the description. Catalysts can be introduced into the pretreatment device or added before it.
Die Abfälle aus organisch-synthetischen Materialien können erfindungsgemäß in flüssige Kohlenwasserstoffe umgewandelt werden, die im wesentlichen im Naphtha- bzw. Benzinbereich oder Mitteldestillatbereich sieden.According to the invention, the waste from organic synthetic materials can be converted into liquid hydrocarbons which boil essentially in the naphtha or gasoline range or middle distillate range.
Ein besonderer Vorteil des erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens ergibt sich daraus, daß die Bedingungen in der Vorbehandlungsvorrichtung so eingestellt werden können, daß ein Produkt erhalten wird, das problemlos in Folgeschritten gehandhabt werden kann, Z.B. gepumpt oder über Förderschnecken gefördert werden kann, wobei die Bedingungen an die Art des eingesetzten Abfalls angepaßt werden können.A particular advantage of the method according to the invention results from the fact that the conditions in the pretreatment device can be set in such a way that a product is obtained which can be handled without problems in subsequent steps, e.g. can be pumped or conveyed via screw conveyors, the conditions being adapted to the type of waste used.
Alternativ zur Förderung durch Pumpen oder Schneckenförderer kann das vorbehandelte Produkt auch direkt aus der Vorbehandlungsvorrichtung in den Hydrierreaktor gefördert werden, wie beispielweise durch Extruder.As an alternative to conveying by pumps or screw conveyors, the pretreated product can also be conveyed directly from the pretreatment device into the hydrogenation reactor, for example by extruders.
Es ist aus apparativen Gründen wünschenswert, anorganische Materialien wie Steine, Metalle, Glas und andere vor der Vorbehandlung abzutrennen, zumindest grobe Materialien.For apparatus reasons, it is desirable to separate inorganic materials such as stones, metals, glass and others before the pretreatment, at least rough materials.
Erfindungsgemäß bevorzugt ist, Vegetabilien und Cellulose enthaltende Materialien von den organischen Abfällen synthetischen Ursprungs, zumindest überwiegend, abzutrennen, obgleich eine vollständige Abtrennung der Vegetabilien und Cellulose enthaltenden Materialien erfindungsgemäß nicht erforderlich ist.It is preferred according to the invention to separate, at least predominantly, organic waste materials containing vegetable and cellulose from organic waste, at least predominantly, although a complete separation of the vegetable and cellulose-containing material is not necessary according to the invention.
Diese Materialien, Z.B. Vegetabilien können getrennt, beispielsweise durch Fermentation oder Vergasung aufgearbeitet werden.These materials, e.g. Vegetables can be processed separately, for example by fermentation or gasification.
Ein wichtiger Vorteil der vorliegenden Erfindung ergibt sich daraus, daß durch die erfindungsgemäße thermische Vorbehandlung in Kombination mit der anschließenden Hydrierung des vorbehandelten Abfalls beliebige Abfallsorten als Einsatzprodukt eingesetzt werden können, wobei diese in hohen Ausbeuten in wertvolle flüssige Kohlenwasserstoffe umgewandelt werden. Die Heteroatome wie beispielsweise Sauerstoff, Schwefel, Stickstoff oder Halogene, die in Abfallmaterialien enthalten sind, werden erfindungsgemäß umgewandelt in ihre Wasserstoffderivate, die problemlos gemäß dem Stand der Technik weiter aufgearbeitet werden können.An important advantage of the present invention results from the fact that, by the thermal pretreatment according to the invention in combination with the subsequent hydrogenation of the pretreated waste, any types of waste can be used as the feed product, these being converted into valuable liquid hydrocarbons in high yields. The heteroatoms, such as oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen or halogens, which are contained in waste materials, are converted according to the invention into their hydrogen derivatives, which can be worked up further without problems according to the prior art.
Dies ist von besonderer Bedeutung im Falle von Abfällen die Chlor, Brom, Fluor oder N enthalten.This is of particular importance in the case of waste containing chlorine, bromine, fluorine or N.
Das bisherige Problem der Abfallbeseitigung, insbesondere im Falle von giftigen und halogenierten Abfällen wird daher durch die vorliegende Erfindung ohne Risiko bezüglich der Umweit gelöst. Solche halogenierten Abfälle sind beispielsweise Polychlorbiphenylene, Polyvinylchlorid, Fluor enthaltende Polymere oder Halogene enthaltende Lösungsmittel.The present problem of waste disposal, particularly in the case of toxic and halogenated waste, is therefore solved by the present invention without any risk with regard to the environment. Such halogenated wastes are, for example, polychlorobiphenylenes, polyvinyl chloride, fluorine-containing polymers or halogens-containing solvents.
Eine besonders vorteilhafte Wirkung der thermischen Vorbehandlung ist das Ergebnis, daß in Abhängigkeit von Temperatur, Verweilzeit und Druck bereits in der Vorbehandlung eine weitgehende Abspaltung von Halogenen als Halogenwasserstoffe erfolgt. Beispielsweise werden aus Polyvinylchlorid enthaltenden Abfällen etwa 90 % des Halogens bereits bei 250°C, einer Verweilzeit von 30 Minuten und einem Stickstoffdruck von 10 bar oder weniger als Chlorwasserstoff entfernt.A particularly advantageous effect of the thermal pretreatment is the result that, as a function of temperature, residence time and pressure, halogens are largely eliminated as hydrogen halides in the pretreatment. For example, about 90% of the halogen is already removed from waste containing polyvinyl chloride at 250 ° C., a residence time of 30 minutes and a nitrogen pressure of 10 bar or less as hydrogen chloride.
Die Halogenabspaltung kann zusätzlich begünstigt werden, durch Temperaturerhöhung und Erhöhung der Verweilzeit. Weiterhin kann die Halogenabspaltung durch Katalysatoren wie sie beispielsweise eingangs genannt sind, begünstigt werden. Solche Katalysatoren, die gemäß dem Stand der Technik zur Abspaltung von Halogenwasserstoff verwendet werden, wie beispielsweise Friedel-Crafts-Katalysatoren und/oder organische Amine und/der andere basische Verbindungen, können erfindungsgemäß ebenfalls eingesetzt werden. Als basische Verbindungen seien beispielhaft genannt: Alkali- und Erdalkalihydroxide, -oxide oder Carbonate, Alkali- und Erdalkalialkoholate, aber auch beispielsweise reaktive Metalle selbst, wie z.B. Natrium. Die Zudosierung kann entsprechend dem vorhandenen Halogen erfolgen, insbesondere zur Umsetzung in der oder den Vorbehandlungsstufen, jedoch im erforderlichen Umfang auch direkt in der Hydrierstufe. Als Ergebnis können Halogenwasserstoffe bereits bei milden Bedingungen abgespalten werden.Halogen elimination can also be promoted by increasing the temperature and increasing the residence time. Furthermore, the elimination of halogen by catalysts such as those mentioned at the beginning are mentioned, are favored. Such catalysts which are used according to the prior art for the elimination of hydrogen halide, such as Friedel-Crafts catalysts and / or organic amines and / or other basic compounds, can also be used according to the invention. Examples of basic compounds which may be mentioned are: alkali and alkaline earth metal hydroxides, oxides or carbonates, alkali and alkaline earth metal alcoholates, but also, for example, reactive metals themselves, such as sodium. The metering can be carried out in accordance with the halogen present, in particular for the reaction in the pretreatment stage or stages, but to the extent necessary also directly in the hydrogenation stage. As a result, hydrogen halides can be split off even under mild conditions.
Erfindungsgemäß können auch Materialien dem eingesetzten Abfall zugesetzt werden, bzw. in die Vorbehandlungseinrichtung oder den Hydrierreaktor zugesetzt werden wie beispielsweise Rohöl, Rohölkomponenten und Produkte, die aud Rohöl gewonnen werden, Asphalte, Bitumen, mineralische Teere, Kohle, Kohlekomponenten, Produkte aus Kohle, Braunkohle, Torf, Pyrolyseöle wie beispielsweise solche, die aus Verkokungsprozessen oder Pyrolyseprozessen erhalten werden, Ölsande, Ölsandprodukte, Rückstandsöle aus der Rohölverarbeitung, aus Krackanlagen, Vakuumrückstände, Schieferöle und Schleferölprodukte und ähnliche Materialien.According to the invention, materials can also be added to the waste used, or added to the pretreatment device or the hydrogenation reactor, such as, for example, crude oil, crude oil components and products which are obtained from crude oil, asphalts, bitumen, mineral tars, coal, coal components, products from coal, lignite , Peat, pyrolysis oils such as those obtained from coking processes or pyrolysis processes, oil sands, oil sand products, residual oils from crude oil processing, from cracking plants, vacuum residues, shale oils and Schleferöl products and similar materials.
Es ist allgemein bekannt, daß für den Fall, daß auch solche Materialien hydrierend gespalten werden sollen, im allgemeinen Katalysatoren gemäß dem Stand der Technik eingesetzt werden.It is generally known that in the event that such materials are also to be split by hydrogenation, catalysts according to the prior art are generally used.
In Abhängigkeit von der Art des eingesetzten Abfalls kann eine Hydrolysestufe der thermischen Vorbehandlung vorgeschaltet werden. In diesem Fall wird die Hydrolysereaktion vorzugsweise in einer Mischvorrichtung durchgeführt wie oben beschrieben, in Gegenwart protischer Lösungsmittel, insbesondere in Gegenwart von Wasser und/oder Methanol und/oder wenigstens einer Komponente aus der Gruppe:Depending on the type of waste used, a hydrolysis stage can precede the thermal pretreatment. In this case, the hydrolysis reaction is preferably carried out in a mixing device as described above, in the presence of protic solvents, in particular in the presence of water and / or methanol and / or at least one component from the group:
Ethanol, C₃C₄-Alkohole und höhere Alkohole, bei einem Druck von 1-150 bar, vorzugsweise von 1-120 bar und einer Temperatur von 50-300°C und vorzugsweise von 75-250°C. Niedere Drucke sind bevorzugt falls die Gase die während der Hydrolyse gebildet werden aus der Hydrolysevorrichtung entfernt werden sollen.Ethanol, C₃C₄ alcohols and higher alcohols, at a pressure of 1-150 bar, preferably of 1-120 bar and a temperature of 50-300 ° C and preferably 75-250 ° C. Lower pressures are preferred if the gases that are formed during the hydrolysis are to be removed from the hydrolysis device.
Unter gewissen Bedingungen kann die Hydrolysestufe alternativ zwischen die Vorbehandlung und die Hydrierung geschaltet werden. In diesem Fall werden die Hydrolysebedingungen bevorzugt an die Temperatur und den Druck in der Vorbehandlungsstufe oder Hydrierstufe oder beide angepaßt.Under certain conditions, the hydrolysis stage can alternatively be switched between the pretreatment and the hydrogenation. In this case, the hydrolysis conditions are preferably adapted to the temperature and the pressure in the pretreatment stage or hydrogenation stage or both.
Auf diese Weise können beispielsweise Vegetabilien und Biomasse hydrolytisch gespalten werden und von Abfall organisch synthetischen Ursprungs abgetrennt werden. Die Hydrolysereaktion kann dadurch beschleunigt werden, daß man entsprechend dem Stand der Technik Säuren oder Basen einschließlich organischer Amine zusetzt. Die hydrolytische Reaktion kann ebenfalls durchgeführt werden in Gegenwart von Wasserstoff, Wasserstoff enthaltenden Gasen, Wasserstoff übertragenden Lösungsmitteln, mit oder ohne CO und/oder CO₂ und/der Wasser(dampf), Katalysatoren, wie sie zuvor beispielhaft genannt sind oder Lösungsmitteln, die nicht zur Stoffübertragung geeignet sind, oder in Gegenwart inerter Gase.In this way, for example, vegetables and biomass can be hydrolytically split and separated from waste of synthetic organic origin. The hydrolysis reaction can be accelerated by adding acids or bases, including organic amines, in accordance with the prior art. The hydrolytic reaction can also be carried out in the presence of hydrogen, hydrogen-containing gases, hydrogen-transferring solvents, with or without CO and / or CO₂ and / or the water (steam), catalysts as mentioned above by way of example or solvents which are not used Mass transfer are suitable, or in the presence of inert gases.
Sogenannte Anreiböle können ebenfalls erfindungsgemäß in der Vorbehandlungsvorrichtung bzw. vor dieser oder nach dieser zugesetzt werden. Die Anreiböle können aus dem Prozeß selbst stammen oder fremden Ursprungs sein.So-called grating oils can also be added according to the invention in the pretreatment device or before or after it. The grinding oils can originate from the process itself or can be of foreign origin.
Erfindungsgemäß können Metalle bzw. Metallverbindungen, die in den Abfällen vorhanden sind, vorteilhaft aufgearbeitet werden, da sie nach der Hydrierung in Rückständen bzw. Aschen in relativ hoher Konzentration anfallen. Diese Rückstände bzw. Aschen können beispielsweise zur Gewinnung der reinen Metalle aufgearbeitet werden.According to the invention, metals or metal compounds which are present in the wastes can advantageously be worked up, since they occur in residues or ashes in a relatively high concentration after the hydrogenation. These residues or ashes can be worked up, for example, to obtain the pure metals.
Im folgenden wird die Erfindung näher erläutert
- (V = Vorbehandlung,
- H = hydrierende Behandlung,
- S = abfallerzeuger- bzw. produktionsspez. Abfall,
- G = sonstige Gemische,
- P = Produkt)
- (V = pretreatment,
- H = hydrating treatment,
- S = waste producer or production spec. Waste,
- G = other mixtures,
- P = product)
S ( z.B. Shredder- oder Kabelabfälle) durchläuft V und anschl. H unter Bildung von PS (e.g. shredder or cable waste) passes through V and then H to form P
S₁ (z.B. Textilabfälle) und S₂ (z.B. Elastomerenabfälle) durchlaufen getrennt V₁ und V₂ und gemeinsam H unter Beildung von P. Anstelle von S₁ und S₂ können auch S₁ bis Sn Abfallsorten getrennte V durchlaufen (wobei n der Anzahl der zur Verfügung stehenden Abfallsorten entspricht).S₁ (e.g. textile waste) and S₂ (e.g. elastomer waste) pass separately V₁ and V₂ and together H with the formation of P. Instead of S₁ and S₂, S₁ to S n can also pass through separate types of waste (where n corresponds to the number of available types of waste) ).
S₁ (z.B. Shredderabfälle) durchläuft V und anschließend H. In H wird direkt S₂ eingesetzt (z.B. Altöl und/oder Farb- und Lackreste); (es werden 2 Alternativen für die Zuführung von S₂ genannt). Auch S1-n und S2-n können analog eingesetzt werden.S₁ (eg shredder waste) passes through V and then H. In H S₂ is used directly (eg waste oil and / or paint and varnish residues); (2 alternatives for the supply of S₂ are mentioned). S 1-n and S 2-n can also be used analogously.
G wird über V₁ in H eingesetzt, während S getrennt über V₂ nach H fließt.G is used over V₁ in H, while S flows separately over V₂ to H.
Weitere Kombinationen sind im Rahmen der vorliegenden Erfindung möglich.Further combinations are possible within the scope of the present invention.
Die Reaktionsbedingungen in Vorbehandlungsstufe(n) und Hydrierstufe(n) entsprechen im wesentlichen den ausführlich offenbarten Bedingungen in den Anmeldungen und dem Patent der gleichen Anmelderein, nämlich DE-PS 34 42 506, EP-A-0 182 309 und Europäische Anmeldung Nr. 87 100 875.1. wobei diese an die jeweiligen Abfallsorten im erforderlichen und offenbarten Umfang angepasst werden können.The reaction conditions in the pretreatment stage (s) and hydrogenation stage (s) essentially correspond to the conditions disclosed in detail in the applications and the patent of the same applicant, namely DE-PS 34 42 506, EP-A-0 182 309 and European application No. 87 100 875.1. whereby these can be adapted to the respective types of waste to the required and disclosed extent.
Die hydrierende Spaltung erfolgt demgemäß bei einer Temperatur von 200 bis 600°C, vorzugsweise von 200 bis 540°C und besonders bevorzugt von 300 bis 540°C, einem Druck von 30 bis 500 bar, vorzugsweise von 50 bis 450 bar, besonders bevorzugt von 50 bis 350 bar und einer Verweilzeit von 1 Minute bis 8 Stunden, vorzugsweise von 10 Minuten bis 6 Stunden und besonders bevorzugt von 15 Minuten bis 4 Stunden.The hydrolytic cleavage accordingly takes place at a temperature of 200 to 600 ° C., preferably 200 to 540 ° C. and particularly preferably 300 to 540 ° C., a pressure of 30 to 500 bar, preferably 50 to 450 bar, particularly preferably of 50 to 350 bar and a residence time of 1 minute to 8 hours, preferably 10 minutes to 6 hours and particularly preferably 15 minutes to 4 hours.
Die Beispiele der Europäischen Anmeldung Nr. 87 100 875.1 zeigen, daß in der Mischvorrichtung ein Abbau des Einsatzproduktes erfolgt, wobei Produkte erhalten werden, die in den Folgeschritten gut handbar sind und beispielsweise durch Pumpen oder Schneckenfördem leicht transportierbar sind.
Dies gilt auch für solche Abfälle, die aus sehr verschiedenartigen Materialien bestehen.The examples of the European application No. 87 100 875.1 show that the feed product is broken down in the mixing device, products being obtained which are easy to handle in the subsequent steps and can be easily transported, for example by pumps or screw conveyors.
This also applies to waste that consists of very different materials.
Die Ergebnisse der genannten Europäsichen Anmeldung Nr. 87 100 875.1 sowie diejenigen der vorliegenden Erfindung sind von großer Bedeutung für die Abfallhydderung im technischen Meßstab, da die nachgeschalteten Hydrierreaktoren und andere Anlagenteile, welche hohen Drucken ausgesetzt sind, aus weniger wertvollen Materialien angefertigt werden können.The results of the aforementioned European application No. 87 100 875.1 and those of the present invention are of great importance for waste hydration on the technical measuring stick, since the downstream hydrogenation reactors and other parts of the plant which are exposed to high pressures can be made from less valuable materials.
Ferner wurde das überraschende, nicht vorhersehbare Ergebnis erhalten, daß bei der Behandlung von Abfallmaterialien, welche chlorierte Bestandteile enthalten, unter Inertgasen ein erhöhter Abbau des Einsatzabfallmaterials eintreten kann, im Vergleich zu Einsatzmateriallen, welche diese chlorierten Komponenten nicht enthalten.Furthermore, the surprising, unpredictable result was obtained that in the treatment of waste materials containing chlorinated constituents under inert gases, there is an increased degradation of the feed waste material compared to feed materials which do not contain these chlorinated components.
Das in der Europäischen Anmeldung Nr. 87 100 875.1. offenbarte Verfahren sowie das erfindungsgemäße Verfahren sind daher von besonderer Bedeutung für Abfalleinsatzmaterialien, welche chlorierte Bestandteile enthalten.The European Application No. 87 100 875.1. The method disclosed and the method according to the invention are therefore of particular importance for waste feed materials which contain chlorinated constituents.
Da die Bedingungen der Vorbehandlung gemäß Anspruch 1 in breiten Temperatur-, Druck- und Verweilzeit-Bereichen variiert werden können, lassen sich die Bedingungen der anschließenden Hydrierung ebenfalls in weiten Bereichen variieren, wobei beide Behandlungen einander ergänzen.Since the conditions of the pretreatment according to claim 1 can be varied within wide temperature, pressure and residence time ranges, the conditions of the subsequent hydrogenation can also be varied within wide ranges, the two treatments complementing one another.
Wenn z.B. die erfindungsgemäße Vorbehandlung bei relativ hoher Temperatur und Verweilzeit bzw. entsprechendem Druck durchgeführt wird, kann die anschließende Hydrlerung, in Abhängigkeit vom Einsatzprodukt, bei relativ milden Bedingungen durchgeführt werden. Dies gilt insbesondere dann, wenn die Vorbehandlung bereits zu einem weitgehenden Abbau geführt hat.If, for example, the pretreatment according to the invention is carried out at a relatively high temperature and residence time or corresponding pressure, the subsequent hydration can, depending on the product used, be carried out under relatively mild conditions will. This applies in particular if the pretreatment has already led to extensive dismantling.
Umgekehrt können relativ milde Bedingungen in der Vorbehandlung durch schärfere Bedingungen in der Hydrierstufe ausgegelichen werden.Conversely, relatively mild conditions in the pretreatment can be compensated for by more severe conditions in the hydrogenation stage.
Beide Stufen ergänzen sich daher erfindungsgemäß und können je nach Bedarf hervorragend an das Einsatzabfallmaterial angepasst werden.Both stages therefore complement one another in accordance with the invention and can be adapted excellently to the waste material as required.
Claims (8)
- A process for hydrocracking organic wastes of synthetical origin containing carbon (wastes) with hydrogen and/or hydrogen-containing gases and/or hydrogen-transferring solvents, in whicha) these wastes are first subjected to a pretreatment in an inert atmosphere at a temperature of 75 °C to 600 °C, preferably of 75 °C to 540 °C, particularly preferred of 120 to 475 °C, a pressure of 1 to 600 bar, preferably of 1 to 500 bar, and particularly preferred of 1 to 350 bar, and a residence time of 1 minute to 6 hours, preferably of 1 minute to 4 hours, andb) hydrocracking is carried out at a temperature of 200 to 600 °C, preferably of 200 to 540 °C, and particularly preferred of 300 to 540 °C, a pressure of 30 to 500 bar, preferably of 50 to 450 bar, particularly preferred of 50 to 350 bar, and a residence time of 1 minute to 8 hours, preferably of 10 minutes to 6 hours, and particularly preferred of 15 minutes to 4 hours,characterized in that
at least 2 such wastes are employed and one or several production-specific or waste producer-specific type(s) of waste are subjected to the treatment separately from each other and separately from any co-charged waste mixtures, and therefor said different wastes are passed through separate pretreatments, thereafter, however, are together subjected to the hydrogenation treatment, the reaction conditions of temperature, pressure, and residence time in these pretreatment steps being adjusted to the respective wastes in such a manner that the product manipulation from their pretreatments as well as the formation of liquid hydrocarbons in the subsequent common hydrogenation are facilitated. - The process according to claim 1, characterized in that a mixture of several types of waste is pretreated in at least one of at least two pretreatment facilities.
- The process according to claims 1 and 2, characterized in that hetero atoms of the organic wastes are converted into their hydrogen derivatives and further can be worked up in this form.
- The process according to claims 1 to 3, characterized in that wastes containing halides, and especially chlorine, are subjected to the process, wherein it is preferred that already during the pretreatment a considerable removal of the hydrogen halide is effected and the hydrogen halide formed is removed especially before the material is transferred into the hydrogenation step.
- The process according to claims 1 to 4, characterized in that the removal of amounts exceeding 90 % of the halogen contained in the waste is additionally promoted already during pretreatment by increasing temperature and residence time, by adding catalysts for removing halogen, organic amines, and/or other basic compounds.
- The process according to claims 1 to 5, characterized in that chlorine is at least largely removed from types of waste containing polyvinyl chloride already during the pretreatment step.
- The process according to claims 1 to 6, characterized in that the respective pretreatments are performed within a single- or multi-screw extruder, within a mixing/kneading device, or a stirring device.
- A modification of the process according to claims 1 to 7, characterized in that pressures of less than 1 bar may also be employed during the pretreatment for the removal by suction of gases formed.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE19873713730 DE3713730A1 (en) | 1987-04-24 | 1987-04-24 | IMPROVED METHOD FOR RECOVERING CARBON-CONTAINING WASTE AND BIOMASS |
DE3713730 | 1987-04-24 |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP0291698A1 EP0291698A1 (en) | 1988-11-23 |
EP0291698B1 true EP0291698B1 (en) | 1996-03-20 |
Family
ID=6326213
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP88106094A Revoked EP0291698B1 (en) | 1987-04-24 | 1988-04-16 | Improved process for the hydrocracking of carbon containing synthetic wastes |
Country Status (6)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP0291698B1 (en) |
AT (1) | ATE135734T1 (en) |
DD (1) | DD275702A1 (en) |
DE (2) | DE3713730A1 (en) |
ES (1) | ES2005520A4 (en) |
GR (1) | GR880300185T1 (en) |
Families Citing this family (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE3912807A1 (en) * | 1989-04-19 | 1990-11-08 | Gfk Kohleverfluessigung Gmbh | Heavy oils hydrogenation in sump-phase process - using carbon black as an additive or catalyst |
DE3917129A1 (en) * | 1989-05-26 | 1990-11-29 | Rheinische Braunkohlenw Ag | Pollution-free waste treatment - involving hydrocracking of synthetic organic waste |
DE4235553C1 (en) * | 1992-10-22 | 1994-05-11 | Kuhne Anlagenbau Gmbh | Process for recycling thermoplastic waste and installation for carrying out such a process |
DE4236913A1 (en) * | 1992-10-31 | 1994-05-05 | Rwe Entsorgung Ag | Reducing deposits formed on thermally treating organic waste - esp. coke deposit |
DE19742266A1 (en) * | 1997-09-25 | 1999-05-06 | Ludger Dr Steinmann | Upgrading of chemical and energy raw materials by reaction with low-value raw materials |
Family Cites Families (10)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3704108A (en) * | 1970-09-25 | 1972-11-28 | Hydrocarbon Research Inc | Hydroconversion of waste natural and synthetic rubbers |
US4089773A (en) * | 1976-12-01 | 1978-05-16 | Mobil Oil Corporation | Liquefaction of solid carbonaceous materials |
JPS5458704A (en) * | 1977-10-20 | 1979-05-11 | Bridgestone Corp | Hydrocracking of waste rubber |
DE2949537A1 (en) * | 1979-12-08 | 1981-06-11 | Hoechst Ag, 6000 Frankfurt | PARTICULATE AGENT FOR PREVENTING THE FLAMMABILITY OF FLAMMABLE SUBSTANCES |
DE3001318A1 (en) * | 1980-01-16 | 1981-07-23 | Hermann Berstorff Maschinenbau Gmbh, 3000 Hannover | Coal conversion into hydrocarbon(s) - in unit with compression chamber, hydrogenation chamber and hot separator |
DD157201A1 (en) * | 1981-01-06 | 1982-10-20 | Gerhard Zimmermann | PROCESS COMBINATION FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF FUELS AND ORGANIC PRIMARY PRODUCTS |
DD214749A3 (en) * | 1982-03-09 | 1984-10-17 | Schwarze Pumpe Gas Veb | METHOD FOR THE HYDRAULIC CLEARING OF OLD RUBBER AND RUBBER DEVICES |
DE3442506C2 (en) * | 1984-11-22 | 1987-04-16 | Union Rheinische Braunkohlen Kraftstoff AG, 5000 Köln | Process for the processing of carbon-containing waste |
GB8511587D0 (en) * | 1985-05-08 | 1985-06-12 | Shell Int Research | Producing hydrocarbon-containing liquids |
DE3602041C2 (en) * | 1986-01-24 | 1996-02-29 | Rwe Entsorgung Ag | Improved process for processing carbon-containing waste |
-
1987
- 1987-04-24 DE DE19873713730 patent/DE3713730A1/en not_active Ceased
-
1988
- 1988-04-16 EP EP88106094A patent/EP0291698B1/en not_active Revoked
- 1988-04-16 DE DE3855115T patent/DE3855115D1/en not_active Revoked
- 1988-04-16 ES ES88106094T patent/ES2005520A4/en active Pending
- 1988-04-16 AT AT88106094T patent/ATE135734T1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1988-04-21 DD DD88314965A patent/DD275702A1/en unknown
-
1989
- 1989-06-22 GR GR88300185T patent/GR880300185T1/en unknown
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
ES2005520A4 (en) | 1989-03-16 |
DE3855115D1 (en) | 1996-04-25 |
EP0291698A1 (en) | 1988-11-23 |
DD275702A1 (en) | 1990-01-31 |
GR880300185T1 (en) | 1989-06-22 |
DE3713730A1 (en) | 1988-11-10 |
ATE135734T1 (en) | 1996-04-15 |
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